Augustine in His Own Words
Persons and Subjects
sor, 134–35; death of, 132, 143–44, 148–49, 150, 230, 371, 386, 394, 402, 404–5; as doctor (medicus), 132, 140–45, 176–77, 393–95, 405–6; Donatist view, 240–42; as enfleshed, 144, 148, 229, 251; as founder of the City of God, 338–39, 352; as God, xv, 128, 180, 195, 197, 274–76, 278, 282, 285, 305–6; as Good Samaritan, 144–45, 405; grace of, 222, 226, 368, 377, 384, 403–5, 411–12, 414, 424–25; as Head, 154–55, 192–96, 227, 228, 238, 246, 343, 362, 433; as human, 4, 19, 128–30, 132, 148–49, 168, 175, 176–77, 180, 194–95, 197, 230, 275, 279–81, 285, 295, 305–6, 432; as judge, 21, 79, 146, 149, 245; as lawyer, 146, 149; Manichean view of, 201, 205–7, 208, 211, 227, 229–30; as mediator, 18, 180, 309, 340, 343, 417, 424, 432; as pediatrician, 393–95; as predestined, 432–34; presence in Old Testament, 159, 226, 227–29, 320; as Redeemer, 132, 148, 272, 395, 419, 440; resurrection of, 89, 143–44, 149, 176, 178, 208, 312, 362, 390, 402; as rock, 181–82, 262n41; as Savior, 148, 176–78, 181, 382, 393, 395, 403, 419; as scientia (knowledge), 305–6; as Teacher, 42, 68, 69–70, 88, 129, 161–62, 180, 345; totus Christus, 158–59, 193–96; as Truth, 37, 54, 69–70, 71, 76, 132–33, 168, 196–97, 306; as Wisdom (sapientia), 9, 53, 70, 72, 76, 168, 207, 230, 282, 285, 290, 305–6, 323; the Word (Jn 1:1), 72, 128–30, 153, 160, 161, 175–76, 195, 197, 206, 229, 281–82, 285, 306, 320, 344; the Word-made-flesh (Jn 1:14), 19, 128–30, 143, 148, 160, 197, 206, 306, 344, 345. See also Christology Christmas, 128–30 Christology, 128n16, 168n33, 194, 393, 426, 403; as Noah's ark, 238, 257–62; oneness of, 238–40, 250–51, 257, 264, 265; purity of, 243, 253 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 9–10, 25, 39–40, 43, 52, 156, 157, 213, 214, 301n42, 336, 338, 441; political philosophy, 315, 337, 338, 357–59; rhetorical theory, 51n32, 135–37. See also Hortensius Circumcellions, 98, 116n57, 234, 264–67 city of God, xvi, 38n64, 74–75, 93, 195–96, 316, 318, 320, 328–32, 338–39, 350, 352, 360–62, 406. See also De civitate Dei; earthly city coercion, 235–37, 268–70, 271–73 Cologne Mani Codex, 204 competentes, 21nn34–35, 146, 150, 153 concubine, 17–18, 121n63 concupiscence, 334, 366, 384, 387, 420–23, 424 Conference of Carthage (year 411). See
Carthage confession, 211, 256, 328, 408, 438; of faith, 2, 35, 36–37, 224, 228; of praise, 2–5, 35– 36, 38, 134–35; of sin, 2, 7–8, 35, 134–35 Confessiones (Confessions), xii, xiv, xv, xvii, xxi, 1–38, 42, 43, 57, 64, 67, 71, 75, 157, 159, 205, 211, 274, 294, 328, 373, 423, 441; as anti-Manichean, 10–11, 204–5, 209–12, 216–17; ascents of mind in, 18–20, 30–31, 60–61, 289; as autobiography, 1–2, 160; date of composition, 2, 443, 446; as exegesis of Genesis, 224; outline of, 31, 34–35; Pauline perspectives, 373–74; and the Pelagian controversy, 160, 375–76, 377, 397–98; Trinitarian theology, 285–86; as prayer, 2–5, 33–34, 37, 58–59; unity of, 34–35; use of Psalms, 2, 24, 159 Constantine, 96, 233–34, 236, 237, 247–49,
432. See also Christ Church, 15, 21–22, 29, 130, 195–96, 237; as 268, 275, 317 Constantinople, 312, 323; Council of (year
Body of Christ, 16, 90, 153–55, 158–59, 174, 191–98, 228–29, 238, 251, 373, 323– 24, 343–44, 440; and the care of the poor, 79, 83, 105–6, 111, 114, 153; catholicity, 23, 73, 81, 86, 89, 90, 109, 165, 193, 214, 218, 232, 235–36, 245, 249–54, 260, 263–64, 379, 391, 414, 439; of Christ, 21, 85, 106, 155, 173, 321, 394; as corpus permixtum, 90, 158, 237, 253, 259, 260; finances of, 79, 105–6; holiness of, 253; as hospital, 144– 45, 405–6; Mother, 16, 53, 93, 99, 150, 151, 244–45; no salvation outside, 249, 256, 381), 275, 278 continence, 109, 111, 259, 265, 420, 421, 422 Contra Academicos (Against the Skeptics), xiv, 15n21, 40, 45–63 Contra Faustum Manichaeum (Against Faustus, a Manichee), 205–7, 227–30, 443 Contra Julianum (Against Julian), 381, 410–25, 445 Contra Julianum opus imperfectum (Against Julian, an Unfinished Work), xiii, 381, 417–18, 446 Contra litteras Petiliani (Against the Letters of Petilian), 235, 240–42, 262n41 444, 446 conversion, 160, 211–13, 340n45, 344n49, preaching, 125–27, 130–31, 134, 135–40; three aims of eloquence, 135–36; three styles, 136–40; Tyconius's influence, 158, 191–93; use / enjoy distinction, 167–68 De dono perseverantiae (On the Gift of Perseverance), 373–74, 383, 397, 442; of Augustine, xiv, 1, 13, 22, 24–27, 40, 44n21, 45–46, 69n57, 157, 160, 211–13, 340n45, 344n49, 373–74, 383, 397, 442; suspicious, 90–92, 268, 375; of Victorinus, 20–22 council, xi, 80, 87, 88–89, 106, 107, 165, 233, 382, 397–98, 434, 446 De Genesi ad litteram (On the Literal Interpretation of Genesis), 158, 317, 349, 444 De Genesi adversus Manichaeos (On Genesis, Against
238, 239, 263, 275, 276, 281, 378, 380, 382, 409, 411, 413, 414. See also Carthage; Constantinople; Ephesus; Milevis; Nicaea Courcelle, Pierre, 19n29, 24n41, 42, 46n24, the Manichees), 158, 223–24, 230–31, 442 De gestis Pelagii (On the Deeds of Pelagius), 376, 363n71 creation, xvii, 3, 36, 56, 159, 210, 282, 330, 379–80, 390, 396–97, 409n73, 410, 444 De gratia Christi et de peccato originali (On the Grace of Christ and Original Sin), 377, 390–91, 399n56, 401n60, 424n95, 430n99, 445 De libero arbitrio (On Free Will), 43n14, 215–16, 363, 376, 403; God as author of, 320, 370, 407, 422; goodness of, 205, 224–25, 368; Manichean view of, 202–3 creationism, 415–16 creed, xv, 21n35, 146–50, 154, 234, 275–76, 221–23, 375, 442, 443 De magistro (On the Teacher), 29, 40, 67–70, 442 De moribus ecclesiae Catholicae et de moribus
278, 281, 312 Crispinus of Calama, 266 Cyprian of Carthage, 80, 136, 153n58, 237– Manichaeorum (On the Catholic and the Manichean Ways of Life), 42, 205n12, 217–20, 442 De musica (On Music), 40, 64–65, 442 De natura et gratia (On Nature and Grace), 38, 243, 250, 256, 378, 418; Augustine's view of, 124n6, 237, 250, 256, 263–64, 378; De unitate ecclesiae (On the Unity of the Church), 238–39 Cyril of Alexandria: Augustine's correspon-
145n45, 330n33, 375n13, 378, 380, 399– 408, 411, 444 De ordine (On Order), xi n4, xviii, 39n1, 40–41, dence with, 379–80, 409; condemns Pelagianism, 381, 409; and Council of Ephesus (year 431), 381, 409, 432 Cyril of Jerusalem, 153
43n14, 44n21, 55–56, 58n45, 59n46, 65n52 De peccatorum meritis et remissione et de baptismo parvulorum (On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins and On Infant Baptism), 5n6, 115n53, 354n60, 377–78, 393–96, 419n88, 444 De praedestinatione sanctorum (On the De baptismo (On Baptism), 235, 255n34, 255– 57, 263, 443 De beata vita (On the Happy Life), 40, 43–45, Predestination of the Saints), 382, 428–34, 435–36, 446 De Trinitate (On the Trinity), xii, xv, 274, 277, 53–54, 442 De catechizandis rudibus (On Catechizing
Beginners), xviii–xix, 145–46, 170n36, 172n37, 225, 319–21, 443, 446 De civitate Dei (On the City of God), xiii, xiv, 278, 285, 286–314, 318, 443, 445 De utilitate credendi (On the Advantage of Believing), 204n8, 211–15, 227 De vera religione (On True Religion), xiv, 39, 40, xv–xvi, 71, 74, 92, 98n32, 116, 156, 159, 315–19, 326–72, 377, 382, 421; occasion, xvi, 316–17; outline, 326; polemic against paganism, 316, 340–45, 363–66; as political philosophy, 315–16, 318, 336–40, 354– 62; title, 316, 328–29; two cities theme, xvi, 74, 316–17, 327–32, 352, 362. See also city of God; earthly city De doctrina christiana (On Christian Teaching), xiv, 71–77 deacon, 81n9, 83, 105, 112, 124, 145, 233, 240,
287, 319, 379, 389–91, 410; Manichean, 208 defender of the Church (defensor ecclesiae), 112 Deogratias of Carthage, xviii, 81n8, 145–46,
319–21 Descartes, René, 76, 299 Diocletian, 232, 233 disciplina arcani (discipline of secrecy), 28, 161, 443, 445; on the canon of Scripture, 164–67; date of composition, 125–26, 158; theory of exegesis, xv, 126, 157–58, 161, 169–75, 176, 182–85, 190–93; theory of 93n22, 146, 153
Divjak, Johannes, 81, 92, 102, 110, 115, 236n8, 263–70, 272–73, 279–81, 286–87, 324–27, 408–13, 415–17, 426–28; newly discovered, 81; numbering, 81n8 Eraclius (successor of Augustine), 117–19, 267n49, 326, 409, 446 Dolbeau, François, xii n7, 35n57, 124n8, 125, 133n22, 135n26, 142n39, 144n44, 190n64, 256n37, 267n51, 282n23, 316, 317n7, 321n17, 379, 438, 439n2, 446 Donatus, 233–34, 245, 248, 252, 254, 264, 445 eternal life, 30, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 96, 98, 152, 177, 207, 256, 292, 353, 363, 368, 371–72, 394, 411–12, 426–27 Eucharist, 79, 123n5, 269n53, 340; frequency
269 Donatist(s), xiv, xvi, 107, 114, 158, 191, 192, 232–73, 316, 379, 400; Augustine's polemic against, xv, 80, 199n75, 235, 243–64, 268–73, 396, 443–45; as "church of the martyrs," 232–33, 234, 241–42, 262n41; conversion to the Catholics, 111, 236, 268; end of schism, 98n32, 236, 324, 377, 396n51, 444; history, 232–34, 247–49; imperial government action against, xv, 234, 235–36, 268–73; leadership, 116, 234–36, 240; as majority church of North Africa, xv, 232; scholarly interpretations of, 234n5, 237; view of baptism, 232, 239–43, 254–56; view of Catholics, 232, 240, 243; view of the Church, 233–35, 237, 238, 240–43, 253; violence, xv, 97, 98n31, 234, 264–67. See also Circumcellions of, 89, 150, 151–52; and lifting up the heart, 73, 154, 308; North Africa liturgy, 73n60, 122–24, 150–53, 308; secrecy of, 15n22, 93n22, 150, 153 Eunomius of Cyzicus, 278 evil, 18, 40, 43, 57, 60, 95, 99, 109, 112, 114, 115, 138–39, 151, 152, 159, 205, 241, 245, 265, 267, 269, 273, 324, 326, 332, 352, 357, 359, 384, 387, 395, 410, 427; Church as mix of good and, 158, 245, 252, 259, 260, 261; concupiscence as, 422–23; confession of, 7–8, 11, 26, 38, 64; as corruption, 219–20; and embodiment, 345–47, 402; as free will misused, 56, 70, 220–22, 231, 341, 377, 402, 408; God not author of, 59, 218, 221, 418; God's permitting of, 59, 151–52, 231; as insubstantial, 217–20, 402; Manichean view of, 202, 209, 216–19, 231; mosaic analogy, 56; as nothing, 56, 59, 217, 222; and original sin, 330, 348, 351–53, 416, 417, 418, 419–20, 422–23, 424; Pelagian view of, 375–77, 392, 400– 402, 408, 418, 424; as privation of being, 210n18, 217–19; problem of, 55–56, 215– 16, 220–21; return of evil for, 100–101, 325; as turning from God, 222, 231, 351–53 Evodius of Uzalis, 116n59, 215–16, 221, 274, earthly city, xvi, 74–75, 316, 318–19, 328–31, 354–61; of God, xvi, 38n64, 74–75, 93, 195–96, 316, 318, 320, 328–32, 338–39, 350, 352, 360–62, 406. See also city of God; De civitate Dei Easter, 85, 132, 143, 146, 153, 178, 250, 270, 362, 444; baptism at Vigil, xiv, 28–29, 79, 146, 153, 250 Edict of Unity, 235, 265n46, 268, 444 eloquence, 13–14, 129, 130–31, 192, 212, 264; Augustine's reputation for, xi, 122n2, 325, 437; Cicero as model, 9, 135n27, 137; three aims, 135–36; three styles, 136–40. See also rhetoric Emeritus of Caesarea, 251–52 Enarrationes in Psalmos (Expositions of the Psalms), 318n15, 380, 397n54 exegesis, 187; Ambrose's principles of, 157; Augustine's practice of, xv, 126, 153n58, 156–61, 175, 176–82, 193–200, 256–63; Augustine's theory of, xv, 126, 156–61, 163–64, 167–75, 182–83; and the canon, 164–65; figurative, 157–58, 170–75; of Genesis, 158–59; of John's Gospel, 128, 132–33, 159–60, 175–82, 257–63, 312; and the love command, 164–70; of Paul's letters, 74–75, 160, 187–90, 302, 373–74, 375, 383–89, 404n65; Pelagius's, 375, 401n61, 404n65; of the Psalms, 2, 28, 159, 193–200; and sign theory, 167–68, 170–75; and the totus Christus, 158–59, 193–96. See also allegory, Bible xiii, 87–88, 90, 124n8, 125, 141, 159, 161, 254, 443, 444; Head / Body theme, 154n63, 193–98 Enchiridion, 5n6, 267, 366n75, 437, 440, 445 Ephesus, 165, 249n28, 377; Council of (year
431), 381, 409 Epicurus of Samos, 63 Epistulae (Letters), 62–64, 65, 83–85, 88–89, 92–94, 97–100, 102–3, 107–8, 110–14, 115–19, 162, 185–90, 208–9, 247–53, exercitatio mentis, 18–20, 30–31, 60–62, 289 exorcism, 154, 418–19 Expositions of the Psalms. See also Enarrationes in 159, 230–31, 345–54, 366; on goodness of creation, 159, 224–25; vehicle to counter Manichees, 158–59, 223–25 gnosticism, xv, 10, 165, 201–2 God, xii, xiv, 18, 40, 83, 94, 114, 117, 168, Psalmos exsufflatio, 418–20
176–77, 251, 270, 286, 316, 325, 329, 332, 340–44, 351–53, 361, 426–28, 431–32; as all-powerful, 54, 55, 76, 147–48, 216–17, 365, 416; as Beauty, 33, 59, 61, 66, 133, 210; Christ as, xv, 128, 180, 195, 197, 228, 274– 76, 278, 281–86, 305–6, 312–13, 320, 432– 34; Confessiones addressed to, 2–3, 33–37; as creator, xvii, 4, 30–31, 38, 56, 59, 72, 77, 141, 146, 320, 322, 347–51, 353, 365–66, 368–71, 376–77, 407, 422, 424; as Father, 45n23, 59, 76–77, 99, 128, 147–48, 150–52, 176, 195, 238, 264, 275–92; as food, 8, 19–20, 30–31, 127, 152; foreknowledge of, 374, 431, 433; as the Good, 55, 59, 76, 210, 218–20, 222, 231, 288, 292–93, 341–43, 351, 368, 401, 407; as Happiness, 53, 54, 59; Holy Spirit as, xv, 168, 277–78, 283–84, 288, 290, 291, 310, 312–13; Homoian view of, 276–77; as incorporeal, 44, 66, 223–4l; as incorruptible, 217, 218–20, 332; as ineffable, 94, 199–200; journey to, 57, 167–68, 195–200, 293–94; judgment of, 12, 91, 99, 101, 102, 121, 146, 318, 332–36, 353–54, 367, 406, 407–8, 415–17, 421; as Love, 19, 181, 270–71, 296–98; love of, 57, 144, 169– 70, 176, 179, 181, 296–98, 331, 343, 352; Manichean view of, 159, 216–17, 201–2, 207, 208–9, 211, 217–20, 231; Neoplatonic view of, 18, 20, 30n52, 340–45; not author of evil, 55, 59, 151–52, 218, 221, 231, 392, 418; as omnipresent, 3–5; one, 54, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 195, 238, 242, 275, 283–84, 309–11, 320, 329, 341; problem of knowing, 3–5, 57–58, 61–62, 65, 293–94, 309–11, 313–14, 332; providence of, 1–2, 43, 55, 56, 75, 83, 267, 332–36; as thing to be enjoyed, 167–68, 169, 170, 348, 361; as rest, 2–3, 38; seeing, 60–62, 128, 143, 181, 196–97, 293, 294, 372; as Supreme Measure, 45, 54; as Trinity, xv, 168, 274, 279–81, 286, 287–88, 289, 307–11; as Truth, 19, 30, 59, 76, 168, 209–10, 212, 291, 306; as unchangeable, 65, 77, 132, 168, 197, 275, 285, 289, 291, 293, 311, 343, 351; as Wisdom, 30, 31, 39, 53–54, 59, 72, 290, 311; within, 34, 54, 68, 69–70, 73, 92, 173, 181, 286, 289, 297, 306–7, 372 faith, xiv, 17, 23, 28, 54, 72, 89, 93, 98, 114, 126, 132, 150, 159, 162, 163, 183, 188, 191, 230, 238–39, 240–41, 261–62, 270, 273, 279, 273, 287, 294, 295, 304, 309, 311, 325, 333, 334, 348, 360, 361, 362, 372, 375, 384, 389, 402, 423, 426, 430, 431, 434; and authority, 49–50, 52–53, 77, 212– 15; Catholic, 14, 16, 116, 195, 266, 269, 412, 419; and children, 392, 412, 419; cleansed by, 197, 306; confession of, 2, 35, 36–37, 224, 228; converted to, 74, 91–92, 397, 426; creed as rule of, 147, 275–75, 414; enemies of, 91–92, 363; as gift, 4, 386, 428– 30; and hope and love, 54, 60, 61–62, 110, 130, 294, 389, 437, 439, 440; journeying by, 197, 328, 408; and justification, 386, 388; and morals, 89, 166, 170; Platonism and, 183; in praise of the body, 362–63; preceded by grace, 386, 388–89, 426–27, 428–30, 435–36; predestined to, 431–32; profession of, 21–22, 380; and reason, 45, 205, 212, 213–15; in the resurrection, 346, 362–63, 365; seeking understanding, 287; versus sight, 197, 212, 294; that works through love, 359; turning away from, 11, 120, 397, 429–30; and works, 96, 432 fasting, 94–95, 154, 177–79 Faustinus (Carthaginian banker), 90–92 Faustus of Milevis, 14, 205–7, 212, 227, 441; Capitula (Chapters), 205–7. See also Contra Faustum Manichaeum Felix of Abthungi, 233, 247–48 filioque, 312–13 Fortunatus (Manichean priest), 205, 442 freedom, 56, 89, 253, 272; Manichean denial of, 43, 56, 200–223, 375–76; Pelagius's views on, 376–77, 400–402, 408; of the will, 40, 42, 43, 205, 220–23, 408–9, 427–28 frui (enjoyment), 167–68
Gaudentius of Thamugadi (Timgad), 116, 236 Genesis, xvii, 34, 42, 56, 165, 303; Augustine's commentaries on, 42, 158–59, 223–24, 230–31, 317, 349; in Confessiones, 34, 159, 224–25, 285; in De civitate Dei, gospel(s), 27, 29, 85, 124, 130–31, 134, 147, 352; love God with whole mind and, 169, 179, 181, 182, 341; jubilation as song of, 199–200; preacher links to hearers', 145– 46; Psalms touch, 159, 194–200; restless, 2–3; stairway in, 195–96; and the tongue, 15, 27, 126, 128, 209, 217, 254, 260, 310; as treasury, 72, 241 Hilary (Gallic correspondent), 426, 428, 434 Hilary of Poitiers, 278, 290, 312 Hilary of Syracuse, 408 Hippo Regius, ix, xi, 2, 78–80, 81, 87, 90, 100, 160, 175–76, 178, 183, 193, 223, 229–31, 240, 241, 244, 262, 272–73, 295, 317, 336, 385, 389, 390, 402, 435; apocryphal, 165; four, 166, 179; Manichean view of, 205–7; as mirror, 161–62; the Psalms as, 159, 193–95; truth of, 189–90, 230 Gospel of John, 116, 124–25, 128, 132–33, 142–43, 144, 159–61, 175–82, 235, 254–55, 257–63, 312, 444. See also In evangelium Johannis tractatus Goths, xvi, 120–21, 316, 321, 377, 444 grace, xvi, 20, 72, 195, 199, 226, 304, 311, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 122–23, 232, 267, 326, 368, 374; Augustine as bishop, ix–xi, 86, 87, 111–14, 122, 125, 160; Augustine ordained in, 40, 78, 81–83, 204; Christian majority in 100, 101–2; Council of (year 393), 150n56, 165, 281, 283, 284, 442; Donatist majority in, 232, 243, 246–47; as port, ix, 78–80, 102, 103, 377, 396; sack by Vandals, 119–21, 439 Holy Spirit, 89, 127, 129, 178, 232, 251, 359, 412, 414; in Ad Simplicianum, 20n32, 160, 383–89; Augustine's theology of, xvi, 20n32, 92, 160, 373–74, 378–82, 403–9, 423–25, 428–36; of baptism, 16, 20, 21, 28, 29, 92, 94, 394, 403, 412, 415–16, 420; as calling, 92, 386; Christ as, 77, 306; of Christ, 222, 226, 394, 403, 406, 411–12, 414, 417, 424–25; of election, 388–89; of God, 82, 86, 250, 295, 327, 328, 334, 346, 350, 368, 396, 401, 419–20, 425, 426; and good works, 427–28, 429–30; of the Holy Spirit, 11, 179, 296; of justification, 414; Pauline basis for theology of, 373–74, 383–89, 403–5, 411, 414, 425, 428–30, 431–32, 433, 435–36; Pelagius's view of, 376–77, 379; predestination and, 330, 407–8, 417, 428, 431–34; prevenient, 94n23; and the will, 374, 375–77, 383–84, 395–96, 397, 408–9, 427 Gregory of Nazianzus, 277–78, 284n25, 418 Gregory of Nyssa, 277–78
259, 279, 289, 298, 313; in baptism, 173, 257–58; chrismation as sacrament of, 154; Christ born of, 148, 432, 433; Cyprian's view of, 238–40; distinct Person, 283, 291, 310; Donatist view of, 242, 247n27; equal to the Father and the Son, 283, 291; as fire, 154, 258, 263; in the form of a dove, 257–60, 263; gifts of, 127, 250–51, 388; as God, xv, 168, 277–78, 283–84, 288, 290, 291, 310, 312–13; inspired the Scriptures, 174, 184, 188, 191; Manichean view of, 201–2, 207, 209, 229; one power with the Father and the Son, 279–81, 290; of one substance with the Father and the Son, 279, 288; at Pentecost, 89, 154, 250; poured into the heart, 11, 179, 296; proceeds from the Father and the Son, 312–13; teaches prayer, 258 Homoians, 276–77, 284 Honoratus, 211, 213 Honorius (emperor), 96n28, 235, 380 Hortensius, 9–10, 25, 39–40, 43. See also Cicero human being(s), 14, 72, 74, 91, 92, 95, Hadrumetum, 381, 426 Hanson, R. P. C., 275 happy life, 37, 43–45, 53–54, 59, 61, 62–64, 65, 168, 308, 343, 355–56, 357, 363 heart, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17, 18, 22, 24–27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 68, 87, 88, 109, 114, 120, 127, 130, 136, 139, 143, 144, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 175, 179, 181, 183, 191, 206, 229, 239, 250, 251, 272, 305, 313–14, 323, 332, 334, 342, 369, 374; Christ diagnoses and heals, 141–42, 144; cleansed to see God, 128, 177,197, 294, 311, 372; as cubiculum, 25, 68; enlightened by God, 7, 27; God sees into, 37, 126; love of God poured into by Spirit, 179, 296; hiddenness of, 91, 113, 282; Holy Spirit delights, 395–96, 428; lifting up in Eucharist, 73, 154–55, 323, 97, 141, 189, 215, 271, 293, 309, 345–47, 354, 364, 369–70, 372, 382, 384, 387, 411, 412, 416, 422–23, 424, 426–28, 438; bound together by mutual rights, 357– 60; Christ as, 4, 19, 128–29, 132, 148–49, 168, 175, 176–77, 180, 194–95, 197, 230, 275, 279–81, 285, 295, 305–6, 432– 33; before the Fall, 347–51, 353, 403; human being(s) (cont.) interiority, 10, 30, 42, 54, 69–70, 76, 195–96, in the image and likeness of God, 16, 223–24, 225, 285, 291–92, 298, 302–5, 306–9, 310–11, 353, 366, 376; image of the Trinity within, 31–32, 285, 289, 291, 310; Manichean view of, 202–3, 208, 222, 231; Pelagius's view of, 376–77, 396–97, 400–402; as sign makers, 171–72, 281; as sinner, 152–53; as subject to God, 359; violence of, 356–57; women as, 302–5, 366–67. See also body; freedom; heart; mind; soul; sexuality; will humanity, 52, 72, 74, 75, 104, 215, 231, 315, 223, 281, 289, 292, 296–97, 298 Isidore of Seville, xiii
Jerome, 157, 185–90, 316, 349, 365n73, 378, 398, 421; Augustine's correspondence with, 157, 185–90, 415, 438n2; in Pelagian controversy, 378–79, 391–92, 410, 412. See also Vulgate Jerusalem, 87, 108 165n26, 174, 259, 322–23, 378, 412, 444; as the city of God, 195, 198, 316–17, 319, 320–21, 323 Jesus, 128, 132, 140, 160, 161, 175, 180, 201, 353, 354, 368–69; desire for God, 2–3, 308; divided between two cities, 316–17, 319–21, 330–32, 352, 361; divided into two sexes, 302–5, 349–51; in exile, 167–68; as fallen, 129, 140–41, 142, 143, 172, 229, 308, 319–20, 352, 368, 384, 386–87, 392, 395–96, 403–7, 414, 421–22, 424–25; need for grace, 18, 222–23, 311, 328, 426–28, 431–32; need for healing, 141–45, 180, 196, 394–95, 404–7, 433; need for a mediator, 340, 432–33; as proud, 129, 142, 215, 328; as unfallen, 347–51, 353, 403 hymns, 13n19, 29, 53, 54n39, 90, 120, 254, 382, 393; miracles of, 127, 324, 325n23; parables of, 144–45, 209–10, 244, 253, 272, 405–6; picturing the face of, 295; words of, 140, 160, 205, 321, 329n31, 367, 372, 388. See Christ; Christology Jews, 114, 164, 184, 186, 187n59, 189–90, 195, 227, 242, 320; Manichean view of, 201, 207, 208n15, 229 John Cassian, 381–82, 426 John Chrysostom, 51n32, 108, 135n25, 153, 418 John of Jerusalem, 378–79 Jovinian, 351n57, 376n14, 421 Judas, 241–42, 258; Catholics as church of, 283n24, 366
232, 233, 242, 254 Julian of Eclanum, xvi, 380–81, 383, 408n70, image(s), xvii, xx, 12, 63, 90, 156, 197, 292; 415, 417–25, 445, 446; Ad Florum (To Florus), 381, 408n70, 418; Ad Turbantium (To Turbantius), 381, 419n88, 420–21
Christ as Father's, 284, 290; human beings as, 16, 223–24, 225, 285, 291–92, 298, 302–5, 306–9, 310–11, 353, 366, 376; in the mind, 32–33, 71, 210, 295 In epistulam Johannis ad Parthos tractatus language, 6, 40, 67–69, 130–31, 158, 163, 166, (Tractates on the First Letter of John), 125, 142–43, 250–51, 444 In Johannis evangelium tractatus (Tractates on the 172, 310, 346, 356 Latin (language), ix–xi, xx , 3, 9, 19, 20, 31–32, 33, 85, 87, 131, 132, 146, 157, 173, 184, 185, 186, 237, 243, 244, 257, 276, 339, 343, 356, 398 Lent, 21n34, 21n35, 28, 85, 94–95, 143, 146, Gospel of John), 70n58, 116n57, 124, 132–33, 142, 143, 144–45, 159, 161, 175–82, 199n75, 254–55, 257–63, 282n23, 312–13, 444 Incarnation, 176, 205, 229, 279–81, 344; 178, 236n8, 442 Leo I (pope), 426 Letters (of Augustine). See Epistulae lex orandi, 418–20 liberal arts, 40, 64–65, 182–83 liturgy, 81, 88–89, 123, 134, 278, 418–19; of Manichean denial of, 144, 204, 206, 211, 229; pagan denial of, 324–25, 326n24 Indiculum (Index), xiii. See also Possidius of Calama infant(s), 5, 6, 16, 377, 393, 407; baptism, 15n22, 115, 378, 380, 382, 391–95, 404, 412, 414–16, 419, 445; and original sin, 5, 378, 393–95, 404–7, 414–17, 418–20, 423 infantes (newly baptized), 153 Innocent I (pope), 380, 411–12, 414, 445 baptism, 150, 173, 250, 414, 418–19; of the Eucharist, 15n22, 153–55; of the Word, 15n22, 79, 123–24, 153 Lord's Prayer, 150–53, 155, 411 love, 22, 23, 28, 36, 65, 72, 84, 91–92, 90, 253, 261, 262, 293, 318, 333, 341, 347, 389, 414, 418, 428; of Christ the Head, 193–95, 228; definition of, 170; ". . . and do what you will," 270–71; earthly city bound by, 357–60; of enemy, 73, 100, 335; of evil, 7–8; faith and hope and, 54, 60, 61–62, 110, 130, 166, 222–23, 294, 389, 437, 439, 440; as gift of the Holy Spirit, 11, 179, 251, 258, 261, 388; God as, 19, 181, 270–71, 296–98; of God, 19–20, 28, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 37–38, 57–58, 59–60, 133, 144, 169–70, 173–74, 176, 179, 181, 210, 288, 294, 295, 296–98, 331, 336, 341–43, 347, 352; as hermeneutic for interpreting the Bible, 169–70; in love with, 8; of neighbor, 144, 169–70, 173–74, 176, 180–82, 296, 308, 341–43, 347, 359, 361; original sin as selfish, 351–53; of peace, 250, 251; of preacher and audience, 145–56, 257–58, 438; triad of mind, knowledge and, 299, 301, 307–8; the Trinity and, 291, 294, 296–98, 307–8, 310–11; two cities defined by, 317, 321–22, 329, 331–32, 352; of unity of the Church, 154, 251, 266, 268; of wisdom, 9, 25, 39, 43–45; of the world, 133, 334–35
10, 203, 207–8, 223–24, 227; veneration of the sun and moon, 44n18, 203, 208–9; view of Christ, 201, 205–7, 208, 211, 227, 229–30; view of the human person, 202–3, 208, 222, 231; view of salvation, 202, 204, 207, 211 Marcellinus, Flavius, 81n8, 98, 115, 162, 324–26; and Conference of Carthage (year 411), 98n32, 236, 272, 377; as dedicatee of City of God, 98n32, 327–28; execution of, 98n32, 327–28, 444; and the Pelagian controversy, 98n32, 115n53, 377, 378, 393 Marcellus of Ancyra, 276 marriage, 17–18, 73, 121n63, 129–30, 347–51, 367, 373, 376, 381, 382, 420; Augustine's view of, 129–30, 347–51, 421–24; Julian of Eclanum's view of, 420–21, 424 martyr(s), 73, 99, 124n6, 232, 237; Cyprian as, 263–64; Donatists and, 232, 233, 234, 262, 267; as forerunners, 196–98; suicidal, 262n41 Mauretania Caesarensis, 208, 251 Mauretania Tingitania, 116 Mauretanias (Roman provinces), 107, 120, 232, 234 Maurists, 65n52, 81n8, 92n21, 125n9–10, Mani, xv, 201–4; biography of, xv, 201; 147n54, 221n27, 394n48 Maximinus (Donatist bishop), 234 Maximinus (Homoian bishop), 277, 446 memory, xi, 1, 6, 20, 21, 27, 29, 31–33, 54, Concerning the Origin of His Body, 204; as Paraclete, 201, 202; religious teaching, 201–3; writings, 203–4 Manichean Psalm Book, 202, 203, 204 Manichee(s), xiv, xv, xvii, 12, 316, 400; as- 57, 67–68, 133–34, 139, 146–47, 167, 179, 186, 190, 195, 244, 289, 292, 341; triad of understanding, will, and, 291, 300–302, 306, 310–11 Mensurius of Carthage, 233 Milan, xiv, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 40, ceticism of, 204, 205–6; Augustine as, xv, 10–11, 14–15, 40, 159, 204, 209–10, 212, 373, 381, 420, 441; Augustine's debates with, 80, 122n2, 204, 205, 246, 442; in China, 203, 204; as Christians, 203, 205–7, 208–9; clergy, 14n20, 205, 208; the Elect, 10, 203, 208; Hearers, 203, 208–9; as missionaries, 203, 205, 208–9, 215, 220–21; secrecy of, 208–9 Manicheism, xv, 10, 13, 86, 201–31, 279; ap-
41, 42, 43, 44n21, 64, 65, 78, 80, 89, 160, 204, 213, 217, 235, 249, 251, 276, 344, 374, 377, 389, 435, 441, 442 Milevis, Council of (year 416), 380, 411–12, 413, 445 Miltiades (pope), 233, 248 monastery, 375, 381; in Hippo Regius, xi, peal to reason, 17, 212–15; Augustine's polemic against, xvii, 14, 42–43, 44n17, 65, 86, 158, 159, 204, 209–31, 279, 383; Augustine's summaries of, xvii, 208–9, 230–31; on the body, 203–4, 206, 208, 222, 230; cosmogony, 201–2, 216–17, 231; dualism, 55, 201–2; on evil, 202, 209, 216–19, 231; God of, 159, 216–17, 201–2, 207, 208– 9, 211, 217–20, 231; Pelagius as opponent of, 375–76; rejection of the Old Testament, 78, 82–83, 104, 108–12, 114; Jerome's in Bethlehem, 157, 379, 391, 410; Manichean, 204; in Milan, 23; in Thagaste, 78, 81, 279, 442 monasticism, xi, 23–24, 108–9, 120, 375, 382, 426, 428 Monnica, 1–2, 5, 9, 10–11, 12, 17–18, 28, 30–31, 53–54, 89, 397, 442 mosaic, xvii–xviii, 56, 122, 150n55, 437–38
On the Predestination of the Saints. See De praedestimusic, 34n56, 65n52, 67, 159, 182, 199–200, natione sanctorum On the Teacher. See De magistro On the Trinity. See De Trinitate On True Religion. See De vera religione Optatus of Mauretania Tingitana, 116 Optatus of Milevis, 234, 262n41, 269n53, 417 Optatus of Thamugadi, 234 oratory, xix–xx, 9, 31–32, 39, 51n32, 80, 125– 337, 370 mystagogy, 153–55
Nebridius, 2, 22, 27, 40, 41, 62–64, 216, 279–80, 442 Neoplatonism, 18–20, 30–31, 40, 42, 56, 66.
See also Platonism New Testament, 75, 96, 164–65, 166, 176, 26, 130–31, 135–40. See also rhetoric Origen, 13, 182, 185n57, 187, 275n6, 316, 363 original sin, 5, 56, 159, 318, 345, 351–54, 367, 203, 205, 207, 223, 255, 295, 340 Nicaea, Council of (year 325), xv, 87n14, 110, 113n50, 118, 275–76, 278; creed of, 278. See also anti-Nicene; pro-Nicene North Africa, ix–xi, xvii, 8, 78, 119, 122, 199, 378, 382, 384, 393–95, 403–7, 414, 427, 445; definition of, 351–53; and exsufflatio, 418–20; and infants, 5, 378, 393–95, 404– 7, 414–17; and the origin of the soul, 415; Pelagian opposition to, 376, 392, 401–2, 417–18, 424 Ostia, 31, 41, 442 Our Father. See Lord's Prayer
378, 437, 444 North African Christianity, xi, xv, 80, 90, 106, 109, 122–23, 134, 157, 165, 232–37, 238– 39, 377–81, 394n48, 403, 411–14, 426 notarius. See stenographer Novatianists, 238, 239 Numidia, 87, 103, 106–7, 118, 232, 233, 234, 247, 412 pagan(s), 42, 86, 114, 153, 172n37, 182–83, 241, 326, 360, 389; Augustine's reply to objections from, 90–92, 156 316, 318, 319–21, 332–45; conversion of, 90–92, 317, 319–21, 362; monotheism, 42, 344–45; in North Africa, 80, 96–97, 101–2; objections to Christianity, 162, 275, 316, 324–26, 332, 363–66; suppression of, 97n28, 236, 317; views on the sack of Rome, xvi, 316, 321–24, 340; violence of, 96–97; worship, 21n33, 122, 269n53, 316, 340–44 paradox of inquiry, 293–94 Parmenian of Carthage, 191n67, 234, 235, Old Testament, 75, 124, 160, 223–24, 243, 285, 340; Ambrose as interpreter of, 13–14, 157–58, 213; canon of, 164–66; Christ's presence in, 159, 227–29; Greek version of, xxi, 184–87; Manichean rejection of, 10, 203, 207, 211n18, 223; pagan objections to, 325; Pelagius's appeal to, 395; Vetus Latina translations of, xxi, 84–87 On Baptism. See De baptismo On Catechizing Beginners. See De catechizandis rudibus On Christian Teaching. See De doctrina christiana On Free Will. See De libero arbitrio On Genesis, Against the Manichees. See De Genesi
237 Paul (apostle), 9n12, 20n32, 91, 96, 124, 166, 144–45, 147n51, 148, 203, 207, 226, 238, 242, 255, 258, 262n41, 295, 309, 321; Augustine's clash with Jerome over, 187–90; Augustine's commentaries on, 160, 344n49, 373–74, 383, 435–36; as convert, 91, 272–73, 388–89; influence of Augustine's conversion, 23, 27, 46, 160, 373; influence on Augustine's view of grace, 374, 386, 435–36; influence on Augustine's view of original sin, 394, 404, 406, 411, 414, 423; influence on Augustine's view of predestination, 431–32; Pelagius's commentaries on, 375, 378, 398, 400 Paul Orosius, 378–79, 444 Paulinus of Milan, 377, 389–91 Paulinus of Nola, 79n3, 397n54, 420, 443 adversus Manichaeos On Nature and Grace. See De natura et gratia On Order. See On Order On the Advantage of Believing. See De utilitate credendi On the City of God. See De civitate Dei On the Deeds of Pelagius. See De gestis Pelagii On the Gift of Perseverance. See De dono perseverantiae On the Happy Life. See De beata vita On the Literal Interpretation of Genesis. See De Genesi ad litteram On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins and on Infant
Baptism. See De peccatorum meritis et remissione et de baptismo parvulorum
Pelagius, xvi, 92, 160, 374–81, 383, 389–90, Plotinus, 18–19, 40, 42, 44, 52, 57, 158, 391, 393, 396–415, 419, 424n95, 444; commentaries on Paul's letters, 375, 378, 398, 400, 401n61; condemnations of, xvi, 380, 411–14, 417, 445; De natura (On Nature), 375–76, 378, 380, 400–408, 444; De vita Christiana (On Christian Life), 375; denounces Confessiones, 92, 375, 397–98; ep. ad Demetriadem (Letter to Demetrias), 375, 376– 77, 375, 398–99; as moralist, 375–76, 400, 401; as opponent of Manicheism, 375–76; quoting Augustine, 221n28, 375; Pro libero arbitrio (In Favor of Free Choice), 377, 424n95; in Rome, xvi, 374–76, 377, 396, 397–98, 400; as spiritual director, xvi, 374–75, 376, 378, 398–99; on trial in the Holy Land, 376n17, 378–80, 409–11, 429, 444; view of Adam, 376, 401–2; view of evil, 375–77, 392, 400–402, 408, 418, 424; view of free will, 375–77, 400–402, 408, 411–12; view of grace, 376–77, 379; view of the human person, 376–77, 396–97, 400–402 Pelagian controversy, 98n32, 145n45, 160, 168n32, 340n45 Ponticianus, 22–25 Porphyry of Tyre, 18, 40, 42, 158, 340, 363, 365 Possidius of Calama, xiii, xiv, 81–82, 85–87, 96, 104, 105–6, 109–10, 115, 119–21, 122, 265–66, 267, 380, 397n54, 411, 439–40 prayer, 2, 10, 23, 68, 85, 97, 104, 151, 229, 412; Augustine's appeal to congregation for, 85, 91–92, 117, 119, 177; Augustine's practices of, 2, 437, 439; Eucharistic, 73n60, 154–55, 323; examples of Augustine's, 33–34, 58–60, 438n2; of the Faithful, 154; teaching of the Lord's, 147, 150–53, 411; preaching and, 124, 126–27, 438n2 preaching, 3–4, 72, 99, 175–76, 179, 183; of Ambrose, 13–17, 40, 153, 157, 204; audience for, 91n20, 122–23, 126–27, 130–31, 132, 133–35, 136, 139, 150, 159, 173, 257; Augustine's practice of, xi, xiv, 81, 85–86, 87–88, 90–92, 95, 122–25, 128–35, 140–55, 161–62, 175–82, 193–200, 257–63, 321–24, 437, 438, 443; Augustine's theory of, xiv, 125–27, 130–31, 135–40, 145–46, 158; biblical focus of, xiv–xv, 126, 127–28, 156, 159–60, 161–62, 164, 428; to catechumens, 85, 146–53; Christological themes in, 69, 128–30, 140–45, 193–200; against Donatists, xv, 235, 254, 265–66; episcopal duty of, 79, 85–86, 88n16; liturgical setting, 122–24; preparation for, 126–27; rhetorical techniques in, 130–33, 135–40; on the sack of Rome, 321–24; two cities theme, 316–17, 319–21. See also De doctrina christiana; sermons predestination, 92, 330, 371, 381–82, 395, 221n28, 373–436; complexity of, 382; four phases of, 377, 378, 380, 381, 383, 417; international character, 378–81, 409–13; issues in, 382 Pelagian movement, xiv, xvi, xvii, 56, 195, 277n16, 375, 377–78, 381, 389–91; as confederation of theologies, 393. See also Caelestius; Julian of Eclanum; Rufinus the Syrian Petilian of Constantine, 236, 240–42, 243, 254, 444 Petrarch, 32 philosophic dialogue, xiv, 27, 29, 40–42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 53, 55, 57–58, 61, 62, 67–69, 193, 215–16, 221 philosophy, xiv, 2, 6, 9–10, 15, 21, 27, 39–77, 397, 404, 417, 426–28, 429–34 presbyter, 20, 22, 81n9, 83, 98, 105, 111, 112, 158, 167, 170, 183, 205, 209, 216, 236, 279, 289, 299, 315–16, 336, 344, 355, 362–63, 415, 437; Christianity as, 39, 71–74; conversion to, 39, 42, 43–46; of language, 6–7, 67–69; as love of wisdom, 9, 39, 43–45; Platonism as truest, 20, 52–53, 71–74, 183; of religion, 340–44; See also Academics; Neoplatonism; Platonism; skepticism; Stoicism Plato, 15n21, 40, 44n20, 50, 52, 62 Platonism, 18–20, 52, 53, 60, 74, 183, 114, 117–19, 123, 155, 208, 240, 266, 274, 374, 378, 389, 390, 391, 411; Augustine as, 78, 81–86, 150n56, 204, 211, 222, 235, 243, 281, 439, 442 prevenient grace, 94n23, 407–8, 428 pride, 10, 11, 19, 27, 28, 53, 109, 129, 139, 142, 168, 172, 173, 209, 245, 262, 270, 297, 319, 320, 328, 332, 334, 395–96, 407, 436; as beginning of sin, 351–53; cured by Christ's humility, 129, 142, 345, 352 primate, provincial, 80, 86–87, 106–7, 111, 204, 217, 340, 344, 346, 363. See also Neoplatonism
113, 233, 412