44 Gk. παιδαγωγóς (Gal. 3:24).
43For the meaning “heavenly bodies” cf. (probably) Ep. Diog. 7:2 (mid-2nd cent. A.D.); in Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 6.102 (3rd cent. A.D.) τὰ δώδεϰα στοιχεῑα are the signs of the zodiac. In Test. Sol. 8:1-2; 18:1-2 (4th cent. A.D.) στοιχεῑον is used alongside δαίμων and πνεṽμα in the sense of a spiritual being. See further M. Dibelius, Die Geisterwelt im Glauben des Paulus (Göttingen, 1909); E. Percy, Die Probleme, pp. 156-67; for a different conclusion from theirs see A. J. Bandstra, The Law and the Elements of the World (Kampen, 1964).
44Gk. παιδαγωγóς (Gal. 3:24).
45See v. 20 below.
46Cf. Rom. 8:9, where ἐν σαϱϰί is contrasted with ἐν πνεύματɩ (see also v. 13 below).
47Cf. Mark 3:27; Luke 11:20.
48This would imply that they anticipated to some extent the second-century Val-entinian doctrine of the πλήϱωμα (see p. 73 with n. 163). M. Dibelius (“The Isis Initiation in Apuleius,” pp. 63ff.) refers to Lucius’s cultic/mystical journey per omnia . . . elementa (Apuleius, Metamorphoses 11.23).