Part 71
ently they had been erected during the lifetime of the people whom they honored. Of the greatest interest was one which bore the name of Sammuramat or Semiramis, the once supposed mythical queen of Nineveh. Its tr reads: "The column of Sa-am-mu-ra-mat, the palace wife of Samsi-Adad,
Monuments in Assur Discovered by the Germans.
king of the world, king of Assyria, the mother of Adad-Nirari, king of the world, king of Assyria, the
.... of Shalmaneser, king of the four regions." The inscription not only makes Semiramis a historical character, but places her among the foremost rulers of Assyria.
The tombs of the kings and nobles were found deep in the ruins in the very center of the city. They were rectangular structures of cut stone, covered above with a rounded arch of burned bricks. In some cases the massive stone doors stiU turned in their sockets. The roofs of many of them had fallen in; others, which were intact, were
filled with dust. From the tombs a vast amount of
silver, gold and copper jewehy and stone beads and ornaments were recovered.
One of the chief temples of the city stood at a short distance without the eastern wall. Nothing but its foundations remain. However, the temple was surrounded by a park, traces of which still exist. The soil of the surrounding plain is a hard clay, incapable of supporting vegetable life. Into the clay large holes, several feet in diameter, were dug and fiUed with loam. Long lines of the holes may stiU be traced, each marking the spot where a tree, probably the date palm, stood in the temple park.
Loopholes through Which Arrows Were Shot.
The temple of Assur at the northern end of the
city has been thoroughly excavated. With its
outer and inner court and tower it conformed in its
general plan to the older Bab temples. Several of
A modern cemetery on the summit of the main mound is still used by the neighboring Arabs, and therefore it will likely prevent the complete excavation of this oldest of the capital cities of Assyria. See further Assyria. E. J. Banks
the palaces of the early kings were discovered, but
the best-preserved of the palaces was one which the
excavators have called the residence of the mayor.
It stood near the western edge of the city on the main street which ran from the western gate to the
Tigris. It consisted of two courts surrounded by
SHERIFF, sher'if (Aram. S"!nsn , tiphtaye',
chambers. Grooves in the paved floor conducted
"judicial," "a lawyer," "a sheriff"' [Dnl3 2f]): Probably a "lawyer" or "jurist" whose business it was to decide points of law. At best, however, the
fresh water to the kitchen, the baths and the cham-
bers, and round tiles beneath the floor carried away
the waste water to the arched city sewer and to the
tr "sheriff" is but a conjecture.
Tigris To the rear of the mayor's house was a
crowded residential quarter. The streets were very
SHESHACH, she'shak (tfTB©, sheshakh, as if
narrow and winding. The houses were exceedmgly
small; in some of them one could not lie at full
"humiliation"; cf ^Pl?, shdkhakh, "to crouch"): The general explanation is that this is "a cypherform of 'Babel' (Babylon)" which is the word given as equivalent to "Sheshach" by the Tg (Jer 25 26; 51 41; LXX omits in both passages). By the
length upon the floor. Among their ruins appeared
little but stone mortars and broken pottery and other
essential household implements.
Near the southern end of the city a most remark-
able discovery was made. About a hundred mono-
device known as Atbas (IBDHi?), i.e. di-sguising a name by substituting the last letter of the alphabet
liths from 4 to 8 ft. high, were found still standing
erect On the side of each one, near the top, was
for the first, the letter next to the last for f he second,
an inscription of several lines, dedicating the stone
etc, 111)115 is substituted for bnS , babhel. This theory has not failed of opposition. Delitzsch
to some individual who had been of great service
to the state. They were not tombstones; appar-
Sheshbazzar Shiggaion THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2766
holds that "Sheshach" represents Sis-ku-KI of an old Bab regal register, which may have stood for a part of the city of Babylon. (For a refutation of this interpretation see Schrader, KAT'-, 415; COT, II, lOS f.) Lauth, too, takes "Sheshach" to be a Hebraization of Siska, a Bab district. Winckler and Sayce read Uru-azagga. Finally, Cheyne and a number of critics hold that the word has crept into the text, being "a conceit of later editors." See further Jeremiah, 6. Horace J. Wolf
to Marquart, Fund., 69, Shethar comes from TTCITB , with which the Pers iiyalis, "joy," is to be compared.) The word has never really been satisfactorily explained; it is presumably Pers. SHETHAR-BOZENAI, she'thar-boz'5-ni, SHETHAR-BOZNAI, she'thiir-boz'ni, -boz'na-I, CJIS "inip ) sh'thar boznay, meaning uncertain) : The name of a Pers (?) official mentioned with Tattenai
in connection with the correspondence with Darius relative to the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezr 6
SHESHBAZZAR, shesh-baz'ar (ISaipip , shesh-
3.6; 6 6.12; B, 'S.ada.ppovidv, Salharbouzdn, A, 'ZaBapfiov^aval^ Satharbouzanai, in 5 3; 6 13; SaSap-
haQQar, or 'iB, sheshba(^ar) : Sheshbazzar is the Heb or Aram, fonn of the Bab Shamash-aha-usjur , or Shamash-hana-usur: "Oh Shamash, protect the father." It is possible that the full name was Shmnash-ban-zeri-BabiK-usur, "Oh Shamash, protect the father [builder] of the seed of Babylon." (See Zerubbabel, and compare the Bab names Ashur-banausur, Ban-ziri, Nabu-ban-ziri, Shamash-ban-apli, Sha?nash-apil-u!jur, Shamash-ban-ahi, and others in Tallquist's Neuhabylonischrs Namenbuch, and the Aram, names on nos. 35, 44, 36, and 45 of Clay's Aramaic Dockets.) If this latter was the full name, there would be little doubt that Sheshbazzar may have been the same person as Zerubbabel, since the former is called in Ezr 5 14 the governor of Judah, and the latter is called by the same title in Hag 1 1.14; 2 2.21. It is more probable, however, that Sheshbazzar and Zerubliabel were different persons, and that Sheshbazzar was governor of Judah in the time of Cyrus and Zerubbabel in that of Darius. It is possible that Sheshbazzar came to Jerus in the time of Cyrus and laid the foundations, and that Zerubbabel came later in the time of Darius Hystaspis and completed the building of the temple (cf Ezr 2 68; 4 2; Hag 1 14). According to Ezr 1 8 Sheshbazzar was the prince (Hannasi) of Judah into whose hands Cyrus put the vessels of the house of the Lord which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerus and had put in the house of his gods. It is further said in ver 11 that Sheshbazzar brought these vessels with them of the captivity which he brought up from Babylon to Jerus. In Ezr 5 14 f it is said that these vessels had been delivered by Cyrus unto one whose name was Sheshbazzar, whom he had made governor (pehah),^ and that Sheshbazzar came and laid the foundations of the house of God which was in Jerus. See Sanabassar. R. Dick Wilson
(iov'^avqi , Satharbouzanes, in 5 6; SaSap/Soufai'^, Satharbouzane, in 6 6; Luc, throughout, Qap^ov^a-
vaTos, Tharbouzanaios), called in 1 Esd 6 3.7.27; 7 1 "Shathrabuzanes."
Among the conjectures as to the meaning and derivation of the name, the following may be mentioned: (1) Shethar-boznai may be a corruption of ^DT13"in''3 m^tharhoznay =Mt.9po^ov^di^Tj<;, Mithrohouzdnes, Old Pers Mithrohauzana—i.e. "Mithra is dehverer." (2) im£)
is identical with the Old Pers ^itkra ("seed," "brilliance"): names have been found that are confounded with this word. (3) iDTia IPIP may be a title, but iniU, sHhar,
mu.st then be read for "IHTB . shethar. (4) 13T3 "iniC is equivalent to the Old Pers S^ihrahuzana, "empiredelivering"; cf EB, art. "Shethar-boznai," and BDB.
Horace J. Wolf SHEVA, she'va (NTO, sh'^wa'; B, 2aoii, Saoii, A, 2aoV)\, Saotil, Luc, 2oW, Soue):
(1) A son of Caleb by his concubine Maaoah
(1 Ch 2 49).
(2) See Shavshah.
SHEW, SHOW, sh5: "Show" (so always ARV)
is simply a modernized spelling of "shew" (so always in AV and generally in ERV), and it should be carefully noted that "shew" is never pronounced "shoo," not even in the combination "shewbread"; cf "sew."
In AV "shew" as a vb. is the tr of a very large number of terms in the original. This number is reduced considerably by RV (esp. in the NT), but most of these changes are to secure uniformity of rendition, rather than to correct obscurities. The proper sense of the vb., of course, is "to cause a person to see" (Gen 12 1, etc) or "to cause a thing [or "person"] to be seen" (Dt 4 35; Jgs 4 22, etc). "Seeing," naturally, can be taken as intellectual or moral (Jer 38 21; Ps 16 11, etc), and can even be used for "hearing" (Isa 43 9, etc; contrast RV 1 S 9 27). Hence "shew" can be used as a general tr for the most various phrases, as "be shewed" for
SHESHAI, she'shi CW , sheshay) : One of the sons of Anak, perhaps an old Hebronite clan name.
(Sayce combines the name with Sasu, ^| riDTB , the Egyp name for the Syrian Bedouins.) The clan' lived in Hebi'on at the time of the conquest and was expelled by Caleb (Nu 13 22, B, 2€a-<rd, Sessel, A, 'Sefi.el, Semei; Josh 15 14, B, Souo-ei, Sousei, A, Souirai, Soiisai; Jgs 1 10, B, Seo-trei, Sessei, A, Teddi, Gethlhl).
ylvofiai, ginornai, "come to pass" (Acts 4 22, RV "be wrought"); "shew forth themselves" for ivepyiu, energeo, "be active" (Mt 14 2, RV "work"); "shew" for iroi^w, poied, "do" (Acts 7 36, RV "having wrought"); for 5n)-y4op.ai., diegeomai, "relate" (Lk 8 39, RV "declare"); for S-qXdu, deldo, "make clear"
(2 Pet 1 14, RV "signify"), etc In Cant 2 9 AV (ERV) "shewing himself" and ARV (ERVm) "glanceth" both miss the poetry of the original: "His eyes shine in through the lattice" (fwf, "blossom," "sparkle").
SHESHAN, she'shan {y<^V , sheshan; 2wo-dv, Sosdn): A Jerahmeelito whose daughter married his servant Jarha (1 Ch 2 31.34.35). The genealogical hst which follows embraces some very early names (cf Curtis, ICC, ad loc).
AV's uses of the noun "shew" usually connote appearance in contrast to reality. So Lk 20 47, "for a shew" {Tp6ipacns, prdphasis, "apparent cause," RV "pretence"); Col 2 23, "shew of wisdom" (so RV, X670S, logos, "word," "repute"); Gal 6 12, "make a fair shew" (so RV, eitrpocruTr^oi, euprosopeo, "have a fair face"); Ps 39 6, "vain shew" (so ARV DpS
SHETH. See Seth.
SHETHAR, she'thar ("in® , shPlhar; B and Luc, SapcraBaios, Sarsathaios, A, SapeVeeos, Sareslheos) One of the "seven princes" at the court of Ahasuerus (Est 1 14); these princes "sat first in the kingdom" and had the right of entrance to the king's presence at any time, except when he was in the company of one of his wives. (According
, qelem, "image," RVm "shadow"). However, in Sir 43 1 {Spapa, horama, "spectacle" [so RVj) and in Col 2 15 (SecypaTl^u, deigmattzo, "to display") "shew" = "spectacle."
2767 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Sheshbazzai Shiggaion
lying on it, we have the symbol of man's continued and unbroken dependence upon God. Even during the travels of the table of shewbread with the tabernacle, the "continual bread" was required to be in its place thereon (Nu 4 7). It has been usual to say that "frankincense in golden urns stood beside the twelve loaves" {EB, IV, col, 4212). But this is a mere repetition of a Jewish legend, as spoons were the recognized holders of the frankincense to be burned (cf Nu 7 14 ff ) . Such spoons formed a part of the equipment of the shewbread table, and on the removal of the week-old cakes the spoons were carried forth and the frankincense in them burned on the great altar on the Sabbath day. If this were done while the grain and wine and oil were being consumed, it would derive additional significance, as betokening the gratitude and adoration of the representative recipients of the bounties of Nature, just as the daily burning of incense in the holy place betokened the worship and adoration of the praying multitudes without the temple (Lk 1 10). See Shewbread, Table of. W. Shaw Cai.de cott
In Isa 3 9 "the shew of their countenance" is a bad tr for "their respect of persons" (so RVtn for hakkarath p'nehein). The "shewing" of the Baptist "unto Israel" (Lk 1 80 AV, ERV) is of course his appearing to begin his ministry.
Burton Scott Easton SHEWBREAD, shoTDred, THE (D"'jBn Dnb
, lehein ha-pardm, "bread of the presence"; tj irpoBecris twv apruv, he prothesis ton 1. The drlon [He 9 2]; ARV ''showbread." Term See Shew) : The marginal reading of Ex 25 30; 35 13, RV "Presence-bread," exactly gives the meaning of the Heb. In 2 Oh 2 4 it is spoken of as the "continual showbread," because it was to be before Jeh "alway" (Ex 25 30)
Later Judaism has much to say as to the number and size of the loaves, more properly thin cakes,
which bore this name, together with 2. Mosaic many minute regulations as to the Regulations placing of the loaves, the covering of
them with frankincense, and other rituaKstic vapidities. All that the Mosaic legislation required was that, once in every week, there should be twelve cakes of unleavened bread, each containing about four-fifths of a peck of fine flour, placed in two piles upon a pure table with frankincense beside each pile and changed every Sabbath day (Lev 24 5-9). From the description of the table upon which the flat cakes were to he (Ex 25 23-30; 37 10-16), it held a series of golden vessels comprising dishes, spoons, flagons and bowls. As it is unlikely that empty cups were set before Jeh—they being described as "the vessels which were upon the table"—we may conclude that the table held presentation offerings of "grain and wine and oil," the three chief products of the land (Dt 7 13). The "dishes" were probably the salvers on which the thin cakes were piled, six on each. The "flagons" would contain wine, and the bowls (made with spouts, "to pour withal"), the oil; while the "spoons" held the frankincense, which was burned as a memorial, "even an offering made by fire unto Jeh." The cakes themselves were eaten by the priests on every Sabbath day, as being among the "most holy" sacrifices. Each of the synoptists refers to the incident of David and his companions having eaten of the shewbread (hoi
SHEWBREAD, TABLE OF (]r\)t , shulhan [Ex 26 25-30, etc]; fl Tpdire^a Kal t| irpoB^o-is tuv apTav, he trdpezakai he prdthesis ton drlon [He 9 2]): For construction, see Tabernacle; Temple. A rude representation of the table is given on the Arch of Titus in Rome. The bas-rehef was measured by Professor Boni in 1905, and the height and width of the represented tables were found to be 48 cms., or nearly 19 in. The table represented is, of course, that of Herod's temple, taken at the fall of Jerus in 70 AD. See the author's art. on "The Temple Spoils" in PSFS, 1906, 306 ff.
The table of shewbread is to be distinguished from the altar of incense. It has become the fashion of the newer criticism to deny the existence of the altar of incense in preexilic times, and to explain the allusion to it in 1 K 6 20 as the table of shewbread
(so m Ezk 41 22). The other references (1 K 6 22; 7 48; 9 25) are dismissed as interpolations. The procedure is radically vicious. The table of shewbread is not an "altar," though the altar is once spoken of as a "table" (Ezk 41 22). There was only one altar of incense (1 K 6 20), but (in 2 Ch 4 8) ten tables of shewbread. See Shewbread. W. Shaw Caldecott SHIBAH, shi'ba (HyaiB, shibh'dh, "seven"; opKos, horkos; Swete reads 'i'p^ap opKou, Phrear horkou, lit. "weU of oath" ; AV Shebah) : The name of the original well of Beer-sheba according to Gen 26 33. See Beer-sheba.
drtoi tes protheseos), as told in 1 S 21 4-6 (Mt 12 4; Mk 2 26; Lk 6 4). At such times as the removal of the tabernacle took place, the separate appointments of the table
of incense were not parted from it,
3. On but were carried with it—dishes, Joumeyings spoons, bowls, and cups (Nu 4 7). These, like the other furniture, were
SHIBBOLETH, shib'5-leth (nbaiC , shibboleth) A test of speech applied by the men of Gilead to the Ephraimites, who wished to cross the Jordan, after defeat. If they pronounced the word
borne by the Kohathite Levites, but a few articles
of hghter weight were in the personal care of the
high priest. These comprised the oil for the candle-
stick, the sweet incense, the holy oil of consecration, and the meal for the continual bread offermg (Nu
.jibbolelh, their dialectic variety of speech betrayed them (Jgs 12 6) . The word probably has the sense of "stream" or "flood" (cf Ps 69 2).
4 7.8.16). Small quantities of these alone would
be borne from place to place, such as would be
needed with the least delay to refurnish the vessels
SHIBMAH, shib'ma (n^li?) , sibhmah) . See SibMAH.
of the sanctuary on every reerection of the tent of
meeting.
With this view of the nature, we have a natural and adequate sense of the meanings and importance
SHICRON, shik'ron (IllSti, shikkTon). See Shikkeron.
of the shewbread, in the economy of
4 Signifithe temple ritual and service. It was
SHIELD, sheld. See Armor, IV, 1.
cance a continual reminder to the worshippers
of the truth that man does not live
SHIGGAION, shi-ga'yon, shi-gi'on Cj')''?!?, shiggdyon): Occurs in the title of Ps 7, and, in the pi.,
by bread alone, emphasized by the fact that these
most holy offerings were afterward eaten. It was
in the verse introducing Habakkuk's prayer (Hab 3 1). Derived from a vb. meaning "to wander," it
the OT version of the prayer, "Give us this day our
daily bread"; and in the fact that the holy table
is generally taken to mean a dithyramb, or rhapsody.
was never for a moment left without some loaves
Shihon Shimeathites THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2768
This is not supported by the Gr VSS, but they are evidently quite at a loss. See Psalms, Book of.
as being on the northern border of Judah, between Ekron and Baalah, Jabneel being beyond, toward the sea. The site is unknown, but Rev. C. Hauser (PEFS, 1907, 289) suggests Tell es-Sellakeh,^ N.W.
SHIHON, shi'hon C\'Mf''t , shi'on). See Shion.
of ''Akir, remarking that if this were the site the boundary would follow a natural course over the mountain to Jabneel.
SHIHOR, shl'hor ("liniT|j , shihor, also written without > and 1 in Heb and incorrectly "Sihor" in Eng.) : A stream of water mentioned in connection with Egypt. Joshua (13 3) speaks of the "Shihor, which is before Egypt," a stream which commentators have thought to be "the brook of Egypt," the stream which separated Egypt from Pal, now called Wddy el-\irish. Jeremiah (2 18 AV) says, "What hast thou to do in the way to Egypt, to drink the waters of Sihor?" Commentators have thought Shihor in this case to be a name for the Nile. Both interpretations cannot be correct. Whatever the name S. means, at least it did not denote a movable river. It must be the same stream in both these passages, and no identification of the stream can be correct that does not satisfy both of them. Professor Naville has recently shown conclusively {Proc. Soc. Bib. Arch., January, 1913) that neither of these interpretations is strictly correct, and has made clear the Bib. references to S. In the northeastemmost province of ancient Egypt, Khenlaht ("Fronting on the East"), was a canal, a fresh-water stream drawn off from the Nile, called in the Egyp language Shi-t-Hor, i.e. "the Horus Canal" (the -tis an Egyp fem. ending). There have been many changes in the branches and canals from the Nile in the Delta, and this one with many others has been lost altogether; but there is a tradition among the Bedouin of Wddy elArish to this day that once a branch of the Nile came over to that point. This Shi-t-Hor, "Stream of Horus," makes perfectly clear and harmonious the different references of Scripture to S. It was "before Egypt," as Josh describes it, and it was the first sweet water of Eg3'pt which the traveler from Pal in those days was able to obtain, as the words of Jeremiah indicate. "To drink the waters of S." meant to reach the supply of the fresh water of the Nile at the border of the desert. The two other references to S. (1 Ch 13 5; Isa 23 3) are perfectly satisfied by this identification. The "seed of S." (Isa 23 3 AV) would be grain from Egypt by way of the Shihor. M. G. Kyle
SHILHI, shil'hi OU^V , shilhi): Father of Jehoshaphat's mother (1 K 22 42 = 2 Ch 20 31; BA in 2 Ch, SaXef, Salel, B in 1 K, Ze/xeel, Semeel, A in 1 K, SaXaXd, Salald, Luc. in both, SeXeef,
Seleel). Cheyne {EB, art. "Shilhi") ventures the supposition that "Shilhi" is a misreading for "Shilhim" (Josh 15 32), and is therefore the name of a place rather than that of a person; he holds it to be the name of the birthplace of Azubah, the king's mother.
SHILHIM, shil'him (DinblU , shilhlm [Josh 15
32]): See Shaaraim, (2). Possibly Azubah the mother of Jehoshaphat, who is called "the daughter of Shilhi" (1 K 22 42; 2 Ch 20 31), was a native of Shilhim.
SHILLEM, shU'em, SHILLEMITES, shil'em-Its
, shillem, '''OHVi^ , ha-shillemi): Shillem is found in Gen 46 24, a son of Naphtali; Shillem-
ites, his descendants, are mentioned in Nu 26 49; Shallum (q.v.) is found in 1 Ch 7 13. SHILOAH, shi-lo'a, shi-lo'a (Isa 8 6). SiloAM.
See
SHILOH, shi'lo (rti^ia , shiloh) : The prophecy
in Gen 49 10, "The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, .... until Shiloh come," etc, has been the subject of very diverse interpretations. RVm gives as alternative renderings, ' 'Till he come to ShiJoh having the obedience of the peoples' Or, ace. to Syr, 'Till he come whose it is,' etc." (1) From the earliest times the passage has been regarded as Messianic, but the rendering in the text, which takes "Shiloh" as a proper name, bearing a meaning such as "peaceful" (cf Isa 9 6, "Prince of Peace"), labors under the difficulty that Shiloh is not found elsewhere as a personal name in the OT, nor is it easy to extract from it the meaning desired. Further, the word was not personally applied to the Messiah in any of the ancient VSS, which rather assume a different reading (see below). Apart from a purely fanciful passage in the Talm (cf Driver, Ge?i, 413), this appUcation does not appear earher than the version of Seb. Munster in the 16th cent. (1534).
SHIHOR-LIBNATH, shi'hor-lib'nath ("lin"»© n!3? , shihor libhnath; B, tm Sttmv Kal Aa|3avAe,
to Seion kal Labandth, A, Stiiip kt\., Seior, etc): A place named on the boundary of Asher (Josh 19 26). It seems to mark with Carmel the western limit, and may have been on the S. of that mountain. Pesh, Syr, and Onom take this as two distinct names attaching to cities in this region. So far, however, no trace of either name has been found in the course of very careful exploration. More probably Shihor was the name of a river, "Libnath" distinguishing it from the Nile, which was called Shihor of Egypt. It may have been called Shihor because, hke the Nile, it contained crocodiles. The boundary of Asher included Dor (Tanturah), so the river may be sought S. of that town. Crocodiles are said still to be found in the Kishon; but this river runs N. of Carmel. The Crocodeilon of Ptolemy (V. xv.5; xvi.2) and Pliny (v. 19), which the latter makes the southern boundary of Phoenicia, may possibly be Nahr ez-Zerka, which enters the sea about 5 miles S. of Tanturah. Here also it is said the crocodile is sometimes seen. Perhaps therefore we may identify this stream with Shihor-libnath.
(2) The rendering, "till he come to Shiloh," where Shiloh is taken as the -name of a place, not a person,
is plausible, but is felt to yield no suitable sense in the context. It is, therefore, now also set aside by most recent scholars. (3) The 3d rendering, which regards Shiloh as representing the Heb n31» {shelloh) = nbi) ior lb "nax , 'asher Id, "whose
[it is]," has in its favor the fact that this is evidently the reading presupposed in the LXX, the Pesh, and the Jewish Tgs, and seems to be alluded to in Ezk 21 27, "until he come whose right it is." In this view the passage has still a Messianic reference, though critics argue that it must then be regarded as late in origin. Other interpretations need not detain us. See for details the full discussions in Hengstenberg's Christology, I, 54 ff, ET, the comms. of Delitzsch, Driver, and Skinner, on Gen (esp. Excursus II in Driver), and the arts, in the various Bible diets.; see also Prophecy.
Jambs Orr SHILOH (the most usual form is rfblD , shiloh, but it appears 8 t as ib'ffi , shllo, and 3 t aa
.W. EwiNG SHIKKERON, shik'er-on (ilnSTC , shikk'ron; AV Shicron): A place mentioned in Josh 15 11
2769 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Shihon Shimeathites
ib^iP; SiiXu, Selo, 2T|\u|i, Selom): A town in the
SHILONITE, shi'16-nit Ofi'^lt , sMloni [2 Ch 9
lot of Ephraim where Israel assembled under Joshua at the close of the war of conquest (Josh 18 1). Here territory was allotted to the seven tribes who had not yet received their portions. A commission was sent out to "describe the land into seven portions" ; this having been done, the inheritances were assigned by lot. Here also were assigned to the Levites their cities in the territories of the various tribes (chs 18-21). From Shiloh Reuben and Gad departed for their homes E. of the Jordan; and here the tribes gathered for war against these two, having misunderstood their building of the great altar in the Jordan valley (ch 22). From Jgs 18 31 we learn that in the period of the Judges the house of God was in Shiloh; but when the sanctuary was moved thither from Gilgal there is no indication. The maids of Shiloh were captured by the Benjamites on the occasion of a feast, while dancing in the vineyards; this having been planned by the other tribes to provide the Benjamites with wives without involving themselves in responsibihty (21 21 fT). While the house of the Lord remained here it was a place of pilgrimage (1 S 1 3). To Shiloh Samuel was brought and consecrated to God's service (ver 24). The sanctuary was presided over by Eli and his wicked sons; and through Samuel the doom of their house was announced. The capture of the ark by the Philis, the fall of Hophni and Phinehas, and the death of the aged priest and his daughter-in-law followed with start-
29), 'Dib^irJ, shiloni [10 15; Neh 11 5], "^jiblB
; 2t)\uvcC, Selonel, Xr\\<j>v(lrr\'s, Seloneiles) '. This denotes an inhabitant of Shiloh, and applies (1) to Ahijah the prophet (1 K 11 29, etc); and (2) to a family of the children of Judah, who, after the
exile, made their home in Jerus (1 Ch 9 5; Neh 11 5, AV "Shiloni").
SHILSHAH, shil'sha (nipbTU , shilshah; BA, 2o-
Xeio-d, Saleisd, Luc, 2e\«|i.o-dv, Selemsdn): An Asherite (1 Ch 7 37).
SHIMEA, shim'5-a (5«37iai|j , shim'd'y. See ShamMUA and Shammah.
(1) Brother of David (see Shammah).
(2) Son of David (1 Ch 3 5, B, Zd^av, Sdman; but in 2 S 5 14; 1 Ch 14 4, "Shammua").
(3) A Merante Levite (1 Ch 6 30, B, 2o/xfo, Somea, A, Xa/j-d, Samd, Luc, "Zaiiad, Samad).
(4) A Gershonite Levite (1 Ch 6 39 [24], -^eiiad, Semad)
SHIMEAH, shim'5-a (HNlatJ , shim'ah; B, 2«(ii<i, Semad, A, 2a|i£d, Samed, Luc, 2a|iad, Samad): A descendant of Jehiel, the "father" of Gibeon (1 Ch 8 32); in 1 Ch 9 38 he is called "Shimeam" (B X, Luc, 2afiad, Samad, A, Sa^iid, Samd; see JQR, XI, 110-13, §§10-12).
SHIMEAM, shim'5-am. See Shimeah.
ling rapidity (chs 3,4) . The sanctuary in Shiloh is called a "temple" (1 9; 3 3) with doorpost and doors (1 9; 3 15). It was therefore a more durable structure than the old tent. See Tabernacle; Temple. It would appear to have been destroyed, probably by the Philis; and we find the priests of Eh's house at Nob, where they were massacred at Saul's order (22 11 ff). The disaster that befell
SHIMEATH, shim'5-ath (n^iailj , sUm'ath, or
nyiOlD , shim'ath; LXX in 2 K,''i€|j.oude, lemoudlh, B in 2 Ch, 2a|id, Samd, A, 2a|id9, Samdth, Luc, 2a|iad9, Samadth) : Father of Jozacar (2 K 12 21
[22]), one of the murderers of Joash, king of Judah. According to 2 Ch 24 26 Shimeath is an Ammon-
itess and the mother, not the father, of Jozacar. Many textual emendations have been suggested
Shiloh, while we have no record of its actual occur-
(cf HDB, art. "Shimeath"), but they are unnecessary, as the Chronicler's revised version of the incident in K was a deliberate one. The Chronicler was a sturdy opponent of intermarriage, and in the story of the assassination of King Joash he saw an opportunity to strike a blow against the hated prac-
rence, made a deep impression on the popular mind,
so that the prophets could use it as an effective
illustration (Ps 78 60; Jer 7 12.14; 26 6). Here the blind old prophet Ahijah was appealed to in vain by Jeroboam's wife on behalf of her son (1 K 14 2.4), and it was still occupied in Jeremiah's time (41 5). The position of Shiloh is indicated in Jgs 21 19,
tice. In the older account in K the names of the
conspirators are given as "Jozakar the son of Ti^'Qtp
as "on the north of Beth-el, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Beth-el to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah." This is very ex-
[shim^dlh], and Jehozabad the son of ^^^1|5 [shemer] ."
The two names are both masc. ; but the final fl of the former looked to the Chronicler like the fem. ending and offered him his opportunity. In his account, the one of the two murderers (dastardly
phcit, and points definitely to Seilun, a ruined site on a hill at the N.E. of a little plain, about 9 miles N of Beilin (Bethel), and 3 miles S.E. of Khan
villains, even though the king had merited death) was "the son of tiypilJ [shim'alh], the Ammoniless," and the other was "the son of tT^I.'aTi) [shimrlth], the Moabiless" (cf Torrey, Ezra SLudies, 212 S).
el-Lubban (Lebonah), to the E. of the highway to Shechem ( Ndblus) . The path to Seilun leaves the main road at Sinjil, going eastward to Turmus 'Aya,
then northward across the plain. A deep valley
Horace J. Wolf . SHIMEATHITES, shim'g-ath-Its (DWpi»,
runs to the N. of the site, cuttmg it olT from the ad-
joining hills, in the sides of which are rook-hewn
tombs. A good spring rises higher up the valley.
shim'alhlm; B A, SaiiaOwtfi., Samalhielm, Luc, 2a|ia-
'There are now no vineyards in the district; but in-
OtCv, Samaiheln): A subdivision of the tribe of Caleb (1 Ch 2 55). In the three families mentioned in this passage Jerome saw three distinct
dications of their ancient culture are found in the
terraced slopes around.
The ruins on the hill are of comparatively modern
classes of religious functionaries: Vulg canentes aique resonanles et in iabernaculis commorantes. The Tg has a similar explanation, except that the "Sucathites" are those "covered" with a spirit of prophecy. Bertheau (Handbuch zum A T) accepts Jerome's explanation, except that he regards the
buildings. At the foot of the hill is a mosque which
is going quickly to ruin. A httle distance to the
S E is a building which seems to have been a
synagogue. It is called by the natives Jamt ei-
'ArhaHn, "mosque of the Forty." There are many
first class as gate-keepers (Aram. ^^H , I'ra^ = Heb
cistoms.
Just over the crest of the hill to the N on a
-|?l|j , sha'-ar). Wellhausen {DGJ, 30 f) finds under-
terrace, there is cut in the rock a rough quadrangle
lying the three names n^'IP , iir'dh, a technical
400 ft by 80 ft. in dimensions. This may have
term for sacred music-making, n^lpip , shim'ah, the Halacha or sacred tradition. Buhl {HWB") de-
been the site of "the house of the Lord" which was
in Shiloh. W. EwiNQ
Shimei Shinar THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2770
Shimei left his home in Jerus to recapture some escaped slaves (vs 39-41). and in consequence he was promptly dispatched by that gruesome avenger of blood, the royal executioner, "Benaiah the son of Jehoiada," who "fell upon him," as he had upon Adonijah and Joab, "so that he died" (ver 46).
rives Shimeathites and Sucathites from unknown places. Keil interprets as descendants from the unknown Shemei (cf Curtis, ICC). The passage
is hopelessly obscure. Horace J. Wolf
SHIMEI, shim'5-i (^ypiIJ , sUm\ possibly "hear me [El]" or "[Jah]"; Scueti, Semeei, 2e|iet, Semei) : A name of frequent occurrence throughout the OT records, sometimes varying slightly in form in EV. AV has "Shimi" in Ex 6 17; ''Shimhi" in 1 Ch 8 21; "Shimeah" in 2 S 21 21. RV has "Shimeites" in Zee 12 13, where AV has "Shimei," and Nu 3 21 for AV "Shimites." EV has "Shema" in 1 Ch 8 13.21m for the "Shimei" of ver 21. In all others of the many occurrences in AV and RV the form is "Shimei."
(3) Another Benjamite, mentioned with Rei as an officer in the king's bodyguard, who was faithful to David in the rebellion of Adonijah (1 K 1 8). Jos reads Rei as a common noun, describing S. as "the friend of David." He is to be identified with the son of Elah (1 K 4 18), whom Solomon, probably because of his fidelity, named as one of the 12 chief commissary officers appointed over all Israel, "who provided victuals for the king and his household."
(4) A man of some prominence in the tribe of Benjamin (1 Ch 8 21), whose home was in Aijalon, where he was a "head of fathers' houses" (ver 13); but his descendants lived in Jerus (ver 28). In AV he is called "Shimhi"; in ver 13 he is called "Shema." (5) Another Benjamite, an ancestor of Mordecai (Est 2 .5), "Semeias" in Ad Est 11 2. (6) A brother of David (2 S 21 21, AV "Shimeah"); in 1 S 16 9 he is called "Shammah"; cf "Shimeah," " Shimea."
(1) A family name among the Levites before and after the exile, at least five of whom bore it: (o) Son of Gershon and grandson of Levi (Ex 6 17; Nu 3 18; 1 Ch 6 17; 23 7.10). The text of
1 Ch 6 and 23 is corrupt, making difficult the tracing of the various genealogies and the identification of the several Shimeis. Evidently that of 23 9 is a scribe's error for one of the four sons of Ladan or Libni, whose names are given in the preceding verse. (6) An ancestor of Asaph the musician (1 Ch 6 42), possibly the same as (o) above, Jahath the son of S. (cf 23 10) being by a copyist's error transposed so as to read as if he were the father of S. (c) A descendant of the Merarite branch of the Levites (1 Ch 6 29). (d) One of the 288 trained singers in the service of the sanctuary under Asaph (1 Ch 25 17). (e) One of the Levites who helped to cleanse the Temple in Hezekiah's reformation (2 Ch 29 14). He was a descendant of Heman the musician. Hezekiah afterward appointed him with Conaniah to have chief oversight of "the oblations and the tithes and the dedicated things" which were brought into the chambers of Jeh's house prepared for them (2 Ch 31 11.12).
(7) A man of Judah, called "the Ramathite," who was "over the vineyards" in David's reign (1 Ch 27 27).
(8) A Simeonite hving in the time of David
(1 Ch 4 26.27), whose chief claim to distinction was that he was father of 16 sons and 6 daughters. The descendants of such a numerous progeny, not being able to maintain themselves in their ancestral home in Beer-sheba, in the days of Hezekiah fell upon Gerar, and dispossessed "the sons of Ham"
(ver 39 LXX), and upon Mt. Seir, driving out the Amalekites (ver 43)
(9) A man of Reuben, son of Gog (1 Ch 5 4). (10), (11) Two men of "Israel," i.e. not priests or Levites, one "of the sons of Hashum" (Ezr 10 33), the other "of the sons of Bani" (10 38), who put away their foreign wives at Ezra's command, in 1 Esd called respectively "Semei" (9 33) and " Someis " (9 34).
(12) A brother of Zerubbabel (1 Ch 3 19). The Shimeites were descendants of Shimei, grandson of Levi; cf (1) (a) above (Nu 3 21; Zee 12 13). Edward Mack
(/) A Levite who under Ezra put away his foreign wife (Ezr 10 23), "Semeis" in 1 Esd 9 23.
(2) The best-known Bible character of this name
is the Benjamite, of the family of Saul (2 S 16 5-
12; 19 16-20; 1 K 2 8.9.36-46), who met David at Bahurim as he was fleeing from Absalom, and in bitter and cowardly fashion cursed and attacked the hard-pressed king. Apparently David's flight to the Jordan led through a narrow ravine, on one side of which, or on the ridge above, stood Shimei in safety as he cast stones at David and his men, cursing as he threw (2 S 16 5.6). His hatred of David who had displaced his royal kinsman Saul had smouldered long in his mean heart; and now the flame bursts out, as the aged and apparently helpless king flees before his own son. S. seizes the long-coveted opportunity to pour out the acid hate of his heart, fiut when David's faithful companions would cross the ravine to make quick work of S., the noble king forbade them with these remarkable words: "Behold, my son, who came forth from rny bowels, seeketh my hfc: how much more may this Benjamite now do it? let him alone, and let him curse; for Jeh hath bidden him. It may be that Jeh .... wiU requite me good for his cursing" (2 S 16 11.12). After Absalom's overthrow, as the king was returning victorious and vindicated, S. met him at the Jordan with most abject confession and with vows of allegiance (2 S 19 16-23). The king spared his life; but shortly before liis death charged his son Solomon to see that due punishment should come to Shimei for his sins: "Thou shalt bring his hoar head down to Sheol with blood" (1 K 2 9). When he came to the throne Solomon summoned Shimei and bade him build a house in Jerus, to which he should come and from which he must not go out on pain of death (1 K 2 36-38). FeeUng secure after some years
SHIMEON, shim'5-on (liy)?© , shim'on; elsewhere "Simeon"): One of the sons of Harim who
had married foreign wives (Ezr 10 31; BA, 'Seficwn, Seme6ti,'L\ic.,'S,vixeiJ>v,Sume6ii = l Esd 9 32, "Simon Chosameus").
SHIMHI, shim'hi. See Shimei.
SHIMI, shim'i, shi'ml, SHIMITES, shim'its. See Shimei.
SHIMMA, shim'a. See Shammah.
SHIMON, shi'raon ('ji'alTl! , shlmon; B, 2€|iic6v, Semion, A, 2e(iei.Mv, Seineion, Luc, 2a|it, »S'a?ni) : A name in the Judahite genealogy (1 Ch 4 20).
SHIMRATH, shim'rath {Ti'l'QIp , shimrath; 2a|iapde, Snmardth) : The last of nine sons of Shimei of the tribe of Benjamin (1 Ch 8 21).
SHIMRI, shim'ri ("'"lljllj , shimri; various forms in LXX) : There are four Hebrews mentioned in the Bible who bear this name:
(1) A Simeonite, a son of Shemaiah and father of Jedaiah, a chief of his tribe (1 Ch 4 37).
(2) The father of Jediael, a bodyguard of King David (1 Ch 11 4.5).
(3) A son of Hosah, a Levite. He was appointed by David to be doorkeeper in the house of the Lord. He was made chief of the tribe, although not the firstborn of his family (1 Ch 26 10).
2771 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Shimei Shinar
incident narrated is founded on fact, Shinab may be identical with Sanibu, an Ammonite king in the time of Tiglath-pileser III (so Fr. Delitzsch, Wo lag das Parodies f 294) ; or the name may be equated by the Assyr (Sm-fcr-M5«r (cf "Shenazzar"), and Shemeber with theAssyr<SV/nu-ofei (Sayce, Expos T, VIII, 463). Jewish exegesis gives a sinister explanation of all four names (ver 2). The Midr (E'r. Rab. 42)
(4) One of the sons of Elizaphan, a Levite. He assisted in purifying the temple in the time of Hezekiah (2 Ch 29 13). S. L. Umbach SHIMRITH, shim'rith (ni-jTOTlJ , shimrlth, "guard," fern.): A Moabitess, the mother of Jehozabad, one of those that conspired against King Joash (2 Ch 24 26). Elsewhere (2 K 12 21) Jehozabad is described as the son of Shomer (q.v.), the same name without the fern, ending.
explains Shinab as ^TSp ^^llB , sho'ebh mammon, "one who draws money [wherever he can]." It is of interest to note that the names fall into two alliterative pairs and that each king's name contains exactly as many letters as that of his city. On the whole, however, the list leaves an impression of artificiality; as the names are not repeated in ver 8, it is highly probable that they are later additions to the text. Horace J. Wolf
SHIMRON, shim'ron qiTaTl), shimron, "watch"): The 4th son of Issachar (Gen 46 13; Nu 26 24; 1 Ch 7 1), and ancestor of the Shimronites (Nu 26 24). SHIMRON ("iliaiB, shimron; B, 2»)|io<Sv, Sumoon, A, 2o[j.€p<ov, Someron and other forms): A town whose king was tributary to Jabin king of Hazor, and who joined in the attempt to resist the invasion under Joshua (Josh 11 1). It was in the territory allotted to Zebulun (19 15). No sure identification is yet possible. LXX and Talm both omit the r from the name ; and Neubauer would identify it with Simonias (Vita, 24), the Simonia of the Talm, which is now represented by Semuniyeh, a vOlage about 5 miles W. of Nazareth, on the edge of the plain {Geog. du Talm). Beit Lahm, named by Jos along with it, is a short distance to the N.W. Es-Semeiriyeh, about 3 miles N. of Acre, has also been suggested; but it is perhaps too far to the W. W. Ewing
SHINAR, shi'nar ("1??1B, shin'ar; Scvadp, Sev-
[v]adp, Sen[n]adr):
1. Identification 2. Possible Babylonian Form of the Name 3. Sumerian and Other Equivalents 4. The Syriac Sen'ar 5. The Primitive Tongue of Shinar 6. Comparison with the Semitic Idiom 7. The Testimony of the Sculptures, etc. to the Race S. The Sumerians Probably in Shinar before the Semites 9. The States of Shinar: Sippar; Kes; Babylon: Nippur: Adab:, Surippak: Umma; Erech; Lagas; Larsa; Ur; Eridu; the Land of the Sea; Nisin, Isin. or Karrak; Upe or XJpia (Opis) ; Other Well-known Cities 10. Shinar and Its Climate 11. Sculpture in Shinar 12. The First Nation to Use "Writing in Western Asia 13. The System Employed, with an Example The name given, in the earliest Heb records, to Babylonia, later called Babel, or the land of Babel
. SHIMRON-MERON, shim'ron-me'ron ClilTSTB jlSn^, shimron m'-r'on; Svjioiiv .... Ma|ipii9, Sumoon .... Mamroth, A, 2ap.pi4v .... <i>ao~y(i .... Mapiiv, Samron .... Phasgd .... Maron): A royal city of the Canaanites, the king of which was slain by Joshua (12 20) . Here the name
(babhel, 'ere( babhel). In Gen 10 10
1. Identiit is the district wherein lay Babel, fication Erech, Accad, and Calneh, cities which were the "beginning" of Nimrod's kingdom. In 11 2 Shinar is described as the land of the plain where migrants from the E. settled, and founded Babel, the city, and its great tower.
is followed by that of Achshaph, which also foUows the name of Shimron in 11 1. This suggests that the two are in reality one, and that Shimron-meron may only be the fuU name. A royal Can. city, Samsimuruna, is mentioned in the inscriptions of Sennacherib, Esar-haddon and Assur-bani-pal, which Schrader {KAT\ 163) would identify with this, and thinks it may now be represented by es-Semeirl-
Though sometimes identified with the Bab Sumer, the connection of Shinar with that name is doubt-
ful. The principal difficulty Lies in
2. Possible the fact that what might be regarded Babylonian as the non-dialectical form singar Form (which would alone furnish a satisfactory basis of comparison) is not found, and would, if existent, only apply to the southern portion of Babylonia. The northern tract was called Akkad, after the name of its capital city (.see Accad). The Gr form Sen(n)aar shows that, at the time the LXX tr was made, there was no tradition that the 'ayin was guttural, as the supposed Bab forms would lead us to expect. As the Bib. form Shinar indicates the whole of Baby-
yeh. See Shimron. W. Ewing
SHIMSHAI, shim'shi, shim'sha-i OtW , shim-
shay; B, Sa(iao-d, Samasd, 2a|iae', Samae, 2a|i€a(s,
Sameals, 2a(Ko-(i, Samesd, A, 2a(i,o-aC, Samsai, Luc,
2a|ittCas, Samaias, throughout; in 1 Esd 2 17 he
is called "Semellius," RV "Samellius"; a number
of explanations of this name have been offered, but no one has been generally favored. One conjecture
traces it to an Old Iranian caritative "'BlBlC con-
formed to TB^TB ; another prefers the Old Bactrian
lonia, it corresponds with the native (Sumerian) Kingi-Ura, rendered "Sumer and Akkad," from which, by changing K into Sh (found in Sumerian), Shinar may have been derived, but this explanation
simezhi = simaezhi; ci BDB, b.v. The name looks
as though it were derived from TZJpiB , shemesh, "the
sun"): A state secretary who, with Rehum (q.v.) and others, wrote to Artaxerxes to persuade him
is not free from difficulties.
to prohibit the rebuilding of the temple (Ezr 4 8.
This twofold designation, Kingi-Ura, is that which is commonly used in the inscriptions of the
9.17.23). Horace J. Wolf
earlier kings, though it cannot then
SHIN, shen, SIN, sen (IB, IB): The 21st letter of
3. Sumehave indicated always the whole rian and country, but only such parts of it as Other acknowledged their overlordship. LatEquivalents er on the corresponding term seems to have been Kar-Dunias ("the territory of the god Dunias," to aU appearance a term introduced by the Kassite rulers). Nabonassar and his successors seem to have contented them-
the Heb alphabet; transhterated m this Encyclo-
paedia as sh, s. It came also to be used for the number 300. For name, etc, see Alphabet.
SHINAB, Bhi'nab (IXD© , sMn'abh, Sam. "INDIB
shin'ar; 'Zivvaap, Sennadr) : King of Admah (q.v.). He is mentioned with Shemeber, king of Zeboiim;
selves with the title "king of Babylon," rule in the
he was attacked by Chedorlaomer and his allies (Gen 14 2). The reading is very uncertain. If the
city implying also the dominion over the whole
Shinar Shine THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2772
of its great cities, was a son of Cush (Gen 10 8), and the name of Shinar seems to have existed before the foundation of Babel (Baby-
country. Often, however, the equivalent term for Babylonia is E'", probably an abbreviation of Eridu, and here standing for the land belonging to that sacred city—"the good city," a type of Paradise, Babylonia being, in tact, situated upon the edinu, or "plain" (see Eden).
8. SumeIon) and its tower (Gen 11 2). In rians Probthe native sculptures, moreover, the ably Prenon-Sem type precedes the Sem; and ceded Semin the inscriptions the non-Sem idiom
All these comparisons tend to show that the Bab equivalent of Shinar is not any of the above, and as yet has not, in fact, been
ites in precedes that of the Sem tr. EveryShinar thing points, therefore, to the Sumerians having been in Babylonia before the Sem inhabitants.
4. The found. This is also implied by the Syriac fact, that Sen'ar was used in Syr Sen'ar for the country around Bagdad, and anciently included (it may be supposed) the plain upon which the ruins of Babylon stand. Seri'ar was therefore in all probability' an ancient Bab designation of the tract, now lost, but regarded by the Hebrews as synonymous with Babylonia.
At the earliest period to which our records refer the Sumerians of Shinar were divided into a number
of small states, of which the following
9. States may be regarded as the principal: of Shinar (1) Sip-par or Sippar-Aruru {-Ya' ruru), possibly including Accad (Gen 10 10), some distance S.W. of Bagdad. It is the modern 'Abu-habbah, "father of grain." Though
From the inscriptions it would seem that the primitive language of Shinar was not Semitic, but
it seems to have fallen early under the dominion of the Semites, it was at first Sumerian, as its native name, Zimbir, and the ideographic writing thereof show. According to Berosus, who calls it Pantabiblion, one of its earliest kings was Amelon or Amillarus, who reigned 13 sari, or 46,800 years. Later on came Evedoreschus, the native Enwe-ditran-ki, renowned as a priest favored by the gods. His descendants, if of pure race, inherited the divine grace which he enjoyed It is said to have been in Sippara (Sippar) that Ut-napiUim, the Bab Noah, buried the records before entering the ark.
the agglutinative idiom now named
5. Primitive Sumerian—a tongue long regarded as Tongue of Turanian, and having, it is thought, Shinar Turko-Chinese affinities gal, "to be," Turkish ol-mak; ama (ana), "mother," Turkish ana; abba, "old man," Turkish baba, "father"; {h)e, "house," Turkish ev, etc. The Chinese affinities seem less close, but the following may be quoted: a{y)a, "father," Chinese ye (Amoy
i&); ge, "night," Chinese ye; gu, "to speak," Chinese yu; shu, "hand," Chinese sheii; kin, "business," Chinese kung, "work"; etc. Chinese and Turkish, however, have had time to pass through many changes since Sumerian was current
(2) About 18 miles N. of Babylon lay Kes, now Oheimer—a foundation which seems to have preceded Babylon as the capital of Shinar. Its early queen, Azag-Bau, is said to have been the wife of a wine-merchant and to have reigned 100 years.
in Shinar. Many words of the Sumerian language were borrowed by the Sem Babylonians, and a few
(3) Babylon, for which see Babel; Babylon. As one of its early kings, Berosus mentions Alorus, "the shepherd of the people," as having reigned for 10 sari, or 36,000 years. The state of Babylon probably included Cuthah {Tel Ibrahim), which once had kings of its own, and possessed a special legend of the Creation. Belonging to Babylon,
(like hekal, "temple," Sem [h]egal, "great house") entered the other Sem languages.
Halevy's contention, that Sumerian is simply "an allography" for the expression of Sem Bab. seems to be
untenable, as they differ not only in words, e n _«„,• but also in grammar ; moreover, Sumerian b. Comparibad a dialect, called by son with Semitic Idiom
1 by the natives "woman's tongue." For the rest, the principal differences between Sumerian and Sem Bab are:
also, was the renowned city Borsippa, now Birs, or the Birs Nimroud, the traditional site of the Tower of Babel (see Babel, Tower of).
(1) post^positional suiSxes instead of prepositions; (3) verbs with long strings of prefixes and infLxes to express the persons and regimens, instead of a prefix and a suffix; {:i) compound words, both nouns and verbs, are common instead of being exceedingly rare. Sumerian seems to have borrowed several words from Sem Bab.
(4) Some distance S.E. of Babylon lay Nippur or Niffur, now Niffer (Noufar), identified by the rabbis with the "Calneh" of Gen 10 10. It was a place of considerable importance, and the seat of the worship of Enlil and Ninlil, later, also, of their son Nmip and his spouse (see Calneh). The American excavations on this site have thrown a flood of light upon almost every branch of Assyriological research.
Not only the language, but also the sculptures which they have left, point to the probability
that the earlier inhabitants of Shinar
7. Testibelonged to a different race from the mony of the later. The Semites of Babylonia Sculptures, were to all appearance thick-set and
(5) Adab, now called Bismaya, the city of Mah, the goddess of reproduction. One of the earliest rulers of Adab was seemingly called Lugal-dalu, of whom a fine statue, discovered by the American explorers, exists. It was apparently renowned as a necropolis.
etc muscular, but the Sumerians, notwithstanding the stumpy figures which their statues and bas-reliefs show, seem to have been slim—in any case, their warriors, in the better bas-
reliefs, as well as the figures of the god Nin-Girsu (formerly known as "the god with the firestick"), and the engraved cylinders, have this type. Moreover, the sculptures and cylinder-seals show that certain classes—priests or the like—were clean shaven, in marked contrast to Sem usage elsewhere. Their deities, however, always had hair and beard, implying that they came from a different, though possibly related, stock. These deities were very numerous, and it is noteworthy that, though those with Sumerian names may be counted by hundreds, those with Sem names are onty to be reckoned by
(6) S. and a little W. of Adab was Surippak, now Fara. This was the birthplace of the Bab Noah, Ut-napislim, son of Opartes (Umbara-Tulu), a Chaldaean of Larancha. The coming of the Flood was revealed to Ut-napistim here.
(7) Practically E. of Fara lay Umma or Gisuh
(or Giuh), now Jokha. This city was apparently of considerable importance, and the traditional rival of Lagas.
(8) S. of Fara lay Unuga, Sem Uruk, the Bib. Erech (q.v.), now Warka. Its mo.st celebrated king, after Gilgames, was Lugal-zaggi-si, one of the opponents of the rulers of Lagas.
tens.
Though there is no certain indication which race entered Shinar first, it is to be noted that Nimrod, presumably Shinar's first king and the founder
(9) Some distance E. of Warka was the territory of Lagas, now Tel-loh—a little state, rather in-
2773 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Shinai' Shine
accessible, but of considerable importance to the antiquarian, which is a testimonial to the advance in civilization which it had made. Its kings and viceroys were among the most renowned, though apparently unknown outside their own domains. The most celebrated were the reformer Uru-kagina and viceroy Gudea, to whom many erections in the city were due. (See Gudia's remarkable statue in the Louvre.)
fruitfulness which followed, and which was such as to make Babylonia one of the most fertile tracts known.
The reference to the Sumerian sculptures in (7) above will have shown that the inhabitants of the
Plain of Shinar possessed an art of no 11. Sculpmean order and of some antiquity, ture in even at the time when it first presents Shinar itself to our notice. It is true that many specimens are crude and uncouth, but this is probably due to the sculptors having been, often enough, the slaves of their material. Their stones were frequently more or less pebble-shaped, and they had neither the skill nor the tools to reduce them to better proportions moreover, reduction of bulk would have meant a diminution of their importance. The broad, squat figures which they produced, however, gave them bad models for their bas-reliefs, and it was long ere this defect was removed, notwithstanding the superior work produced by their seal-engravers during and after the 4th millennium BC.
(10) Somewhat to the S.E. of Warka lay LaTsa, the "EUasar"' of Gen 14 1 (q.v.). This center of learning maintained its independence even after the other states had been absorbed by Hammurabi and his dynasty into the Bab empire.
(11) To the S.E. of Warka and Senqara Ues the site of the ancient Ur op the Chaldees (q.v.) now Mugheir. It was renowned for its temple to the moon, and for the kings known as the dynasty of Ur: Sur-Engur, Dungi, B-dr-Sin, Gimil-Sin, and Ibi-Sin.
(12) S. of the Ur lay Sridu, or, in full, Guruduga, "the good city," wherein, apparently, lay the earthly Paradise. This is identified with the present ''Ahu-shahrein, and was the seat of Ea or Enki, god of the sea and of fertilizing streams. According to the tradition, it was there that the "dark vine" grew—a type, seemingly, of thetree of life. The later kings of Babylon sometimes bear the title "king of Eridu," as though rulers of the domain of Paradise.
But in all probability special renown will always be attached to the non-Semitic inhabitants of Shinar as the inventors, or at least the 12. First to earliest users known to us, of the Use Writing cuneiform script. It may be objected in Western that the system which they introAsia duced was cumbersome and imperfect, but they knew of nothing simpler, and modern Chinese, with which their script has been compared, is far less practical. Briefly, the system may be described as syllabic for the prefixes and suf-
(13) The Land of the Sea (that bordering on the Pers Gulf), in which, seemingly, the Chaldaeans afterward settled, seems to have played an important part in the early history of Shinar. Berosus speaks of its king Ammenon, who reigned 12 sari, or 43,200 years, and in whose time the Musarus Oannes, or Annedotus, arose out of the Pers Gulf. Like others referred to in the legends which Berosus refers to, he was half-man and half-fish. It is thought that these incidents, though evidently mythical, point to the introduction of civilization into Babylonia, from this point. See also Jonah; Jonah, The Book of.
fixes, and ideographic for the roots. To show this the following transcribed example will probably suffice:
E nu-D U UR U nu-DIM, A house was not built, a city was not constructed; URU nu-DIM ADAM nu-mun-GAR, 13 System -^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ constructed, a community
I J he had not founded; limployed ABZU nu-DU GURUDUGA nu-DIM, The abyss was not built, Eridu was not constructed;
T-,
S AZAGA DINGIRene KI-DURA-bi nu-DIM. The holy house of the gods, its seat was not constructed; Su-NIGIN KURKURAgi AABBAama, The whole of the lands was sea.
(14) Nisin, Isin, or Karrak, seat of the worship
of Nin-Karraga, was also an important state governed by its own kings.
The nominal and verbal roots of the above extract from the bilingual account of the Creation are in capitals, and the pronominal prefixes and suffixes, with a couple of lengthenings which determine the pronunciations of the nouns, in small letters. This
(1.5) Upe or Upia, the Gr O-pis, apparently obtained renown at a very early date, its kings being given in the great chronological list before those of Kii.
will not only give an idea of the poetical form of the Sumerian legend of the Creation by Merodach and Aruru, but also show how short and concise, as a language, was the speech of Shinar, before Sem supremacy. T. G. Pinches
(16) Other well-known cities, possibly state-
capitals, were Larak, Gr Laranche; Amarda, one
of the centers of the worship of Nergal; Asnunna, a province E. of the present Bagdad; Dilmii, now Dailem; Nuru, Ennigi, and Kakra, seemingly
centers of the worship of Hadad; Tilmun, at the head of the Pers Gulf, and including the island of
SHINE, shin: The Heb words 'dhal, 'or, hdlal, zahar, zdrah, yapha', naghah, ^dshath and karan are all tr'' "shine." All indicate either the direct or indirect diffusion of beams of light. In a direct and literal sense the word "shine" is used of the heavenly bodies, or of candles, and fire (Job 18 5; 25 5 AV; 29 3; 31 26; 2 K 3 22). In a figurative sense it is used of reflected hght or brightness, in any sense (Ex 34 29f.35; Isa 60 1; Ezk 43 2; Dnl 12 3). God as the sun of righteousness is thus depicted in Ps 50 2. The NT words astrdplo, augdzo, Idmpo and phaino are tr"* "shine." Thus
Bahrein; the province of Sahu; Seseb or Bagdadu,
possibly the modern Bagdad ; and several others. Whether the country was in the same seemmgly
uncared-for state anciently as at present is unknown; but one cannot help admiring
10. Shinar the courage of the original immigrants and Its into such a district, for example, as
Climate that of Lagas. This, which belongs to
the southern region, is very inaccessible on account of the watercourses and marshes. Like
the whole of Shinar in general, it is more or less
literally it is said of the lightning that it shines (Mt 24 27 AV; Lk 17 24); the word is tropically applied to the hfe of faith or to men prominent in the kingdom of God (Mt 5 16; Jn 5 3.5; 2 Cor 4 6; Phil 2 15; 2 Pet 1 19); to the glory of God (Lk 2 9); to angelic appearances (Lk 24 4; Acts 12 7), or to Christ as He appeared to John on Patmos (Rev 1 16). Henry E. Doskee
dried up in summer, and unhealthy for Europeans. The alterations in the waterways, owing to changes
in the irrigation-channels, must then, as now, have
hindered communication. Sharp cold, with frost,
succeeds the heat of summer, and from time to time
sand-storms sweep across the plain. Notwith-
standing the destruction sometimes wrought, the
floods were always welcomed in consequence of the
Shion Ships and Boats THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 2774
27.30 AV, "sailors" RV) ; "mariners," Qin^T2 , mallahim
SHION, shi'on (IINiTB , shl'on; B, SimvA, Siond,
(Jon 1 15; Ezk 27 9.27.29), QipTp , shdtlm (Ezk 27 8
A, Sciav, Seidn) : A town in the territory of Issa-
AV, "rowers" RV; 27 26, AV and' RV) ; "pilot," b'in
char, named with Shunem, Hapharaim and Anaharath (Josh 19 19). It is possibly identical with Khirbet Sha'in, near 'Ai/i esh-Sha'in, c 4 miles N.W. of Mt. Tabor.
hobhel (Jon 1 6; Ezk 27 8.27.28.29); "sailing," "voyage." ttAoOs, pious (Acts 21 7; 27 9.10, RV "voyage" in
all verses).
/. The Hebrews and the Sea.—The Hebrews were a pastoral and agricultural people, and had no inducements to follow a seafaring hfe. They were possessed of a considerable seaboard along the Mediterranean, but the character of their coast gave
SHIPHI, shi'fl CypTP , shiphH; B, EacfxiX, Saphdl,
A,'S:i^dv, Sephnn, Luc, "Zm^d, Sophei): A Simeon-
ite prince (1 Ch 4 37 [36]).
little encouragement to navigation. The coast line
SHIPHMITE, shif'mit. See Shepham; SiphMOTH.
of the land of Israel from Carmel southward had no bays and no estuaries or river-mouths to ofler
shelter from storm or to be havens of ships. Solomon landed his timber and other materials for the Temple at Joppa, and tradition has handed down what is called "Solomon's Harbor" there. The
SHIPHRAH, shif'ra (nnSlC , shiphrah, "faii-ness,"
"beauty";, LXX Stu-cjxDpd, Sepphord, the rendering
also of nnSS
, gippordh, in Ex 2 21): The name of one of the Heb midwives (Ex 1 1.5). See also ZipPORAH.
builders of the second temple also got timber from Lebanon and conveyed it to Joppa. It was Simon Maccabaeus, however, who built its harbor, and the harbor at Joppa was "the first and only harbor
SHIPHTAN, shif'tan CJUSP , shiphtaii: B, SopaBa, Sabathd, A, SaPaBdv, Sabalhdn, F, Sa<t>a-
of the Jews" (G. A. Smith, HGHL, 136). Caesarea
Tav, Saphaldn, Luc, [S]€<t)aed, [Sjephathd): An Ephraimite prince (Nu 34 24).
in NT times was a place of shipping and possessed a harbor which Jos declared to be greater than the Piraeus, but it was Herodian and more Gr and Rom than Jewish. It was mostly inhabited by Greeks
SHIPMASTER, ship'mas-ter. See Ships and Boats; Phoenix.
(Jos, BJ, III, ix, 1). Now Caesarea has disappeared; and Joppa has only an open roadstead where vessels lie without shelter, and receive and discharge cargo and passengers by means of boats plying between them and the shore. It was in other directions that Israel made acquaintance with the
SHIPMEN, ship'men. See Ships and Boats,
II, 2, (3); III, 2.
SHIPS AND BOATS :
I. The Hebrews and the Sea II. Ships in the OT and Apoc
activities of the sea. Of internal navigation, beyond the fishing-boats on the Sea of Galilee which belong exclusively to the NT, the ferry boat on the Jordan
1. Among the Hebrews (1) In Early Times
(2) During the Monarchy
(2 S 19 18, n"13!7 , 'dbhardh) alone receives notice, and even that is not perfectly clear (RVm "convoy," but a "ford" is doubtless meant). It is from Tyre and Egypt and even Assyria and Babylonia, rather than from their own waters, that the Heb prophets and psalmists drew their pictures of seafaring life.
(3) In Later Times 2. Among Neighboring Nations
(1) Egypt
(2) Assyria and Babylonia
(.3) Phoenicia 3. General References III. Shifs in the NT
1. In the Gospels 2. In the Acts ol the Apostles
//. Ships in the OTand Apoc.— (1) In early times. —In the early books of the OT there are references
3. In Other Books Literature
In the OT the foUowing words are found:
connecting certain of the tribes, and
(1) The word most commonly used in Heb for "a ship" is n';:X, 'dnlyah (Prov 30 19; Jon 1 3.4),
1. Among these northern tribes, with the activithe ties of the sea. In the "Blessing of Hebrews Jacob" and in the "Blessing of IVIoses" Zebulun and Issachar are so connected (Gen 49 13; Dt 33 19); and in Deborah's Song, which is acknowledged to be a very early fragment
of which the pi. 'dniyolh is found most frequently (Jgs 5 17; 1 K 22 48 t, and many other places). The collective term for "a na^-y of sliips " is "iJX , '6nl
(1 K 9 26 f; 10 22, ' 6nl Tharshish, " a navy [of ships] of Tarshish" ; but Isa 33 21, 'linis/iavit, a "galley with oars").
of Heb lit., Dan and Asher are also spoken of as connected with the hfe and work of the sea (Jgs 5 17). The Oracle of Balaam (Nu 24 24) looks forward to a day when a fleet from Kittim should take the sea for the destruction of Assyria. "Ships
(2) 135. ci (Nu 24 24; Ezk 30 9'; Isa 33 21). £-1 'addlr,
"gallant ship"; Dnl 11 30, s'lylm Kittlm, "ships of Kittim."
(3) riw'^BD . sephlnah, "innermost parts of the ship" RV, "sides of the ship" AV (Jon 1 5, the only place where the word is found).
of Kittim" are mentioned in Dnl (11 30). Kittim
is referred to in the three greater Prophets (Isa 23 1.12; Jer 2 10; Ezk 27 6). The land of Kittim
In Apoc TrAoLOf, plolon, is the usual word (Wisd 14 1; Ecclus 33 2, etc), tr<i "vessel" in Wisd 14 1. but "ship" elsewhere. For "ship" Wisd 5 lOhasi'aGs, naus. "Boat" in 2 Mace 12 3.6 is for (rKd<j>o-;, skdphos, and "navy" in 1 Mace 1 17; 2 Mace 12 9; 14 1 for aT6kos, st6los. In Wisd 14 6 Noah's ark is called a axt^^La, ^chedia, a "clumsy ship" (the literal tr "rait" in RV is impossible).
is Cyprus, and in the references in Isaiah it is associated with Tyre and the ships of Tarshish.
(2) During the monarchy.—It is not till the time of the monarchy that the Hebrews begin to figure as a commercial people. Already in the time of David commercial relations had been estabHshed between Israel and Tyre (2 S 5 11 f). The friendly cooperation was continued by Solomon, who availed himself not only of the cedar and the fir at Hiram's command on Lebanon, but also of the skilled service of Hiram's men to bring the timber from the mountains to the sea. Hiram also undertook to make the cedar and the fir into rafts (1 K
In the NT there are four words in use: (1) I'aSs, naus (Acts 27 41, the only place where it occurs, designating the large sea-going vessel in which St. Paul suffered shipwreck). (2) TrAotaptoi', ploidrion, "a little boat" (Mk 3 9 and two other places, Jn 6 22 ff; 21 8). (3) TiKo'ioi', plolon, "boat" (Mt 4 21.22 and many other jjlaces in the Gospels—the ordinary fishingboat of the Sea of GaUlee rendered "boat" uniformly in RV instead of "ship" AV), "ship" (Acts 20 13, and all other places where the ship carrying St. Paul is mentioned, except 27 41. as above). In Jas 3 4; Rev 8 9; 18 17 ff, it is rendered "ship." (4) o-/t<i.(i.|, skdphe, "boat" (Acts 27 16.30.32, where it means the small boat of the ship in which St. Paul was being conveyed as a prisoner to Rome).
5 9, ni-in'l, dobh'roth, AV "floats"; 2 Ch 2 16,
Xrr{Z)'^'\ ', raphsjbdhoth, "flotes" AV, "floats" RV) to go by sea and to deliver them to Solomon's men
Cognate expressions are: "shipmen," tTl^IS!; "itCDX ,
'anshe 'dniyulh (1 K 9 27); yaijTaL, nautai (Acts 27
2775 THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Shion Ships and Boats
sea" (1 Mace 13 29). About this period we hear of ships in naval warfare. When Antiochus IV Epiphanes planned his expedition against Egypt, he had with other armaments "a great navy," presumably ships of war (1 Mace 1 17); and at a later time Antiochus VII speaks expressly of "ships of war" (1 Mace 15 3).
at the place appointed, which the Chronicler tells us was Joppa. From this cooperation in the building of the Temple there grew up a larger connection in the pursuit of sea-borne commerce. It was at Ezion-gcber near to Eloth on the Red Sea, in the land of Edom which David had conquered, that^ Solomon built his fleet, "a navy of ships" (1 K 9 26-28). Hiram joined Solomon in these enterprises which had their center on the Rod Sea, aiid thus the Phoenicians had water communication with the coasts of Arabia and Africa, and even of India. The same partnership existed for the commerce of the West. "For the king [Solomon] had at sea a navy of Tarshish with the navy of Hiram: once every three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks" (1 K 10 22). Tarshish is the name of the Phoen colony on the river lartessus. called also Baetis. the modern. (iuadalquivir. It was the farthest limit of the western world as known to the Hebrews. Attempts have been made to identify It with Tarsus of Cilicia, but thev are not convincing. It IS conceived of in Heb lit. as remote (Isa 66 19; Jon 1 3; 4 2), as rich (Ps 72 10; Jer 10 9). as powerfid in commerce (Ezk 38 13). Ships of Tarshish were no doubt ships actually built for the Tarshish trade (2 Ch 20 36 f ; Jon 1 3), but the expression became a general designation for large sea-going vessels to any quarter. Ships of Tarshish made a deep impression upon the imagination of the Heb people. The Psalmist takes it as a proof of the power of Jeh that He breaks the ships of Tarshish with an east wind (Ps 48 7). Isaiah includes them among the great and lofty objects of power and glory which the terror of the Lord would certainly overtake (Isa 2 10). Ezekiel regards them as the caravans that bore the merchandise of the mistress of the sea (27 2.5). It is in ships of Tarshish that the prophet of the Return sees the exiles borne in crowds to Jerus as their natural home (Isa 60 9). From Solomon's time onward the kings of Judah retained their hold upon Eloth (1 K 22 48 f ; 2 Ch 20 35-37) till it was seized by the Syrians in the days of Ahaz (2 K 16 6).