54 See p. 98, n. 40 (on Col. 2:8).
48W. Carr, concluding that only here in the Pauline corpus are they hostile, argues that this verse is a mid-second-century interpolation (Angels and Principalities [Cambridge, 1981], pp. 104-10).
49Gk. ϰοσμοϰϱάτοϱες. See W. Michaelis, TDNT 3, pp. 913-14 (s.v. ϰοσμοϰϱάτωϱ). Cf. the ἄϱϰοντες τοῦ αἰѽνος τούτου in 1 Cor. 2:6, 8.
50See p. 282. Cf. R. Reitzenstein, Das iranische Erlösungsmysterium, p. 235.
51Especially in astrological writers, such as Vettius Valens (171.6; 360.7, etc.).
52The first Roman emperor to be so designated appears to be Caracalla (A.D. 211-17); cf. Archiv für Papyrusforschung, ed. U. Wilcken, 2 (1903), p. 449, no. 83.
53Heb. qôzmôqrātôr, used (e.g.) of Joseph as governor of all Egypt in Pesiqta Rabbati 3.
54See p. 98, n. 40 (on Col. 2:8).