water above, 340 , 341–43
heresy and heretics, xlviii
allowing heretics to return to Church, 153, 155–56
Apollinaris, 258
Arius and Arians, 258, 266–67, 349
consorting with heretics, 153–55
Donatists, 445
Eutyches, 258
faith, certain adherence of heretic or bad Catholic as act of virtue of, 318–19
Galanites, 349
manual labor, beliefs about, 42–43
mistaken conscience and, 302–3
religious vows, remaining in world after taking, 274
Sabellian heresy, 127
scripture, requirement to believe, 125–26
speaking against a commandment of God, 274
Hilary of Poitiers
on children received into religious life, 375–76
Commentary on Matthew, 375–76, 444
on existence of angel as accident, 434, 435
on identity of current Church with Apostolic Church, 444
On the Trinity, 222
on sin against Holy Spirit, 247–48n105
historical/literal exegesis, 29–32
Holy Saturday, 489
Holy Spirit
as breath of life, 191
Christ’s body formed by active power of, 67–68
Christ’s sonship distinguishing him from, 347–48
Church guided by, 126
confirmation giving strength of, 171
forgiveness of sin through, 248
as God, 159
as goodness, 248
inhabiting human beings with grace, 263
interpretation of speech as gift of, 452
resisting promptings of, 278
Scripture written and interpreted by, 28, 29, 452–53
sinning against, 247–48
homicide, as sin, xlix, 79–80, 209–10
honor. See also parents
for rich people due to their wealth, xlvii, 149–51
for status, 150
for virtue, 150
Honorius III (pope), lvn86
Hugh of St. Victor
on original sin, 402
On the Sacraments, 351
on work of God versus power of God, 88
human nature and the soul, lii–liv. See also separated souls
accident, knowledge as mind’s “offspring” as, 1, 11–12
activity of the soul, 141–44
after death (see separated soul)
angels (not) causing the rational soul, 260–63
angels influencing, 260, 262–63
body, soul as form of, 139, 141
charity or any other disposition, knowledge of, by those who lack it, 57, 59–62
commanding as act of will versus reason, 115, 118–19
corporeity, soul’s completion of body alone or by means of, 437
creation, vegetative and sensitive souls as product of, 115–18
definition of the soul, 491
devil substantially inhabiting, during mortal sin, 260, 263
divine essence, ability of created intellects to see, 1–4
First Truth, intellective soul knowing everything it knows in, 141–43
food, converted into human nature, xliii–68
Holy Spirit inhabiting human beings with grace, 263
incorruptibility of soul, liii, 137, 138–41
knowledge and cognition, questions about, lii–liv
love of God and self-love, 189, 194–96
matter and form, soul (not) composed of, 293–94
microcosms, human beings as, 341
On the Soul (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
powers of the soul, 137–38
reception of species by which one knows things, origins of, 57–59
same substance, sensitive and intellectual soul as, 166–68
sensitive soul, defined, 491
state of body corresponding to state of soul, 402
substance of the soul, 136–41
thinking about more than one thing at the same time, 1, 4–7, 28
transmission of souls, 437–38
union of body and soul, 189–92
vegetative soul, defined, 491
humility/vanity
repenting of preaching out of vainglory, 423–24
reputation, regarding/disregarding, xlvii, 149, 151–52
wearing expensive clothing, xlvii, 149, 152–53
ideas, divine, xl–xli, 52, 55–57, 338–39
idolatry, 407
ignorance
excusing one from sin, 81, 211
invincible ignorance, 304
papal decrees violated out of, l, 209, 211
immeasurability, divine, 14–15
impotence as impediment to marriage, 175, 176–77
impulses or appetites, as sins, li, 366–69
Incarnation, xlii
eye of Christ as eye equivocally or univocally after his death, 254, 256–58
food, Christ (not) eating after his resurrection, 254, 258–59
Holy Spirit, Christ’s body formed by active power of, 67–68
infinite things, knowledge of Christ’s soul about, 254–56
On the Union of the Word Incarnate (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
two natures of Christ, 91–100
incorruptibility
of animal souls, 144
of bodies of the damned, 23–24
of human soul, liii, 137, 138–41
nothing, God’s power to reduce something to/bring something back from, 343–46
sensitive and intellective soul as same substance, 166, 168
indifference, matters of
obedience of children to natural parents in, 237–39
obedience of religious to superiors in, 144, 146–47
souls of heavenly bodies as, 436
infinity
of God, 158–60
knowledge of Christ’s soul about infinite things, 254–56
power of God as infinite, 21–22
power of God to create actual infinite thing, 431–32
power of God to make an infinity of things, 88–91
Innocent IV (pope), lv–lvi, 267, 270
inquisitions, 208
insults, toleration by members of religious orders, 426–27
intellect. See knowledge and intellect
intellective soul. See human nature and the soul
intelligible species
defined, 490
Jerome
Commentary on Hosea, 29
Commentary on Matthew, 419
on the damned taking comfort from punishment of enemies, 299
on distribution of ecclesiastical ranks, 359
fallen virgin, on God’s power to restore, 395
on manual labor by monks, 35–36, 40–41
on multiple senses of scripture, 28
on reaching state of apostleship and evangelical perfection, 419
on secret faults, 207
on sin against Holy Spirit, 247–48n105
on souls of heavenly bodies, 436
on spiritual work, 46
Against Vigilantius, 46, 275, 276
Jesus. See Christ
Jews
baptism of Jewish children against parents’ will, 229, 232–34, 269–70
baptism of Jewish woman by Christian man for promise of marriage, 315, 317
conversion of, 268
phylacteries of, 440
sinning against Christ, 247–48
John XXII (pope), xxvii–xxviii
John the Baptist, 420
John Cassian, Conferences, 387, 389
John Chrysostom. See Chrysostom
John of Damascus. See Damascene
John of Freiburg, Summa Confessorum, lix–lx
Jonah, Christ compared to, 218, 219
judgment day. See resurrection from the dead
Julianus Pomerius, On the Contemplative Life, 273n64, 275–76n84
keys of the Church/power of the keys, 199, 249, 305–6, 352, 456, 489
kings. See secular rulers
knowing in the flesh. See sexual intercourse
knowledge and intellect. See also conscience; reason; will
accident, knowledge as mind’s “offspring” as, 1, 11–12
agent intellect, 487
animals, ability of human words to move, 439–40
blessedness as feeling or thought, 85–86
combining and dividing, intellectual acts of, 488
demons’ and angels’ knowledge of human thought, 434, 435
of a disposition by those who lack it, 57, 59–62
divine, xxxix, 160–62, 392–94 (see also ideas, divine)
divine essence, God’s comprehension of, 256
First Truth, intellective soul knowing everything it knows in, 141–43
human knowledge and cognition, questions about, lii–liv
infinite things, knowledge of Christ’s soul about, 254–56
magic, desire to know, 360–61
mental image, thinking requiring, 138
mental word as intelligible species, 401, 403–4
On the Unicity of the Intellect Against the Averroists (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii
possible intellect, 490
reception of species by which one knows things, origins of, 57–59
separated souls’ knowledge of each other, 294–97
separated souls’ retention of, after death, 439
simultaneous “morning and evening knowledge” of things (in the Word and in their own nature) had by angels, 103, 106–8
singular things, angelic knowledge of, 1, 7–11
singular things, human knowledge of, 438–39
sins of thought, 458–59
thinking about more than one thing at the same time, 1, 4–7, 28, 107–8
thought or feeling, blessedness as, 85–86
two types of knowledge, 256
laity. See crusaders; marriage and marriage contracts; pastoral concerns; trade, business, and money
Last Judgment. See also resurrection from the dead
Christ coming down to earth for, 127, 129–31
glory of the saints, ability of the damned to see, 81–83
Lawn, Brian, xxiv–xxv
law of God, sin against, 78–79
St. Lawrence, 365
Lent
defined, 489
waiting to confess until, 198, 199–200
Leo I the Great (pope), 68, 373–74
Leonine Commission, xxi–xxii, xxxi
Leo XIII (pope), xxxi
liberal arts, 489
license to teach theology, seeking, 264–66
light of glory, 2, 3, 4, 157, 489
literal/historical exegesis, 29–32
little golden crown, repentance and earning, 423–24
lots, making use of, 459–60
love. See charity
Lucifer, as subject of the aevum, 401–5
lying, as sin, xlix, 76, 79–80, 121, 330, 332–33
magic
bewitchment as impediment to marriage, 175–76
desire to know, 360–61
divining or fortune-telling, 459–60
manual labor, 34–51
as commandment, lvi–lvii, 34–41
spiritual works versus, lvi–lvii, 34, 41–51
marriage and marriage contracts. See also adultery
bewitchment as impediment to, 175–76
bigamy, papal dispensation for, 354, 355–57
Church involvement in, 411
compaternity and preparations for receiving sacraments, 443
crusade, going on, 351, 353–54
of elderly people, 177
impotence as impediment to, 175, 176–77
Jewish woman baptized by Christian man for promise of marriage, 315, 317
obligation of son to honor parents by contracting, 144, 145–46
in original state of innocence, 300
paying or exacting marriage debt (sexual intercourse) by person contracting marriage after simple vow of chastity, 144, 148–49, 489
power over body after marriage, 148, 290
present versus future tense, promise of marriage made in, 410–11
sexual intercourse, force of promise of marriage to obtain, 410–11
uniting in the flesh after vow of continence, 289
vows of continence affecting, 71, 75–76, 144, 148–49, 289
Mary, Mother of God. See Virgin Mary
Mary Magdalene, 231
material cause, 490
matins
defined, 490
saying matins for next day late at night, 428–29
matter and form
accidental form, 487
angels, (not) causing the rational soul, 260–61
angels composed of, 103–6
definition of matter, 489
each body having just one substantial form, 437
Eucharist, annihilation of form of bread in, 405–6
form of a part, 489
form of the whole, 489
God’s ability to make matter exist without form, 252–53
Platonic view that form of species not existing in matter, 255–56
prime matter, 490
production of forms, 116–17
soul as form of body, 139, 141
soul (not) composed of, 137–38
substantial form, 491
unformed matter, 105–6
St. Matthew, calling of, 419–21
meat eating, as mortal sin for monks, l–li, 209, 211–13
mechanical arts, 490
mental word as intelligible species, 401, 403–4
mercy of God and predestination, 162–64
microcosms, human beings as, 341
miracles
of Christ, 229–31
glorified bodies occupying same space miraculously, 213, 215–17
man’s miraculous or natural ability to be virgin and father at same time, 333–35
mixtures, 131–33
money. See trade, business, and money
monks and monasticism. See clerics and members of religious orders; specific orders
Monte Cassino, Abbey of, xxviiin20
moral exegesis, 29–32
moral virtues, connectedness/distinction of, 447–49
adultery as, 459
attendance at mass said by priest who is a fornicator, 172–73
clerics with superfluous property failing to give alms, 325–28
devil substantially inhabiting humans during, 260, 263
fornication as, 274
impulses or appetites as, 367–69
manual labor, as commandment, and, 34, 35
meat eating by monks as, l–li, 209, 211–13
mistaken conscience, binding of, 303
multiple prebends without care of souls without a dispensation as, 120, 122–25
obligation to report neighbor to superior for, 177, 179–80
Peter’s denial of Christ as, 120–21
pleasure, consenting to, 458–59
simony as, 77
movement of angels
in an instant, 103, 110–13, 164–66
from place to place without passing through space between, 186, 187–89
mystical body of Christ, 287
natural law
attendance at mass said by priest who is a fornicator, 173
baptism of Jewish children against parents’ will as contrary to, 233–34
children saved by faith of parents in time of, 315
children under control of parents by, 269–70, 375–76
on manual labor and spiritual works, 36–37
on multiple prebends, 123–24
obligation to uphold matters of faith and charity and, 207
usury contrary to, 291–92
nature. See also human nature and the soul
angelic nature and substance, difference between, 222, 224–27
defined, 490
of God, xxxvii–xli, 52–55, 181–82, 252–54 (see also God)
On the Principles of Nature (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii–xxxiii
sin going against, 297
virtue imitating, 385
Nebuchadnezzar (biblical figure), 460
neighbors, relationship to, 177–80
nepotism, 354, 358–59, 419, 422–23
Nicholas (pope), 410–11
Nicholas of Clairvaux, Sermon on the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, 221n8
nonbelievers. See also Jews
avoiding ridicule of, 310, 342
baptism of their children against parents’ will, 269–70
mortal sins, impulses or appetites as, 367–69
nothing, God’s power to reduce something to/bring something back from, 343–46
numbers. See also infinity
Christ as numerically same human being while dead, 218–19, 349–50
difference as cause of, 345
nothing, God’s power to reduce something to/bring something back from, 343–46
oneness of God, as affirmation versus negation, 127–29
as real things, 127
resurrection of numerically same body, 168–70
six, as creator or creature, xxxix–xl, 52–55
oaths and vows. See also continence/chastity vows; obedience, religious vow of
becoming a religious after taking oath not to enter religious life, 426, 427–28
children received into religious life taking, 369–82
definition of vow, 492
false oaths, as sins, l, 121, 209–10
making a person take oath not to enter religious life, 267, 278–79
obligations created by, 427–28
remaining in world after taking religious vows, as sin, 267, 272–76
remedy learned while under oath not to share it, 445, 446–47
young people obligated to religious life by, lvii–lviii, 267–72
obedience, religious vow of
brother’s request versus obedience to superior, 324–25
following even in matters of indifference, 144, 146–47
parents, compared to duty of obedience to, 238
revealing secret fault of brother to superior, 206, 207–8, 354–55
revealing secrets entrusted in confidence to superior, 206–7
obedience, to parents. See parents
office, divine. See divine office
omnipotence/power of God, xxxviii–xxxix, 340–41
contradictory things at the same time, ability of God to create, 431
extending to whatever is not impossible, xxxviii–xxxix
fallen virgin, restoration of, 394–95
as infinite, xxxviii–xxxix
infinite thing, ability of God to create, 431–32
infinity of things, ability of God to make, 88–91
nothing, God’s power to reduce something to/bring something back from, 343–46
On the Power of God (De Potentia Dei; Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
sin, God’s power to, 394, 395–96
On Being and Essence (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii–xxxiii
oneness of God, as affirmation versus negation, 127–29
On the Eternity of the World (De Aeternitate Mundi; Thomas Aquinas), xxxix
On Evil (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
On the Perfection of the Spiritual Life (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii
On the Power of God (De Potentia Dei; Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
On the Principles of Nature (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii–xxxiii
On the Soul (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
On Spiritual Creatures (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
On Truth (De Veritate; Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
On the Unicity of the Intellect Against the Averroeists (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii
On the Union of the Word Incarnate (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
On the Virtues in General (Thomas Aquinas), xxxiii
opinions
following riskier of two opinions, as sin, xlix, 76, 78–79
theologians, believing false opinions held by, as sin, 264, 266–67
original sin, xlv–xlvi. See also Adam
baptized persons, transmission of original sin to offspring by, 330–31
equal number of people of each gender, in absence of, 300–1
means of transmission of, 458
obligation of original justice and, 369
salvation of same people in absence of, 401–3
Our Lady. See Virgin Mary
Our Lord. See Christ
papacy. See also prelates; specific popes
bigamy, papal dispensation for, 354, 355–57
canonization, possibility of error in, 125
hearing confessions on pope’s authority without prelate’s permission, 456–57
papal decrees. See also Decretum
on marriage contracts and simple vows of continence, 75
violated out of ignorance, l, 209, 211
on young people taking religious vows, 267–69
parents
baptism of Jewish children against will of, 229, 232–34
indifference, duty to obey natural parents in matters of, 237–39
man’s miraculous or natural ability to be virgin and father at same time, 333–35
marriage, duty to honor by contracting, 144, 145–46
mother’s faith, child born and dying in waterless desert saved by, 315–17
natural law, children under control of parents by, 269–70, 375–76
religious life, children offered up for, 373, 375–76
religious orders, assisted by children in, 279, 280–81
Passion of Christ. See Christ
pastoral concerns (cura animarum), lix–lx
confession by parishioners, parish priest’s knowledge of, 198, 201–2
preacher’s desire for temporal things, 240, 242
studying and teaching theology versus salvation of souls, 202, 203–6
unconsecrated host given to unexposed sinner, 405, 406–7
penance. See confession and penance
perfection
of charity, 420–21
On the Perfection of the Spiritual Life (Thomas Aquinas), xxxii
reaching state of apostleship and evangelical perfection, 419–21
secular clerics versus religious, relative perfection of, lviii–lix, 279, 281–89
state of perfection versus being perfect, 284
Peripatetics, 448–49
Peter (apostle)
denial of Christ as mortal sin, 120–21
keys to kingdom of heaven given to, 249, 489
Peter Lombard, Sentences
commentary of Bonaventure on, xl–xli
Commentary on the Sentences (Thomas Aquinas), xxxi
on Holy Spirit as God, 159n1
on human love of God, 194–95
on impulses or appetites as sins, 366
lectures of Aquinas on, xxix
on marital promise, 410–11n52
on moral virtues, 448
on powers of the soul, 137
on purgatory, 245
on two natures of Christ, 93
Phillip the Chancellor, 449n81
“The Philosopher.” See Aristotle
phylacteries, 440
Plato and Platonism
on causality, 260
disputational format and dialogues of, xxxiii–xxxiv
empyrean heaven, on composition of, 342–43
on form of species not existing in matter, 255–56
on incorruptibility of animal souls, 144
on production of forms, 116–17
on quantity and quality, 22
on souls of heavenly bodies, 436
pleasure
consenting to (thought of) pleasure, as sin, lii, 458–59
fornication, thinking about pleasure of, lii
suffering, relationship to, 299–300
polemical works and treatises by Aquinas, xxxii–xxxiii
the poor. See also almsgiving
suffrages for the poor versus the rich, 71, 73–75
tithes given to rich priest by, 319–20, 322–24
popes. See papacy; papal decrees; specific popes
Porphyry, 36–37
possible intellect, 490
potentiality and actuality, 137–38, 487, 490
power(s). See also omnipotence/power of God
baptism, power to confer, 171
bodies, power over, in marriage, 148, 290
canonical election to power, accepting versus declining, 419, 421–22
charity, transformative power of, 283–84