ACW Ancient Christian Writers (New York: Newman Press
Introduction xxi
the page with footnotes. James O'Donnell, in his edition of Confessions, took the opposite tack, removing not only all biblical references from the Latin text, but also all quotation marks.17 This "clean" look does give a fairer visual approximation of what Augustine's original layout looked like and helpfully reminds readers that the insertion of all such references into the text is the work of later editors. It also reminds readers that Augustine spoke "Bible," that he, quite literally, made the Bible's words his own words. I have, however, followed the more traditional course, namely, that whenever Augustine explicitly quotes a biblical text, I mark it as such and put the reference in parentheses within the text (rather than in a footnote). The harder task involved deciding when and how to mark allusions and paraphrases. I have kept these to a minimum. In clear and important instances, I insert a parenthetical reference, but without quotation marks and without any "cf."
The Bible that Augustine drew most upon was the so-called Vetus Latina, or "Old Latin" versions. The Old Testament of these early Latin Bibles had been translated (sometimes poorly) not from the Hebrew original, as one finds in modern Bibles, but from the ancient Greek translation known as the Septuagint. As a result, Augustine's biblical quotations do not consistently match modern versions. The translations given here reflect the Bible Augustine knew. Discrepancies between Augustine's Bible and ours are most frequent and obvious when he quotes the Psalms. It is important to be aware that the Septuagint's numbering of Psalms 9 through 147 is one behind modern numbering, and so they have been marked throughout the text. I sort out these matters in the index of biblical references at the end of the book. It seemed better to do that than to give a double citation for each Psalm reference within the text itself.
While this anthology draws on translations from a variety of translators, I have imposed a consistent spelling of proper names and of terms. I have followed as much as possible what has become the defining standard for contemporary Augustinian studies, namely, Allan Fitzgerald's Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. I have followed Fitzgerald's decisions on almost all scores: spelling of names, the titles of Augustine's works, choice of terminology, abbreviations, and much else.
I must thank a number of colleagues who kindly read drafts of chapters at various points along the way: Lewis Ayres, Paul Blowers, Patout Burns, Michael Cameron, John Cavadini, Catherine Conybeare, Brian Daley, Marianne Djuth, Daniel Doyle, Allan Fitzgerald, Carol Harrison, John Peter Kenney,
17. James J. O'Donnell, Augustine: Confessions, Volume 1: Introduction and Text (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992). See his remarks on pp. lx–lxi. xxii Introduction
Michael Legaspi, Michael McCarthy, Jane Merdinger, Richard Miller, John O'Keefe, Russell Reno, Stanley Rosenberg, Brian Sholl, Eileen Burke Sullivan, Roland Teske, Maureen Tilley, and James Wetzel. Their assistance, corrections, and suggestions have been invaluable on many scores. They helped me thread my way through certain subtleties in Augustine's thought and have pointed me to overlooked texts and scholarly studies. I must also thank Sandra Chavez, who worked as a research assistant in the book's final stages. I need to take this occasion to give thanks for the life and work of Thomas Martin, OSA, who served as Director of the Augustinian Institute at Villanova University. Tom offered help and advice on several chapters and various questions. As I was putting the last touches on the manuscript of this book, I received word that he had passed away after a quiet struggle with cancer. He will be much missed.
Abbreviations
Works of Augustine
The standard abbreviations for the complete works of Augustine are found in Allan D. Fitzgerald's Augustine Through the Ages, pp. xxv–xlii, and Cornelius Mayer's Augustinus-Lexikon, pp. XI–XXIV. Those used in this work are as follows: c. Acad. Contra Academicos [Against the Skeptics] c. Jul. imp. Contra Julianum opus imperfectum [Against Julian, an Unfinished Work] conf. Confessiones [Confessions] civ. Dei De civitate Dei [On the City of God] doc. Chr. De doctrina christiana [On Christian Teaching] en. Ps. Enarrationes in Psalmos [Expositions of the Psalms] ep. Epistulae [Letters] ep. Jo. In epistulam Johannis ad Parthos tractatus [Tractates on the First Letter of John]
Gn. litt. De Genesi ad litteram [On the Literal Interpretation of Genesis] gr. et pecc. or. De gratia Christi et de peccato originali [On the Grace of Christ and Original Sin]
Jo. ev. tr. In Johannis evangelium tractatus [Tractates on the Gospel of John] nat. et gr. De natura et gratia [On Nature and Grace] pecc. mer. De peccatorum meritis et remissione et de baptismo parvulorum [On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins and on Infant Baptism] retr. Retractationes [Reconsiderations] s. Sermones ad populum [Sermons to the People]
Simpl. Ad Simplicianum de diversis quaestionibus [To Simplicianus, on Various Questions]
Trin. De Trinitate [On the Trinity]
Vita Possidius, Vita s. Augustini [Life of St. Augustine] xxiii xxiv Abbreviations
Series, Translations, and Reference Works
ACW Ancient Christian Writers (New York: Newman Press / Paulist Press, 1946–)
AOW Augustinus Opera-Werke, ed. Wilhelm Geerlings (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2002– )
AugEncy Allan D. Fitzgerald, ed., Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999)
Aug-Lex Cornelius Mayer, ed., Augustinus-Lexikon (Basel: Schwabe, 1986– )
BA Bibliothèque Augustinienne, Oeuvres de saint Augustin (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer/Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 1933– )
CCL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnholt: Brepols, 1953– )
CEASA Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité (Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 1955– )
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna: Tempsky, 1865– )
CWS Classics of Western Spirituality (New York: Paulist Press, 1979– )
Dolbeau, VSS François Dolbeau, ed., Vingt-six sermons au peuple d'Afrique, Retrouvé à Mayence, CEASA 147 (Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 1996)
FOTC The Fathers of the Church (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1947– )
Geerlings Wilhelm Geerlings, ed. and trans., Possidius: Vita Augustini, Augustinus Opera-Werke (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2005)
Green R. P. H. Green, ed., Augustine: De doctrina christiana, Oxford Early Christian Texts (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995)
LCC Library of Christian Classics (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1953–1966)
LXX Septuaginta, ed. A. Rahlfs (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006)
MA Miscellanea Agostiniana, 2 vols. (Rome: Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1930–1931)
NBA Nuova Biblioteca Agostiniana, Opere de S. Agostino, edizione latino-italiano (Rome: Città Nuova, 1965- )
NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 1st series (Oxford: 1887; reprint: Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995)
O'Donnell James J. O'Donnell, ed., Augustine: Confessions, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992)
OECS Oxford Early Christian Studies, ed. Gillian Clark and Andrew Louth (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993– )
PL Patrologia Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris: 1844–1864)
Abbreviations xxv
PLS Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, Supplementum, 3 vols., ed. A. Hamman (Paris: Éditions Garnier Frères, 1958–1963)
SC Sources chrétiennes (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1942– )
WSA The Works of St. Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century, ed. John Rotelle and Boniface Ramsey (Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 1990– )
The Works of Augustine
Texts and Translations latin texts: Nearly all of Augustine's works can be found in J.- P. Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 32–47. Migne reproduced the excellent 17th-century edition of the Benedictines of St. Maur. This includes almost everything except certain letters (notably the 31 letters discovered by Johannes Divjak in 1980) and several hundred sermons (notably the 26 sermons discovered by François Dolbeau in 1990). The Italian publishers of Augustine's works, the Nuova Biblioteca Agostiniana (NBA), have provided a valuable service to students of Augustine by posting this classic Maurist edition on the Internet:http:// www.augustinus.it/latino/index.htm. This older Patrologia Latina (PL) edition is slowly being replaced by modern critical editions in the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL) and the Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (CCL). The excellent, but still incomplete, Bibliothèque Augustinienne (BA) has the Latin text with a French translation on facing pages, and includes lengthy introductions and notes. english tr anslations: 30 volumes of the Fathers of the Church (FOTC) series (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press) are devoted to the works of Augustine, and these have formed a core for this anthology. An older translation, done in the 19th century, is the large 8volume collection from the 1st series of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (NPNF) (1887; reprint: Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995); these volumes are also available online at various Internet websites. Other volumes are in other series such as Ancient Christian Writers (ACW) and Library of Christian Classics (LCC). The entire Augustinian corpus is gradually being translated into English; see John E. Rotelle and Boniface Ramsey, eds., The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century (WSA).
Below is a listing of the complete works of Augustine arranged by Latin title. In each case, I have listed the major editions of the Latin text, as well as major English translations. I have done so using the standard abbreviations xxvii