Index
{222}
acts of the will, goodness and malice of: if in accord with erroneous reason, 8–9; if contrary to erroneous reason, 5–7
Ambrose, St.: on averting injury to companions, 187; on common goods, 132, 133; on dominion, 131; on godliness, 109; on justice, 103, 121; on obedience, 175; on obligation to help the needy, 133, 140; on sin, 72; on spoils of war, 141
Anselm, St., 105, 110
Archelaus, 209
Aristotle: on certitude, 61; on the common good, 74; on courage, 122; on covetousness, 158, 160, 161; on the definition of justice, 111; on the difficult and the desirable as objects of moral virtue, 122; on the distinction of natural from positive law, 51, 53, 100; on distributive justice, 123, 127; on excess and defect regarding justice, 121, 177; on generosity, 160; on household justice, 104, 115–6; on households and political community, 115; on human beings as social animals, 58; on intemperate persons, 7; on interest-taking, 150–1; on intrinsically evil things, 139; on involuntary things, 136; on joy and sorrow as ends of action, 118; on judges, 51, 53, 107; on judgment and knowledge, 32, 33; on justice and action, 118; on justice in general, 51, 111, 113, 197; on justice as the good of others, 122; on justice as the greatest virtue, 122; on justice and joy, 118; on kingly wisdom, 201–2; on knowledge of particular human actions, 71; on law and custom, 172; on law and fear of punishment, 14, 84; on law and political community, 13, 15; on law and virtue, 14, 27, 28, 29; on laws commanding virtuous acts, 63, 78; on legal justice, 46, 53, 59, 60, 101, 119; on magnanimity, 122; on the mean in justice, 119, 125, 157; on the measure of reason, 11; on measures, 19, 59, 60, 61, 69; on metaphorical justice, 79, 108; on money, 144, 145–50, 152–3, 162; on moral virtues and emotions, 117; on natural justice, 48, 53, 81, 82; on necessary things, 36; on the need for forms to be suitable for ends, 56; on object of justice, 78, 99, 119; on opinions of the prudent, 55; on ownership of land, 102; on particular justice, 124; on particularity and laws, 53, 59, 60; on personal and civic virtue, 113; on pleasure in virtuous habits, 85; on possession of external goods, 131; on practical and political wisdom, 199, 200, 201, 202; on practical wisdom and lawmaking, 201; on practical wisdom and some thinkers, 198; on prodigality, 162; on products, 109; on properties of the soul, 40; on proportion of means to ends, 159; on rational powers, 2; on reason, 11, 36, 46; on recompense of friends for benefits received, 144, 152; on regimes, 58, 78, 94, 144, 152, 202; on riches as means, 161; on right 2order and rulers, 93; on rulers as guardians, 107, 201; on sense powers’ sharing in reason, 110, 111; on shame, 142; on slavery, 101–2, 102–3, 115–6; on subject matter of moral virtues, 116; on suffering injustice, 135–6, 157; on theft and robbery, 135; on trading, 144, 147; on tyrannical laws, 26; on understanding first principles, 2, 43; on unintended effects, 171; on virtue, 26, 38, 84, 85; on virtue and the mean, 119; on the virtue of rulers and subjects, 27–8; on virtuous acts, 106; on the virtuous and good fortune, 95
Assuerus, 210
Augustine, St.: acting contrary to the letter of the law, 68; on the cardinal virtues, 116, 117; on compelling persons into Christian unity, 191–2; on custom and law, 72–3; on the error of Pelagius, 86; on eternal law, 16, 17, 19, 30, 32, 33, 38, 39; on evil, 27, 198; on faith, 106, 191; on the fitting relation of parts to the whole, 198; on God drawing good out of evil, 157; on good and being, 175; on habits, 40; on human law, 21, 33, 34, 64; on imagination, 3; on justice as love of God, {223} 98, 105; on killing, 169, 170; on kinds of law, 19; on love of God and governing oneself, 107; on natural law, 50; on the natural power of moral judgment, 2; on the natures of things, 30; on obedience, 5; on the Old Law and the Gospel, 23, 91; on the Old Testament prefiguring Christ, 92; on political community, 60, 188; on property, 120, 132, 137, 139, 139–40, 141; on prosecution of prostitutes, 193; on regimes, 70; on revision of laws, 70; on sin, 171; on symbol of serpent, 1; on trading, 143, 145; on truth, 32; on unintended benefit of heresy, 195; on unintended evils, 171; on unjust laws, 54, 65; on unjust regimes, 142, 185; on virtue and servile fear, 28; on war, 142, 164–5, 166; on the Word, 36
Augustus, 209
Basil, St.: on conscience and synderesis, 4, 40, 41; on material goods, 130–1, 132
Bernard, St., 196
Boethius, 46, 162
Caesar, Julius, 47
Cassiodorus, 146
Cato, Denis, 67
Chrysostom, St. John: on covetousness, 160, 161; on justice, 115, 160; on killing heretics, 190, 191; on selling at a profit, 146, 147
church and state, 186, 187, 196
Cicero: on beneficiaries, 123; on fraud in contracts, 144; on generosity, 120; on goodness and justice, 109; on human law, 19, 54; on justice, 55, 107–8, 123
conscience: as act, 3–5; and human law, 64–5; on willing contrary to erroneous, 5–7
concupiscence, 24–6, 33, 34
covetousness, 158–63
custom and law, 72–4
Damascene, St. John: on conscience, 4; on sin, 45; on virtue, 44
Decalogue: on dispensation from, 81–3; and moral precepts of the Old Law, 79–81, 88-91
Denis, the Pseudo-Areopagite, 9
Dionysius, 208
Domitian, 209
Eglon, 208
Ehud, 208
fraud in sales, 143–6
Gratian (Decretum): on common goods, 132; on compelling Jews to embrace the faith, 191, 192; on heretics, 195; on human laws, 14, 15, 66, 71; on keeping found goods, 137; on killing by clerics, 169; on natural law, 46, 47–8; on obligation to help the needy, 134, 140; on penalties for accidental homicide, 171
Gregory the Great, Pope St.: on the cardinal virtues, 109; on covetousness, 162; on obedience, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181
Gregory IX, Pope (Decretals): on freedom of Jews to worship, 193; on interest-taking, 155; on rulers’ subjection to laws, 67; on theft, 139, 140
Herod, 209
Hilary, St., 68
interest-taking, 148–51
Isidore, St.: on abduction of a woman, 135; on characteristics of positive law, 56–7; on custom and law, 73; on the derivation of law, 16; on the derivation of theft, 134; on human laws, 51–2, 55, 60, 61, 74; on justice, 106; on kinds of law, 53, 57–9; on kinds of legal acts, 28–9; on law and the common good, 12, 78; on law and reason, 12, 24; on lawmakers, 14, 201; on laws and sin, 61; on natural law, 46, 48; on prerequisites of law, 74; on right, 98
Jerome, St.: on businessmen clerics, 146; on conscience, 4; on military exercises, 167; {224} on suppressing heretics, 195; on synderesis, 1, 3
Joash, 208
John the Evangelist, 209
justice: commutative, 123–9; definition of, 105–7; distributive, 123–9; and human law, 78; as inhering in the will, 110–1; as the most important moral virtue, 121–3; as not concerning emotions, 117–9; object of, 98–100; particular, 114–7, 123–9; as real mean, 119–20; as relation to others, 107–9; as rendering others their due, 120–1; as virtue in general, 111–4
Justinian (Code, Digest, and Institutes): on the common right of peoples, 102; on the definition of justice, 105; on exempting rulers from laws, 66; on human law, 54, 55, 60, 98; on law in general, 11, 15; on natural law, 43, 102; on new laws, 72
killing, 167–72
kingship, 200–2, 203–7: and tyranny, 207–10
law (see also right):the common of peoples, 101–3; of concupiscence, 24–6; divine, 20–4 (see also Law, Old); effects of, 26–8; essence of, 10–6; eternal (see Law, eternal); human (see Law, human); just, 98–100; kinds of positive, 28–9; master-slave, 103–5; natural (see Law, natural); paternal, 103–5; positive, 55–7, 100–1 law, eternal: and contingent things, 36–7; as foundation of all law, 33–4; in general, 16–7; and human affairs, 38–40; knowledge of, 32–3; and necessary things, 35–6; as plan in God, 30–2
law, human: in general, 19–20, 51–9; power of, 56–9; revision of, 69–75
law, natural: and the common law of peoples, 101–3; in general, 17–8, 41–51; and human law, 53–5, 100–1; and moral precepts of the Old Law, 76–80
Law, Old: and despoiling the Egyptians, 137; judicial administrative precepts of, 93–7; moral precepts of and justification, 91–3; moral precepts of and natural law, 45, 48, 76–7; moral precepts of and the Ten Commandments, 79–81, 88–94; moral precepts of and virtuous acts, 83–8
Nebuchadnezzar, 210
Nicholas I, Pope, 169
obedience: in general, 173–5; to God, 180–2; to judges without authority, 186–8; to religious superiors, 182–4; to secular authorities, 184–5 (see also rebellion); as virtue, 175–80
Origen, 3
Pelagius, 86, 88
Plato, 93
practical wisdom: and the common good, 199–200; in governance, 197–9; kingly, 200–2; political, 202–3
property: private ownership of, 132–3; possession of, 130–1; robbery of, 135–6, 140–1; theft of, 134–40, 142–3
rebellion, 181–9
regimes, 58–9, 78, 93–7
right (see also law): the common of peoples, 101–3; master-slave and paternal, 103–5; natural and positive, 100–1; the object of justice, 98–100
Seneca, 183
slavery: and the common law of peoples, 101–3; and freedom to marry, 183; and justice, 103–5, 129
Synderesis, 1–3, 4, 40, 41
Theban legion, 208
Tiberius, 209
Titus, 209
toleration: of heretics, 194–5; of religious rites of unbelievers, 192–4; of unbelievers, 190–2
tyranny, 188, 189, 206, 207–10
Urban II, Pope, 66
Valerius Maximus, 208
Vespatian, 209
war, 164–7, 188, 189