Augustine: Earlier Writings (continued)
TO SIMPLICIAN— ON VARIOUS QUESTIONS 405 value is it in those who are sold under sin? "The flesh," says he, "lusteth against the spirit and the spirit against the flesh so that ye may not do the things that ye would" (Gal. 5:17). We are commanded to live righteously, and the reward is set before us that we shall merit to live happily for ever. But who can live righteously and do good works unless he has been justified by faith? We are commanded to believe that we may receive the gift of the Holy Spirit and become able to do good works by love. But who can believe unless he is reached by some calling, by some testimony borne to the truth? Who has it in his power to have such a motive present to his mind that his will shall be influenced to believe? Who can welcome in his mind something which does not give him delight? But who has it in his power to ensure that something that will delight him will turn up, or that he will take delight in what turns up? If those things delight us which serve our advancement towards God, that is due not to our own whim or industry or meritorious works, but to the inspiration of God and to the grace which he bestows. He freely bestows upon us voluntary assent, earnest effort, and the power to perform works of fervent charity. We are bidden to ask that we may receive, to seek that we may find, and to knock that it may be opened unto us. Is not our prayer sometimes tepid or rather cold? Does it not sometimes cease altogether, so that we are not even grieved to notice this condition in us. For if we are grieved that it should be so, that is already a prayer. What does this prove except that he who commands us to ask, seek and knock, himself gives us the will to obey? "It is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that hath mercy." We could neither will nor run unless he stirred us and put the motive-power in us.
22. If by the words "a remnant according to the election of grace" we are to understand not election of the justified to eternal life, but election of those who are to be justified, that kind of election is verily hidden, and cannot be known by us who must regard all men as parts of one lump. If, however, some are able to know it, I confess my own weakness in this matter. If I am allowed speculatively to examine such election of men to saving grace, I have nothing to go by but the greater abilities of some, or their relative freedom from sin, or, may I add if you please, their honourable and profitable doctrines. In that case the man would seem to be fit to be elected to grace who was snared and stained by the most trifling sins (for who indeed has no sins?), or who had a keen mind, or was cultivated in the liberal arts. But if I set up this standard ofjudgment, he will deride me who has chosen the weak things of the world to confound the strong, and the foolish things of the world to confound the wise. Looking to him I should be ashamed; and being corrected I in turn would mock at many who are pure by comparison with some sinners, and many who are cultivated orators by comparison with certain fishermen. Don't we see that many of our faithful people walking in the way of God cannot be compared for ability, I ^sill not say with certain heretics, but even with comic actors? Don't we see some, men and women, li\dng blamelessly in pure marriage, who are either heretics or pagans or are so luke-warm in the true faith and the true Church that we marvel to see them surpassed not only in patience and temperance but also in faith, hope and charity by harlots and actors who have been suddenly converted? The only possible conclusion is that it is wills that are elected. But the \N'ill itself can have no motive unless something presents itself to delight and stir the mind. That this should happen is not in any man's power. What did Saul will but to attack, seize, bind and slay Christians? \Vhat a fierce, savage, blind will was that! Yet he was thrown prostrate by one word from on high, and a vision came to him whereby his mind and will were turned from their fierceness and set on the right way towards faith, so that suddenly out of a marvellous persecutor of the Gospel he was made a still more mar\'ellous preacher of the Gospel. And yet what shall we say? "Surely there is no unrighteousness with God" who exacts punishment from whom he will and remits punishment to whom he will; who never exacts what is not due, and never remits what he might not exact? "Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid." WTiy then does he deal thus with this man and thus with that man? "O man, who art thou?" If you do not have to pay what you owe, you have something to be grateful for. If you have to pay it you have no reason to complain. Only let us believe if we cannot grasp it, that he who made and fashioned the whole creation, spiritual and corporeal, disposes of all things by number, weight and measure. But his judgments are inscrutable and his ways past finding out. Let us say Halleluia and praise him together in song; and let us not say, \Vhat is this? or. Why is diat? All things have been created each in its own time.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Translation has been made from the Benedictine Edition of the Complete Works of St. Augustine (first printed at Paris 1679, reprinted at Venice 1729; final edition in Migne, Patrologia Latina, 1841), except De Utilitate Credendi where the Vienna edition in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum was available. Prosper Alfaric: UInvolution Intellectuelle de S. Augustin, I. Nouroy, Paris 19 18. Bloch (editor): A Monument to Saint Augustine. Sheed and Ward, London 1945. Vernon J. Bourke: Augustine's Quest of Wisdom. Milwaukee, Wis., 1944John Burnaby: Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine. Hodder and Stoughton, London 1938.
J. Gibb and W. Montgomery: The Confessions of St. Augustine: Introduction, Text and Notes. Cambridge Patristic Texts, 1908. fitienne Gilson: Introduction a VEtude de Saint Augustin. Librairie Philosophique Vrin, Paris 1929. Adolph Harnack: History of Dogma (English translation from third
German edition by James Millar), V. Williams and Norgate, London 1898. Karl Holl: Augustin's Innere Entwickelung: Gesammelte Aufsdtze zur
Kirchengeschichte, III. 1928. Henri-Irenee, Marrou: Saint Augustin et la Fin de la Culture antique. Boccard, Paris 1938. W. Montgomery: St. Augustine: Aspects of his Life and Thought. Hodder and Stoughton, London 1914. W.J. Sparrow-Simpson: St. Augustine's Conversion. S.P.C.K., 1930.
INDEXES
General Index
Abstinence, 321 Adeodatus, 64, 65, 69 ff. Adultery, 115, 116 Against the Fundamental Epistle of Marti-
Concupiscence, 377, 381, 382, 383, 385 Confessions, The, 13, 19, 288, 372, 373 Contra Academicos, 222, 373 Contra Duas Epistolas Pelagianorwn, 374 Corruption, 193, 194, 195, 212, 236, 245, 268, 327, 330, 332, 348, 350, 369 Creation, 178, 179, 266, 354 Credulity, 308, 309, 313 Creed, the, 349 ff. Cross, the, 359 f, 396 Cupidity, 116, 117, 118, 124, 125, 200, chaeus, 288 AUegoiy, 275, 276, 296 Ambrose, 55, 64, 370, 372, 373 Angels, 188, 189, 190, 193, 237, 238, 281, 282, 285, 337 Animals, man and, 123 f., 143, 164, 251; sufferings of, 212 Antony, St., 373 ApoUinarians, 351, 358 Archimedes, 301 Arians, 230, 351, 356 Aristotle, 301 Art, 252 f , 259 Ascension, the, 360 Aurelius, Bishop of Carthage, 351 Authority, 117, 134, 206, 207, 233, 235, 247, 248, 251, 308, 312, 313, 318, 319, 320, 321, 348 Avarice, 200
265, 380 Cyprian, 370
Darkness, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346 Death, 60, 63, 236, 241, 242, 369, 384; of the body, 237 De Animae Immortalitate, 63 De Civitate Dei, 223, 350 De Dono Perseverantiae, 373 De Musica, 64 De Natura et Gratia, 103 De Ordine, 19 De Praedestinatione SanetorurUy 373 De Trinitate, 18, 62 Devil, the, 190, 205, 216, 217, 237, 337 Difficulty, 202, 205, 206, 209, 213, 215 Discipline, 52, 53; of God, 403 Disobedience, 248, 338 Donatists, 351
Baptism, 211, 219, 220, 348 Beauty, Beautiful, the, 24,31,34, 255,
257. 259, 264, 330 Belief, 288, 307, 312, 316, 389 Body and Soul, 165, 167, 180, 192, 204, 205, 206, 208, 237, 240, 268, 285, 359. 366 f.
Education, 1 14 Election, doctrine of, 375, 388, 389, 390. 391. 395.403>405 Epicurus, 299, 301 Eternal law, 131, 133 Eternal life, 183, 190, 211, 216, 227, 229, 232, 249, 255, 275, 375, 386 Evil, 106, ii3ff., 131, 133. >7' <M 200, Cassiciacum Dialogues ^ 14 Catechumens, 386 Catholic Church, the, 231, 232, 235, 248, 250, 288, 300, 301, 306, 307, 316, 318, 322, 366 Chastity, 40, 119, 228, 32
Cicero, 80, 293, 304, 312 Compassion, 392 f.
410 INDEXES
Evil—
Interior seme, 1 39 ff. Inward man, 263
214, 236, 238, 240, 243, 323, 324, 327, 330, 33^ 337, 339» 34i> 343. 345,347, 381, 391, 394 Existence and non-existence, 181 ff., Jews, the, 230 f., 241, 384, 386, 401 f Julian, 372 Justification, 375, 389, 391, 400, 405 Justice, 128, 129, 135, 166, 168, 191, 217; of God, 189, 201
191, 198, 207 f., 242, 265 Existence of Gk)d, 136 f., 138, 142 ff., 159, 160, 164, 165, 222, 254
Knowledge, 65, 89, 91, 122, 123, 209, 212, 247, 300, 307, 312, 313; of God, 26 ff., 137 f., 310
Faith, 31 f., 206, 285, 300, 313, 316, 317, 318, 322, 353, 357, 374, 375, 386, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 396, 405, 406 Falsehood, Falsity, 43, 44, 45, 46 ff., 57 f., 104, 126, 202, 258, 259, 274, 300 Fault, 194, 196 Fear, 116, 118, 240, 241, 348 Folly, 213, 214 f., 265, 314, 318 Foreknowledge of God, the, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 191, 192, 199, 389, 39?, 391, 394. Forgiveness of sins, 366 Form, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 242, 263, 331, 333, 336, 338, 339, 354, 355; eternal, 163 Fortitude, 128, 166, 346 Free Will, 102 fT., 238, 340, 341, 374, 375, 381, 382, 389, 404
Law, laws, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 130, 131, 132, 197, 233, 235, 241, 255, 297, 298, 305, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384 f., 386 Liberty, 132 Life, 235, 236, 251 Light, 180, 185, 266, 340, 341, 342, .343, 346, 357 Living, nature of, 55 Love, 31 f., 240, 270, 271, 272, 273, 278, 364, 365, 366, 383, 405 Lucretius, 299 Lust, 116, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 128, 171, 190, 202, 219, 248, 261, 265, 321 Luther, 374
Gnostics, 106 Good, the, 24, 242 f., 319, 324 ff. Good works, 386, 388, 390, 391, 392, Manichees, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 180, 221, 222, 230, 284, 286, 287, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 331, 339, 340, 341, 345, 348, 351, 359, 384 Marriage, 228 Matter, 236, 251, 354, 355 Measure, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339 Memory, 167 Mercy of God, the, 394 f., 396, 397, 398 Mind, 124, 133, 156, 157, 159, 163, 216, 393, 405 Grace, 14, 102, 103, 104, 107, 236, 241, 287, 297, 357, 374, 375, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 386, 387, 388, 391, 398, 399, 400, 403, 404
Happy Life, the, 130, 150, 157, 167, 174, 206, 269 Heresy, heretics, 231, 232, 233, 291, 306, 307, 316, 318, 347, 351, 353, 354, 358, 360, 363, 366, 406 Holy Spirit, the, 361, 362, 364 f., 366, 258, 355 f-, 367 Miracles, 220, 248, 286, 318, 319, 320,
321, 396 Monica, 65 Morals, 321 Movement of the soul, 1 70 f.
375, 405 Homicide, 115, 116, 117 Hope, 31 f. '*Hyle", 331
Names, 75 ff. Necessity, 1 74, 1 76, 238 *'New and heavenly man", the, 249 Novatianists, 351 Numbers, 148 ff., 154, 155, 161, 162,
Ignorance, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 213, 219 Immortality of the soul, 41 ff., 54, 56, 59, 60, 98, 303, 339 Incarnation, the, 358 Infants, death of, 210 f.; sufferings of, 211 Intelligence, 122, 126, 138, 157, 164, 169, 227
169, 267, 339; science of, 147, 149, 154
Obedience, 338, 375 *'01d and earthly man", the, 249, 250
INDEXES
Omnipotence of God, the, 185, 197, 235. 282, 326, 335, 351, 354, 355, 396 On the Spirit and the Letter, 284 Ophites, 230 Order, 333, 336, 338, 339 Original sin, 105, 203, 219, 380, 381 Outward man, 265
209, 213, 214, 219, 221, 235, 236, 238, 240, 244, 246, 248, 249, 251, 259, 264, 265, 314, 3^.2, 336, 337, 341, 342, 366, 373, 377 ff., 398, 400, 405 Socrates, 225, 226 Speech and words, 89 Stoics, 29 Substantive, the, 81 f. Suffering, 197, 199 Suicide, 184 f. Superstition, 226, 260
Pain, 36, 212, 331, 332 Pelagius, Pelagians, 103, 104, 105, 107, 374, 375 Perfection of the universe, 186 f. Phantasms, 258, 260, 262, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279 Photinians, 230 Plato, Platonists, 18, 28, 62, 107, 226, 228, 229, 305, 372, 373 Plotinus, 13, 28, 372 Prayer, 70, 83 Predestination, 102, 391 Prescience, 176 f.; see also under Foreknowledge Pride, 216, 237, 248, 261, 277, 357 Providence of God, the, 173, 232, 241, 247, 248, 251, 263, 321 Prudence, 128, 160, 166, 168 Punishment, 117, 119, 120, 123, 130, 132, I35> 177, 187, 188, 201, 203, 204, 205, 211, 238, 239, 240, 244, 246, 336, 339, 367, 378, 382, 384, 385, 398, 400> 401
Teaching, 89, 90 f, 94, 100, 114 Temperance, 128, 160, 166, 168, 239, 265 Temporal law, 131, 133 Toil, 204, 205, 264 Trinity, The, 207, 216, 218, 232, 233, 241, 282, 352, 361, 362, 365, 366 Truth, 24, 39 ff., 45, 51, 53, 55, 56 f, 59, 60, 62, 65 f, 95, 98, 104, 126, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 168, 202, 206, 217, 226, 247, 254, 259, 260, 262, 263, 270, 273, 274, 280, 281, 282, 291, 294, 302, 303, 305, 307, 311, 313,318,320,346,405
Unity, 255 ff., 266, 268 Utility, i8of
Vergil, 299, 302, 305 Vice, 89 f., 125, 180, 194, 195, 196, 213, 242, 260, 261, 269, 270, 367 Victorinus, 372 Virgin Birth, 358 Virtue, 31, 90, 100, 104, 119, 125, 126, Reason, 30, 31, 62, 80, 122, 124, 143, 167, 180 f, 214, 222, 235, 247, 251, 311, 313, 319, 322 Religion, 225 ff., 284, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319 Resurrection, the, 349, 352, 360; of the 153, 166, 167, 168, 191, 229, 314 Vision of God, 3 flesh, 367 ff.
Wickedness, 235 Will, the, 127 ff., 171, 174, 175, 176, 200, 381, 393, 394, 395, 396; of God, Retractations, The, 14, 15, I7f, 37, 62,63, 64, 102, 107, 218, 284, 311, 349, 370
Sabellians, 351, 356 Sacraments, 241, 386 Sacrilege, 115, 116, 118 Salvation, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 60, 174, 227, 397 Wisdom, 24, 28, 34, 36, 37, 39, 100, 126, 127, 150, 151, 154, 155, 157 f, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 168, 213, 214 f, 216, 217, 280, 303, 314, 315, 318, 331, 355; of God, 196, 237, 239, 241, 262, 263, 280, 282, 319, 335, 355, 356, 358, 364 Word of God, the, 190, 266, 355, 359, 372, 402 Words, 65, 69 ff., 76 ff., 84, 86, 93, 94 f, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 Worship of God, 225 ff., 304, 306, 314, 247, 280, 305, 321, 338, 352, 353, 357, 358, 375,401,403 Schism, 230, 231, 232, 347, 351, 366 Sense, senses, 139 ff., 156, 161, 163 Signs, 71 f, 74 f, 77, 82, 83 f, 85, 86, 87,88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 Simplician, 370 ff. Sin, 113, 115, 116, 125, 133, 134, 135, 168, 171, 172, 173, 176 ff., 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 197, 198, 199, 201 ff., 412 INDEXES
BlBLia\L EFERZXCES
(a) Old Testa vfF.NT axd
John
Ecclesiasticus
Genesis 2:17 382 3:5 214,357
Wisdom
400 1:14 189, 356 1:17 "^-384 1:48 396 2:4 239,358 3:5 386 3:6 365 4:24 365 5:22 254 8:31-32 158 8:47 400 10:30 363 14:1 318 14:9 363 14:28 363 16:13 364 17:3 137 18:20 334 19:26-27 240 20:17 363
1:13 236 6:16 161 7:24 335 7:27 163,333.355 8:1 154.356 11:17 354 11:24 392
Exodus 3:14 275,331,357 20:17 271
Deuteronomy 6:4 361 ib';. New TESTAVfEvr Matthew 2:16 211 4:3-10 261
Job
34:30 336
Psalms 4:4-5 70 5:5 380 16:10 332 19:8 379 19:12-13 189 25:7 201 34:16 379-380 41:5 173 42:6 214 46:10 258 52:18 136 58:10 401 84:10 217, 380 102:26-27 163, 333 148:5 335 b-^ 397 5:8 366 5:39 228
7:7 137 10:30 166 11:30 258, 402 12:3-4 295 12:39-40 296 12:48 239,359 19:8 295 20:11 398 22:14 393 22:21 281 22:30 268, 360 22:40 237 23:9 359 23:10 100 23:26 237 25:14 ff279 25:35 361 25:41 189,337
Romans
1:9 367 1:20 277 1:22 214 2:3-6 335 3:5 336 4:4 388 4:17 334 5:3-5 273 5:5 364.385 5:14 377 5:8-10 336 5:20 382 7:4-6 382 7:5 385 7:7-25 376-385 7:18-19 201 7:25 367 8:11 237 8:15 364 8:22 367 8:33 390 9:10-29 385-406 10:8 f 402 10:10 353 10:14 391 ii:5ff403 11:22 336 11:30 365 11:33 336,398
Proverbs 8:15 336 8:22 357
Ecclesiastes
1:2 244
Isaiah
Mark
Daniel
10:18 339
Luke
1:33 332 2:14 393 2:51 239 10:27 366 14:11 228 17:21 228 20:36 188 23:43 403 24:39 349
Hosea
13:11 336
Malachi
1:2-3 389
II Maccabees 7:28 334
INDEXES
4^3
Romans continued 11:36 335. 3C1
I Corinthians continued 15:54-55 237 15:56 382,384
Colossians 3:25 339
13:1 336 13:2 265 13:8-9 384 13:10 270,384 14:17 268 16:18 88 16:27 339
I Timothy
II Corintliians
1:8 378 1:13 201 ^-n 333 2:14 377 4:4 337 6:10 200 6:16 339
1:19 79 2:15-16 384 3:6 298,385 3:7 382 3:14 298 4:18 228 5:10 254 11:6 80
I Corinthians
1:25 359 2:14 399 2:15 254 3:1-3 399 3:16 70 3:17 195, 3B6 3:21-23 246,365 4:7 393 6:3 188 6:13 268 9:24 393 10:1-11 297 11:3 246,363,365 11:19 233 12:18-26 33G 15:22 398 15:28 363 15:40 368 15:44 360 15:50 349-350 15:51 250,360 15:52 367.368 15:54 369
II Timothy 4:7-8 388
Galatians 3:24 298 4:22-26 297 5:4 297 5:17 201,405 6:8 228
Titus
1:15 359
James
1:17 333
Ephesians
II Peter 2:4 337
1:4 391 2:2 337 2:3 203, 367 2:8-9 387,391 3:15 254 3:17 70 6:12 337
I John 2:15 228 2:16 261 5:21 274
Apocalypse
Philippians 2:6 356,357,363 2:8 359 2:12-13 394