confirmation, power to confer, 170–72
confirmation, power to confer, 170–72
Holy Spirit, Christ’s body formed by active power of, 67–68
proportionality of substance, power, and activity, 255
redemptive power of Christ’s suffering without death, 218, 220–22
separated souls’ performance of acts with sensitive powers, 141, 143–44
vicars (not) entrusting vicarious powers to anyone else, 457
water’s power to cleanse sins in baptism, 441
Praepositinus, 74nn55–57
prayer
for the dead, 297
for oneself versus for someone else, 71–73
as spiritual work, 45
preaching and preachers
on one’s own authority, 453
repenting of preaching out of vainglory, 423–24
secular ruler forbidding preacher to preach, 453, 454–55
as spiritual work, 45
usurers, accepting alms from, 453, 455
prebends
allowability of having more than one, 78–79
defined, 490
mortal sin, multiple prebends without care of souls (without a dispensation) as, 120, 122–25
in two churches with different offices on same day, 202–3
predestination, 162–64, 392, 393–94, 402, 432–33
prelates. See also benefices
accepting versus declining canonical election to, 419, 421–22
choosing the best man versus a good man to be, 68–70
confirmation, power to confer, 170–72
defined, 490
evil prelates, honoring, 68, 70–71
grace, questions of, 68–71
hearing confessions on pope’s authority without prelate’s permission, 456–57
preaching on one’s own authority without permission of, 453
relative perfection of secular clergy versus religious and, 282, 284–85, 287
seeking position as/desiring to be, 264–66, 442–43
state of apostleship and evangelical perfection, ascendancy to, 419–21
prescription
acquisition of property by prescription in bad faith, 449, 450–51
defined, 490
presumption, checking, 372
priests. See clerics and members of religious orders; specific orders
prime matter, 490
principle, defined, 490
prior and posterior, relationship between, 54, 415–16, 417
priors, 490. See also clerics and members of religious orders
private disputations, xxxiv
private good versus common or public good, 273, 282
private people, wearing of expensive clothing by, xlvii, 153
private versus public fraternal correction, 177–78
privation, defined, 490
Proclus, Elements of Theology, xxxi–xxxii
profession of faith necessary for salvation, 121, 199
property
clerics with superfluous property failing to give alms, 325–28
failure to give away superfluous things, as sin, 459, 461
prescription in bad faith, acquisition by, 449, 450–51
restitution of, 449–51
Pseudo-Augustine
Dialogue of Sixty-Five Questions with Orosius, 134–35
On Spirit and Soul, 2n4, 72, 87, 137
Pseudo-Dionysius
on angels, 15, 16, 262–63, 313, 399, 400
on baptism of children, 269–70
on children received into religious life, 375
on clerics, 69
on demons, 400
The Divine Names, commentary of Aquinas on, xxxi–xxxii
on intention, 80–81
on proportionality of substance, power, and activity, 255
on relative perfection of secular clergy versus religious, 284–85
on senses of scripture, 27–29, 30–31
on sin, 332
on transformative power of love, 283–84
Pseudo-Dionysius, works
The Celestial Hierarchy, 9–10, 30–31, 137, 255, 262–63, 400
The Divine Names, 54, 80–81, 283–84, 313, 332, 336, 347, 399–400
The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, 171, 269–70, 284–85, 375
Letter 9, to Titus, 27–29
Pseudo-John Chrysostom, Unfinished Work on Matthew, 427n133, 440n36, 443n45
public disputations, xxxiv
public or common good versus private good, 273, 282
public people, wearing of expensive clothing by, xlvii, 153
public versus private fraternal correction, 177–78
punishment of religious who sin, 461–62
punishment of the damned
bodily fire, effects on separated souls of, 243–44, 298–99, 461, 462
bodily nature of, 23, 26–27, 84–85
enemies, the damned rejoicing in punishment of, 298, 299–300
with fire and water, 84–85
of people foreknown by God, 392, 393–94
spiritual punishment, 81–84
will, burning in hell, 243, 244
purgatory
defined, 490
length of stay in, 243, 244–46
Quaestiones de Anima (Thomas Aquinas), xxxvin54
Quaestiones Disputatae (Thomas Aquinas), xxiv
qualities and quantity
existence of qualities without quantity, 16, 21–22
reality of, 183
Questions on Truth (Thomas Aquinas), 58n13
Quodlibetal Questions. See Thomas Aquinas, Quodlibetal Questions
rainbow, as sign there will not be a flood, lx–lxi, 307–9
ransom, requirement to repay money borrowed to pay, 412–13
reason
commanding as act of will versus, 115, 118–19
theological question, using reason versus authority in settling, 360, 363–64
redemption. See salvation
Reginald of Piperno, xxx
relatives
benefices for, 354, 358–59, 419, 422–23
wishes of the damned regarding fate of, 81, 83
religious, defined, 491. See also clerics and members of religious orders; specific orders
remedy learned while under oath not to share it, 445, 446–47
repentance. See contrition
reputation
regarding/disregarding, xlvii, 149, 151–52
revealing secret fault of brother to superior, 207
restitution, 449–51
resurrection from the dead
deformities in life, bodies of the damned arising with, 23, 25
incorruptibility of bodies of the damned, 23–24
of numerically same body, 168–70
resurrection of Christ
blood lost in Passion returning to Christ’s body after, 396–98
food, Christ (not) eating after his resurrection, 254, 258–59
rich people
difficulty entering the kingdom of heaven, 277
expensive clothing, wearing, xlvii, 149, 152–53
honoring/preferential treatment of, xlvii, 149–51
manual labor, not bound to, 35
suffrages for the poor versus the rich, 71, 73–75
tithes given to rich priest by poor person, 319–20, 322–24
right action, sin opposed to, xlvi, 149–53
right faith, sin opposed to, xlvi, 153–56
riskier of two opinions, following, as sin, xlix, 76, 78–79
Roman Catholic Church. See Church
rule of faith, 266–67
Rule of St. Benedict, l, 146, 212, 370, 490
Sabellian heresy, 127
sacrament of the altar. See Eucharist
sacraments. See also baptism; confession and penance; Eucharist; marriage and marriage contracts
confirmation, power to confer, 170–72
defined, 491
ordinary things used in, 199
preparations for receiving and compaternity, 443
salvation
contrition necessary for, 200
mother’s faith, child born and dying in waterless desert saved by, 315–17
original sin, salvation of same people in absence of, 401–3
predestination, 162–64
profession of faith necessary for, 121, 199
repenting of teaching/preaching out of vainglory and, 423–24
of sinners, 277
studying and teaching theology versus salvation of souls, 202, 203–6
suffering of Christ without death, redemptive power of, 218, 220–22
satisfaction, defined, 491
scandal, active, 487
Scripture
commentaries of Aquinas on, xxxi–xxxii
commentators on, 452–53
confirmation, on power to confer, 171–72
Holy Spirit as author and interpreter of, 28, 29, 452–53
requirement to believe, 125–26
Scripture, multiple senses of, 27–33
to be found in other writings, 27, 32–33
existence of, 27–29
second tablet versus first tablet of commandments, 209–10, 274, 414–15, 418–19, 488
secrets
confession of secret adultery in court, 410, 411–12
religious superior, revealing secret fault of brother to, 206, 207–8, 354–55
religious superior, revealing secrets entrusted in confidence to, 206–7
unconsecrated host given to unexposed sinner, 405, 406–7
secular rulers
casting lots to elect, 460
forbidding preacher to preach, 453, 454–55
strength of truth compared to that of kings, 445–46
selling and buying. See trade, business, and money
senses, external, 488
sensible species, 491
sensitive souls
creation, as product of, 115–18
defined, 491
separated souls, liii–liv. See also blessedness; punishment of the damned; resurrection from the dead
defined, 491
dying person asked to disclose their state after death, 294, 297–98
knowledge obtained in life by, ability to retain, 439
knowledge of each other, 294–97
performance of acts with sensitive powers, 141, 143–44
prayer for, 297
purgatory, length of stay in, 243, 244–46
sex. See gender
sexual intercourse. See also adultery; fornication
force of promise of marriage to obtain, 410–11
impotence as impediment to marriage, 175, 176–77
between Jewish woman and Christian man baptizing her for promise of marriage, 315, 317
paying or exacting marriage debt (sexual intercourse) by person contracting marriage after simple vow of chastity, 144, 148–49, 489
Silvester (pope), 233
simony, 76–77, 418, 419, 422–23, 491
simple vow of continence and marriage contract, 71, 75–76, 144
simplicity
defined, 491
sin, xlv–lii. See also confession and penance; damnation; fornication; mortal sin; original sin
by being caught off guard, 121
against commandments of first tablet versus second tablet, 209–10, 274, 414–15, 418–19
contrition for, 197–98, 200, 423–24, 488
of crusaders, lx–lxi, 247, 248–51
excessive fasting and vigils as, 412, 413–14, 492
expensive clothing, wearing, xlvii, 149, 152–53
expulsion of religious from religious life for, 461–62
forgiveness of, 248–51
heresy and heretics, xlviii
Holy Spirit, resisting promptings of, 278
against Holy Spirit, 247–48
impulses or appetites as, li, 366–69
intentions regarding, 76, 80–81, 121, 304, 332
against law of God, 78–79
lying, xlix, 76, 79–80, 121, 330, 332–33
magic, desire to know, 360–61
married persons uniting in the flesh after vow of continence, 289
nature, going against, 297
papal decrees, violated out of ignorance, l, 209, 211
pleasure, consenting to, lii, 458–59
poor, failing to give to, xlviii–xlix, 76, 77–78, 325–28
preacher’s desire for temporal things as, 240, 242
religious life, leading sinners into, 267, 276–78
religious vows, remaining in world after taking, 267, 272–76
reputation, regarding/disregarding, xlvii, 149, 151–52
right action, opposed to, xlvi, 149–53
right faith, opposed to, xlvi, 153–56
riskier of two opinions, following, xlix, 76, 78–79
simony, 76–77, 418, 419, 422–23, 491
stipends, going to church only for, xlviii, 76–77
superfluous things, failure to give away, 459, 461
superiority, desire for, 240–42
temporal punishment of religious for, 461–62
theologians, believing false opinions held by, 264, 266–67
thought, sins of, 458–59
as turning away from God versus turning toward a changeable good, 330, 331–32, 418
unconsecrated host given to unexposed sinner, 405, 406–7
venial, 80–81
water’s power to cleanse sins in baptism, 441
wealth, honoring rich people due to, xlvii, 149–51
wrongdoing, suspecting others of, 459
singular things
human knowledge of, 438–39
sonship of Christ, 91, 97–100, 182–84, 346, 347–48
soul, human. See human nature and the soul; separated souls
soul, of heavens/heavenly bodies, 436
species and genus, 90, 261, 489, 491
specific difference, 56, 106, 223, 224–25, 491
spiritual senses in writings other than scripture, 27, 32–33
spiritual senses of scripture. See scripture, multiple senses of
spiritual works
manual labor versus, lvi–lvii, 34, 41–51
types of, 44–46
Stephen (pope), 277
stipends
defined, 491
going to church only for, xlviii, 76–77
students. See teachers and students
subject
accidents depending for their existence on, 253
angels composed of accident and, 14, 15–16
Eucharist, accidents existing without subject in, 100–3
eye of Christ as eye equivocally or univocally after his death and, 254, 256–58
Lucifer, as subject of the aevum, 401–5
substance
activity and, 138
angelic substance and nature, difference between, 222, 224–27
bodily things administered by spiritual substances, 113–14
defined, 491
eye of Christ as eye equivocally or univocally after his death and, 254, 256–58
God, measure of every substance as substance of, 399–400
living versus non-living, 115–16
potentiality and actuality, 294
proportionality of substance, power, and activity, Pseudo-Dionysius on, 255
sensitive and intellective soul as same substance, 166–68
of the soul, 136–41
transubstantiation, 253
substantial form, 491
suffering. See also punishment of the damned
Christ’s suffering without death, redemptive power of, 218, 220–22
love of Christ for us, in his suffering versus giving us his body as food, 396, 398–99
pleasure, relationship to, 299–300
purgatory, length of stay in, 243, 244–46
Sulpitius Severus, The Life of St. Martin, 49–50
Summa Contra Gentiles (Thomas Aquinas), xxxi
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), xxiv, lviiin91
superiority, desire for
license to teach theology, seeking, 264–66
prelate, seeking position as/desiring to be, 264–66, 442–43
as sin, 240–42
superiors, religious. See also obedience, religious vow of
abbots, 487
defined, 492
priors, 490
Sylvester Prierias, Summa, lx
teachers and students
greater good, recanting of teaching drawing people away from, 423, 424–25
license to teach theology, seeking, 264–66
repenting of teaching out of vainglory, 423–24
salvation of souls versus studying and teaching theology, 202, 203–6
ten categories, 492
ten commandments. See commandments
Theodosius I (emperor), 233
false opinions held by, 264, 266–67
reason versus authority, in settling theological questions, 360, 363–64
salvation of souls, studying and teaching theology versus, 202, 203–6
seeking license to teach, 264–66
thinking and thought. See knowledge and intellect
Thomas Aquinas
canonization of, xxvii–xxviii
life of, xxvii–xxx
Thomas Aquinas, Quodlibetal Questions (Quaestiones de Quolibet), xxiii–lxii
audience for, xxiv–xxv
contents and concerns of, xxxvi–lxi (see also specific topics)
dating, chronology, and ordering of, xxvi, xxxviin59
disputations in medieval academia and, xxiii–xxvii, xxxiii–xxxvi
origins of, xxiii
parallel passages in Thomas’s other works, xxiii–xxivn2, lxi–lxii
translation of, xxi–xxii
Thomas Aquinas, works other than Quodlibetal Questions, xxxi–xxxvi
Against the Opponents of Worship and Religion (Contra Doctrinum Retrahentium a Religione), xxxii
Against the Teaching of Those Who Draw People Away from the Religious Life, xxxii
Commentary on Boethius’s On the Trinity, 457n113
Commentary on the Sentences, xxxi
Compendium of Theology, xxxii–xxxiii
The Divine Names, commentary on, xxxi–xxxii
On Being and Essence, xxxii–xxxiii
On the Eternity of the World (De Aeternitate Mundi), xxxix
On Evil, xxxiii
On the Perfection of the Spiritual Life, xxxii
On the Power of God (De Potentia Dei), xxxiii
On the Principles of Nature, xxxii–xxxiii
On the Soul, xxxiii
On Spiritual Creatures, xxxiii
On Truth (De Veritate), xxxiii
On the Unicity of the Intellect Against the Averroists, xxxii
On the Union of the Word Incarnate, xxxiii
On the Virtues in General, xxxiii
Questions on Truth, 58n13
Summa Contra Gentiles, xxxi
Summa Theologiae, xxiv, lviiin91
time. See also eternity
duration of, for angels, 133–36
God, acting in an instant, 116
movement of angels in an instant, 103, 110–13, 164–66
relationship of angelic and human time, 227–29
tithes and tithing, 229, 234–37, 319–20, 323–24, 492
Torrell, Jean-Pierre, xxxv
trade, business, and money. See also usury
defects in objects sold, sellers’ duty to inform buyers of, 237, 239–40
simony, 76–77, 418, 419, 422–23, 491
transmission of original sin
baptized persons, transmitted to offspring by, 330–31
means of, 458
transmission of souls, 437–38
transubstantiation, 17–18, 19–20, 102, 216, 253, 405–6, 492
treatises and polemical works by Aquinas, xxxii–xxxiii
Trinity, xli–xlii. See also Christ; God; Holy Spirit
divine immeasurability compatible with plurality of, 14–15
one divine essence (not) counted in addition to each of the divine persons, 311–12
tropological exegesis, 29–32, 487. See allegorical exegesis
truth, lx–lxi
First Truth, intellective soul knowing everything it knows in, 141–43
On Truth (De Veritate; Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
stronger than wine, kings, and women, 445–46
teaching drawing people away from greater good, recanting, 423, 424–25
whether proposition that is once true is always true, 360, 361–63
Tugwell, Simon, lv
universal, defined, 492
Urban II (pope), 122
usury
duty to return any profit made from, 289, 291–92
preachers accepting alms from usurers, 453, 455
Valerius Maximus, 150
vanity. See humility/vanity
vegetative souls
creation, as product of, 115–18
defined, 491
Vegetius, On Military Affairs, 381
Venantius Fortunatus, Pange Lingua, 396–97n9
venial sin, 80–81
vespers, 492
vigils and fasting, excessive, 412, 413–14, 492
St. Vincent, 365
virginity
age of profession of, 269, 373
Augustine of Hippo, On Virginity, 275–76, 383
consecrated virgins, 275
continence of widowhood compared, 287–88
little golden crowns for repentant fallen virgins, 423, 424
man’s miraculous or natural ability to be virgin and father at same time, 333–35
power of God to restore fallen virgin, 394–95
requirements for, 334
Virgin Mary
conception, celebrating feast of, 319–21
defined, 492
images of, 71
miraculously a mother, 334–35
sonship of Christ and, 98, 99, 182–84
virtue
bad Catholics or heretics, certain adherence of, as act of virtue of faith, 318–19
honoring, 150
moral virtues, connectedness/distinction of, 447–49
nature imitated by, 385
On the Virtues in General (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
vows. See oaths and vows
water
above the heavens, 340, 341–43
baptism, necessary for, 199, 315–17
baptism, power of water to cleanse sins in, 441
punishment of the damned with, 84–85
wealth. See rich people
Weisheipl, James A., xxxiv–xxxv
will
angels acting by command of, 312–13
commanding as act of will versus reason, 115, 118–19
fear, voluntariness of things done out of, 401, 404–5
sin, intentions regarding, li, 76, 80–81, 121, 304, 332
William of Pagula, Oculus sacerdotis, lx
William of Saint-Amour, De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times), lv–lvi
William of St. Thierry, On the Nature and Dignity of Love, 120n75
wills, alms left in, 329–30
wine
Eucharistic wine mixed with another liquid after consecration, 127, 131–33
making everyone talk too much, 446
strength of truth compared to that of, 445–46
Wippel, John F., xxiv–xxvn6
women, wine, and kings, strength of truth compared to that of, 445–46
the Word
Augustine of Hippo on Word of God, 347
God uttering himself and creation by same word, 346–47
On the Union of the Word Incarnate (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
simultaneous “morning and evening knowledge” of things (in the Word and in their own nature), 103, 106–8
words
animals, ability of human words to move, 439–40
Augustine of Hippo on, 332
contradiction, “word” implying, 395
different connotations of, 363
mental word as intelligible species, 401, 403–4
world
eternity of, 436
faith, world having beginning as matter of, 436
On the Eternity of the World (De Aeternitate Mundi; Thomas Aquinas), xxxix
proving non-eternity of, 307, 309–10
young people obligated by oath to take religious vows, lvii–lviii, 267–72
Zacchaeus (biblical figure), 382