21:1Farmers relied heavily on spring and fall rains for their crops. If the rains stopped or came at the wrong time, or if the plants became insect infested, there would be drastic food shortages in the coming year. Agriculture at that time was completely dependent upon natural conditions. There were no irrigation sprinklers, fertilizers, or pesticides. Even moderate variations in rainfall or insect activity could destroy an entire harvest.
Life Application Study Bible2 SamuelChapter 21
2 Samuel 21
New Living Translation · Life Application Study Bible · Original pages: 498, 499, 500
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1?1 There was a famine during David's reign that lasted for three years, so David asked the LORD about it. And the LORD said, “The famine has come because Saul and his family are guilty of murdering the Gibeonites.” 2So the king summoned the Gibeonites. They were not part of Israel but were all that was left of the nation of the Amorites. The people of Israel had sworn not to kill them, but Saul, in his zeal for Israel and Judah, had tried to wipe them out. 3David asked them, “What can I do for you? How can I make amends so that you will bless the LORD’s people again?” 4“ Well, money can’t settle this matter between us and the family of Saul,” the Gibeonites replied. “Neither can we demand the life of anyone in Israel.” “What can I do then?” David asked. “Just tell me and I will do it for you.” 5Then they replied, “It was Saul who planned to destroy us, to keep us from having any place at all in the territory of Israel. 6So let seven of Saul’s sons be handed over to us, and we will execute them before the LORD at Gibeon, on the mountain of the LORD.*” “All right,” the king said, “I will do it.” 7The king spared Jonathan’s son Mephibosheth,* who was Saul’s grandson, because of the oath David and Jonathan had sworn before the LORD. 8But he gave them Saul’s two sons Armoni and Mephibosheth, whose mother was Rizpah daughter of Aiah. He also gave them the five sons of Saul’s daughter Merab,* the wife of Adriel son of Barzillai from Meholah. 9The men of Gibeon executed them on the mountain before the LORD. So all seven of them died together at the beginning of the barley harvest. 10Then Rizpah daughter of Aiah, the mother of two of the men, spread burlap on a rock and stayed there the entire harvest season. She prevented the scavenger birds from tearing at their bodies during the day and stopped wild animals from eating them at night. 11When David learned what Rizpah, Saul’s concubine, had done,!2he went to the people of Jabesh-gilead and retrieved the bones of Saul and his son Jonathan. (When the Philistines had killed Saul and Jonathan on Mount Gilboa, the people of Jabesh-gilead stole their bodies from the public square of Beth-shan, where the Philistines had hung them.) 13So David obtained the bones of Saul and Jonathan, as well as the bones of the men the Gibeonites had executed. 14Then the king ordered that they bury the bones in the tomb of Kish, Saul’s father, at the town of Zela in the land of Benjamin. After that, God ended the famine in the land.
Battles against Philistine Giants
SOnce again the Philistines were at war with Israel. And when David and his men were in the thick of battle, David became weak and exhausted. 16Ishbi-benob was a descendant of the giants*; his bronze spearhead weighed more than seven pounds,* and he was armed with a new sword. He had cornered David and was about to kill him. 17But Abishai son of Zeruiah came to David's rescue and killed the Philistine. Then David’s men declared, “ You are not going out to battle with us again! Why risk snuffing out the light of Israel?” 18After this, there was another battle against the Philistines at Gob. As they fought, Sibbecai from Hushah killed Saph, another descendant of the giants. 19During another battle at Gob, Elhanan son of Jair* from Bethlehem killed the brother of Goliath of Gath.* The handle of his spear was as thick as a weaver’s beam! 20In another battle with the Philistines at Gath, they encountered a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in all, who was also a descendant of the giants. 21But when he defied and taunted Israel, he was killed by Jonathan, the son of David’s brother Shimea.* 22These four Philistines were descendants of the giants of Gath, but David and his warriors killed them.
Textual footnotes
- Adoram.
- version (eee also 1 Sam 18:19); most Hebrew manuscripts read Michai.
- 21:6 As in Greek version (see also 21:9); Hebrew reads at Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of the LORD.
- 21:7 Mephibosheth is another name for Merib-baal.
- 21:8 As in a few Hebrew and Greek manuscripts and Syriac
- 21:16a As in Greek version; Hebrew reads a descendant of the Rephaites; also in 21:18, 20, 22.
- 21:16b Hebrew
- 21:300 shekels {3.4 kilograms].
Life Application Notes 4 notes
21:1ffThe next four chapters are an appendix to the book. The events described are not presented in chronological order. They tell of David’s exploits at various times during his reign.
21:1-14Although the Bible does not record Saul’s act of vengeance against the Gibeonites, it was apparently a serious crime making him guilty of their blood. Stitl, why were Saul's sons killed for the murders their father committed? In many Near Eastern cultures, including Israet’s, an entire family was held guilty for the crime of the father because the family was considered an indissoluble unit. Sau! broke the vow that the Israelites made to the Gibeonites (Joshua 9:16-20). This was a serious offense against God’s law (Numbers 30:1, 2). Either David was following the custom of treating the family as a unit, or Saul’s sons were guilty of helping Saul kill the Gibeonites.
21:9,10The barley harvest was in late April and early May. Barley was similar to wheat but less suitable for breadmaking. Rizpah guarded the men’s bodies during the entire harvest Season, which lasted from April to October.
Charts, profiles & sidebars from the printed pages
Personality profile · page 499
Profile: Abishai
Most great leaders struggle with a few followers who try too hard. For David, Abishai was that kind of follower. His fierce loyalty to David had to be kept from becoming destructive— he was too willing to leap to his leader’s defense. David never put down Abishai’s eager loyalty. Instead, he patienily tried to direct its powerful energy. This approach, while not completely successful, saved David's life on at least one occasion. At three other times, however, Abishai would have killed for the king if David had not stopped him. Abishai was an excellent soldier, but he was better at taking orders than giving them. When he wasn't carrying out David's orders, Abishai was usually under the command of his younger brother Joab. The two brothers helped each other accomplish great military feats as well as shameful acts of violence—Abishai helped Joab murder Abner and Amasa. When he was effective as a leader, he led mostly by example. But all too often he did not think before he acted. We should be challenged by Abishai’s admirable qualities of fearlessness and loyalty, but we shouid be warned by his tendency to act without thinking. It is not enough to be strong and effective; we must also have the self-control and wisdom that God can give us. We are to follow and obey with our hearts and our minds.
Strengths and accomplishments
• Known as one of the heroes among David's fighting men
• A fearless and willing volunteer, fiercely loyal to David
• Saved David's life
Weaknesses and mistakes
• Tended to act without thinking
• Helped Joab murder Abner and Amasa
Lessons from his life
© The most effective followers combine careful thought and action © Blind loyalty can cause great evil
Vital statistics
• Occupation: Soldier Relatives: Mother: Zeruiah. Brothers: Joab, Asahel. Uncle: David
“Abishai son of Zeruiah, the brother of Joab, was the leader of the Thirty. He once used his spear to kill 300 enemy warriors in a single battle. It was by such feats that he became as famous as the Three. Abishai was the most famous of the Thirty and was their commander, though he was not one of the Three” (2 Samuel 23:18, 19).
Key verses
Abishai’s story is told in 2 Samuel 2:18—23:19. He is also mentioned in 1 Samuel 26:1-13; 1 Chronicles 2:16; 11:20; 18:12; 19:11, 15.
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Study feature · page 500
22:1f David was a skilled musician who played his harp for Saui (1 Samuel 16:23), instituted the music programs in the Temple (1 Chronicles 25), and wrote more of the book of