8 See pp. 38-39.
6One may wonder, indeed, if the words “at Ephesus” were added in an early edition (not the first edition) of the corpus Paulinum, having been absent from the text before the letter was included with others in a public collection. When it was so included, a title became necessary to distinguish this letter from its companions, and from the title Πϱòς ’Eφεαίοςς the corresponding phrase ἐν ’Eφέσῳ found its way into the prescript. (See n. 4 above.)
7Gk. τοῖς ἁγίοις τοῖς οὖσιν ϰαί πιστοῖς ἐν Xϱιστῷ ’Iησοῦ.
8See pp. 38-39.
9The participial phrase τοῖς οὖσιν prepares the reader for an indication of place (cf. Rom. 1:7; Phil. 1:1, and τῇ οὒσῇ agreeing with τῇ ἐϰϰλησίᾳ in 1 Cor. 1:2; 2 Cor. 1:1). The participle of εἰμί in the attributive position has almost the sense of “local” when used with ἐϰϰλησία—for example, of the church in Jerusalem (Acts 11:22), of the church in Antioch (Acts 13:1).
10But G. Zuntz, pointing out that multiple copies of royal letters, identical in wording, were sent out to various addresses in the Hellenistic period, concludes that they were based on a master-copy “with the address left blank, and it is most probable that the blank in the address of Ephesians goes back to such an original” (The Text of the Epistles [London, 1954], p. 228, n. 1).