29. Judgement Tales

Explanatory Notes

Sir John Gage: a Member of the Privy Council and Comptroller of the Queen's Household.

268 burdened: accused.

Sir Peter Carew: the leader of a rebellion in Devon.

caps hanging over their eyes: in shame.

Lord Treasurer: Sir William Paulet (1474/5? – 1572), 1st Marquess of Winchester.

Bishop of Winchester: Stephen Gardiner.

Earl of Sussex: Henry Radcliﬀe.

269 the other shall be nameless: Foxe conceals the identity of Sir William Paulet, who was still alive when the ﬁrst two editions of the Book of Martyrs were published (FBMO, n. on p. 2092).

270 carry their palms: in the Palm Sunday ritual restored under Mary I.

shoot: cruise under.

fall: a descent.

one of the lords . . . nameless: Sir William Paulet.

271 her book: the Bible.

to build her foundation . . . upon the rock: Matthew 7: 24 – 7.

272 Ahithophel: the narrator likens Gardiner to a counsellor who betrayed King David (2 Samuel 15 – 17).

273 wrote these verses . . . a glass window: during the early modern era, well-todo individuals were known to inscribe epigrams of this kind and other sentiments in windows with diamonds.

went into the country: she went to Hatﬁeld House, which was then a royal palace located to the north of London. It was a favourite residence of Elizabeth I both before and after she was crowned queen. Only later did this estate come into the hands of Robert Cecil, who built the ediﬁce that presently occupies this site.

Sir Thomas Pope: oﬃcer of the Court of Augmentations and a member of the Privy Council.

looked to: observed.

29. JUDGEMENT TALES

274 I come to them . . . execution of her power: Foxe diminishes the accountability of Mary I by assigning responsibility for persecution to those whom she charged to serve as her agents.

Queen Alexandra: a Hasmonean ruler of Judaea (76 – 69 BCE).

'She only retained . . . to possess': Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 13.16.2.

Stephen Gardiner . . . queen's reign: see Narrative 15.

275 favoured religion: i.e., favoured Protestantism.

Explanatory Notes

275 he would sit as much in his light: he would take revenge by accusing him falsely.

Grimwood of Lowshaw: William Grimwood, of Hitcham, Suﬀolk.

Grimwood of Hitcham: the same person as 'Grimwood of Lowshaw'

(FBMO, nn. on p. 2099).

276 goaf: a stack.

story of Master Bradford: see Narrative 13.

carman's head should be broken: i.e., he was punished by being hit in the head.

atheist: an impious person.

277 statute . . . Edward VI: the Act of Uniformity of 1549.

noyed: annoyed.

278 Adam Damlip: the alias of George Bucker, a Protestant executed for treason at Calais in 1543.

279 Lord Cobham: Sir John Oldcastle, a Lollard martyr whom authorities burnt alive for heresy in 1417. His martyrology and the woodcut of his execution are memorable features of the Book of Martyrs.

George Eagles: see Narrative 24.

GLOSSARY OF WORDS AND TERMS

accompt account (noun and verb). advouch avouch (i.e., certify). advouterer an adulterer. affected to moved to embrace. ague a severe fever. allure attract. almoner one who gives alms on bill a pickaxe, halberd. braid an assault, suffering. bread the Mass bread or wafer. broil to agitate, engage in conﬂ ict. broom a ﬂ owering shrub. bruiting spreading rumours. buckler a small shield. buskins boots. butcher a persecutor or executioner behalf of a notable individual. ambries cupboards. anchoress a nun. anon immediately.

Antichrist, the the ultimate enemy of of Protestants (Protestant jargon).

See Isaiah 53: 7 and Romans 8: 36.

See also lamb and sheep. butt a mound. callet a strumpet. carnal(ly) Protestant jargon for Jesus Christ and God (1 John 2:

18–22; 4: 3), whom Protestants identiﬁ ed with the pope. apert open, unconcealed. ap(p)ertly openly, evidently. arms heraldic arms. assize circuit court. assoil forgive. astonied astonished. attained convicted. auditory an audience. auricular confession private belief in transubstantiation and the Roman-rite Mass. Used as an antonym for spiritual(ly). catchpole a contemptuous term for a sheriff's ofﬁ cer. certes certainly. chancellor an ofﬁ cial who oversees cases brought before diocesan courts conducted on behalf of a bishop. check an obstruction. chid rebuked. chimere an episcopal robe. common commune, discuss. consistory a diocesan court that confession (i.e., only within the hearing of a priest), rather than congregational confession of sins. avoid void, evacuate.

Babylonical a quasi-biblical considers ecclesiastical offences. contentation satisfaction, reference to idolatry that Protestants employed to attack Roman Catholic clerics as unfaithful Christians. bailiff a royal ofﬁ cer who might be a acceptance. convented summoned. conventicle clandestine religious sheriff, magistrate, or mayor. begon partaken of, embarked upon, gathering. corn grain.

Council the Privy Council. creed a formal afﬁ rmation of accomplished. beneﬁ ce an endowed clerical appointment. benet and collet lower clerical orders religious belief, most commonly with reference to the Apostles'

Creed. beneath the rank of sub-deacon. betimes early.

Glossary of Words and Terms

curate a cleric in charge of a parish, foins marten furs. freeman one who is licensed to usually as a salaried assistant to the incumbent who holds the beneﬁ ce (see above). cure the ofﬁ ce of a curate. customably customarily. darkness ignorance (metaphoric engage in a trade. fretted off worn away. gear equipment, apparatus; practice (pp. 103 and 248); clothing (p. 220). ghost the spirit or soul. ghostly spiritual, spiritually. glaive a spear. gleaves spears. glozing deceiving. godly pious. gospeller an evangelical reformer sense). deacon a cleric below the rank of priest. degradation formal removal from ecclesiastical ofﬁ ce. degrade to remove from ecclesiastical ofﬁ ce. dial a pocket sundial. disgrade to remove from with an extreme reliance on scripture rather than ecclesiastical tradition and authority in religious matters.

Gramercies an expression of ecclesiastical ofﬁ ce. divine a theologian. divinity theology. doctor a learned person. doublet informal masculine attire that gratitude. great with child pregnant. groat a fourpenny piece. halberd a spearhead, or a sharp blade may possess or lack sleeves. effectuously earnestly. eftsoons soon afterwards. endued endowed. erst before. examinate a person undergoing with a pointed end that combines the functions of a battle-axe and spear. hardly barely, scarcely. hose(n) garment(s) for the legs, interrogation concerning heresy. examination a formal legal inquiry trousers. hostler a groom who attends horses into whether the beliefs of alleged heretics were in accord with Roman Catholic doctrine. exercise customary practice, at an inn (used as an insult that implies that an individual is of a very low social rank). hugger mugger in secrecy. hundreth hundred. idols religious images. imagination an imagined human declamation, meditation. except unless. faggot a bundle of wood employed in the burning heretics. faggot, to bear a an action symbolic belief, rather than an enduring spiritual truth. incontinent(ly) immediately. in ﬁ ne ﬁ nally. insured assured. intermeddling intermingling. interrogatories examinations, of death penalty escaped by an alleged heretic who has recanted. fain adj. and adv. that signiﬁ es happiness, agreement, necessity, or obligation. ﬁ rkin a small cask. ﬂ ock a Christian congregation. See questions.

Judas traitor(ous). lamb and sheep.

Glossary of Words and Terms

juggling jargon employed by orderly duly or ﬁ ttingly. ordinary a meal open to uninvited Protestants to mock fourfold Scholastic interpretation of the Bible and other allegedly mystifying practices of the Church of Rome.

See Narrative 2. justicer one who renders judgements. lamb a faithful Christian who visitors (p. 13); a bishop with full jurisdiction over ecclesiastical cases within his diocese (pp. 99, 161). pains attentive effort. participate to share, give. party one side in a dispute.

Pharisees Jews who adhered strictly undergoes martyrdom in the manner of a lamb led to slaughter (see Acts 8: 32), which constitutes a type of the cruciﬁ xion of Jesus. See butcher, ﬂ ock, and sheep. let prevent. letted prevented. libel written allegation. light the truth (metaphoric sense). list to wish. litany this consists of a sequence of to religious law and tradition; Protestant jargon for Roman Catholic clerics. play to exercise the capacity of. points ribbons or laces used to fasten clothing, especially hose and shoes. prebend revenue granted to a canon or member of a chapter house at a collegiate church or cathedral. prebendary a recipient of a prebend. prefer to offer patronage. pregnant compelling, forceful. press a crowd. pretenced pretended. privily privately, inwardly, secretly. privy private, inward, secret. professor an individual who makes penitential petitions by a cleric, to which the congregation responds in unison. Modelled on earlier Christian liturgies, it was introduced late in the reign of Henry VIII and then incorporated into the ﬁ rst and second Books of Common Prayer promulgated during the reign of Edward VI. loath reluctant, averse, hostile. maidenly gentle, timid. mammetry idolatry. manchet wheat (p. 140), wheat bread an open declaration of beliefs or religious conviction. prophets preachers, clerics. provincial the head of an ecclesiastical body. provost an ofﬁ cial in charge of an (p. 258). marry a word that signiﬁ es assertion, execution. pursuivant an ofﬁ cer who is charged with the execution of warrants. pyx a container for the consecrated interjection, or exclamation. maugre in spite of. mazed mad.

Miserere Psalm 51, one of the host. quest an inquest, ofﬁ cial inquiry. quick living. quickeneth revives. quod, quoth these verbs precede the Penitential Psalms, which begins 'Miserere mei, Deus' ('Have mercy upon me, O God'). mistrusted doubted. naughty wicked. neither neither, nor. notted shaven. or ere. subject and signify that a speaker's words are repeated. refel refute. register a diocesan record book. retractation recantation.

Glossary of Words and Terms

rochet a vestment typically worn by staple a metal attachment to afﬁ x a bishops or abbots. roisting swaggering, blustering. rood a cross (or possibly an archaic chain to a stake. stays supports. stile a set of stairs to allow a person to spelling for 'road'). ruddish ruddy, reddish. scaffold a platform. scant scarcely. school one of the faculties that make pass over a fence in a pasture without permitting livestock to escape. stomach anger, peevishness. strait narrow, restricted, strict, stringent. stringling struggling. suffragan a bishop who lacks up the University of Oxford or Cambridge. sembled dissembled, pretended. session(s) period(s) during which law independent authority and serves as a deputy of a diocesan bishop. summoner one who is empowered courts are in session. sheep a Christian believer; a martyr to summon individuals to legal proceedings. sureties bail bonds. thrall enslaved. tippet in clerical attire, a fabric band

(Isaiah 53: 7, Romans 8: 36). See ﬂ ock, lamb, and shepherd. shepherd a pastor (from the Latin word pastor, i.e., 'shepherd'). Jesus states: 'I am the good shepherd; the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep' (John 10: 11). shirt a loose garment resembling a around the neck with two ends descending from the shoulders. tipstaff a metal-tipped staff carried by a constable or other court ofﬁ cial. tongues languages. towardness aptness. tragical pertaining to de casibus shirt, or a shirt-like undergarment for the upper body. shoggling shaking. shrift the sacrament of confession. shrive to hear confession and tragedy, which concerns the fall of illustrious individuals from an exalted position in society. travail a hardship, suffering. trental a cycle of thirty Requiem administer absolution for sins. shriven confessed, absolved. sickerly surely, without doubt. silly innocent, blameless, naïve, Masses, or a payment made in return for their celebration. trow to believe. trumpery deceit, worthless trash pitiable. sirrah an expression of contempt or reprimand. sistern sisters. sithens since. smell to perceive by intuition. sore arduously. spiritual(ly) Protestant usage (Protestant jargon for Roman Catholic beliefs and practices). tush an expression of impatience. twain two. unmeetest most unﬁ t. unneath underneath. videlicet namely. vinew become mouldy. vocation a calling, usually with referring to Holy Communion as a commemorative ceremony and religious observance grounded on faith rather than external ritual.

Used as an antonym for carnal(ly). staid resolute. reference to perceiving a divine summons to become a cleric.

Glossary of Words and Terms

void depart from. vouchsafe to confer or grant in a withal in addition. without outside.

Whore of Babylon Protestant jargon gracious or condescending manner. vulgar tongue vernacular language for the Church of Rome (see Revelation 17: 1–6). wolf a hypocritical or dissembling (e.g., English). ward (n. and vb.) a prison or guarded chamber; to guard. wit knowledge, understanding, Roman Cleric (Protestant jargon). wont a customary practice. worshipful distinguished, entitled to wisdom, prudence, mental acuity, or quick wittedness. honourable respect

GLOSSARY OF PERSONS

Arundel, Thomas (1353–1414) as Archbishop of Canterbury (1396–1414), he was notorious among Protestants such as Foxe for his advocacy of burning Lollard heretics alive and for his promulgation of a set of Constitutions (1407) that promoted strict enforcement of religious orthodoxy.

Bilney, Thomas (c.1495–1531) after ordination as a priest, he fell under the inﬂ uence of Erasmus's Latin–Greek New Testament and subscribed to the doctrine of justiﬁ cation by faith based upon Luther's interpretation of the Pauline epistles. Not only did he convert Hugh Latimer, who became the spiritual leader of the ﬁ rst generation of English Protestants, but his iconoclastic attacks against the use of relics and religious images, intercession of the saints, pilgrimages to shrines, and other elements of traditional religion incurred the disapproval of Cardinal Thomas

Wolsey. Bilney approved of translation of parts of the Bible into the vernacular. After a period of imprisonment in the Tower of London, he preached in the open air because withdrawal of his preaching licence denied him access to churches. For these violations he was burnt alive at Norwich on 19 August 1531. Bilney does not conform to conventional expectations of Protestant martyrs because he always maintained orthodox positions concerning the papal authority, the doctrine of transubstantiation, the Roman-rite Mass, and clerical celibacy.

Bonner, Edmund (1500?–69) this religious conservative served as Bishop of London during the latter part of the reign of Henry VIII, the early part of the reign of Edward VI, and the reign of Mary I. As a consequence of the Protestant settlement of religion during the reign of Edward VI, Bonner was deprived of his bishopric and imprisoned.

Restored to the bishopric of London under Mary, he earned the nickname of 'Bloody Bonner' for his persecution of Protestants and strenuous enforcement of Roman Catholic orthodoxy. He was incarcerated at Marshalsea Prison during the reign of Elizabeth I.

Bradford, John (1510?–55) after serving as an agent of the Crown in France, he studied law at the Inner Temple and underwent conversion under the inﬂ uence of Hugh Latimer. Shifting to classical and biblical studies, he became a Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, before entering the ministry under the inﬂ uence of Martin Bucer and Nicholas

Ridley, Bishop of London. Appointments as chaplain to Edward VI and Ridley followed. After the accession of Mary I, he was imprisoned for unauthorized preaching even though he had calmed a mob that became

Glossary of Persons

enraged by a conformist sermon delivered by Bishop Gilbert Bourne at Paul's Cross. Following imprisonment and condemnation, he was burnt alive at Smithﬁ eld in the company of an apprentice named John Leaf on 1 July 1555.

Bullinger, Heinrich (1504–75) this Protestant theologian succeeded Ulrich Zwingli as the spiritual leader of the church in Zurich. John

Hooper studied with him prior to his return to England during the reign of Edward VI. Bullinger exerted a powerful inﬂ uence on leaders of the Protestant movement in England, with whom he engaged in energetic correspondence. When Edwin Sandys went into exile, Bullinger offered hospitality to him.

Chedsey, William (1510–74) as a prebendary at St Paul's Cathedral and St George's Chapel, Windsor, he was an active participant in the prosecution of Protestant leaders during the reign of Mary I. At Oxford he engaged in disputation concerning the Eucharist with Thomas Cranmer,

Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley.

Chester, Sir William (c.1509–95?) an Alderman and Sheriff of London, he was later elected Lord Mayor during the reign of Elizabeth I. Unlike

David Woodruff, his fellow sheriff, he treated Protestant prisoners sympathetically.

Cholmley, Sir Roger (c.1485–1565) after serving as Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench during 1552, he served as a commissioner of the peace who persecuted alleged heretics during the reign of Mary I.

Clement VII (1478–1534) a member of the Medici family like his cousin, Leo X, he was elected pope in 1523. After failing to approve of a divorce between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, this pope excommunicated the king following his divorce and marriage to Anne Boleyn in 1533. England then entered into schism from the Church of Rome.

Coverdale, Miles (1488–1569) this Bible editor, translator, and religious propagandist assimilated translations by William Tyndale into the Coverdale Bible (1535) and oversaw publication of the Great Bible

(1539). It remained the authorized version of the English Bible until its reading was prohibited during the reign of Mary I. Appointed Bishop of Exeter during the reign of Edward VI, he exerted a powerful inﬂ uence on England's movement toward Protestantism. After going into exile following the king's death, he returned under Elizabeth I. In his old age, he remained active as a preacher within a group of evangelically minded divines in London.

Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556) appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, he was the architect of the English church service introduced during the reign of Edward VI and reintroduced, with some modiﬁ cations, under Elizabeth I. Deprived from ofﬁ ce and imprisoned

Glossary of Persons

during the reign of Mary I, he recanted his religious beliefs only to retract his recantation shortly before he was burnt at the stake at Oxford on 21 March 1556.

Day, John (1521/2–84) a London printer, publisher, and bookseller, he was notable for his commitment to the dissemination of Protestant propaganda. He engaged in surreptitious publication during the reign of Mary I. John Rogers mentions that he encountered Day as a fellow prisoner at Newgate (see Narrative 4). Forming a close association with John Foxe during the reign of Elizabeth I, Day published the Book of Martyrs, other items connected to Foxe, the sermons of Hugh Latimer, and other writings by Marian martyrs.

Edward VI (1537–53) King of England, he was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. Upon his accession to the throne in 1547 at age 9, the Council of Regency appointed by Henry VIII appointed the young king's uncle, Edward Seymour, to serve as Protector of the Realm.

He was later overthrown by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.

Edward VI commonly received praise as a New Josiah on the ground that the boy king who purged Israel of idolatrous images and shrines

(2 Kings 22–3) provided a precedent for pursuing a legally dubious policy of religious reform during King Edward's minority. His reign is notable for the implementation of a Protestant settlement of religion under the direction of Seymour, John Dudley, and Thomas Cranmer.

Protestants regarded his early death as a great catastrophe that led to the reversal of religious policy by his half-sister, Mary I.

Elizabeth I (1533–1603) born Princess of England, she underwent illegiti mation after her father, Henry VIII, countenanced the execution of her mother, Anne Boleyn, on grounds of adultery. In danger of death when she was suspected of treason following the rebellion of Sir Thomas

Wyatt, she escaped the fate of Lady Jane Grey by remaining steadfastly silent concerning her religious and political beliefs. She became queen when Mary I died on 17 November 1558. Although she was the recipient of the dedicatory epistle to the Book of Martyrs, which is illustrated with a grandiose historiated initial capital C, her desire to synthesize Protestant theology with religious practices suggestive of Catholicism (e.g., the wearing of clerical vestments and kneeling during the communion service) ran counter to the views of evangelically minded individuals including John Foxe and members of the nascent presbyterian movement.

Erasmus, Desiderius (c.1466–1536) the leading opponent of Scholasticism, this humanistic scholar exerted a profound inﬂ uence on Western

European thought. A friend of Sir Thomas More, he received patronage from high-ranking ecclesiastics during his residences in England.

Published by Johannes Froben in Basle in 1516, with a dedication to

Glossary of Persons

Pope Leo X, his Latin–Greek New Testament served the needs of readers who were not ﬂ uent in Greek. His advocacy of the translation of the Bible into vernacular tongues, so that even ploughmen and weavers could understand it, supplies a model for many of the less learned martyrs whose narratives are included in the Book of Martyrs. Although he opposed Lutheranism, his biblical scholarship, including Annotations on the New Testament, had an important impact on Protestant humanists including William Tyndale. Published in 1503, his most important devotional treatise, Enchiridion militis Christiani (Handbook of the Christian

Soldier), advocates emulation of the 'philosophy of Christ' embodied in the Gospels.

Feckenham, John (c.1510–84) after imprisonment during the reign of Edward VI, he received appointment as a chaplain to Mary I, Abbot of Westminster, and Dean of St Paul's Cathedral. He was present at the execution of Lady Jane Grey, interrogated Princess Elizabeth, and was present when Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley engaged in theological disputation at Oxford.

Ferrar, Robert (d. 1555) bishop of St David's (1548–54), he was deprived of ofﬁ ce under Mary I and burnt alive as a heretic on 30 March

1555.

Frith, John (1503–33) an associate of William Tyndale, he may have collabo rated on his translation of the New Testament. Frith independently wrote a sequence of polemical tracts inﬂ uenced by the thinking of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. After returning to England,

Frith was imprisoned and then burnt at the stake at Smithﬁ eld on 4 July 1533.

Gardiner, Stephen (c.1495–1555) an expert in civil law, canon law, and theology, this royal administrator gained favour with Henry VIII for advancing the king's unsuccessful effort to secure papal approval for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. He received appointment as Bishop of Winchester in 1531 and was a powerful member of the Privy Council until King Henry's death. Gardiner wrote De vera obedientia (1535), a defence of royal supremacy in ecclesiastical affairs, and was a prime mover behind the Act of Six Articles (1539), which afﬁ rmed adherence to Catholic doctrines in the face of Protestant challenges. Following the accession of Edward VI, he was deprived of his bishopric and imprisoned at the Tower of London. After his restoration as Bishop of Winchester and appointment as Lord Chancellor by Mary I, he led the persecution of Protestants. Attacking him for dissembling and concealment of his true religious convictions during Henry VIII's reign,

Protestants viliﬁ ed him as the 'Winchester Wolf' who bore responsibility for the slaughter of innocent 'lambs' (i.e., martyrs).

Glossary of Persons

Grey, Lady Jane (1537–54) the nine-day Queen of England, she was enthroned during the interregnum that followed the death of Edward VI (10–19 July 1553). Although Lady Jane was convicted of treason, Mary

I planned to pardon her when the new queen gave birth to a male heir.

A new course of action followed the rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, however, and she was decapitated following the execution of her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley. He was the son of John

Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, who had encouraged their marriage in order to perpetuate his power.

Grindal, Edmund (1519?–83) after serving as chaplain to Edward VI and Bishop Nicholas Ridley, this scholar went into exile during the reign of Mary I. He played a seminal role in the gathering of documents that John Foxe absorbed into the Book of Martyrs. After Elizabeth I appointed him to serve ﬁ rst as Bishop of London and then as Archbishop of York, he received appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1576.

He fell out of favour and the queen suspended him from performing his duties after he failed to take vigorous steps to stem the nascent Puritan movement.

Harpsﬁ eld, John (1516–78) chaplain to Bishop Edmund Bonner and Archdeacon of St Paul's Cathedral, this strenuous opponent of Protestant reform engaged in theological disputation with Thomas Cranmer, Hugh

Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley before their execution at Oxford. Following deprivation from ofﬁ ce under Elizabeth I, he was incarcerated with his brother, Nicholas, at Fleet Prison from 1559 until 1574.

Harpsﬁ eld, Nicholas (1519–75) an expert in canon law, he emigrated to Louvain during the reign of Edward VI. Returning to England after the accession of Mary I, he received appointment as a proctor of the Court of the Arches and Archdeacon of Canterbury. He engaged vigorously in the prosecution of heresy. Deposed from his ofﬁ ces under Elizabeth I, he was imprisoned at the Fleet during the same time as his brother, John (1559–74). While in prison, he wrote Dialogi Sex, published in Antwerp in 1566, which contains the ﬁ rst extended critique of the Book of Martyrs. Foxe took great pains to counter his criticism in the second edition (1570).

Henry VIII (1491–1547) crowned King of England in 1509, he defended religious orthodoxy against attack by Martin Luther and then initiated

England's schism from the Church of Rome as a result of the failure of Pope Clement VII to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Parliament took the radical step of declaring the monarch Supreme Head of the Church of England. Despite this administrative rupture, he condoned retention of Catholic ritual and theology. The religious convictions of his wives (notably Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn,

Glossary of Persons

Jane Seymour, and Catherine Parr) and his offspring (Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I) had a profound impact on English politics and religion during the remainder of the sixteenth century and beyond.

Hooper, John (c.1497–1555) going into exile after the Act of Six Articles (1539) imposed harshly punitive measures against religious reformers, he was greatly inﬂ uenced by the views of Heinrich Bullinger, Zwingli's successor at Zurich. After returning to England during the reign of Edward VI, he called for abolition of clerical vestments and institution of the Lord's Supper as a commemorative service. Appointed to the bishopric of Gloucester (1551) and the combined bishopric of Worcester and Gloucester (1552), he promoted revision of the Book of Common

Prayer along thoroughgoing Protestant lines (1552). He was burnt alive as a heretic on 9 February 1555. The Book of Martyrs memorializes him as an exemplary Protestant saint.

Howard, Thomas (1473–1554) 3rd Duke of Norfolk of the Howard line.

An opponent of Thomas Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell, he was a proponent of the Act of Six Articles (1539). Condemned to death near the end of the reign of Henry VIII, this foremost Roman Catholic peer was imprisoned in the Tower of London under Edward VI and then released by Mary I, who restored him to the Privy Council.

Latimer, Hugh (c.1485–1555) he was the spiritual father of many members of the ﬁ rst generation of English Protestant clergy and of aristocratic women. Henry VIII appointed him Bishop of Worcester in 1535, but he resigned when his style of evangelical episcopacy lost favour with the monarch. A vigorous opponent of clerical abuses and the selﬁ shness of wealthy individuals, he was arguably the greatest English preacher of his time. A recipient of patronage from Catherine Parr and the Duchess of Suffolk, he seems to have had an obscure connection to Anne Askew.

After imprisonment at Oxford with Thomas Cranmer and Nicholas Ridley, he was burnt alive with Ridley on 16 October 1555.

Leo X (1513–21) the second son of Lorenzo ('il Magniﬁ co'), Giovanni de' Medici (1475–1521) was elected pope in 1513 prior to his ordination as a priest and consecration as a bishop. His promotion of the sale of indulgences in order to ﬁ nance extravagant expenditure on St Peter's

Basilica and other projects triggered Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.

After condemning Lutheranism in his bull, Exsurge Domine (1520), he excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521.

Luther, Martin (1483–1546) this Augustinian monk and Professor of Biblical Theology at the University of Wittenberg initiated the Protestant

Reformation with his Ninety-Five Theses (1517), which question the validity of the sale of indulgences. Based on his understanding of Paul's

Epistle to the Romans, he propounded the doctrine of justiﬁ cation by

Glossary of Persons

faith alone (sola ﬁ de—'by faith alone') in place of the doctrine of justiﬁ cation by good works, which underlay the sale of indulgences, pilgrimages, and the entire penitential system of the Church of Rome.

In his Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), he rejected papal authority and reduced the number of sacraments from seven (including conﬁ rmation, marriage, extreme unction, and ordination) to the two that possessed scriptural warrant (the Eucharist and baptism) in addition to penance, to which he soon denied sacramental status. His other fundamental principles are the primacy of divine grace (sola gratia—'by grace alone') and the self-sufﬁ ciency of the Bible in religious affairs (sola scriptura—'by scripture alone'). Although his ideas were anathema to Henry VIII, he greatly inﬂ uenced William Tyndale,

Miles Coverdale, and other members of the ﬁ rst generation of English Protestants.

Mary I (1516–58) the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, she underwent illegitimation after her mother's failure to deliver a male heir triggered revolutionary changes in church and state consequent upon her father's insistence upon a divorce. When she succeeded

Edward VI in 1553, she sought to restore Roman Catholic worship and to reconcile England with the Church of Rome. The rebellion of Sir

Thomas Wyatt the Younger in opposition to her marriage to Prince Philip (later Philip II) of Spain led to the imprisonment of her halfsister, Elizabeth, and the decapitation of Lady Jane Grey. During her reign, hundreds of Protestants were burnt alive as heretics and many of their co-religionists went into exile. Her death on 17 November 1558 halted persecution of Protestants.

Martyr, Peter see Vermigli, Pietro Martire.

Melanchthon, Philip (1497–1560) this close associate of Martin Luther was a Professor of Greek at the University of Wittenberg and a prime mover of the Protestant Reformation. His more irenic views contributed to the more conciliatory position that he adopted toward the Church of Rome. His compilation of a Lutheran confession of faith, the Augsburg

Confession (1530), was unequivocally rejected by Roman Catholic theologians, notably Luther's antagonist, Johann Eck.

More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535) the successor to Cardinal Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, he was England's leading supporter of Roman

Catholic orthodoxy. He engaged in bitter propagandistic warfare with Luther, Tyndale, Frith, and other advocates of ecclesiastical reform.

Following his failure to subscribe to replacement of papal authority with royal headship of the Church of England, he was convicted of treason and beheaded at the Tower of London on 6 July 1535. He was canonized as a saint in 1935.

Glossary of Persons

Oecolampadius, Johannes (1482–1531) this humanistic scholar assisted Erasmus in his compilation of his Latin–Greek edition of the New

Testament (1516). Under the inﬂ uence of Martin Luther, he left monastic orders and rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation. A close associate of Ulrich Zwingli, he defended the sacramental theology of the Zurich reformer.

Philip of Spain (1527–98) as the consort of his cousin, Mary I, he was titular King of England from 1554 until her death. He governed Spain as Philip II from 1556 until 1598.

Philpot, John (1515/16–55) deprived of ofﬁ ce as archdeacon of Winchester and excommunicated during the reign of Mary I, he was imprisoned ﬁ rst at Queen's Bench Prison and then at both the coal house used as a prison by Bishop Bonner and a tower at St Paul's Cathedral. Despite great duress, he engaged in active correspondence with fellow Protestants and wrote detailed accounts of his heresy examinations that later fed into the Book of Martyrs. He was burned as a heretic at Smithﬁ eld on 18

December 1555.

Ridley, Nicholas (c.1502–55) during the reign of Edward VI, he was involved in the creation of the Book of Common Prayer. When Edmund

Bonner was deprived of episcopal ofﬁ ce in 1550, Ridley succeeded him as Bishop of London. On his deprivation from ofﬁ ce under Mary I,

Bonner succeeded Ridley. He was imprisoned at Oxford before being burnt alive in the company of Hugh Latimer on 16 October 1555.

Rogers, John (c.1500–55) as chaplain to English merchants in Antwerp, he became acquainted with William Tyndale. Supplementing Tyndale's translation with his own work and that of Miles Coverdale, Rogers then edited an edition of the English Bible under the pseudonym of Thomas

Mathew. After returning to England, he became active in reformist circles under Edward VI. He is called the proto-martyr because, following imprisonment at Newgate, he was the ﬁ rst Protestant to be burnt alive as a heretic during the reign of Mary I. He died at Smithﬁ eld on 4 February 1555.

Sandys, Edwin (1509?–88) after receiving high clerical appointments and serving as Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge during Edward VI's reign, he was imprisoned under Mary I and then escaped to continental Europe. Returning to England after her death, he was appointed by Elizabeth I to serve as Bishop of Worcester (1559), Bishop of London (1570), and ﬁ nally Archbishop of York (1576).

Saunders, Lawrence (d. 1555) after the death of Edward VI, under whom he received appointment as reader at Litchﬁ eld Cathedral and rector at All Hallows, Bread Street, in London, he was deprived of ofﬁ ce, imprisoned and burnt alive at Coventry on 8 February 1555.

Glossary of Persons

Seymour, Edward (c.1500–52) the elder brother of Jane Seymour, he was a military leader who sympathized with evangelical reform. At the outset of the reign of Edward VI, his 9-year-old nephew, he was appointed

Lord Protector of the Realm and Duke of Somerset by the Council of Regency designated by Henry VIII's will to govern during the royal minority. Following risings in different parts of England, which were triggered by economic difﬁ culties and the imposition of a Protestant settlement of religion, he was overthrown by nobles led by John

Dudley, who was created Duke of Northumberland in 1551. Beheaded on 22 January 1552, Seymour receives praise in the Book of Martyrs as the 'good duke'.

Smith, Richard (1499/1500–1563) after receiving appointment as Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University, he was deprived of ofﬁ ce under Edward VI and went into exile at the University of Louvain.

Restored to ofﬁ ce during the reign of Mary I, he preached prior to the burning of Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley and presided over the trial of Thomas Cranmer. Under Elizabeth, he returned to Louvain.

Stephen, St he was the ﬁ rst Christian martyr or proto-martyr (Acts 6: 8 – 8: 1), on whom many Protestants modelled their comportment as they approached execution under Mary I.

Taylor, Rowland (d. 1555) he served as chaplain to Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer, who appointed him rector at Hadleigh, Suffolk, in 1544. He was burnt alive in the vicinity of this town on 9 February 1555.

The Book of Martyrs memorializes him as an ideal provincial parson.

Tunstall, Cuthbert (1474–1559) as Bishop of London, he declined to offer patronage for William Tyndale's translation project. He was translated to the see of Durham in 1530, only to be deprived under Edward

VI and then restored to this bishopric by Mary I. He lost this position, yet again, under Elizabeth I.

Tyndale, William (c.1494–1536) under the inﬂ uence of Erasmus and Luther, this humanistic scholar earned the antipathy of members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy by advocating translation of the Bible into the vernacular. He went into exile in Germany and the Low Countries in order to accomplish this project. His English New Testament, the ﬁ rst complete edition of which was published in 1526, for ever altered the religious landscape of his homeland. Also printed abroad and smuggled into England were his inﬂ uential Bible commentaries and polemical treatises, the most notable of which are The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (8 May 1528) and The Obedience of a Christian Man (2 October 1528). He was burnt at the stake at Vilvorde, Brabant, on or about 6 October 1536.

Vermigli, Pietro Martire (1499–1562) the prior of an Augustinian monastery at Lucca in Italy, he underwent conversion under the

Glossary of Persons

inﬂ uence of Juan de Valdès and went into exile in 1542. This inﬂ uential Protestant theologian then immigrated to England during the reign of Edward VI and received appointment Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford, where his lectures on 1 Corinthians aroused a Eucharistic controversy. Returning to the Continent under Mary I, he lectured on the Bible and philosophy before receiving appointment as Professor of Old Testament at Zurich in 1556.

Weston, Hugh (c.1510–58) appointed Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University under Henry VIII, he was imprisoned during the reign of Edward VI for resisting ecclesiastical reform. Mary

I then appointed him to serve as one of her chaplains and as Dean of Westminster. A vigorous interrogator of alleged heretics, he engaged in disputation with Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas Cranmer at Oxford.

Winchester, Stephen see Gardiner, Stephen.

Wolsey, Thomas (c.1470/1–1530) Archbishop and Cardinal of York, he became Lord Chancellor of England in 1515. When Leo X named him legate a latere, he even outranked the Archbishop of Canterbury. Living in a grandiose style that rivalled that of Henry VIII, he dominated both church and state until 1529, when he lost power during tortuous negotiations concerning the king's request for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Wolsey died while under arrest during the following year.

Woodruff, David (fl. 1554–5) unlike his fellow Sheriff of London, Sir William Chester, Woodruff expressed great hostility toward condemned prisoners, whom he harassed and mocked prior to their execution.

Wriothesley, Thomas (1505–50) Earl of Southampton and Lord Chancellor, he collaborated with Stephen Gardiner in the persecution of Protestant heretics and played a prominent role in the interrogation, torture, and subsequent burning of Anne Askew.

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the Younger (c.1521–54) the son of Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, he was beheaded after raising troops and leading them to attack London on 7 February 1554 in a failed attempt to overthrow

Mary I and place her half-sister, Elizabeth, on the throne.

Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) an early convert to Protestantism, he dominated religious life at Zurich as pastor of Grossmünster. Although he joined Luther's attack on indulgences and clerical celibacy, he diverged in his support of iconoclasm and rejection of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He instead viewed Holy Communion as a wholly memorial celebration of the Passion.

GLOSSARY OF PLACES

Bench, The see Queen's Bench Prison and King's Bench Prison.

Blackfriars the site of a dissolved Dominican monastery south-west of St Paul's Cathedral, whose buildings came into the possession of Sir

Thomas Cawarden, Master of the Revels.

Cheapside London's chief marketing district, which is located immediately to the east of St Paul's Cathedral. coal house a structure at the London palace of the Bishop of London, used as an ad hoc prison.

Counters debtors' prisons in the City of London, one located at Bread Street, before it was moved to Wood Street in 1555, and the other at the Poultry.

English House a walled residential community inhabited by English merchants in Antwerp. William Tyndale preached to members of this community, and John Rogers served as chaplain. In all likelihood, residents engaged in the smuggling of their books and other clandestine publications into England.

Fleet Prison also known as the Fleet, it was located alongside the Fleet River immediately to the west of the City of London and served as a site for incarceration of prisoners convicted by the Court of Chancery and Court of the Star Chamber.

Fulham during the sixteenth century, it was a village up the River Thames from Westminster where Fulham Palace, the suburban manor of the Bishop of London, was located.

Guildhall the governmental seat of the City of London.

Hampton Court a magniﬁ cent royal palace located up the River Thames from the City of London and Westminster.

Inner Temple an institution for the study of law located on the River Thames west of the City of London.

Islington during the sixteenth century, it was a village about ½ mile north of the City of London.

London, City of the 1-mile square city demarcated roughly by London Wall and located at the centre of present-day Metropolitan London.

King's Bench Prison during the reign of Mary I, it should have been called Queen's Bench Prison (see below).

Marshalsea Prison an important prison located alongside the Queen's Bench in Southwark.

Newgate a gate at the western end of London Wall, where a law court and prison were located.

Glossary of Places

Old Bailey a law court located at Newgate.

Queen's Bench Prison a prison in Southwark attached to Queen's Bench law court and located alongside Marshalsea Prison.

Paul's St Paul's Cathedral.

Paul's Cross a pulpit within the precincts of St Paul's Cathedral, where large congregations gathered to hear sermons delivered in the open air.

St Paul's Cathedral the cathedral of the City of London.

Shoreditch during the sixteenth century, it was a hamlet north of the City of London.

Smithﬁ eld a site north-west of London Wall, where alleged heretics were burnt alive.

Southwark a borough on the south bank of the River Thames that was connected to the City of London by London Bridge.

Steelyard a walled trading enclave alongside the River Thames that was occupied by Hanseatic merchants resident in London.

Temple see Inner Temple.

Tower Tower of London.

Tower of London a Thames-side location at the south-east corner of London Wall, this imposing ediﬁ ce functions to the present day as a fortress, royal palace, and prison. During the Middle Ages and early modern era, it was notorious as a site for the imprisonment, torture, and/or the beheading of condemned prisoners of high rank.

CONCORDANCE OF PAGE REFERENCES

owc edition original edition Title page

Title page Portrait of John Day

Colophon Page Thomas Bilney 3 – 12 998, 1008, 1012–13 William Tyndale 13 –21 1075–9 Anne Askew 22 – 34 1234–7, 1240 John Rogers 35 – 41 1484, 1492–3 Lawrence Saunders 41 – 52 1493–5, 1497–9 John Hooper 53 – 71 1502–6, 1508–11 Rowland Taylor 72 – 94 1518–21, 1523–7 Thomas Tomkins 95 – 101 1533–5 William Hunter 102 – 114 1535–9 Rawlins White 115 – 123 1556–9 George Marsh 124 – 132 1561–2, 1566–7 Thomas Haukes 133 – 138 1585, 1591–3 John Bradford and John Leaf 139 – 150 1603–5, 1623–4 Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley 151 – 155 1769–70 Stephen Gardiner 158 – 159 1787–8 John Philpot 160 – 171 1795, 1798, 1813, 1829–30,

1833–4 Bartlett Green 172 – 181 1851, 1853–5 Thomas Cranmer 182 – 197 1859–62, 1886–8 The Guernsey Martyrs 198 – 203 1943–5 Joan Waste 204 – 208 1951–2 William Dangerﬁ eld 209 – 211

Richard Woodman 212 – 221 1983–6, 2003 Rose Allin 222 – 230 2005–9 George Eagles 231 – 237 2009–10

Concordance The Islington Martyrs 238 – 245 2037, 2043–5 Prest's Wife 246 – 253 2049–52 Edwin Sandys 254 – 264 2086–9 Lady Elizabeth 265 – 273 2091–2, 2094–7 Judgement tales 274 – 279 2099–2101, 2103

INDEX Bold numbers denote references to illustrations Act of Six Articles xv – xvi, xxii, xxiii, pain of reading after abjuration 5; purchase of 205; reading of (in vernacular) xxiii – xxv, 22, 72, 103, 115; recitation of psalm at death see individual martyrs; singing of psalms 120; translation of xv; typological interpretation of 6, 18, 19,

45 – 7, 77 Bilney, Thomas xxx, xxxv, xxxix, 8; 53 n. 1, 54 n. 3, 313, 315 Acts and Monuments see Foxe's Book of Martyrs Allin, Rose, arrest of (by Edmund Tyrrell)

224; bathing of hands in ﬁre by 229 – 30; betrayal of (by Thomas Tye) 222 – 4; burning of hand of by Edmund Tyrrell 226; dispute with Edmund Tyrrell of 224 – 6; examination of (with William and Alice Munt) 227 – 8; execution of 228 – 30; happiness in face of death 228 – 30; imprisonment of 228; reading of 228; refusal to attend mass by 223; release of (from London prison) 222; repudiation of pope by 228 Anabaptist 252, 252 n.

Antichrist see Church of Rome, clerics, abjuration of 4; capture of 4; conversion of 3; conversion of Latimer by 5 – 6; deprival of clerical appointment of 7; execution of (at Bishopsgate in Lollard's Pit) 10 – 12; forgiveness of persecutors by 12; giving of alms by 10; interrogation of 4; last words of (recitation of creed of beliefs) 10 – 11; peace before death of 9 – 11; preaching of 3, 6, 72; prison conversion of interrogators by 7; refusal to recant 6, 12; return to Protestantism 4 – 6; slow burning of 12 Boleyn, Anne, Queen of England xiv – xv, pope Apostles' Creed 128 n. 3, 192 n. 5, 248 n. 3, 305 Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 53, 279, 310 Askew, Anne xvi; assertion of belief 312, 314 Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London by 27; attempt by authorities to change beliefs of 23 – 4, 34; examination of by Bishop Bonner 25 – 30; execution of 32 – 4; ﬁrst examination of 22 – 32; imprisonment of 23; last words of 34; reading of Bible by 29; refusal to answer by 23 – 4, 26 – 8; refusal of pardon by 34; use of gunpowder in execution of 34; written statement of faith signed by 29 – 31 Athanasian Creed 128 n. 2 xviii, xxxvi, xxxix, 241; see also individual martyrs; as drunk on blood 214 Book of Common Prayer xviii, xxiii, 100 n., 315, 317 Book of Homilies xxii Bradford, John xxx, xxxii, xxxvii – xxxviii,

82, 93, 150, 257; calming of angry crowd by 141 – 2; dream of 144 – 5; early life of 139 – 40; election by God to preach truth 139; execution of 146 – 7, 148 – 50; forgiveness of jailor by 149; giving of alms of 146; habits of 143; happiness in face of death of 145 – 7, 149; imprisonment of 142; last words of 149; preaching of 140 – 2; refusal to ﬂee of 144; role of providence in execution 147; support of fellow prisoners by 144; sympathy for 143, 144, 146 Bale, John xv – xix Bible see also Index of Biblical Texts Cited; in Book of Martyrs xxxii – xxxviii;

Coverdale Bible xv, 311; disputes over reading of 103 – 5; Great Bible xv, 311; importance as object (in times of trouble) 114, 130, 217, 234, 257, 271; importance of knowledge of (for scholars) 183; memory of 116, 252;

Index

wife of 211; deception of by bishop Brylinger, Nicolaus xix Bunyan, John xi 210; examination of wife of 211; granting of death to 210; imprisonment of (with wife) 209 – 10; recantation of 210; repentance of 210 Day, John i, xix – xxi, xxxviii, xli, 2,

Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England xiv, 184 Cecil, William, Principal Secretary to Edward VI xvii celibacy see clerics Chester, William, Sir 42, 62 Church of England xiv, 30, 56 n., 140, 17 n. 3, 193 n.

De haeretico comburendo ("Concerning the burning of heretics") xvii – xviii, 207 Dissolution of the Monasteries xxii Doctors of the Church 81 n. 1, 178, 176 – 7, 314, 316 Church of Rome see also pope; as Antichrist 82 – 3, 124, 160, 227 – 8, 246; as divergent from the true church xx; as mother 79 clerics, Catholics clerics as Antichrist 38;

164 n. 2 dream see prophecy Dudley, John, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland xvii – xviii, 254, 255 n. 2, 314 clerical marriage xvi, xxii –xx iv, 35, 44, 49, 80, 86, 212; vanity of 3; vestments xxii, xxix, xxx, 56 – 7, 83 – 4,

312, 315 coal house 161, 162, 163, 170 – 1, Eagles, George (aka Trudgeover), apprehension of (for treason) 233; ﬂouting of by thief 235; hanging, drawing and quartering of 235 – 6; little learning of 231; mocker unable to speak 235; preaching of 231 – 2; Psalter of 234; punishment of persecutors of 236; refusal to recant by 234; travails of 232 Edward VI, King of England xvii – xviii,

212 – 14, 242 conversion xxxviii, 310, 318 see also individual martyrs Convocation xx – xxi, 160 – 1 Coventry 7, 42, 50, 168 n. 3, 206 n. 1

Coverdale, Miles xv –x vi, 35, 35 n. 2, 147 n., 316, 317 Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of xxxviii, 35, 115, 103 n. 1, 191; religious reform under xxii – xxiii Elizabeth I, Queen of England, Canterbury xii, xiv, xxii –xx iii, 57 n. 1,

72, 182, 197; address by (prior to execution) 191 – 3; advice to seek opinion of universities on divorce 185, 187 – 9; as Archbishop of Canterbury 190; audience with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 190; audience with pope 189 – 90; burning of 196; burning of hand by (in repentance for recantation) 196; denial of authority of pope by 188 – 9, 193; and divorce of Henry VIII 184 – 90; early life of 182 – 4; insistence on knowing Bible by 183; last words of 196; refutation of rumors of Cranmer as hostler 182 – 3; sympathy for 194 Cromwell, Thomas, 1st Earl of accusation of complicity in Wyatt Rebellion 266 – 8; assassination attempt on 272; dangers faced by 265; desire for Bible of 271; imprisonment of at court 267; imprisonment of in the Tower of London 270 – 2; imprisonment of at Woodstock 271, 273; inﬂuence of providence in preservation of 265; protestation of innocence by 268; racking of companions of 273; release of 273; transportation to Tower of 269 – 70; signing of execution for 272; verses of 273 Essex 86 – 7, 133, 134 n. 1, 136, 138, Essex xv – xvi Crowley, Robert xv – xvi, xviii 222, 227 Eucharist, the see transubstantiation examinations (i.e., interrogations) for heresy see individual martyrs execution, methods of see individual martyrs Dangerﬁeld, William, apprehension of 209; death of child of (by starvation) 211; death of mother of 211; death of

Index

Harpsﬁeld, Nicholas xx Haukes, Thomas xxvii, xxx –xxxiii, 138; Fathers of the Church see Doctors of the Church Flanders 21, 217, 262 Foxe, John, biography of xiv – xxii; admission of beliefs by 135; burning of 137; calmness in face of death of 126; conversion of fellow prisoners by 136; early life of 133 – 4; execution of 136 – 7; last words of 137; public examination of 134 – 6; refusal to baptize son in Catholic tradition 134; refusal to recant by 136 Henry VIII, King of England xiv – xvii, patrons of xvii Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Bible in xxxii – xxxviii; documentary origins of xviii; illustration of xii, xxxviii – xxxix; inﬂuence of xi; marginal notes in xxix; narrative structure of xxv – xxxii; printing of early editions of xix – xxi; readers of xxxix – xl Fulham 96 – 100, 240, 241, 242 – 4 23 n. 2, 73 n. 3, 184 – 8 Holy Communion see transubstantiation, of saints 48 Hooper, John, Bishop of Worcester and Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, Lord Chancellor xv –x vi, xviii, xxii –xxiii, xxxvi –xxxvii, 48 n. 2, 274; death of 158 – 9; joy at hearing account of deaths of Latimer and Ridley 158; judgement of 274 Green, Bartlett, confession written by Gloucester xvii, xxii – xxxi, xxxvi, xxxix, 71, 311; as Bishop of Worcester and Gloucester 56; burning of 69 – 70; calmness at death of 70; conversion of 53; conversion of unbeliever by 63; diligence of 57 – 8; deprival of clerical appointment of 60, 62; in dispute with Bishop of Winchester 53; education of 53; execution of 66 – 70; as father 58; forgiveness of jailors by 65, 69; hospitality of 58; interrogation of 60; and issue of clerical vestments 56 – 7; last words of 66 – 7, 68 – 70; prayer of 64, 66, 67 – 8, 69; preaching of 55 – 6; prison writings of 60 – 2; prophetical warnings of martyrdom of 54 – 5; readiness to die of 63 – 4, 67 – 8, 69; refusal to ﬂee of 59; refusal of pardon by 68; return to England of 55; sympathy for 63, 64; travels of 54; use of green wood in execution of 69 – 70; use of gunpowder in execution of 68, 70; use of reeds in execution of 69; virtue of 55 – 8 Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey xvi – xvii Howard, Thomas, 3rd Duke of Bonner for 176 – 7; conversion of (through preaching of Peter Martyr) 172; early life of 172; examination of by Bishop Bonner 175, 177 – 9; friends of 179 – 80; and issue of authority of church 177 – 9; letter to Christopher Goodman by 174; prayer of 179; refusal to recant by 174, 177, 179; virtue of 174, 180 – 1; written account of repentance (for vanity) 173; youthful vanity of 172 – 3 Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury xviii, 314 gunpowder (bags, use in execution) see individual martyrs Guernsey, Isle of 19, 198, 200 see also Guernsey martyrs Guernsey martyrs, the (Katherine Cawches, Guillemine Gilbert, Perotine Massey, infant), bursting forth of infant from belly (of Perotine) 203; casting back of infant into the ﬂames 203; circumstances of martyrdom of 198 – 9; examination of (without jury) 201; execution of 203; letter regarding 200 – 1; religious views of 200; use of strangulation in execution 203; willingness to adhere to rules by 201, 202

Norfolk xv – xvii, 34 n. 3, 158 n., 258 n.

Howard, Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk xix, 184 n.

Humphrey, Lawrence xviii Hunter, William, calmness in face of death of 112 – 14; in dispute over reading of Bible 103 – 5; dream of 112; examination of by Bishop Bonner 108 – 11; examination of by Justice Brown 106 – 8; execution of 112 – 14; ﬂight of 105; Hadleigh, as town of Bible readers 72; attempt to restore mass in 74

Index

Hunter, William (cont.) Lord's Supper see transubstantiation Luther, Martin xiii, xviii, 313, 314, 315, imprisonment of 106; last words of 113 – 14; as lesson for Christian parents

102; praise of by parents 111 – 12; prison preaching of 112; Psalter of 114; reading of Bible by 103; recitation of Psalm 51 by 113; refusal to recant by 109, 111, 113, 114; refusal to receive

Eucharist at Easter by 102; return of 106; sun shining on face of 114 Hus, Jan xviii 316, 317 Lutheranism i, xiv, xxxiii, 17 n. 3, 152

Magdalen College xi, xv – xvi, 13, 176 marriage see also clerics, sacraments; as union with Christ xxxvii, 146 n. 3, 253,

253 n. 2

Marsh, George 131; calmness in face of death 130, 132; decision making about ﬂight of 125 – 7; early life of 124; execution of 130 – 2; examination by Earl of Derby of 127 – 9; giving of alms by 130; imprisonment of 124, 129; last words of 131 – 2; prayer of 126; prison writings of 125; refusal of pardon by 131; refusal to answer by 128 – 9; slow burning of 132; statement of belief by 128 martyr(dom) see individual martyrs, as interrogations see individual martyrs Islington martyrs, the, apprehension of 238; attempted exorcism of John Milles 243; beating of Thomas Hinshaw by Bishop Bonner 240 – 2; gathering of for prayer 238; imprisonment and examination of Thomas Hinshaw 240 – 2; imprisonment and scourging of John Milles by Bonner 242 – 3; poem about Bonner 234; refusal to recant of Milles 243 – 4; role of practice of creeping to cross 243; role of providence in Hinshaw's safety 242; seizure of books of 238; signing of Latin document by Milles 245 triumph of Christ 133 Marvell, Andrew xi Mary, Queen of Scots xxi Mary I, Queen of England; abrogation of responsibility of 274; alleged bastardy of 48; as persecutor of Protestants xi, xxxvii, 42; relationship with sister Elizabeth 266; religious change under xviii, xxiii – xxiv, 36, 116, 160 – 1, 254 – 7 Mass, the see also communion, holy; Jonson, Ben xi King's Bench see Queen's Bench Knox, John xviii mocking of (as theater) 74; disputes over 75, 76, 176 – 7; refusal to attend 176 – 7, 200, 223 Mather, Cotton xi Matthews, Thomas see John Rogers Milton, John xi More, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor xiv, last words xxxi – xxiii see also individual martyrs Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester 3 – 5; execution, wearing of shroud at 151; comforting of Ridley by 152; preaching at execution of (by Richard Smith) 152; youthful appearance at death of 154; use of gunpowder in execution 154; last words of 154, 156; sympathy for 157 Leaf, John 150; calmness in face of death

Munt, Alice see Rose Allin Munt, William see Rose Allin New England xi, xl Ninety-Five Theses xiii, 315 Nowell, Alexander xv of 149; examination of by Bishop Bonner 147 – 8; execution of 148 – 50; refusal to recant by 148; signing of confession in blood by 148 Lollardry xii, xviii, xxvii, 207 n., Oecolampadius, Johannes xvii – xviii, 152 n. 4

Oporinus, Johannes xviii – xix Oxford, University of xii, xiv, xxv, 13, 279 n. 1, 310 Lollards' Pit 10 see also Thomas Bilney 53, 172, 319

Index

giving of alms by 153; last words of 156; preaching at execution of (by Richard Smith) 152; refusal to recant by 153; slow burning of 156; gratutude for 157; thanks to God for martyrdom by 154; gunpowder, use of at execution of 154 Rihel, Wendelin xviii Rogers, John xv, xvii, xxiii, 41, 276, 320;

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury 254 n. 2

Parkhurst, John, Bishop of Norwich xix Parr, Catherine, Queen of England xvi,

Passion, the 319 Philpot, John, Archdeacon of Winchester xxxii, 160, 169, 172 n. 1; attempt to inﬂuence Mary I's council 161; burnt as a 'lamb' 167; discussion of his The true report of the disputation . . . 164; early life of 160; examination of by Bishop Bonner 163 – 4; execution of 167; giving of alms by 167; happiness in face of death 165, 167; inability to pay prison fees by 166; intercession at cruel treatment of 166; prayer of 167; prison writings of 161 – 3, 168 – 71; refusal to recant by 164 – 5 pope, denial of authority of 188 – 9, calmness at death of 40; comfort of fellow prisoners by 39; deprival of clerical appointment of 37; early life of 35; examination of 36; happiness in prison of 37; imprisonment of 36, 37; last words of 37, 40; marriage of (rejection of clerical celibacy) 35; preaching of 36; prison writings of 38 – 9; prophesy concerning England's fate by 38 – 9; refusal of pardon by 40; refusal to leave England by 36; refusal to recant by 40; return to England by 36; providential survival of prison writings by 38 Royal Injunctions, of 1538 xv; 193, 228; as Antichrist 36, 44, 74 – 7, 193, 250 Prest's Wife, abandonment of family by 246, 249, 250; comfort of God to 246; condemnation of 246; dispute of with bishop 247 – 9, 250 – 1; execution of 253; imprisonment of 251; knowledge of Bible of 252; patience in face of death 253; preaching of 246, 250; proclaimed Anabaptist 252; refusal to recant by 252 Privy Council xvii, xxi, xxiii, xxxi, of 1547 xxii sacraments, baptism 100, 134; confession 176 – 7; Eucharist, the see transubstantiation Sandys, Edwin, Archbishop of York, Bible of 257; choice of passage for sermon by 254; conversion of jailor by 258; ﬂight of 255, 262 – 3; imprisonment of 257; promise of fertility to hostess (later fulﬁlled) 263; refusal of release on bond by 260 – 1; refusal to ﬂee of 258, 259; release by sympathetic jailor of 261; removal from University oﬃce of 256; return to England of 264; search for 261 – 2; speech of (defending service to University) 256; sympathy for 258, 259; writing of sermon by 254 Saunders, Lawrence xxix, xxxii – xxxix, 313, 315 prophesy xxxvi, 38 – 9, 54 – 5, 77 n.1, 112 – 14, 144 – 5, 153 n. 5, 236 n. 2 prophet, 'false' xxxvi, 112, 114, 118, 122;

'true' xxxvii, 79, 81, 192 – 3, 214 providence, divine xx, 16, 38, 42, 147, 215, 242, 265 Prynne, William xi purgatory xxiii, 251 Queen's Bench 81 – 2, 142 – 4, 168, 212 – 13, 311 42 – 52, 52, 82; and comparison to other martyrs 51; deprival of clerical appointment of 50; early life of 42 – 3; examination of by Bishop Bonner 46 – 7; examination of by Bishop Gardiner 47 – 8; execution of 50 – 1; good death of 51; importance of prayer to 43; inﬂuence of Real Presence, the see transubstantiation

Rhegius, Urbanus xvii –xviii Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London 36; clothing of (at execution) 151; comforting of Latimer by 152; denied permission to speak at execution 153;

Index

Bishop Bonner 96; refusal to recant by 99 – 101; rejection of transubstantiation by 99 – 100; shaving of by Bishop Bonner 96; written confession of 99 – 101 Transubstantiation, aﬃrmation of xvi, Saunders, Lawrence (cont.) providence on 42; instruction of fellow prisoners by 50; and issue of authority of primitive church vs. tradition 46; and issue of Mary I's legitimacy 48; last words of 51; love of learning of 43; marriage of (opposed to clerical celibacy) 44, 49; preaching of 43 – 5; prison writings of 48 – 9; refusal to leave England by 45; refusal to recant by 50 – 1; sermon in London by 45 – 6; sympathy for 50; use of green wood in burning of (slow death) 51 Scholasticism xxv, 110 n., 183 n. 2, 307, 312

Seymour, Edward, Lord Protector of the xxii, 53 n. 1, 110 n., 206 n. 1, 310; debates regarding xxiv – xxv, 22 – 32, 47, 80 – 1, 104, 106 – 11, 128 – 9, 247 – 9; rejection of xxiii – xxiv, 47, 99 – 100,

128 – 9, 176 – 7, 206, 227, 250, 305, 317 Trudgeover, George see George Eagles Tye, Thomas 222 – 4 Tyndale, William, attempt to secure patronage by 16; betrayal of 19 – 20; conversion of jailors by 20; conversion through translation by 14; death of 20; decision to translate scripture by 16 – 17; departure for Germany by 16; Foxe's work on xxi, xxxiii, xxxviii; in disputation with Catholic authorities 13 – 15; early life of 13; ﬂight of 15; inﬂuence of his works on people of England 19; inﬂuence of providence on 16; last words of 20; non-translation writings of 18; Obedience of a Christian

Man xxv, xxxv, 6; suppression of his translation by Catholic authorities 17; translations of xiv – xv, xxxiv, 6, 35, 311, 313, 317 Tyrrell, Edmund 224 – 6 Turks 140 – 1 Realm xvi –xv ii, li, liii, lv, 233 n. 3, 312

Seymour, Jane, Queen of England xv, 312, 314 – 15, 318 Shakespeare, William xi, xl Smith, Richard, Doctor 152 Smithﬁeld xxxii, 33, 34 n. 1, 95 – 101, 144 – 8, 167, 244 stocks 106, 109, 161, 162, 170 – 1, 240,

242, 244, 251 Taylor, Rowland, Doctor xxiii – xxiv, xxix – xxxi, 206; defense of clerical marriage by 80, 86; denied permission to speak 91 – 2; deprival of clerical appointment of 83 – 4; dispute concerning the Mass 75; encounter with John Bradford 82; examination of by Bishop Gardiner 78 – 81, 82; execution of 90 – 3; giving of alms by 90 – 1; as ideal pastor 72; happiness in face of death 82 – 3, 87 – 9, 91, 93; imprisonment of 81; last words of 92; prison preaching of 81; recitation of Psalm 51 by 93; refusal to ﬂee by 76 – 8; refusal to recant by 82, 83, 87 – 8,

89; sympathy for 85, 89 – 92; use of halberd to speed death of 93; virtue of 72 Tomkins, Thomas 97, 133, 135; burning vestments see clerics Vilvorde Castle 20, 21 Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury 190, 190 n. 5

Waste, Joan, ability to cite scripture of 205; conversion of (by listening to sermons) 205; early life of 204; examiners of 204; examination of by Doctor Draycot 206 – 7; execution of 207 – 8; last words of 208; prayer of 207; preaching to by Doctor Draycot 207; purchase of Bible by 205; sorrow for 208 White, Rawlins, building of own pyre of hand of (by Bishop Bonner) 98; comparison to Gaius Mucius Scaevola 98; constancy of 96; early life of 95; examination of by Bishop Bonner 98 – 9; execution of 101; happiness in face of death of 101; knowledge of (despite lack of learning) 96; mistreatment of by by 121; bathing of hands in ﬁre by 122; conversion of 115 – 16; conversion of fellow prisoners by 117 – 18; examination of by Bishop

Index

of Llandaﬀ 118 – 20; execution of 120 – 3; happiness in face of death of 121 – 3; imprisonment of 117, 120; last words of 121 – 2; memory of Bible of 116; son learns to read Bible 115; preaching at execution of 122; preaching of 116; refusal to ﬂee of 116 – 17; refusal to recant by 118, 120; singing of psalms by 120; use of reeds to hasten execution of 121 – 2 Whittle, Thomas 161 – 3, 162 Whore of Babylon 250 Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal of York, Lord 217 – 19; capture of 212, 219 – 20; clerical hypocrisy, attach on 212; emotional state of 215 – 16; execution of 221; providence, inﬂuence of on 215; sainthood, his claim to 220; time hiding in forest (with Bible) of 217; travels of 217 Woodruﬀ, David 40, 62, 276 Wriothesley, Thomas, 1st Earl of Southampton, Lord Chancellor 34, 319 Wyatt, Thomas, the Younger xviii, 258 – 9, 266 – 8 Wyclif, John xviii Chancellor xiv, 3, 319 Woodman, Richard, assertion of beliefs by 215; betrayal of (by brother)

BIBLICAL TEXTS CITED

Old Testament Genesis

3: 1 – 6

Exodus

Deuteronomy

31: 16

Joshua

1: 16 – 18 xxxviii, 254 2 Samuel 15 – 17 xxxvii, 272 1 Kings

xxxvii, 75

18: 4

18: 17 – 19

18: 24

Ezra

2 – 4

Nehemiah 1 – 7

Psalms

5: 6

19: 12

xxix, xxxi, 93

51: 17

143: 1 – 2

Proverbs

1: 5 – 7

16: 32

19: 14

Isaiah

43: 1 – 3

53: 7 xxxvi

66: 1 – 2

Ezekial

7: 1 – 27

Daniel

8: 23 – 5

Apocrypha Wisdom of Solomon

1: 11

2: 12 – 20

New Testament Matthew

2: 2, 16 – 18

4: 18 – 22

5: 14 – 15 xxxi, 154

5: 15

5: 22

6: 9

7: 6

7: 7

7: 14

149, 168

7: 15 xxxvi, 118

7: 24 – 7 xxxvii, 89, 271

10: 16 – 23

10: 21

10: 23

10: 26

10: 32

11: 23 – 4

14: 7 – 9

18: 20

19: 23

26: 24 xxxvii, 220 26 – 7

27: 33 – 4

28: 19

Mark

10: 29 – 31

14: 22 – 4 xxiv, 248 Luke

16: 19 – 31

22: 19

107, 108, 122

23: 39 – 43

23: 46 xxxix John

1: 29 xxxvi

1: 29 – 36 xxv

4: 10 – 15

4: 24 – 5

6: 35 – 65

6: 40

6: 53

6: 63

10: 1 – 18 xxxvi

10: 9

12: 23 xxxvii, 217

Biblical Texts Cited

14: 18

14: 33 – 4

2 Corinthians

11: 2 – 3

2 Thessalonians

3: 10

1 Timothy

3: 1 – 7 xxxviii, 55, 73 2 Timothy

2: 23

4: 14 – 15

James

5: 1 – 3

5: 16

1 Peter

4: 17 – 18

5 – 8

2 Peter

2: 22

1 John

2: 15

3: 17

Revelation xix

2: 10

19: 7 – 8 xxxvii

19: 9

John (cont.)

14: 2

15: 1 xxv, 108

18: 10

18: 19, 24 xxxvi

18: 24

19: 11

21: 15 – 17

Acts

5: 19 – 32

5: 29

6: 8 – 8: 1

7: 48

22, 248

7: 59 xii

8: 26 – 39 xxxvi

16: 25 – 34 xxxviii, 20

17: 24

19: 28 – 35

Romans

8: 28

8: 58 – 9

1 Corinthians

7: 8 – 9

9: 25

13: 3

↑ Back to top