Part 72
Assyrian Armed Galley in Motion.
ISciiIpturo frniji Koyunjik. Brit, Miiy,)
(1) Efjypt.—The Egyptians, like other nations of antiquity, had a great horror of the open sea, although they were expert enough in 2. Among managing their craft upon the Nile. Neighboring Pharaoh-necoh built up a powerful Nations navy to serve him both in commerce and in war. See Pharaoh-necoh.
Of explicit references to Egyp ships in the OT there are but few. Isaiah speaks of "ve.ssels of papyrus upon the waters" of the Upper Nile, on board of which are the messengers of Gush or Ethiopia returning to tell the tidings of the overthrow of Assyria to the inhabitants of those remote lands (18 2 AV "has "bulrushes" instead of "papyrus"). Ezokiel also, foretelling the overthrow of Egypt, speaks of messengers traveling with the news on swift Nile boats to strike terror into the hearts of the "careless Ethiopians" (30 9). When Job compares his days to " the swift ships " (" the ships of reed
(3) In Idler limes.—As Solomon had the cooperation of Hiram in securing material and craftsmen for the building of the first Temple, so Joshua and Zerubbabel by the favor of Cyrus obtained timber from Lebanon, and masons and carpenters from Sidon and Tyre for the building of the second. Again, cedar trees were brought from Lebanon by sea to Joppa, and thence conveyed to Jerus (Ezr 3
' R Vm)
the allusion is most likely to Egypt's, these being skiffs with a wooden keel and the rest of bulrushes, sufRcient to carry one person, or at most two, and light, to travel swiftly (9 26).
(2) Assyria and Babylonia.—The Assyrians and Bab.vlonians were mainly an inland people, but their riv^ers gave them considerable scope for navigation. The Assyr monuments contain representations of naval engagements and of operations on the seacoast. When Isaiah pictures Jeh as a better defcsnce of Judah than the rivers and streams of Assyria and Egypt are to their people he says, "There Jeh will be with us in majesty, a place of broad rivers and streams, wherein shall go no gaUey with oars y oni shayit], neither shall gallant ship [ft 'addir] pass thereby.
7). From Joppa Jonah fled to avoid compliance with God's command to go to Nineveh and preach repentance there
(Jon 1 1 fT). He found a ship bound for Tarshish as far toward the W. as Nineveh to the E. The fare (sakhar) paid by him as a passenger, the hold of the ship in which he stowed himself away (.fphlnak), the crew {malldhim), the captain or shipmaster (rahh ha-hobhH), the storm, the angry sea, the terrified mariners and their cry to their gods, and the casting of Jonah overboard to appease the raging waters—aU make a lifelike picture.
.' , . . Thy tacldings [ropes, cables] are loosed; they could not strengthen the foot of their mast, they could not spread the sail" (33 21.23). Speaking of Jeh's wonders to be performed toward His people after Babylon had been overthrown, the prophet declares: "Thus saith Jeh, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: For your sake I have sent to Babylon, and I will bring down all of them as fugitives, even the Chaldeans, in the ships of their rejoicing" (43 14). In this case, however, the ships are not war ships, but more probably merchant ships, or ships for pleasiu'e, saihng in the Euphrates.
It was in the time of Simon, the last survivor of the Maccabean brothers, that Joppa became a seaport with a harbor for shipping— 'Amid all his glory
(3) Phoenicia.—It was from the Phoenicians that the Mediterranean peoples learned seamanship and skill in navigation. It is fitting, therefore, that in his dirge over the downfall of the mistress of the sea, Ezekiel should represent Tyre as a gallant ship, well built, well furnished, and well manned, broken by the seas in the depths of the waters, fallen into
tiie heart of the seas in the day of her ruin. Ezekiel's description (ch 27, with Davidson's notes) brings together more of the features of the ship of antiquity than any other that has come down to us. Her builders have made her perfect in beauty with planks of fir or cypress, mast of cedar, oars of the oak of Bashan, benches or deck of ivory inlaid with boxwood, sail of fine linen with broidered work from Egypt, and an awning of blue and purple
Making a Papyrus Boat.
(From TcjiiilJ at tlio PyrainidH.)
he took Joppa for a haven, and made it an entrance
for the isles of the sea" (1 Mace 14 5). When Simon reared his monument over the sepulcher of
his father and brothers at Modin, he set up seven pyramids with pillars, upon which were carved
figures of ships to be "seen of all that sail on the
Ships and Boats Shishak THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2776
are between 20 and 30 ft. in length and 7 ft. in breadth. The word "launch," of putting a boat or a ship into the sea, has disappeared from RV, except in Lk 8 22, where it is more appropriate to an inland lake. They were propelled by oars, but no doubt also made use of the sail when the wind was favorable (Lk 8 23), though the pictures which we have in the Gospels are mostly of the boatmen toiling in rowing in the teeth of a gale (Mk 6 48), and struggling with the threatening waves (Mt 14 24). In the boat on which Jesus and the disciples were crossing the Lake after the feeding of the 5,000, Jesus was in the stern "asleep on the cushion" (Mk 4 38, AV "a pillow"; Gr proskepkdlaion, "headrest"). More than once Jesus made special use of a boat. As He was by the seashore a great concourse of people from aU parts made it desirable that "a smaU boat" (ploiarion) should be in attendance off the shore to receive Him in case of need, though He does not seem to have required it (Mk 3
from the coastlands of Elishah (possibly Sicily). Slie is manned with oarsmen of Sidon and Arvad, pilots of the wise men of Tyre, calkers from Gebal to stop up the cracks and seams in her timbers, mariners and men of war from other lands who enhanced her beauty by hanging up the shield and helmet within her. She is freighted with the most varied cargo, the produce of the lands around, her customers, or as they are called, her traffickers, being Tarshish in the far W., Sheba and Arabia in the
S., Haran and Asshur in the E., Javan, which is Greece, and Togarmah, which is Armenia, in the N.
One or two of the particulars of this description may be commented upon, {.a) As regards rigging, the Phoen siiips of the time of Ezeloel, as seen in Assyr representations, had one mast with one yard and carried a square sail. Egyp ships on the Red Sea about the time of tlie Exodus, from rehefs of the XlXth Dynasty, had one mast and two yards, and carried also one large square sail. The masts and yards were made of fir, or of pine, and the sails of linen, but the fiber of papyrus was employed as well as flax in the manufacture of sail-cloth. The sail had also to serve "for an ensign" {U/ies, Ezk 27 7). "The flag proper." says Davidson (ad loc), "seems not to have oeen used in ancient navigation; its purpose was served by the sail, as for example at the battle of Actium tlie ship of Antony was distinguished by its purple sail."
9). On another occasion, when the crowds were
still greater, He went into a boat and sat "in the sea" with the multitude on the sloping beach before Him
(Mk 4 1; Lk 5 3). This boat is said in St. Luke's narrative to have been Simon's, and it seems from references to it as "the boat" on other occasions to have been generally at the disposal of Jesus.
(b) As regards the crew, in the two-banked Phoen ship the rowers of the first bank work their oars over the gunwale, and those of the second through portholes lower down, so that each may have free play for his oar. The calkers were those who filled up seams or cracks in the timbers with tow and covered them over with tar or wax, after the manner of the instruction given to Noah regarding the Ark: "Thou .... shalt pitch it within and without with pitch" (Gen 6 14).
It is St. Paul's voyages which yield us the knowledge that we possess from Bib. som-ces of ships in NT times. They are recorded for us 2. In the in the Acts by St. Luke, who, as Sir Acts of the WilHam Ramsay puts it, had the true Apostles Gr feeling for the sea (St. Paul the Traveller, 21). In St. Luke's writings there are many nautical terms, pecuUar to him, used with great exactitude and precision.
(c) As regards cargo, it is to be noted that "the persons of men," that is, slaves, formed an article of merchandise in which Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, countries to the N., traded with Tyre.
Of general references to shipping and seafaring
When St. Paul had appealed to Caesar and was proceeding to Rome in charge of Julius, the centurion, along with other prisoners, a ship of Adramyttium, a coasting vessel, carried the party from
life there are comparatively few in the OT. In his great series of Nature-pictures in
3. General Ps 104, the Psalmist finds a place for References the sea and ships (vs 25 ff), and in Ps 107 there is a picture of the storm overtaking them that go down to the sea in ships, and of the deliverance that comes to them when God "bringeth them into their desired haven"
(vs 23 ff ) . In the Book of Prov the ideal woman who brings her food from far is like "the merchant ships" (31 14). In the same book the drunkard, because of his unnatural insensibility to danger, is likened to a man "that lieth down in the midst of the sea, or as he that lieth upon the top of a mast"
(23 34); and among the inscrutable things of the world the writer includes "the way of a ship in the midst of the sea" (30 19). In Wisd, human life is described "as a ship passing through the billowy water, whereof, when it is gone by, there is no trace to be found, neither pathway of its keel in the billows" (5 10). The same book notes it as a striking example of the case of a divine and beneficent Providence that "men intrust their lives to a Httle piece of wood, and passing through the surge on a raft are brought safe to land" (14 1-5). The Jews hke the Egyptians and the Assyrians had a natural shrinking from the sea, and Ecclesiasticus interprets their feeling when he says: "They that
Roman Ship from Tomb at Pompeii.
Caesarea along the Syrian coast, northward of Cyprus, past Cilicia and Pamphylia, to Myra of Lycia. 'There the centurion found a ship of Alexandria saihng for Italy, one of the great corn fleet carrying grain from Egypt for the multitudes of Rome. (After the capture of Jerus the emperor Titus returned to Italy in such a vessel, touching at Rhegium and landing at Puteoli.) The size of the vessel is indicated by the fact that there were 276 persons on board, crew and passengers all told (Acts 27 37). St. Luke has made no note of the name of this or of the previous vessels in which St. Paul had voyaged. Of the presumably larger vessel, also an Alexandrian corn ship bound for Rome, which had wintered in Melita, and which afterward took on board the shipwrecked party
sail on the sea tell of the danger thereof; and when we hear it with our ears, we marvel" (43 24).
///. Ships in the NT.—It is the fishing-boats
of the Sea of Galilee which exclusively occupy attention in the Gospels. In the time
1. In the of Our Lord's ministry in Galilee the Gospels shores of the Sea were densely peopled, and there must have been many boats engaged in the fishing industry. Bethsaida at the northern end of the Lake and Tarichaea at the southern end were great centers of the trade. The boats were probably of a size and build similar to the few employed on the Lake today, which
2777 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Ships and Boats Shishak
(Acts 28 11), "the sign" {-n-apda-niiov, pardsemon)
observations being taken for the steering of the
is given, and she is called "The Twin Brothers." The expression shows that it was in painting or rehef ; a figurehead, with the Twin Brothers represented, would be given by ivla-rtixov, episemon. The cargo (<i>opTlov, phorlion, Acts 27 10, AV and RV "lading") in this case was wheat (27 38), but another word is used, 74m<>5, gdmos, by St. Luke of a ship's load of varied wares (Acts 21 3; cf Rev 18 11 ff). Of those engaged in handhng the ship we find (ver 11) the master (Kv^epv-rtr-qs, kuberniles), the owner {vaiKXrjpos, naukleros, although this expression seems not quite consistent with the ownership of a corn ship of the imperial service, and Ramsay's distinction between the words, making the former
ship (Acts 27 20). In 2 Cor 11 25 St. Paul mentions among sufferings he had endured for Christ's sake that thrice he
had suffered shipwreck, and that he
3. In Other had been "a night and a day in the Books deep," implying that he had been in danger of his life clinging to a spar, or borne upon a hurriedly constructed raft. It may be a reminiscence of the sea when St. Paul in the very earliest of his Epp. (1 Thess 4 16), speaking
of the coming of the Lord, says "The Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout" {iy Kcheixr-
fuxTi, en keleusmali) , where the picture is that of the
KeXeuo-Tiis, keleuslts, giving the time to the rowers on board a ship. Although uTnjp^rijs, huperetes, was "an underrower" and inrrjpea-la, huperesia, "the crew of a ship," as contrasted with Kv^epfr/TTj!, kubernetes, "the saihng-master," the derived meaning of "servant" or "oflicer" has lost in the NT all trace of its
"saihng-master" and the latter "captain," may be better), the sailors (ver 30, who treacherously sought to lower the ship's boat on the pretence of laying out anchors from the "foreship" or prow, and to get away from the doomed vessel).
origin (Mt 5 25; Lk 1 2 and many passages; cf
Of operations belonging to the navigation of the vessel in the storm there were (1) the taking on board of the ship's boat and securing it with ropes
(rT^XXeii/, stellein, and (tucttA.Xci;', susl&llein, where the idea of "furling or "shifting a saU" is entirely lost:
1 Cor 7 29; 2 Cor 8 20).
(ver 16, in which operation St. Luke seems to have taken part; cf ver
Figurative: In He the hope ol the gospel is figured as "an anchor .... sure and stedfast, and entering into that which is within the veil" (6 19. esp. with Ebrard'snotein Altord, ad loc). St. James, showing the power of little things, adduces the ships, large though they be, and driven by fierce winds, turned about by a very small "rudder"
32), (2) the undergirding of the ship (ver 17, using helps, that is taking measures of rehef and adopting the expedient, only resorted to in extremities, of passing cables under the keel of the ship to keep the hull together and to preserve the timbers from starting), (3) the lowering of the gear (ver 17, reducing sail, taking down the mainsail and the main yard), (4) throwing freight overboard and later casting out the tackling of the ship
(TTTjSaAtov, peddlion), as "the impulse of the steersman willeth" (Jas 3 4). In Revthereisareprescntatiouof thefall of Babylon in language reminiscent of the fall of Tyre ( Ezlc 27), in which lamentations arise from the merchants of the earth who can no more buy her varied merchandise
(toi' yoixov^ tdn gdmon, "cargo" RVm), and shipmasters and passengers and seafaring people look: in terror and grief upon the smoke of her burning (Rev 18 12-18). LiTEHATUHE.—Tho usual books on Gr and Rom antiquities furnish descriptions and illustrations. Works on the monuments like Layard, Nineveh, II, 379 11: Maspero, Ancient Egypt and Assyria; Ball, Light from the East, and Reissner, Cairo Museum Catalogue, "Models of Ships and Boats," 191.3, contain descriptions and figured representations which are instructive. On shipping and navigation in classical antiquity Smith of Jordanhill,
Coin of Antoninus Pius,
allowing Anchor.
Voyage and Shipwreck of St, Paul, is still the standard authority.
(ver 19), (5) taking soundings (ver 28), (6) letting go four anchors from the stern (ver 29, sternanchoring being very unusual, but a necessity in the circumstances), (7) further hghtening the ship by throwing the wheat into the sea (ver 38), (8) cutting the anchor cables, unlashing the rudders,
T. NlCOL SHISHA, shi'sha (Nip"'© , shlsha') : One of Solomon's officers of state (1 K 4 3).
SHISHAK, shi'shak (pT»i©, shishak [I K 14
hoisting up the foresail to the wind, and holding
25] ; 2ov<raK«£(j., Sottsakeim) : Sheshonk or Sheshenq I, as he is called on the monuments, the
straight for the beach (ver 40).
Of the parts of the ship's equipment there are mentioned "the sounding lead" (^o\fc, bolis, though
1. Shishak, founder of the XXIId Dynasty, was 952-930 BC in aU probabiUty of Libyan origin. It
it is the vb. which is here used), "the anchors"
is possible that his claim to the throne was that of the sword, but it is more likely that he acquired it by marriage with a princess of the dynasty preceding. On the death of Pasebkhanu
(iyKvpai, dgkurai, of which every ship carried
several, and which at successive periods have been made of stone, iron, lead and perhaps other metals,
each having two flukes and being held by a cable
II, the last of the kings of the XXIst Dynasty, 952 BC, Shishak ascended the throne, with an
or a chain), "the rudders" (TrjjSiXia, peddlia, of
which every ship had two for steering, which in this
efficient army and a well-fiUed treasury at his command. He was a warhke prince and cherished dreams of Asiatic dominion.
case had been hfted out of the water and secured by
"bands" to the side of the ship and unlashed when
the critical moment came), "the foresail" {i-pTip-oiv,
He had not long been seated on the throne when Jeroboam the sou of Nebat, of the tribe of Ephraim,
arlemon, not the mainsail, but the small sail at the bow of the vessel which at the right moment^was
whom Solomon had promoted but
hoisted to the wind to run her ashore), and "the
boat" {<TKd<pr), skdphe, which had been m tow m the wake of the vessel, according to custom stUl preva-
2. Patron of afterward had cause to suspect, fled Jeroboam from the displeasure of his sovereign to the court of Shishak (1 K 11 26 ff). There Jeroboam remained till the death of Solomon, when he returned to Canaan, and, on Rehoboam's returning an unsatisfactory answer to the people's demands for relief from their burdens, headed the revolt of the Ten Tribes, over whom he was chosen king with his capital at Shechem (1 K 12 25 fi'). Whether there was not in the XXIst Dynasty some kind of suzerainty of Egypt over Pal, when Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter and received with her Gezer as a dowry, seems not to be clearly established.
lent in those seas—coasting-vessels bemg some-
times becahned, when the crew get mto the small
boat and take the ship in tow, usmg the oars to
get her round a promontory or mto a position
more favorable for the wind) . The season for navi-
gation in those seas in ancient times was from
April to October. During the winter the vessels
were laid up, or remained in the shelter of sonie
suitable haven. The reason for this was not simply
the tempestuous character of the weather, but
the obscuration of the heavens which prevented
Shishak Shore THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2778
Literature.—Flinders Petrie, History of Egypt, III, 227 ff; Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, 772 tl; Nicol, Recent Archaeology and the Bible, 222—25.
It is, however, natural that Jeroboam's patron in the day of adversity should take sides with him against Rehoboam, now that the kingdom was divided. Active support of Jeroboam would be in the line of his dreams of an eastern empire.
T. Nicol. SHITRAI, shit'ri, shit-ra'i, shit'rS-i C^'yOV
shitray) : A Sharonite, David's chief shepherd
So it came to pass that in the .5th year of Rehoboam, Shishak came up against Jerus with 1,200 chariots, and 60,000 horsemen, and
(1 Ch 27 29).
SHITTAH, shit'a, TREE (nOffl, shittah; LXX
3. Syrian people without number out of Egypt, Campaign the Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians, and took the fenced cities of Judah, and came to Jerus. At the preaching of the prophet
^•uXov ao-TjiTTov, xulon dseplon; RV ACACIA TREE
[Isa 41 19]); SHITTIM WOOD (n"'t3TlJ ''», 'ofe
shittlm; RV ACACIA WOOD [Ex 25 s'.lO.lS; 26 15.26; 27 1.6; Dt 10 3]): The word was originahy shintah, derived from the Arab, sant, now a name confined to one species of acacia, Acacia nilotica (N.O. Legummosae) , but possibly was once a more inclusive term. The A. nilotica is at present confined to the Sinaitic peninsula and to Egypt. Closely allied species, the A. tortilis and A.
seyat, both classed together under the Arab, name sayydl, are plentiful in the valleys about the Dead Sea from Engedi southward. Thosewho haveridden from 'Aire Jidy to Jebel Usdiim will never forget these most striking features of the landscape. They are most picturesque trees with their gnarled trunks, sometimes 2 ft. thick, their twisted, thorny branches, which often give the whole tree an umbrella-like form, and their fine bipinnate leaves with minute
leaflets. The curiously twisted pods and the masses of gum arable which exude in many parts are also peculiar featm-es. The trees yield a valuable, hard, close-grained timber, not readily attacked by insects.
E. W. G. Masterman SHITTIM, shit'im (D"'E!liJn, ha-shittwi, "the acacias"; l^aTrdv, Sattein)
This marked the last camping-ground of Israel before they crossed the Jordan to begin the conquest of Western Pal. Here it was that the people
( 1
fell into the snare set for them by the Satanic counsel of Balaam, who thus brought upon them greater evil than all his prohibited curses could have done (Nu 25 1 ff; 31 16). In Nu 33 49 it
Figure of the God Amon Holding Captive the Cities of
Judali for Shishali:. One of the Heads of tlie Cities. Jud-ha-malelc (Jehud of
the King, Josh 19 4.5). Which is the Third behind the Knee of the God Amon.
is called Abel-shittim. It was from Shittim that Joshua sent the spies to view out the land and Jericho (Josh 2 1); and from this point the host moved forward to the river (3 1). The place is mentioned by Mioah in a passage of some difficulty (6 5): after "what Balaam the son of Beor answered," perhaps some such phrase as "remember what I did" has fallen out. This would then be a reference to the display of Divine power in arresting the flow of Jordan until the host had safely crossed. Jos places the camp "near Jordan where the city Abila now stands, a place full of pakn trees" {Ant, IV, viii, 1). Onom says Shittim was near to Mt. Peor (Fogor). It may possibly be identical with Khirbet el-Kefrain, about 6 miles S. of the Jordan, on the Kp of Wddy Seisebdn, where there are many acacias.
Shemaiah, Rehoboam and his people repented, and Jerus was saved from destruction, though not from plunder nor from servitude, for he became Shishak's servant (2 Ch 12 S). Shishak took away the treasures of the house of the Lord and the treasures of the king's house, carrying off among the most precious of the spoils all the shields of gold which Solomon had made (1 K 14 2.5ff; 2 Ch 12 1-9). From the Scripture narrative it does not appear that there was any occupation of Pal by the Egyp forces on this occasion.
There is, however, a remarlvable contemporary record of the campaign engraved on the soutli wall of the Temple of Amon at Karnak by .Shishak 4. Shishak's Iiimself. Not only is the expedition p J i recorded, but there is a list of districts i^ecoru di ^jj^ towns of Pal granted to his victories Karnak by Amou-Ra and the goddess of Thebes engraved there. A number of towns mentioned in tlic Book of Josh have been identified: and among the names of the list are Rabbath. Taanach, (libeon, Mahanaim, Beth-horon and other towns both of Israel and Judah. That names of places in the Northern Kingdom are mentioned in the list does not imply that .Sliishak had directed his armies against Jeroboam and plundered his territories. It was the custom in antiquity for a victorious monarch to include among conquered cities any place that paid tribute or was under subjection, whether captured in war or not; and it was sulBcient reason for Stiisliak to include these Israelite places that Jeroboam, as seems probable, had invited liim to come to his aid. Among the names in tlie list was "Jud-hamalek"—Yudhmalk on the monuments—which was at first believed to represent the king of Judah, with a figure which passed for Rehoboam. Being, however, a placename, it is now recognized to be the town Yehudah, belonging to the king. On the death of Shishak liis successor assumed a nominal suzerainty over the land of Canaan.
(2) In Joel 3 18 we read of the valley of Shittim which is to be watered by a fountain coming forth of the house of the Lord. It must therefore be sought on the W. of the Jordan. The waters from the Jerus district are carried to the Dead Sea down the Wddy which continues the Brook Kidron: Wddy en-Ndr. The acacia is found plentifully in the lower reaches of this valley, which may possibly be intended by the prophet.
W. EwiNG SHIZA, shi'za (Xr© , shlzd'; Sai^o, Saizd) : A Reubenite, one of David's leading warriors (1 Ch 11 42}.
SHOA, sh5'a (?ffl , sho'^'; ^ovi, Soue) : A people narncd in Ezk 23 23 in association with Babylonians, Chaldaeans and Assyrians. Schrader iden-
2779 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Sbishak Shore
tifies with the Sutu of the inscriptions (E. ot the Tigris)
27]) : The na^al was a simple piece of leather tied on the foot with the s'rokk, so easy of construction that
its low cost was proverbial (Am 2 6; 8 6; Sir 46
SHOBAB, sho'bab (311125, shob'habk; Supip, Sobdb)
19; cf Gen 14 23), and to be without it was a sign of extreme poverty (2 Ch 28 15; Isa 20 2). Women, however, might have ornamental sandals (Cant 7 l;Jth 16 9), and Ezekiel names "sealskin" (16 10) as a particularly luxurious material, but the omission of sandals from the list of Isa 3 18-23 shows that they were not commonly made articles of great expense. The hupodema was likewise properly a sandal, but the word was also used to denote a shoe that covered the foot. The contrast between hupodema in Mt 10 10 and sandalion in Mk 6 9 seems to show that this meaning is not unknown
(1) One of the sons of David (2 S 5 14; 1 Ch 3 5; 14 4).
(2) A son of Caleb (1 Ch 2 18).
SHOBACH, sho'bak (tflilC , shobhakh; SupdK, Sobdk): Captain of the Syrian host (2 S 10 16.18); but "Shophach" (^SilZJ, shophakh) in 1 Ch 19 16.18.
SHOBAI, sho'bi, sho-ba'i, sho'ba-I CnilJ , shobhay; B, "Apaoi, Abaou, A, Luc, SuPat, Sobai): The head of one of the famihes which returned from the Bab captivity (Ezr 2 42; Neh 7 45).
in the NT, the "shoe" being regarded as an article of luxury (cf Lk 15 22). But in Mt 3 11 and
II 's, only the sandal can be meant.
Sandals were not worn indoors, so that putting them on was a sign of readiness for activity (Ex 12 11; Acts 12 8; Eph 6 15), the more wealthy having them brought (Mt 3 11) and fastened (Mk 1 7 and ||'s) by slaves. When one entered a house they were removed; all the more, naturally, on entering a sanctuary (Ex 3 5; Josh 5 15; Acts 7 33). Mourners, however, did not wear them even out of doors, as a sign of grief (Ezk 24 17.23), perhaps for the same reason that other duties of the toilet were neglected (2 S 12 20, etc). A single long journey wore out a pair of sandals (Josh 9 5.13), and the preservation of "the latchet of their shoes" from being broken (Isa 5 27) would require almost miraculous help.
SHOBAL, sho'bal (bnilB, shobhal, "overflowing"; SupdX, (Sobdi, with variants)
(1) An Edomite name mentioned in connection with Lotan, Zibeon and Anah, as that of a "son" of Seir (Gen 36 20), the father of a clan (ver 23), and a Horite "duke" {'alluph) (ver 29; 1 Ch 1 38. 40).
(2) A Calebite, the father (possibly of the inhabitants) of Kiriath-jearira (1 Ch 2 50.52).
(3) A Judahite, perhaps to be identified with (2) above (1 Ch 4 1 f).
SHOBEK, sho'bek (pniTD, shobhek; 2a>p^K, Sobek) : One of those who sealed the covenant under Nehemiah after the Bab captivity (Neh 10 24).
Ruth 4 7f states as a "custom in former times in Israel," that when any bargain was closed "a man drew oft his shoe, and gave it to his neighbor." This was of course simply a special form of earnest-money, used in all transactions. In Dt 25 9 f the custom appears in a different hght. If a man refused to perform his duty to his deceased brother's wife, the elders of the city were to remove his shoe and disgrace him publicly, "And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed." The removal of the shoe is apparently connected with the rite in Ruth 4 7 as a renunciation of the man's privilege. But the general custom seems to have become obsolete, for the removal of the shoe is now a reproach.
SHOBI, sho'bi (^ni» , shobhi; Oi«r?d, Ouesbei)
One of those who remained faithful to David during the rebeUion of Absalom (2 S 17 27).
SHOCHOH, sho'ko (nbi», sokhoh, B, 2oKx<lie, Sokchoth, A, 'Oicxii, Okcho) : This in 1 S 17 1 AV
is a variant of Socoh (q.v.).
The meaning of Ps 60 8 || 108 9, "Upon [m "unto"l Edom will I cast my shoe," is uncertain, by. 'al, may mean either "upon" or "unto." If the former, some ("otherwise unsubstantiated) custom of asserting ownership of land may be meant. If the latter, the meaning is
SHOE, shoo, SHOE-LATCHET, shoo'lach-et
(by; , na'al, lit. "that which is fastened," with denominative vb. P?j , na'al, "to provide with
' Edom I will treat as a slave,
' to whom the shoes are cast on entering a house.
Burton Scott Easton SHOHAM, sho'ham (nnilj, shoham, "onyx"; B, 'Itroiy., Isodm, A, 'la-a-o&fi., Issodm): One of the sons of Merari (1 Ch 24 27).
SHOMER, sho'mer (TOillJ , shomer)
(1) The father of one of the conspirators who killed Joash (2 K 12 21). See Shimeath.
(2) One of the sons of Heber of the tribe of Asher (1 Ch 7 32). SeeSHEMER.
SHOPHACH, sho'fak. See Shobach.
SHOPHAN, sho'fan (iSillJ, shophan). See Atroth-Shophan.
Egyptian Sandals.
SHORE, shor: (1) Vm , hdph, always of the Mediterranean, varioasly tr'' "haven," "beach," "shore," "sea-shore," "coast," "sea coast" (Gen 49 13; Dt 1 7; Josh 9 1; Jgs 6 17; Jer 47 7; Ezk 25 16). (2) nsto, saphah, lit. "lip"; cf
shoes" [2 Ch 28 15; Ezk 16 10]; iiriSTnia, hupodema [Sir 46 19; Mt 3 11, etc], from the vb.
i,ro8€'<o, hupodeo [Mk 6 9; Eph 6 15], "to bmd under" cravSdXiov, sanddlion, "sandal" [Jth 10 4;
16 9;' Mk 6 9; Acts 12 8]; AV, RVm also have
"shoe" for byjIO , jnin'dl, "bar" [so RV text] in
Arab. iJuii , shafat, "lip"; of the sand upon the seashore, a figure of multitude (Gen 22 17; Ex 14 30; Josh 11 4; Jgs 7 12; IS 13 5; 1 K 4 29) ; the shore of the Red Sea or Gulf of 'Akabah
Dt33 25; the "latchet" is either ^111?, s'rokh,
"twisted thing" [Gen 14 23; Isa 6 27], or L(ids,
himds, "leather thong" [Mk 1 7; Lk 3 16; Jn 1
Shorten Shunem THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2780
by Ezion-geber (1 K 9 26; 2 Ch 8 17); the brink
where^ however, men are intended) and in Isa 30 6 (oi asses) Stubborn opposition and unwillingness is expressed by "withdrew the shoulder"' (Neh 9 29), or "pulled away the shoulder" (Zee 7 11), where the marginal rendering is "they gave [or "turned"] a stubborn shoulder." Contrast "bow the shoulder,"
of the River Nile (Gen 41 3.17); the edge (AV "brink") of the valley of Arnon (Dt 2 36). (3) nSJJ , kageh, Ut. "end," "extremity," the uttermost part (AV "shore") of the Salt Sea (Josh 15 2); I'lSO "^5?^ , IfXeh ha-'areQ, "the end of the earth"
(Ps 46 9); cf Arab. \jdy^\ -^U't , 'aka^-l-'ard,
i.e. "submit" (Bar 2 21). Cf "stiffnecked" ; see Neck. Somewhat difficult for the understanding
"the uttermost parts of the earth." (4) x^'^"5> cheilos, lit. "Up," "as the sand which is by the seashore" (He 11 12). (5) aiyLa\6s, aigiaUs, the beach (AV "shore") of the Sea of Galilee (Mt 13 2.
of Occidentals is the poetical passage in the blessing
of Moses: "Of Benjamin he said. The beloved of Jeh shall dwell in safety by him; he covereth him
all the day long, and he dwelleth between his shoulders" (Dt 33 12). The "shoulders" refer here to the mountain saddles and proclivities of the territory of Benjamin between which Jerus, the beloved of Jeh, which belonged to Judah, lay nestUng close upon the confines of the neighboring
48; Jn 21 4); of the Mediterranean (Acts 21 5; 27 39.40). (6) aiTdov Trapcki-fovTO TTjv 'KpTiTTjV, dsson parelegonto tin Krtten, doubtful reading, "sailed along Crete, close in shore" (AV "sailed along by Crete") (Acts 27 13). See Coast; Haven; Sand.
Alfred Ely Day SHORTEN, shor't'n: The Heb word kagar and the Gr koloboo Ht. indicate abbreviation of time or space (Ps 89 45; Prov 10 27; Ezk 42 5); figuratively they point to limitation of power or of suffering (Nu 11 23; Isa 50 2; 59 1; Mt 24 22; Mk 13 20).
tribe, or even built in part on ground belonging to Benjamin.
Much less frequently than the above-mentioned words, we find zerd<^', zero' ah, which is used of the "boiled shoulder of the ram" which was a wave offering at the consecration of a Nazirite (Nu 6 19) and of one of the priestly portions of the sacrifice (Dt 18 3). In Sir 7 31 this portion is called brachion, properly "arm," but both AV and RV translate "shoulder." Regarding the wave and heave offerings see Sacrifice. AV frequently translates Heb shok, lit. "leg," "thigh" (q.v.) by "shoulder," which RV occasionally retains in the margin (e.g. Nu 6 20). H. L. E. LuERING SHOULDER-BLADE, shol'der-blad (nppTlJ, shikhmah) : "Then let my shoulder [katheph] fall from the shoulder-blade [shikhmah], and mine arm [z'ro"'] he broken from the bone [kaneh]" (Job 31 22). The Heb word is the fem. form of sh'khem (see Shoulder). It is found only in this passage.
SHOSHANNIM EDUTH, sho-shan'im e'duth. See Song; Psalms.
SHOULDER, shol'der (Dpffi , sh'khem, DnS , ka-
theph, yhl or yllT, z'ro"', Hy'lT or nyilT, z'ro'ah,
plli) , shok; «nos, omos, Ppaxtuv, brachion [Sir 7 31
only]) : The meanings of the Heb words are rather varied. The first (sh'khem) has perhaps the widest application. It is used for the part of the body on which heavy loads are carried (Gen 21 14; 24
15.4.5; Ex 12 34; Josh 4 5; Jgs 9 48). King Saul's impressive personality is thus described: "There was not among the children of Israel a good-
SHOULDER-PIECE, shol'der-pes (ClM , kalh-
eph) : The word designates the two straps or pieces of cloth which passed from the back of the ephod
lier person than he; from his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people" (1 S 9 2; 10 23) . To carry loads on the shoulder or to have "a staff on the shoulder" is expressive of subjection and servitude, yea, of oppression and cruel pimishment, and the removal of such burdens or of the rod of the oppressor connotes delivery and freedom
(see Ephod) of the high priest over the shoulder and were fastened at the front. These shoulder-pieces seem to have been made of a precious texture of linen (or byssos) with threads of gold, blue, purple and scarlet, to which two onyx (or beryl) stones were attached bearing the names of six tribes of Israel each. These are called the "stones of memorial" (Ex 39 18). On these straps there were also fastened the plaited or woven bands ("wreathed chains") from which, by means of two golden rings, the breastplate was suspended. It is by no means clear from the descriptions (Ex 28 7.12.25; 39 4.7.18.20) how we have to imagine the form and attachment of these shoulder-pieces. It has been thought that the ephod might be of Egyp origin, which is not very probable, though V. Ancessi, Annates de philosophie chrHienne, 1872, 45 ff, reproduces some representations from the great work of Lepsius, Denkmdler, where costly royal garments have two shoulder straps, like the ephod. Usually Egyp garments have no shoulder strap, or at most one. H. L. E. Lueking
(Isa 9 4; 14 2.5). Figuratively: The shoulders also bear responsi-
bility and power. Thus it is said of King Messiah, that "the government shall be upon his shoulder" (Isa 9 6) and "the key of the house of David will
1 lay upon his shoulder; and he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open" (22 22). Job declares that he will refute all accusations of unlawful conduct made against him,
in the words: "Oh .... that I had the indictment which mine adversary hath written ! Surely I would carry it upon my shoulder" (Job 31 35 f). The Heb word kalhSph comes very close in meaning to the above, though it is occasionally used in the sense of armand shoulder-piece of a garment. Like Heb sh'khem, it is used to describe the part of the body accustomed to carry loads. On it the Levites carried the implements of the sanctuary (Nu 7 9; 1 Ch 15 15; 2 Ch 35 3). Oriental mothers and fathers carried their children on the shoulder astride (Isa 49 22; cf 60 4); thus also the httle bundle of the poor is borne (Ezk 12 6.7.
SHOVEL, shuv"l: (1) nnn , rahath, is a wooden shovel used on the threshing-floor for winnowing the grain (Isa 30 24). (2) y^ , ya\ is used in various passages to indicate some instrument employed to carry away ashes from the altar (Ex 27 3; 38 3; Nu 4 14; 1 K 7 40.45; 2 K 25 14; 2 Ch 4 11.16; Jer 52 18). It was very likely a small shovel like those used in connection with modern fireplaces for cleaning away the ashes (cf Heb ya'dh, "to sweep away") or for carrying live coals to start a new
12). The loaded shoulder is hkely to be "worn" or chafed under the burden (29 18). In the two passages of the NT in which we find the Gr equivalent of shoulder (dittos, fairly common in Apoc), it corresponds most closely with this use (Mt 23 4; Lk 15 5). Of the shoulders of animals the word kalheph is used in Ezk 34 21 (of sheep,
fire. (3) nn^, yathedh (Dt 23 13RVm).
James A. Patch SHOW, sho. See Shew.
2781 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Shorten Shunem
SHOWBREAD, sho'bred. See Shewbread. SHOWBREAD, TABLE OF. See Shewbeead, Table of.
SHUHAM, shoo'ham (Dn^iri , shuham) : Son of Dan, ancestor of the Shukamites (Nu 26 42 f). In Gen 46 23 called "Hushim."
SHUHITE, shoo'hit CTlW , shuhi): Cognomen
SHOWER, shou'er: (1) D"'!''?-;, rbhibhim, a pi. form apparently denoting gentle rain, usually used figuratively, as in Dt 32 2; Ps 72 6; Mio 5 7. (2) Dlpa, geshem, used of gentle rain in Job 37 6: "shower of rain," AV "small rain"; used of the flood m Gen 7 12. Figuratively, of blessing,
of Bildad, one of Job's friends (Job 2 11; 8 1; 18 1; 25 1; 42 9). The place referred to cannot be definitely located. See Bildad; Shuah.
SHULAMMITE, shoo'la-mit (Cant 6 13, AV "Shulamite"). See Shunammitb.
I |showers of blessing" (Ezk 34 26); of destruction: "There shall be an overflowing shower in mine anger, and great hailstones in wrath to consume it" (Ezk 13 13). (3) D~!T , zerem, usuaUy storm or tempest (cf Isa 4 6; "28 2): "They are wet with the showers of the mountain" (Job 24 8). (4) «/i/3pos, ombros (Lk 12 54). Rain is unknown in Pal in the long summer of 5 or 6 months. A few showers usually fall in September, succeeded by fine weather for some weeks before the beginning of the heavy and long-continued winter rains.
SHUMATHITES, shoo'math-Its OrycX , shuma-
ihi): One of the famihes of Kiriath-jearim (1 Ch 2 53).
SHUNAMMITE, shoo'na-mit (nilQjTjJ , shutmm-
niith, n'^'QIllC , shunammith; B, SujiavetTis, Sbma-
neilis, A, 2ou|iaviTfis, Soumaniles) : AppUed to natives of Shunem.
(1) Abishag, who was brought to minister to the aged king David, love for whom led Adonijah to his doom (1 K 1 3.15; 2 17, etc).
Alfred Ely Day SHRINE, shrin (va<5s, na6s): In Acts 19 24 small models of temples for Diana.
(2) The woman, name unkno'mi, whose son Elisha raised from the dead (2 K 4 12, etc). Later when apparently she had become a widow, after seven years' absence on account of famine, in the land of the Phihs, she returned to find her property in the hands of others. Elisha's intervention secured
SHROUD, shroud (TlinH , hijresh, "bough"): Winding-sheet for the dead. See Burial. Used in AV, ERVEzk 31 3in the rare old sense of "shelter,"
"covering." ARV has "a forest-like shade" (TB^n
its restoration (8 1-6).
, horesh, "wood," "wooded height") (Isa 17 9, etc). Cf Milton, Comus, 147.
(3) The Shulammite (Cant 6 13). In this name there is the exchange of I for n which is common.
W. EwiNG SHUNEM, shob'nem (DJITB , shunem; B, Sovvav, Soundn, A, Sowap., Soundm) : A to\vn in the territory of Issachar named with Jezreel and Chesulloth
SHRUB, shrub (n^Tp , si-h [Gen 21 15]). See Bush, (2).
SHUA, SHUAH, shoo'a:
(Josh 19 18). Before the battle of Gilboa the Philis pitched their camp here. They and the army of Saul, stationed on Gilboa, were in full view of each other (1 S 28 4). It was the scene of the touching story recorded in 2 K 4 8-37, in which the prophet Elisha raises to life the son of his Shunammite benefactress. Ononi describes it as a village called Sulem, 5 Rom miles S. of Mt. Tabor. This points to the modem Solam, a village surrounded by cactus hedges and orchards on the lower southwestern slope of Jebel ed-Duhy ("HiU of Moreh"). It commands an uninterrupted view across the plain of Esdraelon to Mt. Carmel, which is about 15 miles distant. It also looks far across the vafley of Jezreel to the slopes of Gilboa on the S. It therefore meets satisfactorily the conditions of Josh and IS. A question has, however, been raised as to its identity with the Shunem of 2 K 4. Elfsha's home was in Samaria. Apparently Carmel was one of his favorite haunts. If he passed Shunem "continually" (ver 9), going to and coming from the mountain, it involved a very long detour if this were the village visited. It would seem more natural to identify the Shunem of Elisha with the Sanim of Onom, which is said to be in the territory of Sebaste (Samaria), in the region of Akrabatta: or perhaps with Sdlvm, fuUy a mile N. of Taanach, as nearer the line of travel between Samaria and Carmel.
(1) (^^ID, shw', "pro.sperity"): A Canaanite whose daughter Judah took to wife (Gen 38 2.12;
1 Ch 2 3; see Bath-shua).
(2) (X71T13, shu'a', "prosperity"): Daughter of Heber, an Asherite (1 Ch 7 32).
(3) (n^lC , s/tM"/i, "depression"): A son of Keturah by Abraham (Gen 25 2; 1 Ch 1 32), and his
posterity. See Bildad.
(4) A brother of Caleb (1 Ch 4 11). See Shuhah.
SHUAL, .shoo'al ("371123, shu'dl): An Asherite
(1 Ch 7 36).
SHUAL, LAND OF (byilB f-}^
, 'ereg shu'al;
T) 2a)Y<iX, he Sogdl): From their encampment at Michmash the Philis sent out marauding bands, one
going westward toward Beth-horon, another east-
ward, "the way of the border that looketh down upon the valley of Zeboim." The pass to the S. was held against them by Israel. The third party
therefore went northward, turning "unto the way
that leadeth to Ophrah, unto the land of Shual"
(1 S 13 17 f). Ophrah is probably identical with
et-faiyibeh, a village which lies some 5 miles E.
of 'Beitin (Bethel). It is in this district therefore
that the land of Shual must be sought, but no
definite identification is possible. W. Ewing
There is, however, nothing to show that Elisha's visits to Shunem were paid on his journeys between Samaria and Carmel. It may have been his custom to visit certain cities on circuit, on business calling for his personal attention, e.g. in connection with the "schools of the prophets." Materials do not exist on which any certain conclusion can rest. Both Solamand Salim are on the edge of the splendid grain fields of Esdraelon (2 K 4 18). W. Ewing
SHUBAEL, shoo'bS-el, shoo-ba'el (^KniTU,
shubhd'el):
(1) A Levite, son of Amram (1 Ch 24 20); one of the leaders of song in the temple (1 Ch 25
20). See Shebuel; Gray, HPN, 310.
(2) Asonof Heman(l Ch 25 4). See Shebuel.
SHUHAH, shoo'ha (HmilJ, shuhah, "depres-
sion"): A brother of Caleb (1 Ch 4 11).
Shuni, Shunites Sick, Sickness THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2782
SHUNI, shoo'ni, SHUNITES, shoo'nits C:il»
12,000 and 15,000 hectares (29,640-37,000 acres). Though considerable, the extent of Susa was small
shuni) : One of the sons of Gad and his descendants (Gen 46 16; Nu 26 15).
compared with Nineveh and Babylon.
2. The The ruins are divided by the French Ruins explorers into four tracts: (1) The Citadel-mound (W.), of the Achaemenian period (5th cent. BC), c 1,476 by 820 ft., dominating the plain (height c 124 ft.). (2) The Royal City on the E. of the Citadel, composed of two parts: theApadana (N.E.), and a nearly triangu-
SHUPHAM, shob'fam, SHUPHAMITES, shob'- fam-its. See Shephxipham.
SHUPPIM, shup'im (U^m , shupplm)
(1) One of the descendants of Benjamin (1 Ch 7 12.15).
lar tract extending to the E. and the S. This con-
(2) One of the porters in the temple (1 Ch 26
tains the remains of the palace of Darius and his
16). See Muppim; Shephupham.
successors, and occupies rather more than 123 acres. The palace proper and the throne-room were separated from the rest of the ofBcial buildings. (3) The City, occupied by artisans, merchants, etc. (4) The
SHUR, shto, shoor (IIUJ , shur; Soip, Sour) : The name of a desert E. of the Gulf of Suez. The word means a "waU," and may probably refer to the mountain wall of the Tih plateau as visible from the shore plains. In Gen 16 7 Hagar at Kadesh {''Aiii Kadis) (see ver 14) is said to have been "in the way to Shur." Abraham also lived "between Kadesh and Shur" (Gen 20 1). The position of Shur is defined (Gen 25 18) as being "opposite Egypt on the way to Assyria." After crossing the Red Sea (Ex 15 4) the Hebrews entered the desert of Shur (ver 22), which extended southward a distance of three days' journey. It is again noticed (1 S 15 7) as being opposite Egjqit, and (27 8) as near Egypt. There is thus no doubt of its situation, on the E.
district on the right bank, similarly inhabited. This anciently extended into all the lower plain, between the Shaour and the Kerkha. Besides these, there were many isolated ruins, and the suburbs contained a number of villages and separate construc-
tions.
Most of the constructions at Susa are of the Pers period. In the northern part of the Royal City lie the remains
of the Apadana, the only great monument q Ttip of which remains were found on the level.
iiVi , T'l" principal portion consisted of a great Royal hall of columns, known as the throne-room City," "The o' Artaxerxes iVInomon. It replaced an rifaHM »> earlier structure by Darius, which was
J ^ destroyed by Are in the time of Artaxerxes and the I. The columns apparently had capitals Ruins of the style common in Persia—the fore-
of the Red Sea, and of the Bitter Lakes.
Brugsch, however, proposed to regard Shur ("the wall") as equivalent to the Egyp anhu ("wall"), the name of a fortification of some kind apparently near Kantarah (see Migdol [2]), probably barring the entrance to Egypt on the road from Pelusium to Zoan. The extent of this "wall" is unknown, but Brugsch connects it with the wall mentioned by Diodorus Siculus
TV, oroin parts of two bulls kneeling back to back. inerern j;^ ^j^g citadel a palace built by Xerxes seems to have existed, the base of one of his columns having been found there. Bricks bearing the inscriptions of early Elamite kings, and the foundations of older walls, testify to the antiquity of the occupation of this part. According to the explorers, this was the portion of the city reserved for the temples.
(i.4) who wrote about S BC, and who attributed it to Sesostris (probably Rameses II) who defended " tho east side of Egypt against the irruptions of the Syrians and Arabians, hy a wall drawn from Pelusium through the deserts as far as to Heliopolis, for a space of 1,500 furlongs." Heliopolis lies 90 miles (not 188) S.W. of Pelusium: this wall, if it existed at all, would have run on the edge of the desert which extends N. of Wddu Tumeildt from Kantarah to Tell eUKehlr; but this line, on the borders of Goshen, is evidently much too far W. to have any connection with the desert of Sliur E. of the Gulf of Suez. See Budge. Hist. Egypt. 90; Brugsch. Egypt under the Pharaotis, abridged edition, 320.
The number of important antiquities found on the
site is considerable. Among the finds may be mentioned the triumphal stele of Naram-
4. The Sin, king of Agade (3d^th millennium Monuments BC); the statuettes of the Bab king Discovered Dungi (c 2360 BC) ; the reliefs and inscriptions of the Elamite king Ba(?)-saSusinak (o 2340 BC); the obelisk inscribed with the laws of Hammurabi of Babylon; the bronze bas-
. . C. R. CONDBR SHUSHAN, shoo'shan {'Wtl , shilshan; Souo-av, Sousdn, Soiio-a, Sousa) : This city, the Susu or Susan of the Babylonians, and the native
relief of tTie Elamite king Sutruk-Nahhunte (c 1 120 BC), who carried off from Babylonia the stelae
of Naram-Sin and Hammurabi above mentioned, together with numerous otjier Bab monuments; the
1. Position, (Elamite) Susan, is the modern Shush Etymology (.S'us) in Southwestern Persia, a series and Forms of ruin-mounds on the banks of the of Its Name river Kerkha. The ancient etymologies ("city of lilies" or "of horses") are probably worthless, as an etymology in the language of the place would rather be expected. Sayce therefore connects the name with sassa, meaning "former," and pointing to some such meaning as "the old" city. It is frequently mentioned in the Bab inscriptions of the 3d millennium BC, and is expressed by the characters for the goddess Istar and for "cedar," implying that it was regarded as the place of the "divine grove" (see 5, below) . In later days, the Assyrians substituted for the second character, that having the value of sc.s, possibly indicating its pronunciation. Radau (Early Bab History, 236) identifies Shushan (Susa) with the S&sa of the Bab king Kuri-galzu (14th cent. BC, if the first of the name), who dedicates to the Bab goddess NinUl an inscription of a certain Siatu, who had, at an earlier date, dedicated it to Istar for the life of the Bab king Dungi (c 2500 BC)
stele of Adda-feamiti-In-Susnak, of a much later date, together with numerous other objects of art and inscriptions—a most precious archaeological
find.
Shushan passed through many serious crises, one
of the severest being its capture and destruction by
the armies of the Assyr king Assur-
5. Assurbani-apli about 640 BC. According bani-apli's to his account, the ziqqural or templeDescription tower of Susa was built of enameled of the City brick imitating lapis-lazuli, and was adorned with pinnacles of bright bronze. The god of the city was Su.linak, who dwelt in a secret place, and none ever saw the form of his divinity. Lagamaru (Laomer) and five other of the city's deities were adored only by kings, and their images, with those of 12 more (worshipped by the people), were carried off as spoil to Assyria. Winged bulls and genii adorned Susa's temples, and figures of wild bulls protected the entrances to their shrines. Other noteworthy things were the sacred groves into which no stranger was allowed to enter, and the burial-places of the Elamite kings. After recovering from the blow inflicted by the Assyrians, Shushan ultimately regained its old importance, and, as the summer residence of the Pers kings, became
The surface still covered with ruins is about 2,000 hectares (4,940 acres), though this is but a fraction compared with the ancient extent of the
city, which is estimated to have been between
2783 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Shuni, Shunites Sick, Sickness
the home of Ahasuerus and Queen Esther (Neh 1 1
how much the healing of the sick was characteristic
Est 1 2.5; 2 3; 3 15; 9 11 ff; Dnl 8 2; Ad Est U 3). Literature.—See Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de I'art dans I'antiquite, vol V, Perse, 1890; de Morgan. Dtliaation en Perse {Mimoires), 1900, etc; Histoire el travaux de la delegation en Ferae, 190.5; art. "Elamites" in Hastings ERE; art. Elasi in this work.
of the Lord's ministry. The diseases specified are varied. Of infantile sickness there is an instance
in Bath-sheba's child (2 S 12 15), whose disease
is termed 'anash, not improbably /rismjis nascenlium, a common disease in Pal. Among adolescents there are recorded the unspecified sickness of Abijah
(1 K 14 1), of the widow's son at Zarephath
T. G. Pinches SHUSHAN EDUTH, shoo'shan e'duth. See Song; Psalms.
(1 K 17 17), the sunstroke of the Shunammite's son (2 K 4 19), the epileptic boy (Mt 17 15), Jairus' daughter (Mt 9 IS), and the nobleman's son (Jn 4 46). At the other extreme of hfe Jacob's death was preceded by sickness (Gen 48 1). Sickness resulted from accident (Ahaziah, 2 K 1 2), wounds (Joram, 2 K 8 29), from the violence of passion (Amnon, 2 S 13 2), or mental emotion (Dnl 8 27) ; see also in this connection Cant 2 5; 5 8. Sickness the result of drunkenness is mentioned (Hos 7 5), and as a consequence of famine
SHUSHANCHITES, shob-shan'klts (X:i?;TlJTO
shushan'khaye' [Aram.]; B, 'Zovtrava.xaXot., Sousuriachaioi; AV Susanchites) : Colonists in Samaria whose original home was in Shushan (Ezr 4 9)
SHUTHALHITES, shoo-thal'hits, shc5o'thal-hits. See Shuthelah.
SHUTHELAH, shoo-the'la, sh6o'th5-la, SHUTHELAHITES, shoo-the'la-hits, shoo'thB-la-hits
(Jer 14 18) or violence (Mic 6 13). Daweh or periodic sickness is referred to (Lev 15 33; 20 18), and an extreme case is that of Lk 8 43.
(^nbriTp, shiUhalhl): A son of Ephraim (Nu 26 35.36;
In some examples the nature of the disease is
~ cf 1 Ch 7 20.21), and his descendants. See Genealogy.
specified, as Asa's disease in his feet (1 K 15 23), for which he sought the aid of physicians in vain
(2 Ch 16 12). Hezekiah and Job suffered from sore boils, Jehoram from some severe dysenteric attack (2 Ch 21 19), as did Antiochus Epiphanes
SHUTTLE, shuf'l. See Weaving.
SIA, si'a, SIAHA, si'a-ha (Xyip, ji'a'): One
(2 Mace 9 5). Probably the sudden and fatal disease of Herod was similar, as in both cases there
of the remnant which returned from captivity (Neh 7 47; Ezr 2 44).
is reference to the presence of worms (cf Acts 12 23 and 2 Mace 9 9). The disease of Publius' father was also dysentery (Acts 28 8). Other diseases specified are paralysis (Mt 8 6; 9 2), and fever (Mt 8 14). Not improbably the sudden illness of the young Egyptian at Ziklag (1 S 30 11), and the illness of Ben-hadad which weakened him so that he could not resist the violence of Hazael, were also the common Pal fever (2 K 8 15) of whose symptoms and effects there is a graphic description in Ps 38. Unspecified fatal illnesses were those of Elisha (2 K 13 14), Lazarus (Jn 11 1), Tabitha (Acts 9 37). In the language of the Bible, leprosy
SIBBECAI, SIBBECHAI, sib'C-ki, sib-5-ka'I C^ao , ^ibh'khay) : One of the valiant men in David's army (2 S 21 18; 1 Ch 11 29; 20 4; 27
11).
SIBBOLETH, sib'6-lcth (nbac, sihbolelh). See Shibboleth.
SIBMAH, sib'ma. See Sebam.
SIBRAIM, sib-ra'im, sib'ra-im {U^'QC , sibhrayim
B, 2eppd(i, Sebrdm, A, 2e<j>pa|j., Sephrdm) : A place named as on the boundary of Pal in Ezekiel's
is spoken of as a defilement to be cleansed, rather than as a disease to be cured.
ideal delineation, "between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath" (Ezk 47 16). It may
The proverb concerning the sick quoted by the Lord at Capernaum (Mk 2 17) has come down to us in several forms in apocryphal and rabbinical writings (Bdbha' Kammd' 26 13; Sanhedhrin 176), but is nowhere so terse as in the form in which He expresses it. The Lord performed His healing of the sick by His word or touch, and one of the most emphatic charges which He gave to His disciples when sending them out was to heal the sick. One of the methods used by them, the anointing with oil, is mentioned in Mk 6 13 and enjoined by James (5 15). In later times the anointing which was at first used as a remedial agent became a ceremonial in preparation for death, one of the seven sacraments of the Rom church (Aquinas, Summa Theologia suppl. ad P iii. 29). The duty of visiting the sick is referred to in Ezk 34 4.16, and by the Lord in the description of the Judgment scene (Mt 25 36.43). It is inculcated in several of the rabbinical tracts. "He that visits the sick lengthens his life, he who refrains shortens it," _says Rabbi Ishanan in N'dhdrlrn 29. In Shulhan ''Arukh, Yoreh De'dh there is a chapter devoted to this duty, which is regarded as incumbent on the Jew, even though the sick person be a Gentile
possibly be represented by the modern Khirbct Sanbariyeh on the west bank of Nahr el-Hasbany, about 3 miles S.E. of 'Abil.
SIBYLLIira; ORACLES, sib'i-lln, -lin or'a-k'lz. See Apocalyptic Literature, B, V.
SICARII, si-ka'ri-i. See Assassins.
SICHEM, si'kem (D^TP , sh'khein). AV in Gen
12 6. See Shechem.
SICK, sik, SICKNESS, sik'nes (nbn , Mlah [Gen
48 1, etc], "'bn , hSli [Dt 28 61, etc], Sbnn , iahatu'
[Dt 29 21, etc], nbn'Q, mahalah [Ex 23 25, etc], mi, daweh [Lev 15 33, etc], 1»:X, 'anash [2 S 12
1.5, etc]; a.<r9€vio>,asthened [Mt 10 8, etc; cf 2 Mace
9 22] KOKus e'x"", kakos echon [Lk 7 2], KaKus 'ixov-
Tas, kakos echonlas [Mt 4 24, etc], a^pioo-ros, drrhos-
tos [Sir 7 35; IVIt 14 14, etc], dpp»o-TT)(ia, arWiO,s(cma
[Sir 10 10, etc], with various cognates, Ka|ivw, kdmno [Jas 5 15]; Lat morbus [2 Esd 8 31)): Compared with the number of deaths recorded
{GiUin 61a). The church's duty to the sick, so long neglected, has, within the last century, been recognized in the mission field, and has proved, in heathen lands, to be the most important of all pioneer agressive methods.
in the historical books of the Bible the instances
in which diseases are mentioned are few. "Sick
and "sickness" (including "disease," etc) are the
tr" of 6 Heb and 9 Gr words and occur 56 t in
While we find that the apostles freely exercised their gifts of healing, it is noteworthy that we read
the OT and 57 t in the NT. The number of
references in the latter is significant as showing
Sickle Sidon THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2784
of the sickness of two of St. Paul's oompaniona, Epaphroditus (Phil 2 26) and Trophimus (2 Tim 4 20), for whose recovery he seems to have used no other means than prayer. See also Disease.
The tendency at the present time is to return to the traditional view that the Vale of Siddim was at the south end of the Dead Sea. This is supported by the fact that Jebel Usdum, the salt mountain at the southwest corner of the Dead Sea, still bears the name of Sodom, Usdum being simply another form of the word. A stiU stronger argument, however, is drawn from the general topographical and geological conditions. In the first place, Zoar, to which Lot
Alex. MAc.tLisTER SICKLE, sik"l (HJtlin, hernesh [Dt 16 9; 23
25], j'i'Q , magged; of Arab, minjal [Jer 50 16; Joel 3 13]; Spe'iravov, drepaHon [Mk 4 29; Rev 14 14-
19]): Although the ancients puUed much of their grain by hand, we know that they also used sickles. The form of this instrument varied, as is evidenced by the Egyp sculptures. The earliest sickle was probably of wood, shaped hke the modern scythe, although much smaller, with the cutting edge made of sharp flints set into the wood. Sickle flints were found at Tel el-Hesy. Crescent-shaped iron sickles were found in the same mound. In Pal and Syria the sickle varies in size. It is usually made wholly of iron or steel and shaped much like, the instrument used in western lands. The smaller-sized sickles are used both for pruning and for reaping.
is said to have fled, was not far away. The most natural site for it is near the mouth of the Wddy Kerak, which comes down from Moab into the southern end of the Dead Sea (see Zoar) ; and this city was ever afterward spoken of as a Moabite city, which would not have been the case if it had been at the north end of the sea. It is notable in Josh 13 15-21, where the cities given to Reuben are enumerated, that, though the slopes of Pisgah are mentioned, Zoar is not mentioned.
In Gen 14, where the battle between Amraphel and his allies with Sodom and the other cities of the plain is described, the south end of the Dead Sea comes in logical order in the progress of their campaign, and special mention is made of the slime or bitumen pits which occurred in the valley, and evidently played an important part in the outcome of the battle.
James A. Patch SICYON, sish'i-on (SiiKvdv, Sikuon, 'SvKvav, Suku6n, SuKnov, Snkion) : Mentioned in 1 Mace 15 23 in the list of countries and cities to which Lucius the Rom consul (probably Lucius Calpurnius Piso, 139 BC) wrote, asking them to be friendly to the Jews. The Jewish dispersion had already taken place, and Jews were living in most of the seaports and cities of Asia Minor, Greece and Egypt (cf Sib Or 3 271, c 140 BC, and Philo).
At the south end of the Dead Sea there is an extensive circle or plain which is better supplied with water for irrigation than is the region about Jericho, and which, on the supposition of slight geological changes, may have been extremely fertile in ancient times; while there are many indications of such fertility in the ruins that have been described by travelers about the mouth of the Kerak and other localities nearby. The description, therefore, of the fertility of the region in the Vale of Siddim may well have appUed to this region at the time of Lot's entrance into it.
Sicyon was situated 18 miles W. of Corinth on the south side of the Gulf of Corinth. Its antiquity and ancient importance are seen by its coins still extant, dating from the 5th cent. Though not as important as Corinth in its sea trade, the burning of that city in 143 BC, and the favor shown to Sicyon by the Rom authorities in adding to its territory and assigning to it the direction of the Isthmian games, increased
There are very persistent traditions that great topographical changes took place around the south end of the Dead Sea in connection with the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, while the opinion has been universally prevalent among the earlier historical writers that the site of Sodom and Gomorrah
its wealth and influence for a time.
S. F. Hunter SIDDIM, sid'im, VALE OF {U^^1$T\ p'OS , 'emek ha-siddvm; LXX t] 4>dpa7| [or KoiXas] r] aXuKTJ, he phdragx [koilds] he halukt): The place mentioned in Gen 14 3-8 as being the scene of encounter between Chedorlaomer and his allies with the kings of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim and Zoar. In ver 3 it is identified with the Salt Sea, and in ver 10 it is said to have been full of sUme pits ("bitumen").
is beneath the waters of the Dead Sea.
Geological investigations, so far from disproving these traditions, render them altogether possible and credible. There is a remarkable contrast between the depths of the north end of the Dead Sea and of the south end. Near the north end the depth descends to 1,300 ft., whereas for many miles out from the south end it is very shallow, so that at low water a ford exists, and is occasionally used, from the north end of the salt mountain across to el-Lisdn.
According to the traditional view, the Vale of Siddim was at the southern end of the Dead Sea. But in recent years a number of eminent authorities have maintained that it was at the northern end of the Dead Sea, in the vicinity of Jericho. Their argument has mainly been drawn from incidental references in the scene (Gen 13 1-13) describing the parting of Lot and Abram, and again in the account of Moses' vision from Pisgah (Dt 34 3).
The precipitous salt cliffs of Jebel Usdum which border the southwest corner of the Dead Sea would indicate that, in comparatively recent times, there had been abrupt subsidence of a good many feet in the bottom of the Dead Sea at that end.
In the account of Abram and Lot, it is said tliat from Bethel they saw " all the Plain ot tlie Jordan, tliat it was well watered everyivhere, liefore Jeh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah." The word here tri "plain" means "circle," and well describes the view which one has of the plain about Jericho from Bethel as he looks down the valley past Ai. But it seems to go beyond the text to assimie that the Vale of Siddim was within that circle of vision, for it is said in Gen 13 12 simply that Lot dwelt "in the cities of the Plain, and moved his tent as far as Sodom." In the vision of Moses, likewise, we have a very general and condensed description, in wliich it is said that he was shown "the Plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm-trees, unto Zoar," which, as we learn from Gen 19 22, was not far from the Vale of Siddim. It is true that from the traditional site of Pisgali the south end of the Dead Sea could not be seen. But we are Ijy no means sure that the traditional site of Pisgah is the true one, or that the import of this language should ho restricted to the points which are actually witliin range of vision.
Such subsidences of limited areas and in connection with earthquakes are by no means uncommon. In 1819 an area ot 2,000 sq. rmles about the delta of the Indus sank beneath the level of the sea, so that the tops of the houses were barely seen above the water. A smaller area in the delta of the Selenga River sank during the last century beneath the waters of Lake Baikal. Professor R. S. Tarr of Cornell University has recently described the effect of an earthquake on the shores of Alaska, in which there was a change of level of 47 ft.
More probably (see Arabah; Dead Sea) there has been a rise in the waters of the Dead Sea since Abraham's time, caused by the encroachment upon the original area of evaporation by the deltas which have been pushed into the main part of the depression by the Jordan, and various smaller streams descending from the highlands on either side. In
278.5 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Sickle Sidon
consequence of these encroachments, the equihbrium between precipitation and evaporation could be maintained only by a rise in the water causing it to spread over the shallow shelf at the south end, thus covermg a large part of the Vale of Siddim with the shoal water now found between elLisAn and Jebel Usdum. George Fkederick Wright
both in the Iliad and the Odyssey. S. had a monarchical form of government, as did all the Phoen towns, but it also held a sort of hegemony over those to the S. as far as the limit of Phoenicia. It likewise made one attempt to establish an inland colony at Laish or Dan, near the headwaters of the Jordan, but this ended in disaster (Jgs 18 7.27.28). The attempt was not renewed, but many colonies were established over-sea. Citium, in Cyprus, was one of the earliest.
SIDE, si'de (S£8ii, Side): An ancient town of Pamphylia, occupying a triangular promontory on the coast. It was one of the towns to which a letter favorable to the Jews was sent by the Rom consul Lucius (1 Mace 15 23). The town seems tohave been of considerable antiquity, for it had existed long before it fell into the possession of Alexander the Great, and for a time it was the metropohs of Pamphylia. Off the coast the fleet of Antiochus was defeated by the Rhodians. During the 1st cent. Side was noted as one of the chief ports of pirates who disposed of much of their booty there. The ruins of the city, which are now very extensive, bear the name Eski Adalia, but among them there are no occupied houses. The two harbors protected by a sea wall may still be traced, but they are now filled with sand. The wall on the land side of the city was provided with a gate which was protected with round towers; the walls themselves are of Gr-Rom tj-pe. Within the walls the more important of the remains are three theaters near the harbors, and streets with covered porticoes leading from the city gate to the harbors. Without the walls, the street leading to the city gate is lined with sarcophagi, and among the shrubbery of the neighboring fields are traces of many buildings and of an aqueduct. E. J. Banks