Chapter 13
Eight Questions on the Power of the Pape whatever it is, is notorious and he is incorrigible and the Church is scandalized" by him.
But between che exception concerning heresy and other crimes there is a great difference to be noticed. For because of heresy, however hidden, he is, by the iaw itself and without any human sentence, deprived of the papacy and every church prelacy, as being in truth not within the congregation of the faithful either in merit or in number, though according to the false opinion of those wha do not know that he is a heretic he is thought to be the head of the Church; indeed, what is more, he incurs by the law itself the sentence of excommunication and all other penalties pronounced in unlimited terms by the sacred canons and the highest pontiffs against heretics, especially bishops. Thus the gloss says on 24, q.
I, c. 2, "This is 4 case in which 2 pope can bind a pope, in which the pope falls under the canon 'of sentence passed,' There is no objection fram the rule that 'an equal cannot loose or bind an equal,' because if the pope is a heretic, inasmuch as he is a heretic he is less than any Catholic, because the law censures the deed even without sentence." But on account of other crimes a pope is not by the law itself deprived of the papacy but must be deprived by sentence.
Chapter 13 Now that we have seen how, according to the second opinion reported above in chapter 2, answer is made to the argument brought forward in chapter 1, we must see how answer is made according to the first opinion to the things argued in favor of the second opinion in chapter 2.
To the first, when it is said that the emperor is the lord of the highest pontiff, it is answered that it is not true. For the pope is not a vassal of the emperor nor his slave and does not owe him tribute by right, except perhaps to avoid scandal; but other clergy who have from the emperor estates, villas, and possessions beyond their needs are subject to the emperor, as Gratian says in the paragraph quoted before. And thus ts understood Urban's decree in 23, q. 8, Tributum. And when it is said that some highest pontifts have called emperors their lords, it is answered that they did so out of humility.
William af Ockham To the second, when it is taken [as a premise] that property passes with its burden, it is answered, according to those who say that the pope has that fullness of power discussed in Question | above, that this is true, when the property passes from the lordship of tight of one to the new lordship or right of another; but in that way no temporal thing can pass into the lordship of the pope, since the pope is lord of all temporal things, which are possessed dy anyone else by his permission. And therefore, according to that opinion, no emperor or king or other can, properly speaking, give a possession or any property whatever to the highest pontiff; but he can resign to the pope property he possessed by the pope's permission, just as, according to Innocent rv, Constantine "humbly resigned to the Church that inordinate power which he had before used illegitimately outside the Church." However, according to those who deny to the pope that fullness of power but attribute to him that by which he can do all things necessary for governing the community of the faithful, it is answered that property passes with its burden unless it is freed of its burden in favor of the faith or of the pope or of the Church or of some other spirituality, just as a slave priest is freed from slavery in favor of the clerical order, yet in such a way that he is fined by the loss of his pentium, dist.
And when it is taken [as a premise] that the Christian religion frees no one from slavery, it is answered that this is not true. But when it is said that nothing unjust should be enacted in favor of religion or of the Church, it is conceded; but it is said that for someone to be deprived of his right without fault is not always unjust or wicked, when there is a reason and when such a right is completely in the power of a superior, as the rights of all are completely in the power of the pope. To Gelasius it is answered that Gelasius means that slaves should not evade their lords' rights on a pretext of religion without the authority of the highest pontiff, and thus this is enacted by canon law.
And when it is said that canon laws can by no means abolish secular laws and the rights of seculars, it is answered, according to the opinion that atcributes to the pope the fullness of power spoken of above in Question 1, chapter 2, that canon laws can abolish and overturn all secular laws and all the positive rights of seculars and give them to whom the pope pleases, and in such a Fight Questions on the Power of the Pope way that of right the pope could at will take away even all kingdoms and al] other rights whatever and all temporal things from those who possess them and keep them for himself or give them to anyone else whatever — in such a way that, though he would sin in doing this, nevertheless the deed would hold by right, and kings and all others would be bound to obey him in such things. But according to the other opinion, which says that the pope does not have such fullness of power but has the fullness of power by which he can do all things necessary for governing the community of the faithful, canon laws can for cause abolish secular laws and the rights of seculars, but not without reasonable and manifest cause.
Appendix: Text and translation The translation of Ockham's political terms'
Ockham's Latin inchudes a great variety of political terms. Some express ideas of ruling: rex, rector, regere, regimen, rectoria, princeps, principari, principans, principatus; dominus, dominari; gubernare, gubernator, gubernacula; pracsidere, praesidens, pracses, imperare, tmperator, pracesse, dux; caput: superior, praepositus, praelatus, praciatio. Some express subjection: subesse, subdere, subditus, subiectus, Some express the idea of appointment to a position of rule or to some other office, or the establishment of an office or practice: promovere, provehere, pracponere, pracfieere, pracferre, constituere, mstituere, assumere, sublevare, sublimare, facere, ordinare. And there are others.
The members of the "rex" and "princeps" families of terms are often interchangeable. Rev always means "king." Priceps meant originally "the first man," but in the middle ages often "prince." or more generally a ruter; it was a common word from classical times. Regere originally meant "ro make straight," "to guide," "to direct"; in classical and medieval Latin it means "to rule," not only as king but in any position of power. (Regnare, which has been translated as "to reign," meant "to rule as king.") Principare or, more commonly, principari, is the corresponding verb derived from princeps.
It does not seem to have been much used bdefore the middte ages: dictionaries do not record any occurrence in a classicat author and only a few in Christian authors (including Lactantius and Augustine); in Dutripon's concordance to the Vulgate Bible it
! See Gewirth's "Intraduction" to his translation of Marsilius of Padua, pp. Ixvi-xci.
Text and translation has only one entry (Mark ro:42z, where it translates the Greek archein). It occurs in William of Moerbeke's translation of Aristotle's
Politics and in Thomas Aquinas's commentary on the Politics; it is common in Ockham's political writings.'
Principatus was common from classical times; Ockham uses it in various contexts for the status of being a ruler ("rulership"}, for the work that rulers do ("government," "rule"), and for the mode in which the ruling function is organized (the "form of government" or "regime". Regimen, the corresponding word derived from regere, was apparently not much used by classical authors, but in Ockham's time it was common. It seems to have been interchangeable with principatus and is translated in the same ways (in one place, where it means a service due from ruler to subject, regirten is translated as "governance"). Rector, like princeps, means a ruler of any kind.
It is usually translated as "ruler," but in some places (especially ' where other commoner words for "ruler" also occur) it is translated
"rector," meaning not the rector of a parish but the head or ruler of any organization or state. Rectorta is synonymous with principatus
Gubernare (like regere) originally meant "to direct," for cxample to steer a boat; Thomas Aquinas uses it usually with a nautical image in mind. In Ockham it means the same as regere and principart, ic is translated as "to govern." Gubzrnator ("steersman") is translated as "governor." Guéernacula is translated as "government."
Praeesse means "to be over" — not just spatially but by ruling; it is translated as "to be over" or "to rule (over)." Praesidere is usually translated as "to preside (over)," and praesidens as "president."
However, these terms should not be taken to suggest merely the functions of a chairperson or ceremonial head; in classical Latin praesidere often suggested military protection, for example by the governor of a province, and praestdium meant a garrison. Praeses 1s transtated as "ruler" or "governor." Dominari is translated as "to be jord (over)" or "to rule (over)"; when it seems to be used with unfavorable connotations it is translated as "to lord it over" or "to dominate."
? Principari, principatus, and princeps are especially common in If Dial, 1, 2.3-9, in which Ockham explains Aristotle's classification of forms of government; regrre and rex are commoner in theological contexts, such as OND.
Appendix Praelatus ('prelate') is the perfect passive participle of praeferre, "to prefer," hence "to promote" (to some office, in preference to other candidates); a prelate is one who has had preferment. The word could have been used for a holder of any office, cleric or lay (Du Cange defines praclatus as magistratus, qui populis praeest), but in fact it seems always or almost always to be used for someone with authority in the Church. it did not imply great authority or pomp; any superior was a prelate. Praelatia is translated as "rulership" or {if a synonym ts also used) "prelacy."
Instituere and constituere seem to have been interchangeable in many contexts; sometimes they mean "appoint," sometimes '"establish"
(thus an office may be established and some individual appointed to it). Comstitutus sometimes means "living in." Ordinare also means, in some contexts, to appoint to an office; in other contexts it means "to ordain" (i.e. te make an "ordinance" or law), in others "to grant."
In summary: assutnere to appoint caput head constituere to appoint, establish dominari to be lord (over), to have lordship (over), to rule
(over), to lord it over, to dominate dominus lord gubernare to govern, manage, direct instituere to appoint, establish institutio appointment, institution ordinare to ordain, order, appoint, decide (on), manage ordinatio ordinance, ordering, grant, decision, arrangement pracesse to be over, to rule (over) pracérre prefer, appoint pracficere (o set over, to appoint praclatio rule, rulership, prelacy praclatus prelate pragponere to place over, to set over, [o appoint pracses ruler, governor praesidere to preside (over) princeps ruler, leader, chief, prince principans ruler prinapari to mule principatus rule, rulership, government, regime
Text and translation rector ruler, rector regere to rule regimen Tule, government, form of government, governance rex king subdere to subject subditus subject subesse to be under, to be subjece ta subtectus subject sublevare to raise up, to appoint sublimare to elevate, to appoint, to make It will be apparent that many of these words, as we understand them, are interchangeable, at least in some contexts. English does nor seem to have as copious 2 vocabulary of political terms as Latin did. We have not attempted, therefore, to establish any one-to-one correspondence between Latin terms and English.
Neither do we use the same English word for every occurrence of the same Latin word, because in some contexts the usually appropriate word may be inappropriate. For example, "government" has faint connotations of legitimacy or normalcy that sometimes make the expression "tyrannical government" inappropriate, and for some reason it scems inappropriate to speak of the father "governing" the children; but in both of these contexts Ockham uses principatus, for which "government" is generally the most idiomatic translation.
Ockham practises variatio, i.e. the shift from one synonym to another to avoid close repetitions of the same word. A change of terms therefore does not necessarily indicate a change of meaning.
In the translation some variation has been lest because sometimes the same English word translates different Latin words, but on the other hand the one Latin word is sometimes translated by different
English words in different contexts.
Sometimes Ockham puts several synonymous words together in the same sentence or short passage.' This is not, we think, to suggest distinctions he wishes to make, but to convey a single idea that can be expressed in various ways, or perhaps to draw attention to analogies between things normally referred to in certain contexts by means of different special terms. Some examples:
/ In seme cases duplication may be due to copyists, who seem to have tried to fix mistakes sometimes by adding et, ref, or sex follawed by the correct word. For example, at 818.44 the Frankfurt manuscript has interficere et inficere.
Appendix "Let us therefore make a litde inquiry about it, beginning with its first part: namely, whether Christ made blessed Peter the [caput] head,
[principe] leader, and [praclatum] prelate of the other apostles and of all the faithful" (iu Dsa/., 1, 2.1).
"Just as laws should be established for the common advantage, ... so [principes] rulers, [recteres} rectors, and (dominr] lords, both seculars and ecclesiastics, should be placed over others for the common advantage" {1 Diaé., il, 1.5}.
"A community of persons able to have communion with one another in which all or many are prone to discard, dissensions, and disputes is not best ordered unless it is subject to one supreme [rectori] rector, iudiel] judge, and (capiti] head upon whom the jurisdiction of all athers depends" (OQ, 111.3).
"We must say briefly... which things are requisite to the best [principasum] regime, [praelationem) prelacy, [recteriam] rectorship, or [regimen] form of government" (OQ, I.4).
"There are two primary kinds of constitutions, just as there are two primary kinds of [frinapatuwm] governments or {praclationum] prelacies and of [principantium] rulers or [pracaterwe:) prelates or |[rectorun:] rectors" (m1 Dial, 1, 2.6).
"It is more beneficial for the community of the faithful to be ruled by the government that is more like natural {regimen} government and [principatui| rule; ... But the [regimen] government or [principatus] rule of one person, namely when one alone [regi] governs many and {praesidet| rules over them, is more like natural rule than the [regimen] government or [prindpatus] rule of many." (m1 Dial., 1, 2.9).
If Ockham intended any distinctions of meaning among these alternative expressions we have not been able to see them. Readers who wish to make and test conjectures about shades of difference among these terms must therefore go back to the Latin text.
Amendments to the text of Dialagus* Sigla ~~ conjectural emendation * Latin text of the Dialogws (including corrected text of the portions translated in this volume) and additionat cranslation of The Work of Minery Days are available through the Internet at hap://www.mq.edu.au/HPP/Ockham.
Text and translation A:
MS Auwerre, Lat. 252 (213) B:
MS Dkjon 340 (249) F:
MS Frankfurt, Staatsbibliotek, Lat. quart. 4
William of Ockham, Déalogus, in Melchior Goldast, Afenarchia S. Romani imperti Gs:
Corpus iuris canonicl, Lyons, 1671 L:
MS London, Lambeth 168 Ly:
William of Ockham, Dialogus, in Opera plurima (Lyons, 1495} M:
MS Paris, Mazarine 3522 (478) N:
MS Naples, VII, ¢. 31
MS Paris, Nat. Lat. 15881
Aiblia Sacra inxta Vulgatam Clementinam W:
MS Vatican Lat, 4098 Z: refers to a printed edition of the text Ockham quotes (see Bibliography under Eusebius, Susemihl).* m after symbol for MS: correction (interlinear or marginal} made in the MS by original writer or some other References "988.28 aliquibus" refers to G, page 788, line 28, at the word
"aliquibus." (Line numbering is sometimes doubtful; we have counted so that the Jast line on the page is line 64.) If the same word occurs in a line more than once, the occurrence referred to js the first, or the first after an earlier werd referred to in that line. "—" means delete the word(s) following; "+" means insert
* In adopting readings from modern editions we do not assume thar Ockham himself used good texts. We have adopted 4 modern editor's version when it makes the quotation clearer without changing anything on which Ockham's argument depends.
Appendix the word(s) following; "">'? means replace the word(s) before this sign with the word(s} following. Variants noted in any of these ways have been adopted as the basis of the translation.
Some variants not adopted that might in fact be correct readings are also noted. They are either preceded by a colon or enclosed in square brackets. Thus "788.28 aliquibus: quibusdam F" means that at page 788 line 28 G has "aliquibus" and F has "quibusdam," but "aliquibus'' is retained. Square brackets within a variant quoted from another manuscript enclose another variant for the word or words just before the bracket. For example, "789.1
... gubernet universitatem fidelium finfidelium L] LMF" means that L, M, and F agree, except that where M and F have "fidelizm" L has "infideliam." Variants that make no difference to the grammar of the text or to the translation have not been noted; for cxample,
"reprobare conantur" is not noted as a variant of "nituncur improbare." There are many variants in the manuscripts that are not adopted and not noted.
For Tract 1, only three manuscripts are available namely L, M, and F; M seems generally the best; the early printed editions are closest to L. For Tract u the best of the manuscripts listed above seem to be V and N {which are very close}; W and M also seem good, and A seems a good representative of the rest. We have consulted the other manuscripts listed but not read right through them. There are other manuscripts listed in Baudry, Guillaume d'Occam.
Professor Knysh, who kindly read through this appendix in an earlier version, suggested changes adopted at: 791.48, 791.56, 793.7,
794.42, 795.50, 798.56, 800.6, 803.63, 806.46, 806.53, 808.19, 809.36, 809.48, 809.49, 810.7, 810.56, 811-17, 811.60, 815.13,
$15.20, 816.53, 819.6, 826.62, 856.32, 856.37, 865.36, 889.49, 889.61, 871.15, 871.22, 871.46, 872.60, 873.32, 874.19, 874.28,
874.46, 875.31, 875.35, 875.38, 875.59, 876.23, 876.24, 877.59, 878.15, 879.28, 880.49, 883.18, 885.10, 888.62, 213.16, 214.23,
215.32, 216.2, 217.1, 217-12, 217-16, 936.14.
Variants om Dial, 1.2, Chapter 788.28 aliquibus: quibusdam F 788.289 ipsam quo ad alias partes eius exquisite discutere: ipsamque ad singulas partes eius exquisite
Text and translation discutere est M; ipsasque ad singulas efus partes requisite discutere est F 788.29 pertractare + propono ?? [cf. 467.46, 634.44, 926.B]/ ipsa: MF add diffuse 788.33 nitaris > nitere MF 788.55 naturalia > corporalia MF 788.56 quorum > quia MF 788.58 questionem > conclusionem >? 788.61 dixit > dicit MF 788.64 — visibili, qui sensibiliter pascat imo etiam LMF 789.1 Christi + qui sensibiliter pascat et gubernet universitatem fidelium finfidelium L] LMF 789.3 gubernatores — ubi LMF 789.7 communitas illa > communitati ili ??/ potest + absque LMF 789.8 contrariari > variari MF
78g.10 ordinare > ordinasse MF/ videtur + qui praecepit ut legitur MF 78y.12 iudicium > iudicum Vg [iudicium L; iudicem MF}/ videris + verba MFVg 789.13 veniens > veniesque MFVg jvenies L.
Cf. 789.23) 789.15 fideles > infideles ??/ spectant + absque LMF 789.19 quoniam infidelis > qui LMF 789.21 auctoritas... adducta... militet: auctoritates ... adductae ... miiitent
L; aucroritates... adducta... militet ostendenda M; auctoritates... adducta ... militet ostendenda F 789.23 generis + et LMFVg 789.28 debere > debuit ?? 789.33 alio > aliorum LMF
789.34 inducat: indicat M (LF = G) 780.36 videtur > tenetur MF |videtur L] 789.38 quoniam infideles > quod LMF 789.39 inducerent > induceret universos MF 789.42 8 > 18 MFVg 780.44 quadragenarios > quinquagenarios Vg 789.46 nos > me MFVg
789.54 istarum + responsionum MF 789.59 qui + in MF/ quam > ; quem MF 790.2 fideles + huiusmodi MF 790.3 posset: debet MF
790.4 qui: quia MF/ omnibus + talibus LMF 790.13 deliquerunt > deliquerint LM {delinquerent F} 790.14 spectet > spectat MF/ ante + ascensionem domini F 790.19 de appellationibus + c. de appellationibus Extra de praebendis MF/ ultima > ultimo LMF
790.20 caput + omnium MF 790.21 archiepiscopi, diaconi > archipresbyteri, singuli archidiaconi Gs 790.28 manifestum > mantfestius MF 790.29 — colligitur et MF
Chapter 2 790.46 — ista MF 790.51 et > in MEF/ virtute et + in MF 790.52 aliquis: aliquibus MF 790.54 inaequalibus > inaequales LMFZ
790.55 — sunt MFZ/ inaequalem > inaequale Z 790.56 vel > nihil Z 790.58 eorum: MF add non/ quae > qui MF 791.2 agilitate > aequitate Vg 791.3 cum: est MF 791-4 temporali + que F [quis MJ/ copiosis + non habetur MF/ possit: potest MF
791.7 nullo — mode LMF/ praeest > praeesset MF 791.11 nunc > Appendix inter MF 791.23 existimant + omnes MF 791.35 communia > utilia MF (cf, 804.20) 791.37 plena talium certaque > plenorum talium certa MF 791.38 quia... ait > quia ut... testatur MF/ ducat — et LMF Ly 791.42 unumquodque igitur oportet > unum quidem igitur comparatus Z [unum quidem igitur [F omits] oportet
MF]/ fore > forte LMFZ/ deteriora > deterior LMFZ 791.43 comparata > comportata Z/ haec > hoc et LMFZ 791.44 una > multa MFZ 791.46 naribus > auribus ?? [cf. 791.45] 791-47 et > quam mult multis oculis et multis auribus {naribus MF]. Similiter inconveniens est MF 791.48 vident + quam unus MF 791.52 — verbis MF 791.53 et > etiam MF 791.55 imminerit > imminent
LM 7091.56 ut + a MF/ regantur > regatur MF 791.58 malicia > maliciis 2? [cf. 792.2] 791-61 imperiis > impiis LMFLy/ 2g + ait
MF 791.62 hic > hinc LMFLy 791.64 tamen > autem MFVg 792.7 virtutis > vir LMFZ 792.8 magis studiosus > singulum Z [LM have a space; F omits)/ sed + ut Z/ comportare censum > comportate coenae Z/ qui > quae ex Z 792.9 elargity > elargitae
LMFZ/ unamquamque > unumquemque Z/ fini > fieri Z 792.10
— et MFZ/ prorsus > et multos sensus Z 792.11 — sic MFZ Joz.14 uttum + unus Z 792.15 — sit MFZ/ respondetur > respondet LMFLy/ sed: vel Z 792.20 omniumque > omnium 2
792.21 regnum + eligibilior utique erit [est MF} civitatbus aristoetatia quam regnum MFZ Chapter 3 492.41 — etiam MF 792.32 utitur + grecis MF 792.33 ignota > ignotae LMF 792.36 alii qui > aliqui MF/ exponunt > exponendo
LMF 792.50 dominator > dominari MF/ non eadem > in MF 792.51 —scd MF 792.54 legalis scientia > legales scientiae LMF 792.55 locutio — illae LMF/ quibus > qua 2? (quae MF] 792.64 non + principaliter LMF 793.7 legem + iustam MF 793.16 sed
+ quando principamut MF 793.22 exponitur sic. In > exponitur, sic in (McGrade) 793-29 pertinent > essent MF 793.30 secundum quod > sed LMF [secundum quam Ly] 793.32 serva: sua LM
793.34 quando + domus eius MF 793.36 quod + sicut LMF Chapter 4 793.53 attigi > attingit MF 793.59 leges > legem ??
Text and translation Chapter 5 794.4
~— est MF 794.14 naturaliter > manualiter LMF 794.16 ptincipatum > principatu LMF Chapter 6 794.26 propriae > primae LMFLy 794.27 et principantium sive praeiatorum: L omits 794.29 et > vel ?? 794.31 transgressio > transgressus MF 794.41 nec + etiam MF 794.46 bonum + principatus autem tyrannicus non est propter bonum commune MF 794.54 praedicto + potest uti subiectis [subditis F] et bonis eorum qualitercunque sibi placet propter bonum commune, sed MF 794.54-5 subiectis et bonis eorum qualitercunque > eis ut MF 794.61 nisi > non nisi ?? 795.8 monarchiae > monarchae ??
79§.11-1} commune et in quantum uhus solus principatur, habet aliquid de principatu regali. In quantom vero bonum proprium
; ctiam intendit habet aliquid de principatu tyrannico et despotico > proprium et non commune {F adds est et] habet aliquid de tyrannide [tyrannico F) vel despotico principatu. Inquantum autem
' in multis intendit bonum commune habet aliquid de principatu temperato et recto, et ideo, cum unus solus principetur, habet aliquid de principatu regali MF [commune habet aliquid de principatu tyrannico et despotico et inquantam unus solus principetuc habet aliquid de principatu regale L] 795.14 regalis — et LMF
795.17 modo > non LMFLy/ voluntatem + suam MF 796.21 — scilicet primus LMF 79§.31-2 imperandi + ipsum LMF 795.32 habentes: M has @ gap, LF omit 795.36 si enim secundum legem > sive enim [vero F] aliquis sit primo rex secundum voluntatem suam sive secundum legem, si MF [sive enim secundum legem, si L] 795.42—-3 aliquis dominetur regaliter et aliquis despotice inconveniens non videtur > aliquis aliquibus dominetur regaliter et aliquibus despotice inconveniens non videtur
?? faliquibus dominetur regaliter et aliquid despotice inconveniens non videtur L; de aliquibus dominetur regaliter et aliquid despotice inconveniens non viderur M; de aliquibus dominetur regaliter et aliquid de despotico inconveniens esse videtur F]
Chapter 7 795.50 3 > 4 LMFLy/ 1 > 5 MF 795.54 quae — ad LMFLy 795.57 principentur > principarentur ?? [principantur MF]/ dicenAppendix tur esset > dicendi essent LMFLy 795.58 sit > fit F 795.50 servando > habendo MF/ ad + aliquam LMF 795.61 semper + reprehensibile LMFLy Chapter & 796.7 quod: LMF omit; politia enim Fm Chapter 9 796.28 — iam LMF 796.31 antequam + ad MF 796.34 itaque > ita quod LMFLy 796.35 una > aliqua MF 796.37 nullus + imperator ??
IM has dots after nullus} 796.44 possunt > possint M 796.45 etiam:
MF add vobis quedam 796.46 quae dicentur > dicantur LMF 796.53 quare > quia MF 796.55 quia magis > magis autem MF [quia magis autem L] 796.57 paterfamilias > patremfamilias ??/ principatur > principari LMFLy 796.58 regalis — et LMFLyZ 796.59 quidem + est
LMFLyZ 797.4 quare > quia MF/ regalis + non LMF 797.10 quoniam + autem MFZ 797.11 pracest: praeesse Z 797.12 principatur: principatus Z/ colligit > cofligitur LMFLy 797.19 scimus > senius Z/ minore > juniore Z. 797.21 masculum ad foeminam > masculinum ad femininum Z 797.22 principatum: principata LMF 797.25 negare > evacuare MF 797.34 — naturaliter seu MF 797.42 — quia in utroque principatu est unus principans MF 797.48 communitatem > communitati F
Chapter 10 797.60 omnem > esse Z 797.61 ciusdem > ethicorum ?? 797.62 animi quid > aliquid MF 797.64 domus + divisa per discordiam et odium contra se non stabitur etc MF At end of chapter ro L has: hic multa deficiunt scilicet residuum huius decimi undecimum et duedecimum capitula.
Hic caret in parte suppleatur igitur etc. The MSS omit chapters ir and 12, Chapier iv 798.11 nullus: nonnullus Ly Chapter 42 798.24 alius + non Ly 798.33 utilissimus > vilissimus Ly
Chapter 3 798.47 et > neque LMF 798.49 ipsum + ibidem MF 798.53 — ut MFZ 798.54 et > ut Z/ melius + semper MFZ 798.56 quando:
Text and translation qui M, si F 798.60 ante haec > autem hoc MFZ 798.61 neque + est Z 798.62 intrari > necessarium Z [necessarii MF] 798.63 aliquande subjiciuntur > qui aliquando principentur aliquando subiciantur ?? (qui [L omits] aliquando principantur aliquando subiciantur [subictuntur L] LMF] 798.64 — omnibus MFZ 799.2 et alii
+ semper MF Chapter ig 799.36 ommi > toto MF 799-40 quo > quale MF 700.42 instructor > institutor MF 799.44 iudex et > iudex vel LMPLy 799.46 sanctior + et sapientior MF 799.49 — tamen LMF
Chapter 5 799.589 quae... videntur > quae supra c.ii recitantur, quae contra secundum modum ponendi qui supra c.xd recitatur, et pro quo nunc ultimo allegasti, militare videntur #?
[quae contra secundum modum ponendi supra c.xi recitantur et pra quo ultimo allegasti militare videntur L; contra quae secundum modum ponendi supra c.11 [ii F] recitatur et pro quo nune allegasti militare videtur
[F omits militare viderur] MF] 799.60 dicitur + enim MF 799.61 si... aliquis > si nullus in populo Christiano invenitur MF 799.62 inveniatur > invenitur MF 799.63 beneficium > officium MF
800.6 apparet > appareret MF 800.9 possint > possit LMF 800.23
Aristoteles + igitur M [ergo F] 800.25 solum aequalibus > solum inacqualibus LMFLy 800.27 similibus + et acqualibus MF 800.31 justitia > iniustitia MFLy/ iusta > iuste MF 800.43 proprium + corpus MF 800.47 bonum est > locum habet MF 800.51 virtus > dignitas MF Chapter 16 800.57 allegari > militare MF 800.61 veritate > virtute LMFLy
800.62 — quasi MF 800.64 virtutem + et sapientiam MF 801.4 forte > fortiter MF 801.6 rationem > auctoritalem LMF 801.9 mali + semper MF 8or.10 est + semper MF 8o1.11 vilissimus
+ respondetur quod prelatus vilissimus MF 801.19 diaconi > diacones LMF 801.20 — conceditur LMF 801.21 sanctam + Ad alias auctoritates per modum consimilem respondetur LMF 801.24 turbationes + dissensiones MF Chapter 17 801.43 non dicitur quod > dicitur quod hoc {LLy omit] non
LMFLy 801.45 contigit > contingit LMF 801.51 2 > IH LMFLy/