Part 131

Part 131

John the Baptist

i Corinthians 1130-2 Ephesians 1167,1174 Gospel accounts 842, 885-6, 920-1, 923,

annunciation 922, 926-7 challenge to Jesus 910,936 death 863,898 disciples 859-60,1052 John's Gospel 962 ministry 850-1, 888, 930-1 naming 928 social concern 931 testimonies of 963-4, 967 John Chrysostom 790 John of the Cross, St 429 John Hyrcanus 622, 696, 732-3

958-9, 985-6 Paul's letters 842 Revelation 1288,1297 return of 945,1206,1272,1273-4 Revelation to John 1288,1297,1305 Sabbath law 892-3 salvation through 969,1034,1045,1210,

380,1292 Jezreel (place) 215-16, 254, 572 Jezreel (son of Hosea) 572,573 Joab 220,225

1232 Sanhedrin 881, 883, 884, 918-19 Sermon on the Mount 852-7, 934-5 servant metaphor 476 sinlessness of 1243,1244 sinners 892, 947, 948-9,1222 social role 842 Son of God 778, 998,1158,1160-1,1272 Son of Man 567, 815,1290 sources of knowledge 841 suffering 1239,1240,1247

Abner 216-17 Absalom 223-4, 22^ Adonijah 235 Ammonite and Aramean Wars 221,222 Amnon and Tamar 222, 223 census 229-30, 278, 282 conquest of Jerusalem 274 Rabbah 278 Sheba's rebellion 227 Solomon 235-6 Joachim (husband of Susanna) 708, 709 Joahaz (king of Judah) 270 Joakim (high priest in Judith) 636, 640 Joakim (son of Jeshua) 760 Joanna 937 Joash (father of Gideon) 182 Joash (king of Israel) 251,257 Joash (king of Judah) 255-6,297-9 Job (book) 331-54

i Maccabees 711, 712, 733 Samaria 633, 636 John Mark 1044

see also Mark John of Patmos 800,1288,1290-2,1295,1305 Joiakim (Jehoiakim) (king of Judah) 322, 756 Joiarib 316 Jonadab 222, 223, 386

ancestor of Rechabites 517 interpretation of psalms 357 Jonah (book) 593-5

as atonement for others 477 conquered evil 1267-8 on the cross 1139 cup of 908 tax controversy 910-11 tax-collectors and 892,947,948-9 teaching 867-8, 890, 905-7, 975 temple

biblical criticism 2 Jonah (prophet) 531, 594 Jonathan ben Abiathar 235 Jonathan (brother of Judas Maccabeus) 622,735

death 731 Maccabean revolt 724-5 Nicanor 743 rule of Judea 725-30 siege of the Akra 720 war with the surrounding peoples 718 Jonathan (nephew of David) 228 Jonathan (son of Saul)

cleansing of 909, 952 entry into 871-2,929-30 prediction of destruction 876, 877, 913,

history of interpretations 333 near-eastern parallels 332-3 structure 332 Sumerian parallel 341 wisdom literature 801 Job (man) 331-54

918 temptation of 851, 889, 931-2 Torah antithesis 1066-7, IO7°' IO79' 1086,

IIOI Transfiguration 866, 904, 940, 941 trial 881-2, 883, 884, 918-19, 923, 956,

friends 672, 673, 676-7 paragon of virtue in Ezekiel (book) 544-5 psalms 391 sins 340-1 Sirach 672, 696 theodicy 10 trust 1182 wife 334-5 Joel (book) 578-81

and David 209-10, 211, 220 death of 214-15, 228 Michmash 206-7 Joppa 284, 593, 727, 729, 730, 746 Joram (king of Israel) 252, 253, 254, 255 Joram (king of Judah) 253,294 Jordan (river) 161-2, 385, 562 Joseph (Jesus' father) 849, 850 Joseph (Maccabean leader) 718, 719, 743 Joseph (son of Jacob) 514

993-5 washing feet 985-6 wisdom 660, 661,1124,1237 Word of God 961-2 Jesus ben Sira 621, 625

see also Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach authorship of Wisdom of Solomon 650 creation of Septuagint 618 Jesus son of Sirach see Jesus ben Sira; Wisdom

apocalyptic tradition 579 liturgical elements 579 Joel (prophet)

birth of 57 Blessing of Jacob 64,65 Christian typology 1036 i Chronicles 270 death of 66 in Egypt 60-3 hagiography 806, 826-7 themes in Genesis 40,415 wisdom 661 Joseph (son of Tobias) 675 Joseph (tribe) 65,170-1, 388

of Jesus son of Sirach Jethro 79,180 Jewett, R. 1202,1213 Jewish literature, post-Biblical 792-828 Jewish Christianity noo Jewish-Christian Gospels 1315 Jewish War 775,778 Jews

exhortation to Jerusalem 578,580 historical background 579,581 prayer of 580 Johah ben Amittal 258 Johanan 520-1 Johannine Epistles 837,1274-83 Johannine Gospel see John (gospel) John (apostle son of Zebedee)

advantage over Gentiles noo Antioch incident 1157-8 attitudes, Romans (book) 1091 authority of the Roman emperor 1223 church in Corinth 1135 circumcision issue 1188 Colossae 1191 condemnation of Jesus 956-7 crucifixion 957 dispersion of 383 in Egypt 735-6 and Gentiles eating together 1157

John's gospel 961, 998 leader of the Jerusalem church 1157 Sanhedrin 1182 seats in the kingdom 908 1-3 John (Epistles) 837,1274-83 John (Gospel) 980-1000,1012-14

see also Ephraim (tribe); Manasseh (tribe) Joseph of Aramathea 996 Joseph and Aseneth 806, 826-7

Josephus

account of Egyptian insurrectionist 1055 Agrippa II 1058 apocrypha 619-20,1324 binding of Isaac 810 dreams 689 i Esdras 751, 757, 758

Christology 1012-13 comparison with other gospels 1006,

1018-20,1022-7 early Christian church 836 eschatology 1013

Song of Solomon 429,430,432 unbelief in Christ 1085,1086 use of term 737 Judaism-Christianity

Jeremiah (book) 492,497, 501, 508, 509, 512 Jerusalem city-state 234 kings of 232-3, 255-66, 752, 754-6 Micah (book) 596-7 northern kingdom and 248, 249-50, 260,

Josephus (cont.)

Esther (Greek) 642, 643 Ezekiel (book) 534 Felix 1057 Greek 623 harmony of Jewish society 624 Herod Agrippa's death 1043 honour of parents 672 Job 696 Maccabean revolt 717, 725 1 Maccabees 712 2 Maccabees 747 3 Maccabees 774 Moses 805 murder of Simon 733 pre-existent soul 660 purification of temple in Nehemiah

i Clement 1314 Barnabas 1311,1312, 1313 heresy 1315 Judas (Iscariot)

290,292 Psalms 368 Rehoboam 288-90 Sennacherib 303-4, 596 Shishak 243, 289 Syro-Ephraimite War 300 Zechariah (book) 613, 614 Judah (part of unified kingdom)

as antichrist 992 betrayal of Jesus 879, 881, 915, 917, 955, 985-6 a brother of Jesus 981 death 882-3 at entry to Jerusalem 983 fate of 1031 proverbs 420 Judas (Maccabeus) 622

Absalom 224 David 215-16, 226-7, 27° division from northern kingdom 241 Solomon 235, 237 Judah (post-exilic)

Judith as 633, 636 1 Maccabees 715, 716-24 2 Maccabees 734-5, 736, 740, 742-50 Judas (son of Simon) 732 Jude (Letter of) 1284-5

(book) 323 Rewritten Bible 794-5 Samaritans 740, 968 Saul 206 ten lost tribes 788 Theudas and Judas 1035-6 Tiberius' persecution of the Jews 791 Wisdom of Solomon 651,658,659 Josheb-basshebeth 229 Joshua (book) 158-75

see also Judea Alexander the Great 621 Ezra 309-10 Nehemiah 309-10 Persian rule 310 return to 311-12, 756-62 Seleucid rule 564, 569 Judah the Prince, Rabbi 797 Judah (son of Jacob) 57, 61, 62-3, 64, 270 Judah (tribe)

2 Peter relation 1270,1272 Judea

alliance with Spartans 740 Assyria 632, 634, 635, 636-41 Christ's risen appearance in 996 churches 1156 Egyptian exiles 521 Hasmonean rule 622, 725-33 Hellenism 623 Jewish War 775,778 Maccabean revolt 714-25, 742-50 mythical themes 567 religious syncretism 605 Rome 622-3, 722~3 Seleucid rule 569, 621-2,712,713-30,735-50 1 Thessalonians 1205 war between Antiochus VI and Demetrius

conquest model of Israelite history 176 inclusion in Hexateuch 39 Joshua (high priest) 608, 609, 612, 754, 762 Joshua (Israelite leader) 718

Blessing of Jacob 64,65 i Chronicles 269, 272 conquest of Canaan 178 David 274 epic of Samson 186-7 genealogy 270 Moses' Blessing 156 Revelation 1294 territorial allocation 169-70 Judaism

appointment of 154 commissioning of 160 death of 175,179 defeat of northern alliance 167-8 defeat of southern alliance 166-7 Deuteronomistic History 199-200 farewell address 173-4 genealogy in i Chronicles 272 leadership 139,162 personal inheritance 172 role as intercessor 164 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 695 spy mission 120 transfer of authority from Moses 130 Josiah (king of Judah) 233, 263-4, 3°5~7' 39^,

see also diaspora; Jews; rabbinic Judaism apocrypha 619-20, 623-4 ascetic practices 1196 attitude towards pagan world 1050 before Christ 1092-3 Christianity contrast 1155 conversion to 633 deliverance from exile 471 dietary laws 1121,1157-8 early Christian church 1182 Gentiles, acceptance of 1068 Godfearers and proselytes 1041 God's salvation through Christ 1087,1103 Greek philosophy 651 Hellenism 457, 570, 911-12,1155,1189 Holy Scriptures 5-12 influence of Romans (book) 1083 intertestamental dualist perspective 1275 Jesus' teaching 863-4 law 1086,1138 literature 479, 624, 792-828 Matthew's Gospel 845-6, 848, 875-6, 877 monotheism 1186 nationalism 1157 New Testament 833, 834 Paul 1054-5, IO5&< 1060-1,1065,1073 primary sources 1086 rejection of God's message 859-62 righteousness, Romans (book) noi Roman Empire as enemy of 482 sabbath 479, 860,1158,1161 sacrifice 1092 scriptural canon 529 sects 624 Sermon on the Mount 854 Servant Songs 476 sinners 1091

II 728 judge parable, Luke's gospel 950 judgement

see also day of judgement; final judgement after death 679,1303 Amos (book) 587-9 apocalyptic texts 1330 Barnabas 1313 courts at Corinth 1117 and deliverance, Isaiah (book) 436, 439,443,

507 death of 391 defiling of high places 144 Deuteronomistic History 177 Deuteronomy 136 lEsdras 751,754-5 Jotham (king of Judah) 258-9,300 Jotham (son of Gideon) 184 joy

460, 484 divine 350, 424, 446, 686,1294-5 Ecclesiastes 423,424,428 Ezekiel (book) 540 foreign nations 440,457 Israel following spy mission 120-1 John's Gospel 1013-14 justification of 164 metaphors 407, 446 Micah 597 2 Peter 1273 present fact in Jude 1286 priests and prophets 457 Proverbs 416 Revelation 1298-9 reversal of 572-3 salvation 459 Sermon on the Mount 856 Sirach 672 unpredictable day of the Lord 440,441,445 worldly standards 1141 judgement day see day of judgement judgement oracles, Hosea (book) 576 Judges (book) 176-91,199-200 judges 176

Philippians 1182,1189 proverbs 414 Jubilee years 106-7,320,560 Jubilees see Book of Jubilees

Judah (kingdom)

see also Babylonian exile Amos (book) 582, 583 Aram 293, 294 Assyria 136, 259, 260-1, 262-3 Babylon 264-5, 272~3 Daniel (book) 563-4 Edom 299 Ezekiel (book) 534, 539, 545, 547, 549, 558 fall of

2 Chronicles 307-8 Deuteronomy 152,153, 307-8 Ezekiel (book) 549 Hosea (book) 572 Isaiah (book) 447 Jeremiah (book) 487, 508

2 Chronicles 291-2

biblical criticism i of commerce 1234 Daniel (book) 563 Ephesians 1168 Isaiah (book) 441,442, 466-7, 469, 472 James (book) 1255 letters of Paul 1063,1080 Mosaic covenant 499 New Testament 830 Old Testament 7-8 parables 895 speaking in tongues 1032 Stoic 1180 Laodicea 1191,1198,1292 Last Battle 787-8 Last Judgement 784 Last Supper

Matthew's Gospel 852,853,870 social outcasts 947 1 Kings 232-48 Deuteronomistic History 199-200 succession narrative 198 2 Kings 232-4, 248-65 Deuteronomistic History 199-200 i Esdras 755-6 Isaiah (book) 436 Prayer of Manasseh 770-1 kings

laws in Deuteronomy 148 officers in Israel 138 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 695 Judith 637-41, 647 Judith (book) 632-41

didactic story 626 historical background 625 original language 621 status in Jewish canon 620, 634 just people 494,1261 just war 178 justice

see also monarchy faithfulness 368 representatives of God 370 shepherds of people 420 King's Pool, Jerusalem 319 kingship

Book of the Covenant 83-4 corruption of 415,419,439 covenant 337 Davidic monarchy 516 divine 52,349,414,778

Christian rites 1126 John's Gospel 985 Luke's Gospel 923, 954-5 Mark's Gospel 915, 916-17 Matthew's Gospel 879 Lasthenes 728 Latin 8 Latin culture, New Testament 833 Latin Vulgate

see also monarchy dependent on God 676 i Esdras 758 God 380, 392 of Universe 352 wisdom 676 YHWH 361,392 kipper see atonement Kiraith'arba 54 Kiriath-jearim 203, 218, 275, 401 Kiriathaim 552 Kirman 789 Kish 272 Kittim 713, 816 knowledge

see also theodicy God's indifference to 617 Jeremiah (book) 500 mercy noo-i Sirach 689-90 Ecclesiastes 424 Egyptian goddess 408 Jeremiah (book) 506-7 kingship 507 Micah (book) 597 Old Testament ethics 10 Proverbs 421 Psalms 355, 383 requirement for Israel 337 resurrection 570 Sodom and Gomorrah 52 wisdom 406 justification by faith 1045

Apocrypha 619 2 Esdras 775, 776, 789 Ezra apocalyptic 751 Judith (book) 633 origin 8 Stuttgart edition 1328 Tobit (book) 627 Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach 667 law

of future 428 gnos epignos distinction 1272 of God 1131,1181-2,1275 of pagan idols 1121 pursuit of 671 tree of 44 without love 1128-9 Knox, John 1072,1075 Kohath 271, 276 Kohath clan 279-80 Kohathites 115, 281 Korah 113,121-3,I2^6 Koresh, David 471 Kuenen, Abraham 14-15,19 Kurios 1185-6

see also Book of the Law; Torah accessibility of 154 ancient Near Eastern codes 82 Christ its fulfilment 1102 civil 103,150 Colossians 1195 coming into existence 1159 curse of 1155,1159 D source theology 27-8 definition 28 divine 421 economic 150 Ephesians 1166 excellence of 139-40 fear of the Lord, Sirach 688 function of 1160 genre 8 of God 408 God of Daniel 567 Hebrew slaves 517 inability of humans to keep 785 Jesus' teaching 975 Jubilee 560 monarchy 148 Mosaic 975,1158,1163,1164 offered to all nations of world at Sinai 778, 783 Pastoral Epistles 1222 Pentateuch 12, 29-30 performance of 1066 Persian empire 326 post-Biblical Jewish literature 795-7, 811-13 promulgated by angels 1160 Psalms (book) 366 reforms under Jehoshaphat of Judah 293,

Abraham and Isaac 51 Christianity 1065 Judaism 1093 Paul 1062,1079-80 justification by works

Judaism 1065,1079 Moses 1102 Paul 1091 religious'entry requirements' 1087 Justin Martyr 357, 393, 662 Justus 1198

Kadesh 124-5, 72& Kadesh-barnea 138 Kaiser, O. 435 Kaiwan (Saturn) 586 Kapelrud, A. S. 309 kauchaomai 1183 Kedar 398, 524 Kedarites 319 Kedesh Naphtali 628 Keeper of Israel 399 Keilah 211 Kenites 180, 207 Kenotic theory 1185 kindness 408-9 King of the Jews 849, 919, 956, 994 King Lists 45 king-frame 232, 233 Kingdom of God 1288

Laban 54-5, 56, 57-8 Lachish (city) 516 Lahmi 278 Laishians 188-9 Lamb, Revelation 1293,1298,1302 Lamb of God 964 Lamech 45 Lamentations (book) 528-33

and Baruch (book) 700 and The Letter of Jeremiah 703 laments

by Zion 530 classification of psalms 360-1 confession of sin 482-3 Jeremiah (book) 499-503 Job (book) 332 for loss of society 598-9 Mesopotamian 497 prayers 804, 823-4 psalms 371, 778, 784, 785-6 style in Lamentations 528-9 lamp parable 896 lamps 106,117,1290 land settlement, Numbers 132-3 language

advent 940, 949 banquet 946 children 907 excluded persons 1117 imminence 941, 945 John the Baptist 936 love no6 Luke's Gospel 936, 940, 941, 945, 946, 947,

294 restoration after Babylonian exile 769,788-9 sabbath 504 sin and 1094,1095-7 sources of Deuteronomy 137

949 Mark's Gospel 889, 896, 904, 907

see also Aramaic; Greek; Hebrew Apocrypha 621

travel-writing and itineraries 1048 Little Book of Consolation 512 The Little Genesis see Book of Jubilees liturgy

law (cont.)

Moses' Blessing 156 organization and responsibilities 114-15,123 priestly duties 112, 113 Leviathan 351,456

Stephen and the Hellenists 1155 Ten Commandments 141 theology of 142 wisdom 677-8, 680, 683-4, 800 works contrasted with faith 1093-4 'law of life' 679 lawsuit style of language, Isaiah (book) 441,

Baruch (book) 699, 701, 702 Joel (book) 579 post-Biblical Jewish literature 802-4, 822 Lives of the Prophets 710, 806, 827 Lives of the Saints 1323 living stone (name for Christ) 1266 Lo-ammi 572, 573 Lo-ruhamah 572, 573 loafers 1218 loans 686-7 loaves and fishes see feeding the five thousand locusts 579-80, 585, 587, 601 Logos

description 353 4 Ezra 782, 787 Job (book) 332 psalms 394 Revelation 1296 Levine, B. A. 96, 97, 98 Levites

442,466-7,469,472 Lazarus 949, 981-2, 983 laziness 413,416,425 leadership

see also Levi (tribe) ark brought to Jerusalem 275-6 comparison with Christ 1247 comparison with Melchizedek 1246 dating of P 18-19, 31

challenge of Korah 121-3 i Corinthians 1114 covenant community 479 Jerusalem 550 Joshua 162 Martha 942 models of 1114 Moses 119-20,139 Numbers 112-13 organization of Israel 138,148 Psalms 359 'super apostles' 1147 i Thessalonians 1211 Leah 57-8 leaven 862, 864-5, 901-2, 944 Lebanon 466, 507, 552 Lebo Hamath 562 left and right 428 left-handedness 179-80 Legend of the Ten Martyrs 806 legends 22, 24 Legion 897, 938 lemma 793-4 Lemuel 422 Leningrad Codex 7 Leontopolis 735 lepers 119-20, 857, 891, 933, 949 leprosy 100 lethech 573 Letter of Aristeas 618 The Letter of Jeremiah 620, 625, 700, 703-4 Letter (or Apocryphon) of James 1329 letters

demoted in Ezekiel (book) 561 distinction from priests 615, 616 duties given in i Chronicles 279-81 Ezra's return to Jerusalem 316 installation of ark in the temple 285-6 and Joash 297-8 Josiah's Passover feast 306, 754-5 Micah 188 offer sacrifice 400 Passover on restoration of temple 764 rape in Gibeah 189 rights to financial support 303 temple servants 560 Leviticus (book) 91-109

see also Word sustaining activity of 1238 swords as symbols of 1243 logos

wisdom literature 683,801 Wisdom of Solomon 660 Lord of heaven 631 Lord's Prayer 942-3,1309 Lordship, Jesus 927, 929 lost sheep parable 867,899,947 Lot 48,49,50,52-3,661 Lotan 335 love

source 18 lextalionis 106,149,150 liberation model of history of Israel 177 liberationism 2-3, 69 liberty, Christian ethos 1116 life

all love one another 1267 among believers 1278 brotherly 1208 Colossians 1193,1196 command to in James (book) 1259 demands of 1128-9 divine 580, 662, 911-12,1175,1279 of enemies 855 Ephesians 1174,1179 erotic, Song of Solomon 429-33 fulfilling the law 1104-5 of husband and wife 1177 idealization of 10, 431-2 Jesus' commandment of 986, 988, 989 Jesus prayer for disciples' 992 kiss of 1270 of neighbours 856, 874, 911-12 obedience and 989 Paul 1128-9 psalm 375 as royal law 1259 i Thessalonians 1202-3,1206 universal 651 Lucerne, Lake 1322 Lucifer 450 Ludemann, Gerd 1072-3 Luke 1235

i John 1280 brevity 340 disciplined 406 enjoyment 424,428 fountain of 414 means of attaining 1095,1102 metaphor 409 models for in Ephesians 1175 ordinances protecting 149 respect for human 141 tree of 408 water of in Revelation 1305-6 life after death

Graeco-Roman 1199 of recommendation 1138,1146 types and styles 1075 Letters of Ignatius 1314-15 letters of Paul 1062-82,1165-6,1220

Isaiah (book) 454 Israelite culture 363 Judaism 624 light

see also individual books biblical criticism 2 early Christian church 836 interpretation 1062-4, IO66,1078,1083 Jesus' death and resurrection 842 letters in Philippians 1179-80 literary content 1062-3 origin of beliefs 834 pattern of thought 1079 relationship to Wisdom of Solomon 619 rhetorical criticism 1077 style of content 1076,1078 theological content 1078-81 used as chronology of his life 1064,1072 Levi (son of Jacob) 57, 59-60, 64, 271, 616 Levi (tax-collector) 892, 934 Levi (tribe)

ceremony of 976 Ephesians 1176 John's Gospel 962 metaphors 375,1275 Simeon's song 930 i Thessalonians 1210 wisdom 658 Lilith 462 Lily of the Covenant 384 lion, Messiah as 787 lions, Daniel 566-7 literary criticism see source criticism literature

authorship of Acts 1028 Paul 1231 Stephen and the Hellenists 1155 Stoic ideas 1180 i Thessalonians 1206 writings of 1156 Luke (Gospel) 922-59,1009-12

agreements with Matthew 1004,1005 authorship 924-5 Christology 931 comparison with other gospels 922-3,

Bible as i, 3 Exodus (book) 67 extra-canonical 1286 genre of Acts 1029-30 influenced by apocalyptic texts 1329 Nehemiah's library 736 Pentateuchal study 32 post-Biblical Jewish 792-828 study of Leviticus 93

see also Levites Blessing of Jacob 64 censuses 114-15 i Chronicles 269, 271, 282 consecration 117 David's census 278 inheritance 173 law in Deuteronomy 148-9

1014-22,1024-7 date and place 925,930 finger-printing technique 1005 good news 932, 937, 938 historicity 923 infancy narratives 922,926-30 Jesus' boyhood 929-30

martyrdom

Jesus in Galilee 930-40 Jesus' journey to Jerusalem 922-3, 940-52 Jesus' ministry 932-3, 936-40 Jesus' passion in Jerusalem 952-9 Lord's Prayer 942-3 Luke the Evangelist 924-5 parallels with Didache 1309-10 relationship with Paul 924-5 Septuagint 834 Sermon on the Mount (Beatitudes) 934-5 social concern 931 sources 923-4, 939, 954, 955,1003 lust 854 Luther, Martin 400, 618, 619, 633, 643,1080 LXX see Septuagint Lycus (river) 1191 Lydia (person) 1179,1189 Lydia (place) 558,1049 lying, proverbs 413 Lysias 716, 717, 718, 720-1, 743, 744-6, 747,

Malina, B. J. 1214 Malta 1060 mammon 856, 948 Man from the Sea 787-8 Man and his God 332 Manasseh (husband of Judith) 638 Manasseh (king of Judah) 262-3, 3°4~5

apocryphal texts 1323,1325 Hebrews (book) 1252-3 immortality 656 James (son of Zebedee) 1043 literature 806, 827-8 2 Maccabees 740 4 Maccabees 790-2 Prayer of Azariah 707 resurrection of 735, 742 Revelation 1296-7 ofStephen 1037-8 under Antiochus IV 714-15,741-2 Mary Magdalene 937, 981, 995, 997 Mary (mother of Jesus) 927-8

see also Prayer of Manasseh Babylonian exile 547 Chronicles 268 Jeremiah (book) 502 Prayer of Manasseh 770-2 Manasseh (son of Joseph) 55, 63-4, 272 Manasseh (tribe) 384, 562

asylum in Judah after fall of Israel 273 i Chronicles 270, 272 and David 274 genealogy in i Chronicles 272 inheritance issues 134 land settlement 132-3,161 territory allocation 170-1 Manetho 267 manna 78, 665, 972-3 mantic practices 9, 565, 566 manual labour, Paul 1122 Maon, wilderness of 211, 212 Marantha 1306 Marcion 1078-9,1226,1310 Marduk 389, 559, 787 Marduk-apla-iddina 262 Mareshah 291 Mariology 429 Marisa 719 Mark 1198,1270

accompanying Jesus 937-8 at crucifixion 995 Jesus' birth 929 John's gospel 993 Mary (sister of Martha) 942 Mary (wife of Clopas) 995 Masada 668,670,806 masal 183-4,406 maskil 359 Maskil (Qumran community leader) 804,

748 Lysimachus 643, 739 Lystra 1046,1230

Maacah (Maachah, queen mother of

818-19, 822 maskilim (wise men) 570 Masoretes 7, 347, 356 Masoretic Text 471, 642 Mattaniah see Zedekiah Mattathias (Maccabean leader) 280, 622,

Judah) 243, 289, 292 Maacah (place) 221 Maacah (wife of David) 215,222 Ma'at 408 macarism 336 Maccabean revolt 621-2

711-12, 714-16, 724, 740 Mattathias (son of Simon) 732 Matthew (Gospel) 844-86,1008-9

Hellenism 623 Judith (book) 633 1 Maccabees 714-25 2 Maccabees 734, 742-50 market dispute 686 martyr literature 790-1,806 Prayer of Azariah 707 resistance to Antiochus IV 564, 569 1 Maccabees 711-33 dating of 620, 711 historical background 625 original language 621 relationship to biblical texts 626 status in Jewish canon 620 2 Maccabees 734-50 authorship 621, 626 date of composition 620 historical background 625 and 4 Maccabees 790 original language 621 resurrection 656 status in Jewish canon 620 3 Maccabees 618, 773-5 4 Maccabees 790-2 immortality 656 inclusion in Apocrypha 618 martyr literature 806,827 Macedonia 1200,1203,1220,1231

agreements with Luke 924,1004,1005 allegory 872,873,878 authorship 844-5 Christology 1009 comparison with other gospels 1014-26 date and place of origin 845 and Didache 852, 855,1309-10 finger-printing technique 1005 as first gospel 1002-3 genre and moral instruction 847-8 irony 881,883 Jewish background 834, 845, 846,1009 miracles of Jesus 857-8, 863-4 parables of Jesus 861-2, 870, 872 passion and resurrection 879-86 Proto-Matthew 1004 relationship to 5 Ezra 776, 777 Sermon on the Mount (Beatitudes) 846,

see also John Mark Mark (Gospel) 886-922,1007-8

allegory 892, 894 authorship 886 biography 887 comparison with other gospels 1014-16,

1020-7 conclusion 921-2 dating 886,1003 healing 890-2, 893, 897, 899, 900 historicity 909, 918-19 inadequacies 832 Jesus' controversies 891-4, 910-12 Jesus in Jerusalem 908-12 Jesus' teaching 890, 903-8 kingship of God 1008 manuscript controversy 921,922 miracles of Jesus 896-7, 898-9, 900-1, 902 parables of Jesus 894-6 passion narrative 915-21 place 886-7 secrecy motif 888,890 source 1005-6 source of Luke's gospel 924, 939, 954, 955 marriage

852-7 Matthew (tax collector) 858 Matthias 1031 Medes 450, 525, 567, 632 Media 627, 628, 629-30, 632, 635 medicine 691, 802 Megiddo 239,1299 Megillat Antiochus 620 Megillot 529 Mekilta of Rabbi Ishmael 793-4, 808 Melchizedek 50, 396,1238,1244,1246-7 Melito 1313 memorials 359 men

collection for the Saints 1144 Paul's third missionary journey 1053 Philippians 1179 Machir 225 Machpelah 66, 278 McKane,W. 488 magi 849 magic 802, 820,1038,1052,1230 Magnesia, battle of 720, 722-3 Magog 558 Mahalath 382 Mahalath (wife of Rehoboam) 289 Mahanaim 58-9, 221 make-up 685, 809 Malachi (book) 615-17 Malchishua 214

see also adultery; husbands; wives apocryphal texts 1327 contract 630 Decalogue commandments 141 Jesus' teaching 868, 906-7, 949 law in Deuteronomy 149-50 levirate 193,194-5 metaphor 492,1147 mixed marriage amongst post-exilic Jews 312,

creation 43-4 Paul 1119 relationship with woman 41,44 ritual purity 101 Menahem (king of Israel) 258 Menelaus (high priest)

316-18, 321, 323, 766-9 Paul 1096,1118-19 proverbs 416 reward for heroes 178 Sirach 684-6, 690-1 suspicion of adultery 115-16 Martha 942, 981-2

death of 747-8 Hellenizers 721 imposition of the cult 741

healed royal official's son 969,1020 Jairus' daughter raised 858, 897, 938 leper healed 857,891,933,949 man with withered hand 860, 893, 934 paralysed man healed 858, 891, 933-4 Peter's mother-in-law healed 890, 933 Pharisees' demand 861, 864, 901 Roman officer's slave healed 857, 935,

blessings of tribes 156 bread of life 973 Christ and church in Epehesians 1169 for divine power 504 Ephesians 1173,1178 Ezekiel (book) 534, 553, 556 Isaiah (book) 446 for Israel 545 Jeremiah's prophecy 492 John's Gospel 960, 973 judgement 407,446 life 409 light and darkness 1275 living water 973 Philemon (book) 1234 psalms 355,402 river 446 sacrifice of Isaac 1252 Song of Solomon 429,430,432 use in Jude 1286 meteorology 352 Metheg-ammah 220 Meunites 295, 300 Mica 220 Micah (book) 595-9

Menelaus (high priest) (cont.)

not named in i Maccabees 713-14,719 replacement of Onias 738 rule of 739-40, 746 seeking of high office 674, 680 and Simon 737 Menken, M. J. J. 1213 menstruation, ritual purity 94,101 Mephibosheth 210, 217, 220, 224, 226, 228 Merari 271, 279-80 Merarites 115,117 mercy

1018-20 walking on the water 863, 899, 972,1022-4 water turned into wine 965 widow's son raised 935-6 Miranda, J.P. 69 Miriam 77,112,119, 271, 513,1241 mirror, God as 659 Mishael (royal wise man) 564 Mishael (Song of the Three Jews) 706 Mishnah 624, 793

of Christ as high priest 1240,1243-4 confession of sin 772 divine 140, 595, 662, 664, 672, 673,

IIOO-I Elihu view of God 350 Last Judgement 784 Pastoral Epistles 1222 Sermon on the Mount 935 Merodach 524 Merodach-Baladan 262, 550 Meroz 181 Mesaloth 723 Mesha (king of Moab) 249-50,271,384 Mesha Stone 142,156,164 Meshach 706 Meshech 398, 555, 559 Mesopotamia

on causing nuisance to neighbours 813 divorce 685 Great Sanhedrin 811 interpretation of psalms 357 law in Second Temple period 796,797 prescribed prayer 567 ProsbwZofHillel 811-12 psalms 359 religious associations 804-5, 825 wisdom literature 800 work 674 missionaries

God's requirement 598 Israel among the nations 597-8 Judah condemned 596-7 lament for loss of society 598-9 Micah (founding of Dan) 188 Micah (prophet) 510, 595, 596 Micaiah 248, 294 Michael (archangel)

divinatory texts 445 divine warrior 560 Job (book) 332 law codes 106,108 law collections 29-30 legal codes 82, 83 Tower of Babel 48 Messiah

in early church 1283 Matthew's gospel 859 Paul 1074-5, IIO6 Mithredath 311, 757 Mithridates I (king of Parthia) 730 Mizpah 190

Angel of the Presence 631 Israel's patron angel 569, 570 Jude 1285 prince of princes 568 Revelation 1296-7 Michal 209, 215, 216, 218-19, 276 Michmash 206-7, 725 Midian 55, 70 Midianites 61,118,129,131-2,182-3 Midrash 290, 299, 373, 793-4 midwives 70 Mighty One of Jacob 65 Miletus 1053,1054 Milgrom, J. 92, 96, 98 millenium

battle of 204 Deuteronomistic History 200 Ishmael 520 Persian governor 319 i Samuel (book) 198, 200, 203, 204 Tell en-Nasbeh in Benjamin 574 Mizpah of Moab 210 Moab

see also Christ; Jesus apocalyptic literature 799 i Chronicles 269 companions of 782 Davidic line 448,787,874,912 Ephesians 1174 4 Ezra 780, 781-2, 783 5 Ezra 778 false 913, 914,1217 ideal monarchical ruler 460 Jesus as 865, 975-6, 980,1034,1155

covenant in the land of 153 David 210, 220 and Israel (kingdom of) 126-9, 249-50 Jeremiah's Oracles Against the Nations 523 judgement on 583 oppressed by Omri 384 oracles in Ezekiel (book) 552 Ruth 192-3 Moabites 53

4 Ezra 783 Revelation 1302-3 1 Thessalonians 1202,1209 2 Thessalonians 1214,1218 Millo 256 miracles

John's Gospel 984, 998 Luke's Gospel 956 Mark's Gospel 902, 904, 909, 918 Matthew's Gospel 865, 874 Jewish expectations 1067 Jewish tradition 841 just and righteous ruler 451 Pharisees' view 874 pre-existence of 783, 787 prophecies 367, 373, 380, 387, 397,448 psalms 367, 373, 380, 387, 397 Revelation 1293,1294,1305 Second Temple period 624 Sirach 695, 697 son of God 783,788 suffering 939,1033 victory over demonic forces 1240 Word as 963 messiahship, Jesus Christ 1155 messianic banquet 799,816-17 Messianic Rule 799,816-17 messianic secret, Mark's gospel 890, 891,

and Assyrians in Judith 637 Ehud 179-80 exclusion from local assemblies 150 hostility to 456 Israel's territorial claims 138 and Judah 295 Lot 50 Mesha Stone 142,164 mixed marriage in post-exilic Jerusalem 317 Nehemiah 322 Ruth 192-3 Samuel 206 Modein 715, 716, 724, 726, 748 Molech 103 monarchy

of the apostles 1033,1326,1328 divine endorsement of Paul's mission 1052 Elisha 250-1 of God 1159 syncretistic activity distinction 1052 transmutation 665 miracles of Jesus

blind men 858, 871, 902, 908, 951, 978 calming the storm 857,896-7,938 Canaanite woman 864 compared to miracles of apostles 1328 context 887 crippled woman healed 945 deaf mute man healed 858, 901 epileptic child 905 exorcism of demons 857, 860, 866 feeding the five thousand 863, 898-9, 939,

see also kingship Abimelech (son of Gideon) 183-4 astral cults 140 bound to temple 495 i Chronicles 269-70 Davidic 487, 507, 516 Esther (book) 326

902-3 messianic woes 781,785,789,816 metaphors

971 feeding the four thousand 864,901 haemorrhaging woman 858, 897, 938 healed man at Beth-zatha 969-70

agricultural 1114 architectural 1139-40

Nadin 631, 632 Nag Hammadi 1316,1319,1329 Nahash the Ammonite 205 Nahum (book) 262, 599-601 Naioth 209 nakedness

failure of 506 Gideon 183 law in Deuteronomy 148 local assemblies in Judah 150 misdeeds 507 post-exile return to Jerusalem 314 responsibilities 506-7 restoration 504, 516 rule by the grace of God 657-8 Samuel (books) 197-8, 203-8 training 422 wisdom 653, 657-8 monologues, Song of Solomon 432 monotheism

intercession at Mount Horeb 143-4 Isaiah (book) 482-3 justification by works 1102 land settlement issues 132 leadership 119-20 Malachi (book) 617 Matthew's Gospel 850 as mediator 141,1160 miraculous fire 736 Mosaic law compared with Jesus'

2 Corinthians 1140 Ham and Noah 47 shame at 41 Namtar 342 Naomi 192-5 Naphtali (son of Jacob) 57 Naphtali (tribe)

teaching 975 as orator 138 Poem (Song) of 137,154-6 psalms 358,391,393 Revelation 1295 role as judge 79 shining face of 90 at Sinai 88-90, noo Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 694 Song of 1299 special relationship with God 112,119,141,

Blessing of Jacob 65 1 Chronicles 271-2 Solomon 237 territory allocation 171 Tobit 628 Nathan (prophet)

Book of the Covenant 83 competition between the gods on Mount

Carmel 246 Deuteronomistic confession 139,140 Ephesians 1168,1173 in Greek philosophy 1050 Isaiah (book) 466 Judaism 1186 Old Testament theme 9 origin stories 41 Pastoral Epistles 1226 Paul ii2i Revelation 1302 Shema 142 Solomon's temple 238,239 Song of Moses 154-5 Ten Commandments 81 theme in Jeremiah (book) 498 theology of Exodus 68 i Thessalonians 1200 monsters, Revelation 1297-8 Moore, C. A. 643, 644, 645, 648, 649 morality

covenant with David 277 oracle of 200 parable 221-2 prophecy 391 2 Samuel (book) 219 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 695 Solomon 235, 236, 288 Nathanael 964-5, 998 nation, Abraham 49 national identity

1241 Stephen's speech 1037 transfer of leadership to Joshua 130,160 transfiguration 866, 904, 940, 941 typology 1033 war with Midianites 132 wisdom literature 661,801 Mot 337,342,381,407,408,577 moth and worm metaphor 475 Mount Sinai see Sinai Mourners for Zion 804 mourning

Exodus (book) 68 Genesis 39, 41 Passover 75 threat to Israel's 142 nationalism

Amos (book) 585, 586, 589 Ecclesiastes 426 priests 704 rites 146, 530 Mowinckel, S. 357,488 Multiple-Level hypothesis 1005 Mumford, Lewis 310 Muratorian Canon 619, 652 murder

Judges (book) 177 returned exiles in Judah 321 nationality, table of the nations 47-8 nations

church at Corinth 1109,1116-17 culture of psalms 366 guardianship 410 inverted by evil men 408 knowledge of God 1090 Old Testament 10 Romans (book) 1106 of Universe 343 upheld by God 412 Mordecai 325, 327-30, 642, 643-9 Moreh, oak of 49 Moresheth 596 Moriah, Mount 54, 285, 810 MorsPilati 1322 Mosaic law

see also Oracles Against the Nations God's relation to all 578 warning to all 596-8 nativity of Jesus see Jesus Christ, birth Nazareth 922, 924, 929, 932-3 nazirites

Cain and Abel 45 cities of refuge 172 distinguished from unpremeditated

Amos (book) 583-4 Paul 1055 Samson 177,185 Samuel 201 Nazoreans 850 Neapolis 1179 Nebo, Mount 156 Nebuchadnezzar I (king of Babylon) 307, 563,

killing 134,172 expiation for unresolved 149 Ten Commandments 82 Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome 1072-3 music

ark brought to Jerusalem 276 psalms 359 trumpets 105-6,118,163 mustard seed parable 862, 896, 946 mystery, Paul and 1172,1195 mystical theology, Paul 1113 mythology

564,565-6 see also Nebuchadrezzar attack on Judea in Judith (book) 632, 634,

animal slaughter 47 Christian communities 1196 Matthew's Gospel 846 redefined 1164 requirements of 1158,1163 Moses 388,1230

635-6,639 Baruch (book) 700, 701 Judean gold 316 and king Joiakim 756 Prayer of Azariah 707 Susanna (story) 708 vessels from the temple 311 Nebuchadnezzar II (king of Babylon) 264 Nebuchadrezzar (king of Babylon)

abode of El 345 chaos-dragon 335 Isaiah (book) 454, 456 Judean, Daniel (book) 567

as accuser of unbelievers 971 apocalyptic literature 788 authorship of Pentateuch 15,20 birth story 70 Blessing of 64,156 Book of Jubilees 794 call 70-2 as character in Exodus 67 comparison with Paul's ministry 1138 death of 156 disobedience at Kadesh 124-5 end of leadership 139 Ephesians 1174 as example of faith 1240-1,1252 farewell speech 992 genealogy 72-3 hagiography 805-6, 826

Naamah 335 Naaman (Aramean General) 251 Nabal 183, 212 Nabateans 718, 724, 728, 747 Nabonidus (king of Babylon) 564,565,

see also Nebuchadnezzar advance to Jerusalem 506 agent of YHWH 509 Allegory of the Cedar 546 Ezekiel (book) 534, 542, 549-50 Jeremiah's exile in Egypt 521 oracles in Ezekiel (book) 553-4, 558-9 origin of name 472 Nebuzaradan 519, 520 Necho (Pharaoh) 263-4, 755 Necho II (Pharaoh) 547

566,701 Nabopolassar (king) 632 Naboth 247, 254 Nachon 275 Nadab (king of Israel) 242,244 Nadab (Nadin) 631, 632 Nadab (son of Aaron) 99,101 Nadabath 724

necromancy 103-4 Negeb 501,549,552 Nehemiah

Noadiah 180, 320 Noah 335,1273

Additions to Daniel 705 Prayer of Azariah 706,707 Susanna (story) 708-9 Og (king) 126,132,168,174 Oholah 550 Oholibah 550 Old Latin version 619 old and new allegory 892 Old Testament

i Chronicles 269 division of world among sons of 809 as example of faith in Hebrews (book) 1252 Flood 46-7 Isaiah (book) 478 origin of name 45 paragon of virtue in Ezekiel (book) 544-5 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 694 wisdom 661 Nob 188, 210-11 Nod 45 Nogah 270 nomadism 177 nomistic paraenesis, Deuteronomy 136-7,144 non-believers

in Babylonia 318 i Chronicles 270 i Esdras 761 Ezra and Nehemiah (books) 309,310 Golah List 312 people's covenant 321-2 Persian court 310 rebuilding of Jerusalem 470,754 restoration of the temple 736 return to Judah 318-20,322-3 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 696 Nehemiah (book) 308-11, 318-23

canon 3-4, 5-6 contents 8-9 history of law 30 origins 6-7 themes 9-11 translations 7-8 olive tree metaphor 1103 olive-tree people 612 Olives, Mount of 543

Chronicles 267 i Esdras 625, 751-4, 760-1 Golah List 312 Nehushtan 260, 303 neighbours 408-9, 813 Nephilim 46, 809 Ner 272 Nero 791,1288,1297-8,1300 Nerva 787 net parable 862 Nethaneel 269 New Jerusalem 614-15 new and old parable 934 New Testament

contact with 1141-2 marriage to 1119 speaking in tongues 1129 Noth, Martin 23-4, 39,199, 200 novel genre 1029-30 numbers

see also Gethsemane ascension account in Acts 1031 David 224 John's Gospel 993 Luke's Gospel 952, 955 Matthew's Gospel 880 Olympios 740-1 omnipotence noi omnipresence 654 omniscience 654, 693 Omri (king of Israel) 244-5 On the Kings of Judea 723 Onan 61, 63, 269 Onesimus 1082,1192,1197,1233-4,1235 Onesiphorus 1228,1231 Onias (high priest)

creation 662 significance in Revelation 1298,1304 symbolism of (gematria) 1312-13 Numbers (book) 110-34

quoted in psalm 385-6 redaction criticism 33 source 18 Numenius son of Antiochus 729 Nunc Dimittis 468 Nympha 1198

see also gospels background 833-6 canon 3-4 Christian church depicted in 836-40 collation of books and letters 830, 831 corporate origin 830-3 Greek language 830,833 Jewish background 833-4,840 links with Didache 1309 origin of writings 832 piecemeal growth 831 racial tension 840 relationship with Old Testament 832-3 role in Christian life 832, 839 themes from Numbers 113 translations 830-1 use of the Apocrypha 618-19 view of Isaiah 434 worship forms 839 New Testament apocrypha 1315-29

oaths

1 Maccabees 729 2 Maccabees 737, 738, 740, 750 Onias III (high priest) 674, 696

Abraham 54 and covenant 153 of God to Abraham 1245 Job (book) 346-7 misdirected 588 New Testament 832 Sermon on the Mount 854-5 Sirach 681-2 Obadiah (book) 590-3

2 Maccabees 739 murder of 568, 569 Onias IV 696, 735 Ophel Hill 235 oppression

Ecclesiastes 424-5 Israelites in Egypt 69-70, 72 of poor 418 2 Thessalonians 1215-16 oppressors

and Amos (book) 591 canonical context 591 DayofYHWH 592 and Jeremiah (book) 590 literary connections 590 theology of 591 Obadiah (minister to Ahab of Israel) 245 Obadiah (prophet) 590 Obed-edom (Levite) 281 Obed-edom (the Gittite) 218, 275, 359 obedience

foreign 387 pagan 359 oracles

genres ofliterature 1315 Gnosticism 1318 Jesus birth stories 1319 Jesus' childhood 1319-20 relationship to canonical New

Balaam 127-8 David 219 of doom 155 Hosea (book) 576 Micah (book) 599 Old Testament 9 untrue 146 Oracles Against the Nations

Testament 1316,1317 Newer Documentary Hypothesis see

divine blessing for 152 offaith 1088 Jeremiah (book) 516-17 and love 989 proverbs 407 rewards as result of 141-2 as route to deliverance 446, 475 to parents 1177 Octavian 1179 Oded 301 Odenathus 789 Odes

Documentary Hypothesis Nicanor (governor of Cyprus) 742,746 Nicanor (Syrian officer)

Amos (book) 582, 584 Isaiah (book) 449, 451 Jeremiah (book) 488, 508-9, 522-6 Nahum (book) 600 Obadiah (book) 590 Zechariah (book) 612, 613 Zephaniah (book) 606 oral tradition

as Holofernes in Judith (book) 633 1 Maccabees 716, 722 2 Maccabees 734-5, 742-3, 744, 748-50 Nicodemus 966-7, 983, 996,1315,1321 Nicolaitans 1291-2 Nicolaus 1291 Nicopolis 1233 Nile 522 Nimrod 598 Nineveh 593

biblical criticism 2 Pentateuchal study 21 ordination ritual 87 Oreb 390 Origen 1307

Prayer of Manasseh 770 of Solomon 1186 offerings

attack on 600-1 Jonah 594,606 Judith (book) 632, 635 Nahum (book) 599 as prostitute 601 Tobit (book) 627, 628, 631, 632

see also sacrifice descriptions 96-8 laws concerning 98-9,104,121,130-1 memorial 359 on returning to cultic community 101

Additions to Daniel 705 Barnabas 1311 Baruch (book) 699

Josiah 306, 754-5 lamb 76,147, 964 Mark's Gospel 915-16 psalms 397 return to Jerusalem after exile 315,764 at Sinai 117 yeast 1116 Pastoral Epistles 1220-33

i Maccabees 711 pre-existent matter 662 pre-existent soul 653 Wisdom of Solomon 651 origin stories 40-2 original sin 382,1196

seed 896 sheep and shepherds 979-80 sheepfold 988 sower 861, 894-6, 937 stone 910 tares 862 tenants in the vineyard 872, 910, 952-3 three servants 878 treasure 862 the true vine 988-9 two debtors 936 two sons 872 unforgiving servant 867-8 vineyard 870 wedding feast 872, 945 wicked husbandmen 910 widow and judge 950 wineskins 858 wise and foolish virgins 877, 878 yeast 946 Paradise

Eve 679 evil inclination of humans 779 Sirach 679, 684-5 Orion (constellation) 352 Oman 278 orphans 439 Orthodox canon 3 orthodoxy

authorship 1220-1 language of Paul's letters 1228 Timothy 1221-6, 1227-9 Titus 1231-3 pastoral responsibility

Paul 1074 Roman church 1085 patience

early Christian authorities 1306-8 as source for apocrypha 1327 Orthosia 732 Osorkon I (Pharaoh) 291 other-worldly journeys 1149 Othniel 178,179,180 Owen-Griesbach hypothesis 1002-3 oxen 83,1122-3 Oxford Annotated Bible 4 Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1308,1309, 1316, 1318 Ozem 269

Ephesians 1173 ofJob 333 until Coming of the Lord 1261 Patmos 1290 patriarchal narratives 24 patriarchs

Amos (book) 589 4 Ezra 783 Isaiah (book) 479 as king's parks 318 new Jerusalem 1304 paraenesis 136-7,144,145-6,1054 parakletos 987

see also Abraham; Isaac; Jacob promise of descendants 69 significance of descent from 459 wisdom 660-1 patriarchy 356,1176-7 patronage 1144,1146,1149 Paul (apostle)

P see Priestly Work P. Koln 255 (fragmentary MS) 1316 P. Oxy. see Oxyrhynchus Papyrus Paddan-aram 56, 58 paganism

Paraleipomena 267

see also letters of Paul; Saul (Paul) Arabia 1155 authenticity of letters 1198,1219 authority

see also Chronicles parallelism

Hebrew poetry 437 inevitability of prophecy/Israel's

apocryphal texts 1326 Colossians 1191,1196 converts from 1266 Israel (kingdom) 260 literature 1307 mythological themes 1296 Paul's sermon at Lystra 1046 social issues 1221 i Thessalonians 1200 Palestine

1 Corinthians 1109,1115-16,1122,1131 2 Corinthians 1134,1137-9, IL45~5O

punishment 584 Isaiah (book) 441,470 Paran, Mount 603 paranaesis 1054 parents

Galatians (book) 1153 Pastoral Epistles 1221 Romans (book) 1089,1106 i Thessalonians 1204 Barnabas 1156 boasting 1136,1143,1144,1146,1148,1183,

honour of 672, 682 Ten Commandments 81 parody

1203,1215 brotherly love 1208 Caesar 1057-8 Caesarea 1054,1056-9 Colossians (book) 1191 conscience questions 1122 conversion 1039-40,1055-6,1058,1065-6,

2 Corinthians 1146-7 Job 336-7 parousia

impact of Greek culture 833 law in Second Temple period 795-6 post-Biblical Jewish literature 793-4 Palmyrenes 789 pantheism 694 Paphos 1044 Papias (bishop of Hierapolis) 844 Papyrus Insinger 423 Papyrus Murabba'at 811 parables

close at hand 1264,1265 Luke's Gospel 950, 951-2, 954 Matthew's Gospel 871, 878 Pastoral Epistles 1232 Revelation 1292,1300 1 Thessalonians 1205,1209 2 Thessalonians 1213,1216 parrhesia 1182

1131,1155 Corinth 1109, mi, 1115,1132,1134,1149 Crete 1231 cultural adaptability 1123 death of 1182,1230 Ephesus 1052-3 as exemplar 1230 faith 602 financial support 1122-3 Fool's Speech 1146-9 formative years 1068-70,1071 Galatian churches 1153,1161 Gentiles 1046,1051,1058,1157,1174-5,I224>

Enoch 655 Nathan's parable for David 221-2 as prophetic writing 442 parables of Jesus

Parthia 719, 730, 731-2 Parthians 622,1293 particularistic religion 1065,1068 Paschal Homily 1313 paschal lamb 993,994 Pashur (priest) 505 Passion

dishonest steward 948 Dives and Lazarus 949 fig tree 914,945 Good Samaritan 942 house builders 857 lamp 896 leaven 862 lost sheep 867, 899, 947 mustard seed 862, 896, 946 net 862 new and old 934 New Testament apocrypha 1317 pearl 862 Pharisee and tax-collector 950 pounds 951-2 prodigal son 947-8 purpose in understanding 895 returning master 914 rich man 951 salt and light 852, 853

John's Gospel 992-6 Luke's Gospel 939, 951 Mark's Gospel 903, 905, 907-8, 915-21 Matthew's Gospel 879-86 Passion Gospel 1320 passions, Sirach 675, 679, 682 Passover 561

1308 hymns 1193-4 idolatry 1124-5 illness of 1161 imprisonment 1171,1180,1182,1192,1203,

1228,1233 interdependence of men and women 1126 interpretation 1062-4, IO66,1078,1083 Jerusalem 1040,1052,1054-6 Jesus

circumcision 162 coming of the Spirit 1031 ofEgypt 75-6 Esther (Greek) 645 festival 131 Festival of Unleavened Bread 105 at Gilgal 163 Hezekiah 302, 306 Jesus 879, 954, 982-3

commitment to 1235 confidence in 1182 slave of 1154 vision of 1191

J374

prooemium 1264 2 Peter 1270-4 authorship 1271-2 canonicity 1270-1 dating 1271 exordium 1272 Jude relationship 1270 peroratio 1272-4

Paul (apostle) (cont.)

law 8,12-13, 366, 796-7 literary genre 39 preliterary origins 20-5 psalms 395 redaction criticism 32-3 relationship to Chronicles 268 Samuel (book) 197 source-criticism logic 15-16 Supplementary Hypothesis 13-15, 33-4, 37 theology of sources 25-8 translation into Greek 618 Pentecost 581,1031-2 Penuel 183, 242 Perez 61,195 perfection

Judaism 1054-5, IO5&< 1060-1,1066,1087,

1088,1155 Judeans 1205 justification 785 Laodiceans 1198 last words 1061 laying on of hands 1228 leadership 1114-15 literary legacy 1062-3 Lystra 1046 missionary journeys

i Peter relation 1270 probatio 1272-4 Pethuel 579 Phaltiel 776,781 Pharaoh

first 1044-6 second 1048-51 third 1051-4 Mosaic law 1196 mystery 1171-2,1195 opposition 1183,1225,1230 patronage 1144,1146,1149 Pentateuch as covenant 13 persecution of church by 1155 Peter at Antioch 1157-8 Philemon 1234 Philippian church 1049,1189,1190 Praetorian contacts 1190 prayers 1168-9,12°6,1211 preaching 1074 rhetoric 1135,1233 Roman citizen 1049,1056,1057-8 Rome 1059-61 sexual relations 1116,1118-19 sinfulness 1222-3 slavery 1197 speeches

see also Neco; Osorkon; Shishak Abraham 49-50 destruction 76-7 Ezekiel (book) 553, 554 'hardening of heart' 73, 74 Jacob 63 Joseph 61-2 killing of baby boys 69-70 King Bombast 522 parallel with Canaanite kings 168 Solomon 236 Pharaoh's daughter, Solomon 236, 240, 287 Pharisees

of Christ through suffering 1240,1247 levitical priesthood 1246 Matthew's Gospel 869-70 Pergamum 1291-2 peripety (reversal of fortunes) 325 Perizzites 50, 317 perjury 413,419 Perse polis 743 Perseus (king of Macedon) 722 perseverance 1245 Persia (Parthia) 719, 730 Persian empire

adultery law 709 apocalyptic literature 799 appointment of Simon as priest and ruler 731 controversies with Jesus

Alexander the Great 621 as conquerors 469 edict of Cyrus 311 Ezra and Nehemiah 309,310 Jews as minority in 324, 325-6, 327-30,

Mark's gospel 891, 892 Matthew's gospel 860, 863, 873, 874 demand for miracle 901 emergence of 624 Fourth Gospel 963-4, 978 hand-washing 899-900 hypocrisy 863, 874-5, 944 immortality 655-6 Jesus'death plot 893 Jesus' reply 948-9 leaven 864-5, 9OI~2

642-9 Job (book) 332 return to Judah of Jews 313-15, 317, 319-21,

Agrippa and Bernice 1058-9 Areopagus 1050 Ephesian elders 1053-4 synagogue 1045-6 temple 1055-6 style of letters 1075-8 suffering 1136,1139,1142,1149,1195 tearful letter 1134,1136 theology 1063, 1078-81,1085, 1112-13 Thessalonica 1203-5 tolerance 1105-6 wealth 1143 women's speech 1130 Pax Romana 12,10 peace

756-64 pesah 147 Pesher Habakkuk 793,807 pesher-exegesis 793 pessimism 424 Peter (apostle)

liturgy 803 Maccabean revolt 715 Matthew's gospel 845 Nicodemus 966 parable 950 Paul 1069 piety in Judith 634 religious associations 805 Sabbath law 946 Sadducees and 653, 709 Stoicism 650 warning to Jesus 946 Phibis 668, 672, 673, 687 Philadelphia (brotherly love) 1208

see also Gospel of Peter Acts of Peter 1323 Aeneas 1040 as an apostle to the circumcised 1157 authority in church 1031,1035,1040 before the Sanhedrin 1034,1182 called by Jesus 890, 893, 933 called Cephas (Rock) by Jesus 893, 999 Corinthian church mi and Cornelius 1041,1047 death of 1182 denial of Jesus 880, 882, 917, 919, 956, 986,

Colossians 1196 greeting in 2 Thessalonians 1215 Jesus 990 i Thessalonians 1210 peace offering 97 pearl parable 8 62 Pedaiah 269, 270 Pekah (king of Israel) 258,300 Pekahiah (king of Israel) 258 Pelatiah 542 Pelethites 220, 224, 227, 235 penitence

993-4 eating with Gentiles 1157 healing ministry 1033,1035,1040-1 interprets psalm 372 inverse crucifixion 1324 Jesus and 921, 964, 985, 999,1032,1033 leadership 114 Messiah 865, 902-3, 904, 939 miraculous escape from prison 1043 mother-in-law healed 857,890,933 Paul and 1071,1157,1158 preaching to Gentiles 1041-2 at revelation of risen Christ 999 special role, Luke's gospel 933 speech after healing of lame beggar 1033 speech before the Council 1035 speech on Day of Pentecost 1032 testimony before Apostolic Council 1047 at the tomb 997 i Peter 1263-70

Philadelphian church 1292 Philemon (book) 1233-6

Colossians 1192 position in chronology 1073 writing style 1075-6 Philetus 1223,1229 Philip (apostle) 964 Philip (evangelist) 1038,1039,1054 Philip (regent of Syria) 720-1, 744, 748 Philip (the Phrygian) 714, 716 Philip II (king of Macedon) 1179 Philip V (king of Macedon) 722 Philippi 1203

psalms 381 Zephaniah (book) 605 penitential prayer, Prayer of Manasseh 770 Pentateuch

biblical criticism 2 composite authorship 15-16 dating of sources 16,18-20, 31, 34-5 definitions 12-13, 37~& Documentary Hypothesis 13-15,19-20,

background in Philippians 1179 Paul's second missionary journey 1049 Philippians (book) 1179-90

30-7 Ezekiel (book) 548 found by Josiah 305-6 Genesis 38-9 Greek parallels 35

appeal for unity 1183-4 authorship 1180 exhortations on discipleship 1183-6,1187-9 knowledge of God 1181-2

authorship 1263 date 1263

Aramaic 1306 Baruch (book) 701-2 confession of sin 770 Coptic tradition 1310 Daniel 568 in early church 1034 of elders for the sick 1261-2 Esther (Greek) 643, 647 Ezra 317,321,785 functions of 1256 Jesus 856, 942-3, 990-2,1024-6,1244 Judith 638-9 for knowledge in Ephesians 1173 Mishnah 567 for 'non-terminal' sin 1280 Pastoral Epistles 1223 Persian period 567 post-Biblical Jewish literature 802-4, 821-4 Prayer of Azariah 707 psalms 359 Sirach 674, 681-2, 690 Tobit(book) 629-30 Wisdom of Solomon 651,660 Prayer of Azariah 626,706-7 Prayer of Ezra 321,785 Prayer of Joseph 681 Prayer of Manasseh 619,625,770-2 Prayer of Nabonidus 566 Prayer of Rabbi Simeon bar Yoked 799 pre-existent matter 662 preaching, Paul 1073,1074 Preaching of Peter 1315 precatio summi sacerdotis 990-1 predetermination 570 prescripts 1076, ino-ii pride

David 229-30 Egypt 73-5, 661-2, 663, 664-6 Philistines 203 Revelation 1294,1299 plants, creation of 42,43 Plato

position in chronology 1073 Stoic language 1180 Philistia 545 Philistines

Abraham 53 ark of the covenant 202-3 culture 186 Dagon 188 David 208-9,2I3~I4> 218-20,228,229,274,

creator 662 Hebrews homilist 1247,1249 4 Maccabees 790 pesher-exegesis 793 pre-existent soul 660 providence 664 Wisdom of Solomon 650-1 Pleiades (constellation) 352 Pliny 1314 Plutarch 1208,1221,1224 poetry

275 Ezekiel (book) 552 Isaac 55-6 Isaiah (book) 450 Jeremiah's Oracles Against the Nations 523 Nadab of Israel 244 Samson 186-8 Samuel 204, 206 Saul 206-7, 2I1' 2I4273 Syro-Ephraimite War 259 use of term in Genesis 40 Philo of Alexandria 1162

Hebrew 355 Jeremiah (book) 512 Jewish wisdom poetry 652 Moses' poem 154-6 in Pentateuch 77 problems of historical dating 479 psalms 358 Sumerian 400 pointed text 7 pollution see ritual purity polyandry 873 Polybius 1324 Polycarp

commandments 671 God as the Architect of the Cosmos 807 Logos 683,1238,1243 Moses 694, 805,1037 On the Creation of the World 807-8 Paul 1189 Plato 793 pre-existent soul 660 sacrifice 689 Therapeutae 804, 825 wisdom literature 800 Wisdom of Solomon 650,652 philosophy

influence of apocrypha 619 letters of 1220 Philippians 1180 use of i Clement 1314 Polychrome Bible 18 polygamy 684, 685,1224 polytheism

Job (book) 333 4 Maccabees 791 Wisdom of Solomon 625,650-1 Phinehas (son of Eleazar) 129,131, 670, 695,

converts at Corinth 1113,1115 overthrow of nations 676 proverbs 412 sinfulness of 417 priesthood

Antiochus IV 714 Colossians 1194 Song of Moses 155 Ten Commandments 81 Pompey 622, 1217 poor (people)

7i5 Phinehas (son of Eli) 201,203 Phoebe 1225 Phoenicia

see also high priesthood; Levites Christ 1240,1243-9 i Chronicles 271 dating of P 18-19 determination of adultery guilt 115-16 distinction from Levites 615, 616 divine judgement of 457 Golah List 312 Hasmoneans 622 honour due to 675 house of Eli 201-2 initiation of Aaron 99 Israel (kingdom) 290 Jerusalem under Seleucid rule 322, 621-2 Joash 297-8 Jonathan as high priest 726 law in Deuteronomy 148-9 Levi ancestor of tribe of 616 Levitical laws 104 Melchizedek 1244,1246 mourning 704 princes of the sanctuary 469 responsibilities 98-9,123, 279-80,1248 return from Babylonian exile 761 rights to financial support 303 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 694-5 skin infections 100 vestments 86-7 Zadokite 561, 696 Priestly Benediction 802-3 Priestly Blessing 803 Priestly Work (P) source

Syro-Ephraimite War 259 Tyre 583 Phoenicians

concern for 672-3 faith and needs of 1259 God as father of 690 iniquity with rich 677 Israelite culture 363 James (book) 1256,1258 Jesus' concern for ion oppression of 1261 proverbs 412 Psalms (book) 370 Sirach 672-3, 676, 677, 680, 690 Porcius Festus see Festus possessions

Ahab (king of Israel) 245 Ezekiel (book) 552 Solomon's temple 237, 238, 284 Solomon's wealth 240 phoenix 1314 Phrygia 1048 Phygelus 1228 phylacteries 875 physicians 691 physiognomy 802, 820-1 piety

Mark's Gospel 907 Matthew's Gospel 856 post-Biblical Jewish literature 792-828 post-critical movements 2-3 Potiphar 61 potters

Judith (book) 633-4, 638, 641 Pastoral Epistles 1221,1227 Sirach 674 pigs 100 Pilate

Acts of Pilate 1321,1322-3 trial of Jesus 882, 883, 919, 923, 956, 994-5 Pilatus, Mount 1322 pilgrimage

idolatry 664 Isaiah (book) 471 Romans (book) noi pounds parable 951-2 power

Deuteronomy 148 psalms 361, 399 Pilgrimage ofEtheria 1329 pillar of cloud and fire 76,117-18 pioneer settlement model of history of

Colossians 1193,1195 Ephesians 1169 of God 504,525 i Thessalonians 1203 in weakness 1139,1145,1150 Praise of the Fathers 694-6 prayer

Israel 177 Pirqei 'Abot (Chapter of the Fathers] 800, 817-18 Pisgah 156 plagues

creation accounts 17 dating 18-20, 31, 95

Assyrians before Jerusalem 261

of all community members 1262

INDEX 1376

Pseudo-Phocylides 672 pseudoepigraphy 1166 Ptolemais 718, 719, 726, 727, 729, 741, 748 Ptolemy II Philadelphus (king of Egypt) 618,

Priestly Work (P) source (cont.)

proverbs 410 Rahab 161 Sirach 686 Protarchos 745 Protestantism

Exodus (book) 68, 75 Hupfeld, Hermann 14 Leviticus 92-3 nature 33-4 theology 25, 28 primal couple 341 Priscilla (Prisca) 1050,1052,1191,1231 Procla 1322 procreation 1327 prodigal son parable 947-8 Prometheus 333 promise to Abraham see covenant prophecy

795 Ptolemy IV Philopator (king of Egypt) 738, 774 Ptolemy VI Philometor (king of Egypt) 726-7,

Apocrypha 618, 619 Romans (book) 1083,1099 Protevangelium of James 1315,1319 Proto-Matthew 1004 proto-Zechariah 610, 611, 612, 613 Proverbs (book) 405-22

736, 740, 744 Ptolemy VIII (VII) Euergetes II (Physcon) 667,

670,732,774 Ptolemy Macron (governor of Coele-syria and

Phoenicia) 743, 745 Ptolemy son of Dorymenes (governor of

authorship 406 dates 406 Egyptian texts 405-6 First Solomonic Collection 412-18 Instruction ofAmen-em-ope 418 and Micah (book) 598-9 Sayings of Agur 421-2 Sayings of the Wise 418-19 Second Solomonic Collection 419-21 and Sirach 667-8 Solomon as author 237 wisdom literature 9,801 Words of Lemuel 422 proverbs

Coelesyria) 716, 739, 741, 742, 743, 745 Ptolemy son of Habbubus 733 Pul 271 punishment

see also prophets of the cross 393 cultic mythology 380 Deuteronomistic school 156 divine origins 1273 ecstatic speech identified with 1032 exegesis 611 first person accounts 443,446,452 genre 9 Habakkuk (book) 602 history 200, 202 incitement to apostasy 146 interpretation of psalms 357, 358 Isaiah 436,437 Joel (book) 580 Messiah 481 parables as 442 Paul 1054,1129 2 Peter 1272 Revelation 1289,1291 Second Temple period 623,624 Sirach 684, 690, 692 Prophets (Hebrew Scripture) 6, 618 prophets

see also retribution adultery 682 after death

4 Ezra 784 Sirach 669, 671 Wisdom of Solomon 656 appropriate to crimes committed 442 church at Corinth 1150 curses for disobedience 108 Ecclesiastes 427 ofEdom 461 idolatry 663 illness as 687, 691 Isaiah 437 oflsrael 778

Ephesians 1175,1176 numerical 682 used by exiles in Ezekiel (book) 546-7 wisdom 680 providence 664, 665 prudence, Sirach 675, 679 Psalm 151 618, 773 Psalm of David 227 Psalm of Thanksgiving 477 Psalms (book) 9, 355-405

by God using foreign armies 453 of Exodus generation 138 as Godless nation 447 for golden calf episode 89 Lamentations 532 lextalionis 106 Mark's Gospel 906 Micah (book) 598 psalm 378 selective 589 Sermon on the Mount 854 sin 661-2, 679 in this life 686, 692 Wisdom of Solomon 656 purification

classification 357, 360-2 culture 358, 362-4 Davidic collection 359, 360, 371 Elohistic collection 371 entrance liturgy 372 imagery 364-5 interpretation 355-8 new year festival 362 numbering 366 penitential 369, 378, 381, 403 prophetic 371 Psalm 151, 773 Psalter 359-60, 365-6 Second Temple period texts 802 theology 365 titles of psalms 358-9 psalms

see also names of individual prophets;

prophecy aexamples 1252-3,1261 apocalyptic literature 799 Asa (king of Judah) 291-2 Baasha (king of Israel) 244 condemnation by prophet Micah 597 danger from 447 Deborah 180-1 divine judgement of 457 Elisha 250-3 false 507, 856-7, 877, 914,1217 female 180 God's watchmen over Ephraim 576 Isaiah 440 Jeremiah (book) 507, 508 Jeroboam I (king of Israel) 242 killing of 1205 i and 2 Kings 232, 233-4 laws in Deuteronomy 149 Omri dynasty of Israel 244, 245-9, 252-4 of peace 544 persecution of 1261 physical translocation 541 role reinforced 584 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 695-6 Solomon 288 suffering 505 task 595 temple musicians 281 propitiation of Gentiles 791-2 Prosbul 797, 811-12 proselytism 1041,1068,1069 prostitution

after contact with corpses 123-4,132

imagery in Ezekiel (book) 550 red heifer ritual 123-4 and remission of sin 444 Second Temple site 609 temple ceremony 930 Purim 324-5, 327, 330, 642, 643, 649 purity

chiastic form 389 David and the ark 276 David's Song of Thanksgiving 228-9 Easter 397 formulae used in 594 Hannah's song 201 Isaiah (book) 446,448,449,461 lament 599 Lamentations 530 metaphors 402 royal 400-1 Sirach 696-7 Psalms Scroll 773 Psalms of Solomon 652, 653 Psalter

see also ritual purity of God 344 2 Maccabees 737 Mark's Gospel 899-900 Matthew's Gospel 863-4 religious associations 805, 825 ritual 94 Second Temple period 624 i Thessalonians 1207-8

Q source 1003-4,13I6,1317 Qedushah 803, 823 Qoheleth (the Teacher) 423-9 quail 119 Questions of Bartholomew 1322 Quirinius 929 Qumran

development 359-60 Elohistic 360 features in Lamentations 531 Psammeticus 541, 551 Psammeticus II 561 Pseudepigrapha 624 Pseudo-Clementine Letters 1314 Ps eudo-Matthew 1315,1319

cult 574, 703-4, 741 house of Eli 201 law in Deuteronomy 150

see also Dead Sea scrolls calendar 801

Davidic monarchy 516 Ezekiel (book) 555 Isaiah (book) 436,439,440,462 Israel's hope of 153-4 Jeremiah (book) 512-13 Zechariah (book) 612 resurrection

community practices 1219 Daniel (book) 704 determinism 819 early church 835,837-8 Guardian 824-5 Habakkuk (book) 603 Halakic Letter 797 hatred of sinners 677 honour of parents 672 Isaiah 434 The Letter of Jeremiah 703 Maccabean revolt 715 messianic banquet 817 origins of sin 678 Penal Code 824 Pesharim 793 Prayer ofNabonidus 565 prophecy 690 Psalms 802 religious institutions 805 rules 804, 824-5 Ruth (book) 192 sectarianism 624 Susanna (story) 705 war to end all wars 816 Zechariah (book) 610, 613 Qumran manuscripts see Dead Sea scrolls

Rechab 217 Rechabites 516-17 reconciliation

Corinth 1137,1141 God's love 1094 Jews and Gentiles 1167 Red Sea, crossing of 76, 385, 388, 397 redaction criticism 2, 32-3 redemption

apocalyptic literature 799 body 817, mo, 1130-2 Daniel (book) 570 Elijah, Sirach 695-6 Ephesians 1167,1170 and immortality 656 Isaiah (book) 456 Israelite beliefs 364 Lazarus 981-2 martyrs 735, 742 psalms 367, 372 Revelation 1303 of the righteous 781,783-4 storehouse of souls 780 Wisdom of Solomon 651,656 resurrection of Jesus

bought by Christ 958,1249 dedicated items 108-9 into the Christ Group (i Peter) 1265 Isaiah (book) 467,470 Job (book) 342-3 Luke's Gospel 925-6, 958 Old Testament theme 10 Pastoral Epistles 1232 Psalms (book) 373 slaves 107 Reformation

Apocrypha 618, 619 Romans (book) 1083 refuge cities 133-4,140,149,172 Rehoboam (king of Judah) 241, 243, 288-90 Rehum 313, 757 relationship maintenance 1088-9 religion-relationship antithesis noi religious associations 804-5, 824-6 religious ecstasy 1140-1,1148-9 religious fanatics

i Corinthians 1130-2 denial by Sadducees 873-4,911,1034 Ephesians 1174 John's Gospel 985-6, 996-9 Luke's Gospel 923, 958-9 Mark's Gospel 911, 920-1 Matthew's Gospel 873-4, 885-6 Revelation 1288,1297 Romans (book) 1094 retribution

Rabbah 139, 221-2, 278, 523, 549 Rabban Gamaliel the Elder see Gamaliel rabbinic Judaism

Amos (book) 584-5 Isaiah (book) 481 religious persecution

anecdotes about teachers 806-7 Apocrypha 620 development 623 and 4 Ezra 776 fate after death 799 history of texts 624 human inclination for evil 778, 779, 801 literature 620, 792 martyr literature 806 Messiah 783 pesher-exegesis 793 post-Biblical Jewish literature 793-4 religious associations 804-5 repentance 657 souls after death 780 Wisdom of Solomon 651 Yabneh academy 776 Rabshakeh 261, 303-4 Rachel (wife of Jacob) 57-8,185,478, 512, 514 Rad, Gerhard von 12, 22-4, 60 Raddai 269 Rages 627, 628, 630-1 Raguel 629, 630, 631 Rahab 338, 391

see also punishment Chronicles 268 divine 661-2 psalm 377 Sirach 671, 686, 692, 697 returning master parable 914 Reuben (son of Jacob)

Antiochus IV 714-15, 740-2 Christians 1038,1067,1069-70,1290 religious phenomena, causes 1070 religious schools 805, 825-6

anecdotes about teachers 806-7,828 James (book) 1255-6 Remiel (archangel) 631 remnant

birth of 57 i Chronicles 270 Joseph sold into slavery 61 Testament of Reuben 818 Reuben (tribe)

Arameans 451 Haggai (book) 608-9 Isaiah (book) 438,442,448,472 Micah (book) 597-8 Nehemiah 321 Zechariah (book) 615 Rendtorff, R. 35-7 repentance

Blessing of Jacob 64 i Chronicles 270 conquest of Canaan 181 land settlement 132,161 rebellion 121 Revelation (book) 1287-306

Canaanites 663 church at Corinth 1142 Ezekiel (book) 537, 555 Hosea (book) 574-5, 578, 580 Isaiah (book) 439 Jeremiah (book) 488,496,504 Job 354 Luke's Gospel 947 Matthew's Gospel 858 of Nineveh 594 Pastoral Epistles 1229 Peter 1032,1033,1035 repeated sin, Sirach 673 salvation 785 Wisdom of Solomon 657 Rephaim (giants) 138-9 Rephaim (place) 218, 229 Repha'im (underworld deities) 408 Rephaites 278 Resheph 336 rest

apocalyptic literature 798,799 authorship 1288 Babylon the harlot 1300-2 church grouping 837 Jewish hopes 834-5 messages to seven churches 1290-2 New Jerusalem 1302-5 scroll given to John 1295-6 seven bowls 1299 seven seals 1293-4 seven trumpets 1294-6 vision of heaven 1292-3 and Zechariah (book) 612 revelation

4 Ezra 782 James (book) 1260 Jericho spy mission 161,164 Ram 269 ram and goat vision 568 Ramah 198, 201, 203, 243-4, 52° Ramiel (archangel) 780 Ramoth 253 Ramoth-gilead 294 Ramsay, William 1072 Rapha 278 Raphael (angel) 627, 629, 630-1 Raphia 773,774 Raphon 719 Rassites 632 Raziel (angel) 802 Razis 748, 749 re ut ruah 423,424 Rebekah (wife of Isaac) 54-5, 56,185, 478 rebirth through the word 1265

apocalyptic literature 798,799 Colossians 1191 of Decalogue at Mount Horeb 139,

140-1 dreams 689 of faith 1160 of God as the'Son' 1237 Jesus 885,1154,1237 Numbers 112 Paul 1149

goal of occupation narratives 161 God-given 457 promise of divine 1242-3 restoration 354

Amos (book) 589

i378

sabbath

revelation (cont.)

for apostasy 146 Hazor 168 ritual kiss 1151 ritual purity 93-5

Book of the Covenant 84 breaking of 121 covenant community membership 479,

proverbs 421 science 801 Son of Man 949-50 rewards 141-2, 655-6, 657 Rewritten Bible 794-5, 799-800, 810-11 Rezin (king of Damascus) 240, 300, 301 rhabdomancy (divination by sticks) 574 rhetoric

480 creation 41,42,43 Damascus Document 812-13 Decalogue commandment 141 eating grain 860, 892-3, 934 fighting on the 715 healing 945, 946 holiness of Israel 87-8 Jeremiah (book) 504 Jesus and the 970 Levitical law 105 manna provision 78 psalms 392 rest 1242-3 Romans (book) 1105 saving life 893 Second Temple period 479, 797 Ten Commandments 81 years 106-7 sabbath-years 568 Sabeans 334,471 Sacherdonos see Esar-haddon sacrifice 93-4

of camp in Numbers 115 childbirth 94 circumcision and Passover 162 Levitical laws 99-101 menstruation 94 Old Testament ethics 10 priests 104 Rizpah 228 Rock of Escape 211 rock prediction 1114 Roetzel, Calvin J. 1063 Roman empire

deliberative 1143 Paul 1076-7,1135,1147 Riblah 534 rich man

call to discipleship 869-70, 907 parable 951 rich people see wealth riddles, Samson's wedding 186 right and left 428 righteous (people)

Corinth 1134 end of, 4 Ezra 781, 783, 786-7 enemy of Judaism 482 Herod the Great 622 Jewish War 775, 778 law in Palestine 796 persecution of Jews in Antioch 791 persecution of Jews in Egypt 773-4 Revelation 1297 rule of Judea 432, 622-3 Roman officer's servant 857, 935 Romans (book) 1083-108

hell, i Enoch 815 imagery of psalms 365 life 412 Proverbs (book) 412 psalms 363 resurrection of 783-4 rewards of 784, 785 violence against 419 righteousness

Abraham 51 acceptibility 484 accompanied by justice 482 before battle 373 centralization of worship 144-5 of children 146,149

believers state of 1099 by faith 1090 confession of sin 772 conquest of land by Israel 143 contrasted with sin in i John 1277 covenant 337 Davidic monarchy 516 demand for 381 Ecclesiastes 424 Ephesians 1178 everlasting name of 678 Ezekiel (book) 545, 547, 555 of God 378,1099,1103 Judaism 1101-2 Pastoral Epistles 1227 paths of 374 Paul 1079,1188 premature death 656-7 proverbs 421 provided by heavenly high priest 1245 psalms 355-6, 387 requirement of kingship 507 Romans (book) 1089-90 Sermon on the Mount 935 Sirach 678,687 synonymous with victories 472 i Thessalonians 1210 under the law 1102 wealth 412, 687 wisdom 406, 570, 659, 661 Wisdom of Solomon 653, 654, 655-6, 657,

Abraham's covenant with God 1093-4 benediction 1107 chain of influence 1062 eschatological context 1105 ethical exhortations 1103 and Galatians 1085 justification by faith 1080 law of the Spirit 1097-9 literary style 1075,1084 love 1104-5 missing passages 1107 position in chronology 1073 provenance 1084 sin and righteousness 1094-7 Rome

Ezekiel (book) 548 of Isaac 53-4, 810 Judah (kingdom) 259 to Chemosh 249-50 of Christ 916,1243,1247-8,1249 i Chronicles 271 corruption of the house of Eli 201-2 Ezra's return to Jerusalem 766,768 Jephthah's daughter 178,185 Jewish 1092 Levites as symbol of 117 Levitical law 95-9,102 living 1103-4 ordination ritual 87 Passover under king Josiah 754-5 pattern for animals 96 proverbs 417 psalms 356 rebuilding of Jerusalem after exile 315 Solomon 287 temple musicians 280-1 temple of Solomon 239,286 twice-daily 568, 570 wisdom literature 689-90 sacrificial food

see also Roman empire alliance with Judea 712, 728, 731, 732 and Antiochus IV 713, 714 Babylon as name for 1263,1270 Christian community 1084,1322 civil authority 1104 expulsion of the Jews 1084,1085,1109 imperial cult 1188 Jewish community 1084 and Judas Maccabeus 722-3 origin of Mark's Gospel 886-7 Paul 1059-61,1068,1107,1182,1228 Revelation 1300-1 rights of citizens 1049,1058 Rost, L. 197,198, 202 Roth,W. 669 ruah (God's energy) 407, 579, 580-1 Rudolph, Wilhelm 272 Rule of the Community

guidelines for eating 1125 idolatry 1108, mo, 1120-2 Sadducees

659, 661, 664 rites

adultery law 709 attempt to silence apostles 1033-4 emergence of 624 Epicureanism 650 immortality 655-6 leaven 864-5 life after death 953 Maccabean revolt 715 opposition to Jesus 873-4 resurrection 873-4, 911' IO34 Wisdom of Solomon 653 Sagen 21-2,24,39,48 saints

Lord's supper 1126 to seal immortality 1124 rites of passage 99 ritual 438

dualism 688 hatred of sinners 677 humility 671 liturgy 803 origins of sin 678 prayer 821-2 retribution after death 671 rules 804, 824 sacrifice 689 vengeance 686 wisdom literature 800-1,818-19 rules, religious associations 804-5, 824-6 Ruth (book) 2,192-5, 269

determination of adultery guilt 115-16 mourning 146, 580 ordination 87 Passover of Egypt 75 red heifer 123-4,1249 scapegoat 101-2 theology of P source 28 ritual destruction

see also ban ancient Near East 142

assumed to heaven 782, 784

J379

Sayings ofAhiqar 687 Sayings of the Wise 418-19 scapegoat 93-4, 95,101-2 Schmid, H. H. 34 Schwartz, D. R. 721 science, wisdom literature 801-2 scribes

collection for the 1071,1132,1134,1143-5,

David 207, 209 death of 212 dedication 201 monarchy 204-6 named in psalm 393 prophetic history 200 Saul 204-5, 2O7' 2I3 Sirach's Praise of the Fathers 695 war with Philistines 204 1 Samuel (book) 196-214 2 Samuel (book) 196-201, 214-30 Sanballat 318-19, 320, 321 sanctuary

1149-50 Colossians 1192 hagiography 806, 827 Philippians 1181 psalm 376 tombs of 806, 827 Sakkuth 586 Salathiel 775, 778 Salem 50, 399 Salome (aunt of Jesus) 995 salt 852, 853, 906, 947 salvation 377

controversy with Jesus 912 Deuteronomistic 517 Sirach 691-2 wisdom literature 800 scripture

Hebrew 5-6 Holy Spirit as source of 1241,1248 Jude (book) 1284,1286 letters of Paul 1082 Pastoral Epistles 1230 self interpretation 454-5 as testimony to Jesus 971 Scroll ofThanksgiving 803 Scythopolis 747

centralization of sacrificial worship 144 construction 90 as dwelling place of divine name 145 heavenly 1248-9 prescriptions 85-8 role of heavenly high priest 1247 sandals 898, 938 Sanders, E. P. 1066,1086,1091, noi, 1138 Sanhedrin

Amos (book) 587-9 announced by God and Joel 580 Christ as means of 1034,1045 2 Chronicles 286 Ephesians 1170,1178 history 778-9, 780 Isaiah (book) 449,475-6 Jewish law inadequate 1138 for Judah and the nations 606 Matthew's Gospel 870 non-believers in a marriage 1119 oracle of 572-3 Pastoral Epistles 1221,1228-9,1231' I233 Paul 1086,1087 Philippians 1186 psalms 390 Revelation 1298-9 1 Thessalonians 1210 2 Thessalonians 1217 through Israel 481 wisdom 660 YHWH's committment 469 Samael 333 Samaria

see also Beth-shan Sea of Tiberias 997, 998 sea travel 1044,1049,1053,1054,1059-60 sea-serpent 553 sealing 1326 Seals, Revelation 1293 Seba 469 second sight 436 Second Torah 794 secrecy

Jesus' persecution 881 Paul before 1056 trial of Jesus 918-19 trials of apostles 1034,1035-6 Sanhedrin, Great 796, 811 Saph 228 sapiential literature 652,653 Sapphira 1035,1044 Sappington, T. J. 1192 Sarah (wife of Abraham) 48,49-50, 51,185

Jesus' birth 929 Mark's Gospel 888, 890, 891, 895, 897, 901,

burial 54 described as barren 478 as a free woman 1162 Hagar 53 Isaac 52 Sarah (wife of Tobias) 627, 629, 630-1 Sarbethsabanaiel 711 sarcasm 336-7,1146-7,1148 Sardis 1292 Sargon II (king of Assyria) 628 Sariel (angel) 631 Sasson, J. M. 193 Satan

902-3 sects

see also Essenes; Pharisees; Sadducees liturgy 802, 803 Maccabean revolt 715 rules for relgious associations 804-5 Second Temple period 624 seduction

ally of Judea in Judith 636 Amos (book) 584 Assyrian conquest 259, 260 besiged by Arameans 252 coming of the Spirit 1038-9 Ezekiel (book) 536, 540, 558 fall of 584, 595 Jehu massacres the Baal-worshippers

Book of the Covenant 83 imagery 418 Proverbs (book) 409 seed

apocryphal tradition 1322 David's census 278 death 655 Job (book) 333 Luke's Gospel 943-4, 955 Mark's Gospel 889, 894 origins of sin 678 physical suffering 1149 Revelation 1291 Sirach 678,681 i Thessalonians 1205 Saul (king of Israel)

God's 1277 parables 894, 896, 937 Sefer Jossipon 643 Segal, M. H. 669 Seir, Mount 556-7 Sela 299 Seleucid empire

in 254-5 Jesus'work in 967-9 John Hyrcanus 633 Maccabean revolt 715, 716, 726 Micah's prophecy against 596 Omri dynasty 245, 254 Philip's mission to 1038 return to Zion 513 sister cities 546,550 Tobit (book) 632 Samaritans

Colossae 1191 Judah and 564,569 Rome and 722-3 rule of Judea 621-2, 712, 713-30, 735-50 Seleucus III (king of Syria) 743 Seleucus IV Philopator (king of Syria) 713, 721,

and Antiochus IV 740-1 Chronicles 268 fall of Israel (kingdom) 260 Jesus 941, 942 leper 949 parable 942 return of Jews to Jerusalem 762-3 and Seleucids 740 Sirach 696 Syro-Ephraimite War 300-1 woman at well 967-8 Sammael 810-11 Samothrace 1207 Sampsames 732 Samson 177,185-8, 201, 206 Samuel (prophet) 188

battle of Michmash 206-7 creation of monarchy 203-5 David 207-15, 274, 370, 384 death of 214-15, 228 disobediance of 206, 207 downfall of 273 election of 207-8 genealogy in i Chronicles 272 Gibeonites 166, 227-8 nazirites 201 priesthood of Nob 210-11 Samuel (books) 197,198 war with the Agagites 327,329 Saul (Paul)

734-737-738 self-interest 681 self-righteousness 1086 self-sufficiency

divine 349 Graeco-Roman tradition 1145 selfishness 412 Semitic languages 7 Senir 553 Sennacherib (king of Assyria) 260-1, 545

devastates Israel 437,439 Hezekiah's military preparations against 596 instrument of YHWH 471 invasion of Judah 596 mirror image of Cyrus 470-1 Nineveh 628 siege of Jerusalem 289, 303-4, 361, 380, 388

see also Paul conversion 1039-40,1055-6,1058 death of Stephen 1038 Saviour, usage 1222,1231

authorship of Samuel (books) 196 birth of 57, 201 call-vision 202

Shiggaion 369 Shiloh 65,188

Sennacherib (king of Assyria) (cont.)

Shammaites 685 Shaphan 306 Shaphan (family) 511 Shapur I (Sassanian king) 789 Share zer 628 Sharon (TransJordanian region) 271 Shatzman, I. 724 Shealtiel 269, 270, 708, 775 Sheba (place) 337

Tobit(book) 628 Septuagint (LXX)

central sanctuary for Israel 171 destruction 388, 495 Eli 201-2 Joshua (book) 160 sanctuary role 144 Shimeath 298-9 Shimei 224-5, 226, 235236, 369 Shimshai 757 ships

Additions to Daniel 704-5 arrangement of books n Baruch (book) 699, 700 creation of the Apocrypha 618 Ecclesiastes 423,425,426,427,428 i Esdras 751 Esther (book) 325 Esther (Greek) 642-4, 649 Hebrew scriptures 6 Jeroboam 241 Judith (book) 633 The Letter of Jeremiah 703 i Maccabees 711 origin 8 Samuel (books) 196 translation of 477, 795 Seraiah 312, 526, 701, 765 seraphim 443 Sergius Paulus 1044 Sermon on the Mount

queen of 240, 287 Sheba (son of Bichri) 227 Shebuel of Amram 281 Shechem 49, 59-60, 64

Isaiah (book) 469 Roman 1059-60 ofTarshish 454 Wisdom of Solomon 664 Shishak (Shoshenk) 243, 289 Shittim 161, 574, 576 Shobi the Ammonite 225 shoes 1178

Abimelech 183-4 altar built by Joshua 151 ceremony on Mts Ebal and Gerizim 166 covenant at 174-5 Jeroboam I of Israel 242 John Hyrcanus 633 role relative to Shiloh 171 Sheche mites

see also sandals Shua 270 Shuah 335 Sibbecai the Hushathite 228 Sicarii 806 Sidon

massacre of 59-60, 635, 637, 638-9 tales of Gideon 184 sheep, parables of Jesus 979-80 Shelah 61 Shelomith 270 Shem (son of Noah) 47-8,269,809 Shema 142, 665, 803, 823 Shemaiah 241, 289, 511

I Clement 1314 Ephesians 1176 gospel comparisons 1016-18 Luke's Gospel 934-5 Matthew's Gospel 852-7 Seron 716 serpent 44

Ezekiel (book) 552, 553, 555 lament 454 Maccabean revolt 718 Mark's Gospel 901 Matthew's Gospel 864 Nebuchadnezzar in Judith (book) 633 sign-acts, Ezekiel (book) 539-40 Sihon (king) 126,132,168,174,184 Silas (Silvanus) 1048,1179,1202,1203,1215,

death 510 Jeremiah 512 Nehemiah 320 Shemeliah 630 Sheminith 369 Shenazar 270 Sheol 334, 341, 381

attacking Israel in wilderness 125-6 Bel and the Dragon 710 Genesis 44 Paul bitten on Malta 1060 Revelation 1296 Sirach 680 Servant Songs 468,473,475,476 servants

1270 silence, wisdom 680 Siloam 262, 978 Silvanus see Silas Simeon (presentation of Jesus) 930 Simeon (son of Jacob)

see also Hades; hell Daniel (book) 570 descent into 379,427 descriptions of 369, 391, 815 Ezekiel (book) 553, 555 fate of the dead 450 gateway to 418 God in 594 imagery 407,420 Israelite culture 363 Jonah's great fish named as 593,594 Last Judgement 784 as place of punishment 450 poetic synonym 414 proverbs 409 psalms 372, 397 resurrection from 742 Sirach 680 storehouse of souls 780 Tobit 629 YHWH threat to Israel 577, 578 Shepherd of Hernias 1306,1308,1314 Shepherd of Israel 389 shepherds

of God 1088 inadequate 454 Isaiah (book) 437,467,468,470,473-4,475,

birth of 57 genealogy 270 massacre of the Shechemites 59-60, 635,

476-8 parable 878, 952 Seth 45, 353 seven, use in ancient world texts 163-4 seven deacons 1036 seven woes 875-6, 877 sex

637, 638-9 Simeon (tribe)

Asa king of Judah 292 Blessing of Jacob 64 i Chronicles 269, 270 conquest of Canaan 178 Judith 638 territory allocation 171 similes

abstinence 1119 aetiology 41 converts at Corinth 1116,1118-19,1:[5O

Ephesians 1175 law in Deuteronomy 149-50 Levitical law 102-3 ritual purity 101 as ungodly act 818 violence 600, 601 sexes, relationships between 94-5 Shaddai 336, 351

psalms 394 Song of Solomon 432 Similitudes of Enoch 794 Simon (brother of Menelaus) 737, 738, 739 Simon (founder of Hasmonean dynasty) 712,

743,745,749 governor of the Paralia 728, 729 Maccabean revolt 716, 718, 720, 724 rule 730-3 Simon II the Just (high priest) 667, 670, 675,

breath 348 debate with Job 340 questioned by Job 344 Shadrach 706 Shallum 258 Shalmaneser III (king of Assyria) 255 Shalmaneser V (king of Assyria) 571, 576, 628 Shamash-shum-ukin 305 shame

Assyrian kings as 595 David and Goliath 209 Ezekiel (book) 556 imagery 507 Jesus' birth 929 metaphor for God 374 parables of Jesus 979-80 psalms 364 Zechariah (book) 613-14 Sheshach (Babylon) 509 Sheshan 269 Sheshbazzar 270, 311 Shethar-bozenai 314 Shibah 56 shields 1178

690, 696 Simon (of Cyrene) 919 Simon (Pharisee) 936-7 Simon Magus 1038,1044,1052 Simon Peter see Peter sin 340-1

see also sinners against others 837 anthropomorphized 1096,1097 atonement for 415, 672 before the law was given 1093 belief in Christ 1095 Cain and Abel 45

Graeco-Roman tradition 1138-9 nakedness metaphor 1140 reputation of the Corinthians 1143 Sirach 673, 676, 678, 681, 693 women 670, 681, 693 Shamgar 179,180 Shammah 229, 274

John's Gospel 998 Luke's Gospel 927, 956 Mark's Gospel 888-9, 9°2' 9°49*8, 920 Matthew's Gospel 851 Messiah 783 Son of Man 1239

cause of suffering 782 Colossians 1195 confession of 375 consequences of 120-1,125-6 contrasted with righteousness in

Graeco-Roman society 1235 household rules 1177 Israelites in Egypt 69-70 jubilee year release 107 law for fugitives 150 law of release 517 Pastoral Epistles 1227,1232 Paul 1122,1139,1197 Sirach 674, 689 to follow Christ's example 1266-7 sloth 425,427,681 Smend, R. 684, 685 Smitten, W. in der 309 Smyrna 1291 snake see serpent social justice

i John 1277 Daniel's confession of 568 Ephesians 1169-70,1175 evil inclination of humans 778, 779, 782-3,

Daniel 567 i Enoch 814-15 Luke's Gospel 934, 939, 949-50, 954 and Man from the Sea 787 Mark's Gospel 891-2, 893, 903-4, 907, 908,

784 external power 1091,1096 Ezekiel (book) 537, 556 as failure to love 1278 forgiveness for 377, 680, 934, 936-7, 943,

914, 918 Matthew's Gospel 857, 861, 871, 877, 878,

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