Augustine in His Own Words (continued)
458 Further Reading
BeDuhn, Jason D. The Manichaean Body in Discipline and Ritual. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Coyle, J. Kevin. Manichaeism and Its Legacy. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies
69. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009. Decret, F. L'Afrique manichéenne (IVe–Ve siècles): Étude historique et doctrinale, 2 vols. Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité 74–75. Paris: Études Augustiniennes, 1978. Franzmann, Majella. Jesus in the Manichaean Writings. London: T&T Clark, 2003. Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 118. Leiden: Brill, 1997. ———. "Manichaeism." In The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies, ed. Susan
Ashbrook Harvey and David G. Hunter, 221–36. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Augustine against the Manichees: Studies
These new perspectives on Manicheism have, in turn, altered earlier estimates of Augustine's anti-Manichean works. See Johannes Van Oort, Otto Wermelinger, and Gregor Wurst, eds., Augustine and Manichaeism in the Latin West: Proceedings of the FribourgUtrecht International Symposium of the IAMS, Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies, vol. 49 (Leiden: Brill, 2001). See also: BeDuhn, Jason D. Augustine's Manichaean Dilemma. Vol. 1: Conversion and Apostasy: 373–383 C.E. Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. Clark, Elizabeth A. "Vitiated Seeds and Holy Vessels: Augustine's Manichean Past."
Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith: Essays on Late Ancient Christianity, 291–349. Studies in Women and Religion, vol. 20. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986. Coyle, J. Kevin. Augustine's "De Moribus Ecclesiae Catholicae": A Study of the Work, Its Composition and Its Sources. Paradosis 25. Fribourg: Fribourg University Press, 1978. ———. "Saint Augustine's Manichean Legacy." Augustinian Studies 34 (2003): 1–22. Evans, G. R. Augustine on Evil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Fredriksen, Paula. Augustine and the Jews: A Christian Defense of Jews and Judaism. New
York: Doubleday, 2008. Harrison, Simon. Augustine's Way into the Will: The Theological and Philosophical Significance of De libero arbitrio. Oxford Early Christian Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Madec, Goulven. "Vnde malum? Le livre I du De libero arbitrio." In Petites Études Augustiniennes, 121–35. Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité 142. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 1994. Teske, Roland J. "Augustine, the Manichees and the Bible." In Augustine and the Bible, ed. Pamela Bright, 208–21. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1999. Torchia, N. Joseph. "Creatio Ex Nihilo" and the Theology of St. Augustine. Collectanea
Augustiniana. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Further Reading 459
Chapter 7
Donatism: Texts and Studies
For a brief overview of the history of Donatism, see James Alexander, "Donatism," in Philip F. Esler, The Early Christian World (New York: Routledge, 2000), 2:952–74. For a sympathetic reading of the Donatist concerns and perspectives, especially as they evolve over time, see Maureen A. Tilley, The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997). See also: Brown, Peter. "Religious Dissent in the Later Roman Empire: The Case of North
Africa." In Religion and Society in the Age of Saint Augustine, 237–59. 1972; reprint: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007. Burns, J. Patout. Cyprian the Bishop. Routledge Early Church Monographs. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Edwards, Mark, trans. and ed. Optatus: Against the Donatists. Translated Texts for Historians, vol. 27. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997. Frend, W. H. C. The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952; reprint: 1972. A classic, superbly detailed, but dated in some broader claims. Lancel, Serge, and James S. Alexander. "Donatistae." In Augustinus-Lexikon, 2:606–38. Monceaux, Paul. Histoire littéraire de l'Afrique chrétienne: Depuis les origines jusqu'à l'invasion arabe. 7 vols. 1912–1923: reprint: Bruxelles: Culture et Civilisation, 1966. Vols. 4–6 survey the major writers and the history of the controversy up to Augustine. Dated, but a classic study. In Vol. 5, Monceaux appends a reconstruction of some key Donatist documents. Tilley, Maureen A., trans. and ed. Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa. Translated Texts for Historians, vol. 24. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997.
Augustine against the Donatists: Studies
Fine overviews of Augustine's clash with the Donatists are found in both Brown (pp. 212–43) and Lancel (pp. 169–73, 270–305). Brown does especially well evoking the contrasting moods and deeper outlooks; Lancel ably summarizes Augustine's treatises and the Conference of 411. See also: Berrouard, Marie-François. "Un combat pour l'honneur du Christ: La controverse antidonatiste des Tractatus." In Introduction aux Homélies de saint Augustin sur l'Évangile de saint Jean, 55–78. Collection des Études Augustiniennes: Série Antiquité 170. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 2004. Brown, Peter. "St. Augustine's Attitude to Religious Coercion." In Religion and Society in the Age of Saint Augustine, 237–59. 1972; reprint: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007. Congar, Yves. "Introduction générale." Traité anti-Donatistes, Volume 1. Oeuvres de saint
Augustin. BA 28: 9–133. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1963. Cranz, F. E. "The Development of Augustine's Ideas on Society before the Dona-
Further Reading
tist Controversy." In Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays, 366–403. Ed. R. A. Markus. Garden City, NJ: Anchor Books, 1972. Markus, Robert A. "Afer scribens Afris: The Church in Augustine and the African
Tradition," and "Coge Intrare: The Church and Political Power." In Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine, 105–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Monceaux, Paul. Saint Augustin et le Donatisme. Vol. 7 of Histoire littéraire de l'Afrique chrétienne: Depuis les origines jusqu'à l'invasion arabe. 1923: reprint: Bruxelles: Culture et Civilisation, 1966. Dated, but an unusually thorough overview. Willis. G. G. St. Augustine and the Donatist Controversy. London: SPCK, 1952; reprint: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2005. A classic, now dated.
Chapter
Trinitarian Theology before Augustine: Studies
Orthodox positions on the divinity of Christ and the doctrine of the Trinity were forged during the fourth-century "Arian Controversy" (as it is inaccurately but still widely called). Recent studies have thoroughly revised older perspectives. The most comprehensive study is R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318–381 AD (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988). For a major rethinking of the categories and course of the controversy, see Lewis Ayres, Nicaea and Its Legacy: An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). The classic orthodox position was forged by Athanasius and the Cappadocians. On Athanasius, see Thomas G. Weinandy, Athanasius: A Theological Introduction, Great Theologians (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007), and Khaled Anatolios, Athanasius, Early Church Fathers (New York and London: Routledge, 2005). On the Cappadocians, see Stephen M. Hildebrand, The Trinitarian Theology of Basil of Caesarea: A Synthesis of Greek Thought and Biblical Truth (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2007); and Christopher A. Beeley, Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God: In Your Light We Shall See Light, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). See also: Anatolios, Khaled. Athanasius: The Coherence of His Thought. Routledge Early Church
Monographs. New York: Routledge, 1998. Barnes, Michel R., and Daniel H. Williams, eds. Arianism after Arius: Essays on the Development of the Fourth-Century Trinitarian Conflicts. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1993. Daley, Brian E. Gregory of Nazianzus. Early Church Fathers. New York: Routledge, 2006. Gavrilyuk, Paul L. The Suffering of the Impassible God: The Dialectics of Patristic Thought.
Oxford Early Christian Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Creeds, 3rd edition. London: Longman, 1972. Lyman, J. Rebecca. "Arius and Arians." In The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies, 237–57. Ed. Susan Ashbrook Harvey and David G. Hunter. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. McGuckin, John. Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2001.
Robinson, Jon M. Christ as Mediator: A Study of the Theologies of Eusebius of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and Athanasius of Alexandria. Oxford Theological Monographs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Roldanus, Hans. The Church in the Age of Constantine: The Theological Challenges. New
York: Routledge, 2006. Studer, Basil. Trinity and Incarnation: The Faith of the Early Church. Ed. Andrew Louth.
Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1993. Turcescu, Lucian. Gregory of Nyssa and the Concept of Divine Persons. AAR Academy Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Vaggione, Richard Paul. Eunomius of Cyzicus and the Nicene Revolution. Oxford Early
Christian Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Weedman, Mark. The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers. Supplements to Vigiliae
Christianae 89. Leiden: Brill, 2007. Williams, Daniel H. Ambrose of Milan and the End of the Nicene-Arian Conflicts. Oxford
Early Christian Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Williams, Rowan. Arius: Heresy and Tradition. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002.
Augustine's Theology of Trinity: Studies
The starting point for any serious study of Augustine's On the Trinity is Lewis Ayres's Augustine and the Trinity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). This represents a significant advance on many fronts, illustrating, for example, how deeply exegetical concerns (rather than simply philosophical ones) shaped the contours of Augustine's Trinitarian thought and how deeply Christology remained Augustine's abiding focus. Michel Barnes has also been at the forefront of this area of Augustinian studies. For a good sample of Barnes' approach, see "Re-reading Augustine's Theology of the Trinity," in S. T. Davis, D. Kendall, and G. O'Collins, eds., The Trinity: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Doctrine of the Trinity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 145–76. I have listed other important studies by Ayres and Barnes below. One other recent comprehensive interpretation of Augustine's On the Trinity is Luigi Gioia's study, The Theological Epistemology of Augustine's De Trinitate, Oxford Theological Monographs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). See also: Ayres, Lewis. " 'Giving Wings to Nicaea': Reconceiving Augustine's Earliest Trinitarian Theology." Augustinian Studies 38 (2007): 19–40. ———. " 'Remember That You Are Catholic' (serm. 52.2): Augustine on the Unity of the Triune God." Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (2000): 39–82. ———. "The Christological Context of Augustine's De trinitate XIII: Toward Relocating Books VIII–XV." Augustinian Studies 29 (1998): 111–39. Barnes, Michel René. "De Trinitate VI and VII: Augustine and the Limits of Nicene
Orthodoxy." Augustinian Studies 38 (2007): 189–202. ———. "Exegesis and Polemic in Augustine's De Trinitate I," Augustinian Studies 30 (1999): 43–60. ———. "The Arians of Book V, and the Genre of De Trinitate." Journal of Theological
Studies, n.s. 44 (1993): 185–95.
462 Further Reading
———. "Augustine in Contemporary Trinitarian Theology." Theological Studies 56 (1995): 237–50. Cavadini, John. "The Structure and Intention of Augustine's De trinitate." Augustinian
Studies 23 (1992): 103–23. Louth, Andrew. "Love and the Trinity: Saint Augustine and the Greek Fathers." Augustinian Studies 33 (2002): 1–16. Madec, Goulven. Le Christ de saint Augustin: La patrie et la voie. Paris: Desclée, 2001. ———. "Christus, scientia et sapientia nostra: Le principe de cohérence de la doctrine augustinienne." Recherches augustiniennes 10 (1975): 77–85. Roy, Olivier du. Intelligence de la foi en la Trinité selon saint Augustin. Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1966. A classic; some of its perspectives have been strongly criticized. Studer, Basil. Augustinus: De Trinitate: Eine Einführung. Paderborn: Ferdinand
2005. ———. "History and Faith in Augustine's De Trinitate." The 1996 Saint Augustine
Lecture. Augustinian Studies 28 (1997): 7–50. ———. "La foie de Nicée selon saint Augustin." Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes 19 (1984): 133–54. Reprint in Dominus Salvator: Studien zur Christologie und Exegese der Kirchenvater, 369–400. Studia Anselmiana 107. Rome: 1992. Wilken, Robert Louis. "Spiritus sanctus secundum scripturas sanctas: Exegetical Considerations of Augustine on the Holy Spirit." 1999 St. Augustine Lecture. Augustinian Studies 31 (2000): 1–18. Williams, Rowan. "Sapientia and Trinity: Reflections on the De Trinitate." In Bernard
Bruning et al., Collectanea Augustiniana: Mélanges T. J. Van Bavel (Leuven, 1990) vol. 1:317–32.
On the City of God: Studies
For an introduction, see Gerard G. P. O'Daly, Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Also valuable is the chapter "The Two Cities," in Carol Harrison, Augustine: Christian Truth and Fractured Humanity, 194–220. A classic is that of Robert A. Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of Saint Augustine, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Theological perspectives are highlighted in Robert Dodaro, Christ and the Just Society in the Thought of Augustine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). See also: Brown, Peter. "Saint Augustine." Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine, 25–45.
1972; reprint: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007. Cranz, F. E. "De Civitate Dei XV, 2, and Augustine's Idea of the Christian Society,"
Speculum 25 (1950): 215–25. Reprinted in Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays, 404–21. Ed. R. A. Markus. New York: Doubleday, 1972. Curbelié, Philippe. La justice dans la cité de Dieu. Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité 171. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 2004. Deane, Herbert A. The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine. New York: Columbia
University Press: 1963. Dated, but still of value.
Donnelly, Dorothy F., ed. The City of God: A Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Peter
Lang, 1995. Gorman, M. M. "A Survey of the Oldest Manuscripts of St. Augustine's De Civitate
Dei." Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 33 (1982): 398–410. Guy, J.-C. Unité et structure logique de la 'Cité de Dieu' de saint Augustin. Collection des
Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité 12. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 1961. Lauras, A., and H. Rondet. "Le thème des deux cités dans l'oeuvre de saint Augustin." In Études Augustiniennes, 97–160. Théologie 28. Ed. H. Rondet. Paris: Aubier, 1953. Madec, Goulven. "Le De ciuitate Dei comme De uera religione." In Petites Études Augustiniennes, 189–213. Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité 142. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 1994. Markus, Robert A. " 'Tempora christiana' Revisited." In Augustine and His Critics, ed.
Robert Dodaro and George Lawless, 201–13. New York: Routledge, 2000. O'Donovan, Oliver. "Augustine's City of God XIX and Western Political Thought." Dionysius 11 (1987): 89–110. O'Meara, John. Charter of Christendom: The Significance of the City of God. Saint Augustine Lecture 1961. New York: Macmillan, 1961. Ruokanen, Mikka. Theology of Social Life in Augustine's De civitate Dei. Forschungen zur
Kirchenund Dogmengeschichte, Band 53. Göttingen: Vandenbork & Ruprecht, 1993. Van Oort, Johannes. Jerusalem and Babylon: A Study into Augustine's City of God and the Sources of His doctrine of the Two Cities. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 14. Leiden: Brill, 1991. Vessey, Mark, Karla Pollmann, and Allan Fitzgerald, eds. History, Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination: New Essays on Augustine's City of God. Augustinian Studies 30.2 (1999). Bowling Green: Philosophy Documentation Center, 1999. Weithman, Paul. "Augustine's Political Philosophy." In The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, ed. Eleonore Stump and Norman Kretzmann, 234–52. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Pelagius and the Pelagians: Texts and Studies
Historical scholarship over the last 80 years has done much to strip away centuries of misunderstanding fostered by medieval and Reformation anti-Pelagian polemic. Drawing on Pelagius's genuine works, a more balanced (and more sympathetic) view of Pelagius and of those he inspired has emerged. For an overview of recent research and perspectives, see Mathijs Lamberigts, "Pelagius and Pelagians," in The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies, ed. Susan Ashbrook Harvey and David Hunter (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 258–79. For a translation of key writings of Pelagius and his allies, see B. R. Rees, Pelagius: Life and Letters (Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1991). For a balanced presentation and assessment of Pelagius's theology, see Robert F. Evans, Pelagius: Inquiries and Reappraisals (New York: Seabury Press, 1968).
464 Further Reading
On his aristocratic social milieu, see Peter Brown, "Pelagius and His Supporters: Aims and Environment," in Religion and Society in the Age of Saint Augustine (reprint: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007), 183–207. See also: Bonner, Gerald. Augustine and Modern Research on Pelagianism. Saint Augustine Lecture 1970. Villanova: Villanova University Press, 1972. ———. "Pelagianism and Augustine," Augustinian Studies 23 (1992): 33–51; and "Augustine and Pelagianism," Augustinian Studies 24 (1993): 27–47. Reprint in Church and Faith in the Patristic Tradition: Augustine, Pelagianism and Early Christian Northumbria. London: Variorum Reprints, 1996. Brown, Peter. "The Patrons of Pelagius: The Roman Aristocracy between East and West." In Religion and Society in the Age of Saint Augustine, 208–26. 1972; reprint: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007. DeBruyn, Theodore, trans. Pelagius' Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans.
Oxford Early Christian Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Duval, Yves-Marie. "La date du De Natura de Pélage." Revue des Études Augustiniennes
36 (1990): 257–83. Hunter, David G. Marriage, Celibacy, and Heresy in Ancient Christianity: The Jovinianist Controversy. Oxford Early Christian Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Lamberigts, Mathijs. "The Italian Julian of Aeclanum about the African Augustine of Hippo." In Augustinus Afer: Saint Augustin: africanité et universalité, Actes du colloque international Alge—Annaba, 1–7 avril 2001, 83–93. Edited by P.-Y. Fux, J.-M. Roessli and O. Wermelinger. Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse, 2003. ———. "Recent Research into Pelagianism with Particular Emphasis on the Role of Julian Aeclanum." Augustiniana 52 (2002): 175–98. ———. "Competing Christologies: Julian and Augustine on Jesus Christ." Augustinian Studies 36 (2005): 159–94. Lössl, Josef. Julian von Aeclanum: Studien zu seinem Leben, seinem Werk, seiner Lehre und ihrer Überlieferung. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 60. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Nuvolone, F. G, and A. Solignac. "Pélage et pélagianisme." Dictionnaire de spiritualité
12B (1986): 2889–942. Refoulé, F. "Datation du premier concile du Carthage contre les Pélagiens et du
Libellus fidei de Rufin." Revue des études augustiniennes 9 (1963): 41–49. TeSelle, Eugene. "Rufinus the Syrian, Caelestius, Pelagius: Explorations in the Pre-
History of the Pelagian Controversy." Augustinian Studies 3 (1972): 61–95. Wermelinger, Otto. Rom und Pelagius. Päpste und Papsttum 7. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1975.
Augustine against the Pelagians: Studies
On Augustine's role in the anti-Pelagian controversy, see Lancel, Saint Augustine, pp. 325–65 (on Pelagius) and 413–38 (on Julian of Eclanum and the monastic reaction); and Brown, Augustine of Hippo, pp. 340–77 (on Pelagius) and 383–410 (on Julian and the monastic reaction), as well as 465–68 and 491–93 (Brown's "reconsiderations" of his 1968 portrait of the late Augustine). On Augustine's theology of grace and predestination, see J. Patout Burns, The Development of Augustine's Doctrine of Operative Grace, Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité 82 (Paris: Études Augustini-