Question 1: "Is synderesis in the will?"
Ordinatio II, d. 39, qq. 1–2 "Is synderesis in the will?"
"Is conscience in the will?"
Question 1: "Is synderesis in the will?"
1 Concerning distinction 39 I inquire into conscience and synderesis. I ask first whether synderesis is in the will.
2 Arguments for the affirmative:
Synderesis always recoils from evil;1 recoiling is something the will does; therefore, etc.
3 Furthermore, the will necessarily wills advantages: as Anselm says in De concordia 3.13,
"The will cannot fail to will advantages."2 Therefore, it equally necessarily wills justice, since justice is a perfection that is every bit as suitable to the will as advantage is. But that by which human beings are necessarily inclined to justice is identified as synderesis.3 Therefore, there is something in the will that can be identified as synderesis.
4 Also, natural will necessarily wills that toward which it tends, as is evident from On the Trinity XIII.5.8, where Augustine holds that "it is certain that everyone wills happiness on account of a natural inclination toward happiness." That could not be certain unless the will itself necessarily willed happiness. Therefore, what is naturally willed is willed necessarily. Now justice is something willed naturally by the will, since justice is every bit as much a natural perfection for the will as advantage is; therefore, it is willed necessarily. Therefore, something identified as a necessary principle of inclining the will to justice should be posited in the will; this is synderesis; therefore, etc.
1 Cf. Bonaventure, Sent. II d. 39 a. 2 q. 3 in corp.; Thomas Aquinas, De veritate q. 16 a. 3 in corp.
2 In this question, "fail to will" consistently translates non velle, "not will." Non velle indicates a (voluntary) withholding or refraining from willing, as opposed to nolle, which is not an absence of willing but a positive act of willing-against, refusal, or rejection.
3 Bonaventure, Sent. II d. 39 a. 2 q. 1; Thomas Aquinas, Sent. II d. 39 q. 3 a. 1 in corp., De veritate q. 16 a. 3 in corp.; Richard Middleton, Sent. II d. 39 princ. 3 q. 2 in corp.