సూచిక

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Index Aaron, 35, 50 Abdi-Heba, king of Jerusalem, 155, 238–39 Abijah, 165 Abijam, king of Judah, 232, 236 Abraham, 8, 27, 28–30, 43, 44 as Amorite, 320–21 failed search for historical, 33–36 post-exilic Yehud and story of, 312 war with Mesopotamian kings, 46n Absalom, 127 Adad-nirari III, king of Assyria, 205 Adbeel, 41 Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, 75 Agriculture, in northern kingdom (Israel), 207 Ahab, king of Israel, 140, 169, 171, 172, 173, 206, 210, 211, 232 Aharoni, Yohanan, 106, 250n, 332–33, 334, 351 Ahaz, king of Judah, 233–34, 237, 240, 243, 246, 270–71 Ahaziah, king of Israel, 171, 174 Ahaziah, king of Judah, 232, 236 Ahijah (prophet), 164–66, 170 Ahmose, pharaoh, 56 Ai, city of, 75, 154 conquest of Canaan and, 82–83 Josianic “conquest” of, 93 Akhenaten, pharaoh, 77 Akhetaten, city of, 238 Alashiya, kingdom of, 86 Albright, William F., 19, 34, 35, 79, 82–83, 320–21, 329, 333 Alt, Albrecht, 91, 102, 192, 329–33, 334, 349 Altars, open-air. See High places Amalekites (people), 99 Amarna tablets (Tell el-Amarna letters), 60, 155, 238, 335 conquest of Canaan and, 77–78 Amaziah, king of Judah, 233, 237 Amenhotep III, pharaoh, 77 Ammon, kingdom of, 39 settlement history of, 119 Ammonites, 99, 127

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Amon, king of Judah, 272, 273 Amorite hypothesis, 319–21 Amorites (Amurru), 35, 320 Amos (prophet), 212–13 Anatolia, 85 Anthropology of ancient Israel, 21–22 Aphek, city of, 90 Apiru (people), 102–3, 104, 239, 240, 335–36 Aqaba, Gulf of, 143–44 Arabian trade caravan, 41, 267–70, 320 Judah and, 267–68 in 7th c. BCE, 143 Arad, Tel, 64, 250 Arad, town of, 82 Arad site, 64, 250 Aram-Damascus, kingdom of, 39, 193 Jehoshaphat’s war against, 174 northern kingdom and, 174–75, 177–78, 197, 200, 201–5, 206 Aramean presence in northern kingdom, 201–5 Arameans, 10, 39, 127, 324 Archaeological periods, 20 Archaeology composition and historical reliability of Bible and, 14–21 Egyptian and Mesopotamian monuments and archives, 16–19 excavations of biblical sites, 19–21 geographical identifications in, 15–16, 17 Ark of the Covenant, 51–52, 73, 124–25, 126 Asa, king of Judah, 232, 235, 236 Ashdod, city of, 89, 282, 340–41 Asher, 98, 150 Asherah (goddess), 242 Ashkelon, city of, 340–41 Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, 265, 282 Assyrian empire, 10, 42–43, 94 collapse of, Egypt and, 290 decline in 7th c. BCE, 282–83 destruction of, 292 Hezekiah’s rebellion against, 251–64, 271 aftermath of, 264–67 biblical perspective on, 263–64 disastrous results of, 259–63 preparations for, 255–59 Israel (northern kingdom) and, 198–99, 200, 201, 205–6, 207, 211, 214–22 Judah and, 243, 245–46, 250, 270–71 Megiddo under, 215, 216–17, 347–48 Omride dynasty and, 178–79, 196–97 Assyrians, 46n Ataroth, town of, 190 Atarus, Khirbet, 190

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Athaliah, queen of Judah, 232–33, 236 Avaris, city of, 54, 55, 56 Avva, 221 Azariah (Uzziah), king of Judah, 233, 237 Baal, 172–73 Baana, regional governor, 139 Baasha, king of Israel, 170, 232 Babylon, 293–96, 302–3, 305, 311 Babylonian empire, 10, 18, 42, 290, 298 conquest of Judah, 292–95 growth of power in 7th c. BCE, 292–93 revolt in (626 BCE), 282 Babylonian exile, 297–301, 305–6 Balatah, Tell, 154 Barak, 99 Bar-hadad III, king of Aram-Damascus, 203–5 Bedouin life, 33, 112–13 peaceful infiltration theory and, 329–33 Beeroth, town of, 82 Beersheba valley, 250, 266–67 archaeological explorations of, 333 settlement of, 268 Beitin, village of, 80 Beit Mirsim, Tell, 79–80 Ben-hadad, king(s) of Aram-Damascus, 173, 176 Beni Hasan tomb painting, 54 Benjamin, 98, 150 Ben-Tor, Amnon, 81 Bethel, 80, 82–83, 91, 284 altars at, 44, 279 during Babylonian period, 307 Josianic expansionism into, 93 repopulation of, 220–21 temple of, 287–88 Bethsaida, city of, 205, 207 Beth-shean, city of, 78, 161, 216 Beth-zur, 354 Beyond the River satrapy, 354 Bible. See Hebrew Bible Biblical chronology, vi, 16–19 patriarchal narrative and, 34–35 Biblical minimalists, 128 Bietak, Manfred, 55 Biran, Abraham, 184 Bit hilani, 139, 140 Bozkath, town of, 93 Bozrah, 40 Broshi, Magen, 243 Buqeah valley, 266 Burial customs, Judahite, 245–46

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Burning bush, 50, 326 Calah, city of, 42, 214 Camels, in patriarchal narratives, 37 Canaan, 52 city-states of, 319–20, 323, 335–36 destruction of, 89–90, 118, 160–62 Egyptian invasion of (10th c. BCE), 161–62 Omride dynasty and, 193–94 conquest of (between 1230 and 1220 BCE), 72–96 absence of Canaanite fortifications and, 77–78 Ai excavations, 82–83 Egyptian evidence of, 78–79 Gideonite saga of, 82 Hazor excavations, 80–81 Jericho excavations, 81–82, 83 Joshua’s battle plan, 73–76, 93 Mediterranean world of 13th c. BCE and, 83–90 other excavations, 80–81 Pan-Israelite identity and, 92, 94–96 7th c. BCE production of book of Joshua and, 92–94 as synthesis of folk memories and legends, 90–92 Tell Beit Mirsim excavation, 79–80 Tell el-Amarna letters (Amarna tablets) and, 77–78 textual inconsistencies in Bible regarding, 90–91 Egypt and, 53–54, 60–61, 161–62 Exodus and, 69 immigration to Egypt, 55 under Ramesses III, 341 Israelite origins from, 57, 118 Joshua’s division of, 98–99 population during Omride dynasty, 192 Caravans, Arabian, 41, 267–70, 320 Carbon 14 dating, 141 Champollion, Jean-François, 16 Chariot forces, Megiddo “stables” and, 211–12 Chedorlaomer, 42 Chephirah, town of, 82 Cherethites, 144 Chronicles, books of, 14, 255 Chronology, biblical, vi, 16–19 patriarchal narrative and, 34–35 “Chronology” (Cogan), vi Cisterns, plastering of and water storage, 337 City-states, Canaanite. See under Canaan Clines, David, 311 Cogan, Mordecai, vi Cohen, Rudolph, 349 Cross, Frank Moore, 302 Crowfoot, John, 183

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Cushan-rishathaim, 99 Cyprus, 86 Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, 298, 308 Daba, Tell ed-, 55 Dalley, Stephanie, 211 Dan, city of, 19, 99, 184, 203, 204, 207 Assyrian occupation of, 216 Omride dynasty and, 184, 203, 204 Dan (son of Jacob), 150 Dan, Tel, 129 Darius, king of Persia, 300 Daviau, Michèle, 190 David, King, 11, 125–27, 131, 191. See also Golden age of Israel ascendance of, 150–51, 229–30 book of Samuel on, 123 conquests of, 134–35, 340–44 Jerusalem, 230 Philistine pottery evidence of, 340–341 existence of, 128–30 as hill country chieftain, 190, 238 historical, 240 legacy of, 142–45 Josiah and, 144–45 7th c. BCE and, 143–44 Davies, Philip, 128 Debir, city of, 79 Deborah, 99 Deborah, Song of, 98 Delilah, 100 Deuteronomistic History, 13–14, 121 abrupt ending to, 296–97 book of Joshua as part of, 92–93 date of composition of, 46–47 epic of Judah created by, 283–84 Josiah and, 275, 276, 284 on Judah-Israel relationship, 167–68 on last Davidic kings, 292 on northern kingdom (Israel), 223–25 redactions of (Dtr1 and Dtr2), 302–5 YHWH-alone movement and, 248 Deuteronomy, 12, 13, 39, 52 book of the Law and, 280 geopolitics of last decades of Judah and, 281–83, 285 on government functioning, 286 human rights and human dignity in, 285–88 Pan-Israel identity and, 283 De Vaux, Roland, 34, 36, 322 Dever, William, 337 Dor, Assyrian province of, 215

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Dor, Tel, 141, 160 Dothan, Trude, 269 D text, 12 Duweir, Tell ed-, 80 Edom, 40, 68, 127, 232, 233–34 Arabian trade and, 267–68 settlement history of, 119 Yehud and, 312 Edomites (people), 312 Egeria (pilgrim), 327 Eglon, 99 Egypt, 87. See also Exodus archives and monuments as archaeological sources, 16–19 Canaanite conquest and, 77, 78–79 Israelite origins, 102–3 Assyrian collapse and, 290 Canaan and, 53–54, 60–61 immigration of Canaanites, 55 invasion of Canaanite city-states (10th c. BCE), 161–62 Ramesses III’s reign, 341 Joseph in, 54 Josiah and, 291–92 Judah’s attitudes toward, 69–70 in 7th c. BCE, 65–68, 69, 70 political renaissance, 281–83 Ehud the Benjaminite, 99 Ein el-Qudeirat oasis, 42, 63 Ein Haseva, 42 Ein Qadis oasis, 63 Ekron (Tel Miqne), city of, 89, 269, 340–41 Elah, king of Israel, 170 Elijah (prophet), 172–73, 174, 197 Elisha (prophet), 172–73, 174, 175 El-Jib, village of, 82 Elohim, 12 Ephraim, 33, 46n, 98, 150, 222 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, 265 Esau, 30, 40 E text, 12, 45 Ethnicity, Israelite origins and, 119–20 Et-Tell site (north), 204–5 Et-Tell site (south), 82, 154. See also Ai, city of Exodus, 48–71 Canaanite immigration into and expulsion from Egypt as inspiration for, 69 Exilic and post-exilic times and, 311 historical and archaeological evidence of, 52–54, 56, 60–61 conflict of dates and kings in, 56–57 encampments during wandering, 61–64 possibility of, in Ramesses II’s time, 58–61

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Hyksos and, 54–56, 58, 69 Nile delta sites mentioned in, 58 7th c. BCE references in, 65–68 Sinai sites mentioned in, 62 story of, 49–52 Ezekiel, 298 Ezekiel, book of, 297 Ezion-geber, town of, 63, 67, 143–44 Ezra, book of, 297 Ezra the scribe, 300, 301, 310 Figurines, Judahite (7th c. BCE), 353 Fisher, Clarence S., 183 Five Books of Moses. See Pentateuch Franklin, Norma, 189 Friedman, Richard, 12, 310 Gad, 98 Galil, Gershon, vi Galilee, 199 battle of, 76 Gates, Solomonic, 135–38, 139, 140, 141, 342 Gaza, 5, 60, 100 Gedaliah (governor), 297, 307 Genesis, 46–47 genealogical material in, 38–43 post-exilic Yehud and, 312–13 Gerar, city of, 37–38 Gezer, city of, 29, 137, 215 gate at, 139 identified as Gaazru, 215 Omride dynasty and, 188, 189 Gibeon, 75 Gibeonites, 75, 93n saga of, 82 Gideon, 100 Gihon spring, 132, 256–57 Gilead, 215 Gitin, Seymour, 269 Glueck, Nelson, 190, 320–21 “Golden Age” of Israel, 123–45 archaeological evidence for, 130–45 dating issues, 141–42 David’s conquests, 134–35 development of specialization and social stratification, 130 Jerusalem, 132–34, 142 Judah’s settlement system, 131–32 Solomon’s stables, cities, and gates, 135–38, 140, 141 Davidic legacy, 142–45 Josiah and, 144–45

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7th c. BCE and, 143–44 existence of David and Solomon, 128–30 historical basis of, 124 main sites of, 136 royal dynasty, 124–27 Goliath, 125 Gomorrah, city of, 28 Gordon, C.H., 36, 322 Goshen, 66–67 Gottwald, Norman K., 104, 336–37 Greek mercenaries, 350–51 Guy, P.L.O., 137 Hadar, Tel, 64 Hagar, 29, 41 Haggai (prophet), 297 Halpern, Baruch, 121, 241, 247, 250, 273, 291 Haran, city of, 28, 31, 42–43, 313 Haseva fort, 268, 349, 351–52 Hatti, kingdom of, 86, 87 Hattusha, city of, 85, 86 Hattusilis III, king of Hittites, 85 Hazael, king of Aram-Damascus, 19, 184 Elijah’s anointing of, 173 invasion of Israel, 129, 174–75, 177–78, 197, 200, 201–5 threat to Jerusalem, 233 Hazor, city of, 29, 93, 207 destruction of by Egyptians, 89, 90 by Israelites, 76, 332–33 excavations of, 137 by Yadin, 80–81, 137, 184, 187–88, 203 gate at, 139 Omride dynasty and, 184–85, 187–88, 189 site plan, 179 Tiglath-pileser’s assault on, 216 Hebrew Bible, 5–6, 317 archaeological battle over, v defined, 5–6 historical core of, 2 historical reliability of, 14–21, 318 as model for other struggling communities, 317–18 as national and social compact, 316–18 origins of, 1–2 as story of Israel, 8–10 traditional divisions of (books), 6–7 Hebrews, enslavement of, 49–51 Hebron, city of, 154, 229, 354 tombs of patriarchs in, 44n, 312 Hecataeus of Abdera, 315–16

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Hellenistic culture and religion, 316 Herod, king of Judea, 316 Herodotus (historian), 282, 350 Hesban, Tel, 64 Heshbon, city of, 64, 82 Hezekiah, king of Judah, 222, 234, 270, 271–73, 280 rebellion against Assyria, 251–64, 271 aftermath of, 264–67 biblical perspective on, 263–64 disastrous results of, 259–63 preparations for, 255–59 religious reforms of, 249–50 High places, 234, 241–42, 265, 276 Josiah’s destruction of, 278 Hilkiah (high priest), 13, 277 Hiram, king of Tyre, 127, 140 Hittites, 85 Hoffman, Yair, 311 “Horse lists,” 211, 212 Hosea (prophet), 212–13, 280 Hoshea, king of Israel, 199, 217, 219, 222–223 “House of David” inscription, 19, 129, 201 Hurrians (people), 322–23 Hyksos, 54–56, 58, 69 Ibni-Addu, king of Hazor, 81 Idolatry, 121, 249. See also High places Bethel altars, 44, 279 Josiah’s battle against, 277–80 of Judah, 234 Idumea, 312 Intermediate Bronze Age (Middle Bronze I), 320–21 Isaac, 8, 27, 29–30, 31, 35, 43 Isaiah (prophet), 253, 263 Isaiah, Second, 298 Ishmael (son of Abraham), 29, 41 Ishmael (son of Nethaniah), 297 Israel, ancient. See also Northern kingdom (Israel); Southern kingdom (Judah) anthropology of, 21–22 covenant with YHWH, 9 earliest extrabiblical mention of, 57 Hebrew Bible as story of, 8–10 state formation in, 22 united monarchy of, 152. See also Golden age of Israel breakup of, 149–51, 163–64 versions of later history of, 13–14 “Israel,” uses of term, 3n Israelites, origins of, 57, 97–122, 329–39 archaeological evidence on, 105–7 book of Joshua on, 97–98, 101

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book of Judges on, 99–101, 120–22 Canaanite cultural collapse and, 118 common assumptions about, 333–35 culinary and dietary customs and, 119–20 Egyptian records on, 102–3 ethnicity and, 119–20 highland surveys frontier life and, 107–10 settlement sites and, 111–13 settlement waves, 113–18 as immigrants from the desert, 101–3 inheritance of Promised Land and, 97–101 as pastoral nomads, 112–13, 117–18 peaceful infiltration theory of, 102, 329–33, 335 critique of, 103–4 peasant revolt theory of, 104–5, 333–39 archaeological context of, 333–35 unified conquest theory of, 332, 335 uniqueness of, 97–98, 118–20. See also Patriarchal age Issachar, 98 Izbet Sartah, site of, 110, 111 Jabin, king of Hazor, 76, 81 Jacob (Israel), 27, 30–33, 35, 40, 43 as father of twelve tribes, 8–9 Laban and, 39 Jahaz, town of, 190–91 Jebel Musa, peak of, 327 Jehoahaz, king of Israel, 197, 218 Jehoahaz, king of Judah, 292 Jehoash, king of Judah, 198n, 232–33, 236 Jehoiachin, king of Judah, 293, 294, 298, 302, 303, 305 Jehoiada the priest, 232–33 Jehoiakim, king of Judah, 292 Jehoram, king of Israel, 171, 174, 175, 178, 201, 222 Jehoram, king of Judah, 232, 236 Jehu, king of Israel, 173, 175, 197, 201, 202, 206, 218, 222 Jenmeh, Tell, 37, 267 Jeremiah, book of, 297 Jeremiah (prophet), 11, 297, 298, 306 Jericho, 73–75, 81–82, 83 Josianic expansionism into, 93 Jeroboam I, king of Israel, 151, 164–66, 168, 222, 276 Jeroboam II, king of Israel, 218 death of, 214 Megiddo rebuilding under, 209, 210–11 peaceful reign of, 198 prosperity under, 206, 207, 212 Jerusalem, 154, 155 Babylonian conquest of, 293, 294–95, 307 Dtr2 on, 303–4

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post-exilic explanation and rationalization of, 310–11 David’s conquest of, 230 golden age of Israel and, 132–34, 142 in Iron Age, 239–40 Megiddo compared with, 140 priestly elite in post-exilic, 308–10 rebuilding of walls of, 301 in seventh century BCE, 2–3 transformation into politico-religious nerve center, 243–45 Jerusalem, Temple of. See Temple of Jerusalem Jeshua (priest), 299–300, 310 Jezebel, Queen of Israel, 169, 172–74, 232 Jezreel, 157, 186–87, 192, 202–3 during Omride period, 189 site plan, 179 Solomonic cities and, 342–43 Joash, king of Israel, 198, 206, 209, 218 Jordan river, 16, 73 Jordan valley, 16, 28, 192 Joseph, 31–33 in Egypt, 54 story of, 67 Joshua, 35 Joshua, book of on extent of conquered territory, 99 on Israelite origins, 97–98, 101 Joshua, 35 battle plan of, 73–76, 93 division of Canaan by, 98–99 Josiah and, 95–96 portrayal in royal terms, 95 Josiah, king of Judah, 2, 122, 272–84, 301, 303 book of Law discovery and, 276, 277, 280–81 as David figure, 144–45 death of, 289–92 Deuteronomistic History and, 275, 276, 284 Dtr2 on, 304–5 Egypt-Assyria balance of power and, 281–83 extent of territorial conquests, 288–89 Joshua and, 95–96 monotheism and, 276 Necho and, 71 prophecy of rise of, 165 puritan reforms of, 277–80, 287–89 archaeology and, 287–88 reunification ambitions of, 69–70, 121, 168 vastness of kingdom under, 347–53 maximalist view of, 347–49 minimalist view of, 349–53

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Jotham, king of Judah, 233, 237 J text, 12, 45, 46–47, 324 Judah, kingdom of. See Southern kingdom (Judah) Judah, tribe of, 98, 121, 150 Judah (son of Jacob), 27, 31, 33, 229 destiny of, 43–46 Judea, 315, 316 Judean desert, 126, 132, 266, 240 Judeans (Jews), 316 Judges, book of, 91, 97 on Israelite origins, 99–101, 120–22 on unconquered Canaanite enclaves, 99 Justinian, Emperor of Byzantium, 326 Kadesh, battle at (13th c. BCE), 85 Kadesh-barnea, 42, 63, 67, 268, 349, 351–52 Kedar, 41 Khu-Sebek (Egyptian general), 155 Kidron valley, 132 Kings, books of, 194, 195, 197, 231, 240 on Hezekiah’s rebellion, 252–56 on Israel (northern kingdom), 196, 197–99, 206–7, 214, 222–23 YHWH-alone movement and, 248 Kiriath-jearim, town of, 82, 126 Kittim people, 348–49, 351 Kuntillet Ajrud, 242 Laban, 30–31 Labayu, king of Shechem, 155 Lachish, city of, 80, 90, 235, 245, 257 conquest of by Assyrians (701 BCE), 260–63, 345 by Babylonians (587/6 BCE), 345 pottery evidence from, 345–46 re-fortification of, 289 Law, book of the, 13, 276, 277, 280–81 Layard, Austen Henry, 178, 261 Leah, 31 Lemaire, André, 129 Lemche, Niels Peter, 128 Levi, 35 Linear B script, 85 Lipschits, Oded, 307 Literacy, 280, 281 in Judah, 284 Lot, 28–29, 39–40 Luke, John, 335 Luz, city of, 80 Macalister, R.A.S., 137

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Maccabean kings, 316 McCarter, Kyle, 324 Machpelah, cave of, 229 Manasseh, king of Judah, 264–73, 289 archaeological identification of, 345–46 Bible’s account of reign of, 252, 254 Dtr2 on, 304 economic policy of, 267–70 religious pluralism under, 264–65 Manasseh (tribe), 33, 46n, 98, 150 Manetho (historian), 54–56 Mari, city of, 322 Marquet-Krause, Judith, 82 Masos, Tell, 333 Mazar, Benjamin, 36, 134–35, 323–25, 350 Medinet Habu, temple of, 87–88 Megiddo, 78–79, 90, 161, 289–92 architectural similarities with Samaria, 343 under Assyrian rule, 215, 216–17, 347–48 under Canaanites, 193–94 desertion of, 204 destruction of (12th c. BCE), 160 in eighth century BCE, 182 excavations of, vi, 135–41 stratum II, 348, 350 stratum III, 347–48 stratum VIA, 341–44 by Yadin, 183–84, 185, 210 gate of, 135–38, 139, 140 dating of, 342 Jerusalem compared with, 140 Omride dynasty and, 182–89, 193–94 rebuilding under Jeroboam II, 209 Solomonic “stables in,” 135–38, 209–12 Menahem, king of Israel, 198, 214, 219 Mendenhall, George, 104, 335–36 Mercenaries Greek, 350–51 Judahite, 351 Merneptah, pharaoh, 18, 57 Merneptah stele, 57, 60, 76n, 102 Mesad Hashavyahu site, 286–87, 348, 350, 351 Mesha, king of Moab, 19, 174, 177, 201 Mesha stele, 129, 177, 190 Meshullemeth (Manasseh’s wife), 268 Micah (prophet), 263 Michal, 125 Midianites, 99 Migdol, 59, 66 Minimalists, biblical, 128

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Miqne, Tel. See Ekron Mizpah, town of, 297, 306–7 Moab, 39, 190, 191, 201 settlement history of, 119 Moabites, 99, 127 Monolith Inscription, 178 Monotheism, 2n, 120, 122 in Judah, 246–49, 276 Moses, 9, 35, 48, 50, 51–52, 73. See also Exodus authorship of Bible by, 11 Hecataeus on, 315–16 Mudayna, Khirbet el-, 190 Muwatallis, king of Hittites, 85 Mycenaean world, 85–86 Naaman, Nadav, 203, 239, 268, 291, 351, 352 Naboth, 173–74 Nadab, king of Israel, 170 Naphtali, 98, 150 Nebaioth, 41 Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 292–95 Necho II, pharaoh, 66, 71, 289–92, 348 Negev desert (biblical Negeb), 16, 30, 64 Nehemiah, book of, 297 Nehemiah (Persian official), 300–301 Nelson, Richard D., 95 Nesbeth, Tell en-, 307 Nile, 53 Nile delta, 58. See also Exodus foreign settlement of, 66 sites mentioned in Exodus, 58 Nineveh, 18, 42, 290 Nomadism, pastoral, 320, 321, 334–35 Northern kingdom (Israel), 9–10, 24, 46, 169. See also Omride dynasty c. 842–740 BCE, 196–225 Aramean presence in, 201–5 Assyrian empire and, 198–99, 200, 201, 205–6, 207, 211, 214–22 books of Kings on, 196, 197–99, 206–7, 214, 222–23 deportees and survivors of, 220–22 Deuteronomistic History on, 223–25 end of, 217–20 Hazael’s invasion of, 174–75, 177–78, 197, 200, 201–5 kings of (lists), 20, 171, 218–19 under Jeroboam II, 206, 207, 209, 210–11, 212 population expansion in, 207–9 prophetic protest against, 212–14 Aram and, 39 Judah and, 39–40, 230 kings of (list), 20 religious practice in, 247

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southern kingdom (Judah) compared with, 149–68 Deuteronomistic History on, 167–68 Egyptian textual evidence, 154–55 environmental and topographical features, 155–58 prophecies and, 162–67 state formation, 158–59 Noth, Martin, 91 Nuzi tablets, 322–23 Old City of Jerusalem, 132 Old Testament. See Hebrew Bible Olive oil industry, 159 Judah (705–639 BCE) and, 268–70, 273 Omri, king of Israel, 169, 170, 171, 172 Omride dynasty, 169–95 archaeological records of, 180–86 from Ataroth, 190 from Dan, 184, 203, 204 from Gezer, 188, 189 from Hazor, 184–85, 187–88, 189 from Jahaz, 190–91 from Megiddo, 182–89, 193–94 from Samaria, 179, 180–83, 189 underground water tunnels, 184–86 Assyria and, 178–79, 196–97 biblical account of, 169, 172–75, 194–95, 201 inconsistencies in, 175–76 Canaanite city-states and, 193–94 monarchical structure of, 187–88 multi-ethnic society of, 191–94 rise and fall of, 170–75 “Solomonic” gates and palaces attributed to, 186–87, 189–90, 202–3 territorial holdings of, 178, 190, 191 Oren, Eliezer, 61 Othniel, 99 Palestine, 354 Pan-Israelite ideal, 46n, 283–85 Canaanite conquest and, 92, 94–96 in Patriarchal narratives, 44 Passover sacrifice, 280 Pastoral nomadism, 320, 321, 334–35 Patriarchal age, 27–47 Abraham, 8, 27, 28–30, 43, 44 as Amorite, 320–21 failed search for historical, 33–36 post-exilic Yehud and story of, 312 war with Mesopotamian kings, 46n historicity of, 33–35, 319–25

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Amorite hypothesis, 319–21 Isaac, 8, 27, 29–30, 31, 35, 43 Jacob, 27, 30–33, 35, 40, 43 as father of twelve tribes, 8–9 Laban and, 39 as pious “prehistory” of Israel, 45, 46 sites connected with, 29 tombs of patriarchs in Hebron, 44n, 312 Patriarchal narratives, 70 anachronisms in, 36–38 Canaanite peoples and places mentioned in, 32 dating controversy over, 36–38 E version of, 45 J version of, 45 as living map of ancient Near East, 38–40 Pan-Israelite idea in, 44 on peoples of desert and Eastern empires, 41–43 Peaceful infiltration theory of Israelite origins, 102, 329–33, 335 critique of, 103–4 Peasant revolt theory of Israelite origins, 104–5, 333–39 archaeological context of, 333–35 Pekah, king of Israel, 199, 214–15, 219, 233 Pekahiah, king of Israel, 199, 219 Pelethites, 144 Pentateuch, 6, 7, 280 authorship of, 10–13 earliest source of, 22–23 epic of Judah created by, 283–84 J source of, 46–47 Priestly (P) source of, 12, 42n, 45n, 310 source documents of, 12–13 Persia Judahite exiles and, 308 rebuilding of Temple of Jerusalem and, 299–300 Philistia, 89 Philistine pottery, 141 Davidic conquests as evidenced in, 340–41 Philistines, 125, 127, 160, 324 Israelites vs., 134–35 in patriarchal narratives, 37–38 Pi-Ramesses, city of (Raamses), 56, 57, 59 Pithom, 59, 66 Polytheism in Judah, 240–43, 264–65 Pork, ban on, 119–20 Priestly source (P) in Pentateuch, 12, 42n, 45n, 310 Pr-Itm, 59 Proto-Aeolic capitals, 181, 182–83, 189 Psammetichus I, pharaoh, 66, 69, 281–82, 289, 350 Pul, King. See Tiglath-pileser III, king of Assyria

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Qarqar, battle of (853 BCE), 211 Qasile, Tel, 134 Qedarites, 41, 67 Raamses, city of (Pi-Ramesses), 56, 57, 59 Rachel, 31 Radiocarbon dating, 141 Rahab (harlot), 73 Ramesses I, pharaoh, 56 Ramesses II, pharaoh, 57, 65, 78, 85 Ramesses III, pharaoh, 87–88, 341 Ramesses VI, pharaoh, 90 Ramesside pharaohs, 76n Rebecca, 29–31, 40 Redactors, 12 Redford, Donald, 65–66, 67, 68–69 Red Sea, parting of, 51 Rehoboam, king of Judah, 151, 152, 231–32, 236, 240 forts built by, 235 Rehov, city of, 161 Rehov, Tel, 142, 160 Reuben, 31–33, 98 Rezin, king of Damascus, 215, 233–34 Robinson, Edward, 15–16 Rosen, Baruch, 110 Rosetta Stone, 16 “R” passages, 12 Saint Catherine Monastery, 326–27 Saite Dynasty, 6 Samaria, 215 architectural similarities with Megiddo, 343 dynastic upheavals at, 214–15 Omride dynasty and, 172, 179, 180–83, 189 population of, 191–92 rebuilding of Temple of Jerusalem and, 299 repopulation of, 220 sieges of, 203 by Assyrians, 199, 217–20 site of, 179, 180–83 Samaria ostraca, 207, 212 Samson, 98, 100 Samuel (prophet), 11, 124–25 Sarah, 28–30 Sargon II, king of Assyria, 211, 217–20, 221, 230, 250, 267 Satrapies, 354 Saul, king of Israel, 123, 125–26, 131, 150 Schliemann, Heinrich, 85 Seal impressions rosette-shaped, 352

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Yehud boundaries inferred from, 355 Sea Peoples, 87–89 Second Temple Judaism, 300, 301 Seti I, pharoah, 60, 61 Sedentarization, 330–31, 332 Sennacherib, king of Assyria, 250, 251–52, 259–63, 345 Shallum, king of Israel, 198, 219 Shalmaneser, “black obelisk” of, 206 Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria, 159, 178, 211 Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria, 199, 217–20, 252 Shamgar, 99 Shaphan, 277 Sheba, queen of, 127, 143 Sheba people, 41–42 Shebna, tomb of, 246 Shechem, 154, 155 altars at, 44 Shema, commander, 212 Shephelah, the, 232, 245, 263–64, 266 Josianic expansionism into, 93 Sheshbazzar, governor of Yehud, 299, 309–310 Sheshonq I, pharaoh, 18. See also Shishak Shiloh, 124 Shiloh, Yigal, 132 Shiqalaya (people), 87 Shishak, pharaoh, 18, 161–62, 231–32 Shosu (people), 103, 239, 332 Siloam inscription, 256–57 Simeon, 98–99 tribe of, 121, 150 Sinai, Mount, 326–28 Sinai, wilderness of, 51, 60, 62, 63, 326–28 Sisera, 99 Smith, Morton, 248 “Social revolution” hypothesis. See Peasant revolt theory of Israelite origins Sodom, city of, 28 Solomon, King, 11, 123, 127, 131, 151, 168, 191. See also Golden age of Israel biblical critique of, 242 breakup of Israel’s unity and, 163–64 existence of, 128–30 as hill country chieftain, 190, 238 stables, cities, and gates of, 135–38, 139, 140, 141, 152 archaeological evidence of, 342–44 Omride dynasty and, 186–87, 189–90, 202–3 Solomon’s Temple, 132–33 Song of the Sea, 51 Southern kingdom (Judah), 9–10, 24, 41–42

930–705 BCE, 229–50

Assyrian empire and, 243, 245–46, 250 biblical prominence of, 229–30

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burial customs, 245–46 environmental constraints on, 239 expansion of, 243–46 fidelity to YHWH as ideal vs. reality of, 234 Hezekiah’s religious reforms, 249–50 idolatry of, 234 inaccurate portrayal by Bible, 235–38 Israel’s dominance over, 230 kings of, 231–34, 236–37 monotheism in, 246–49 polytheism in, 240–43 population of, 208 settlement patterns of, 241 statehood for, 245

705–639 BCE, 69–70, 120–22, 251–74

Arabian trade and, 267–68 assessment of kings of, 270–73 Assyrian empire and, 270–71 geopolitical factors in religion, 270–71 Hezekiah’s rebellion, 251–64, 271 under Josiah. See Josiah, king of Judah under Manasseh. See Manasseh, king of Judah material culture of, 352–53 olive oil industry and, 268–70, 273 polytheism in, 264–65 territorial ambitions, 46n

639–586 BCE, 275–95

Babylonian conquest of, 292–95 book of Law discovery and, 276, 277, 280–81 Deuteronomistic History and, 275, 276, 284 Deuteronomy and, 285 Egypt-Assyria balance of power and, 281–83 last Davidic kings of, 292–95 literacy in, 284 monotheism in, 276 Pan Israelite ideal of, 283–85 puritan reforms in, 277–80, 287–89 revolution in countryside, 285–87 586-c.440 BCE, 296–313. See also Yehud Babylonian exile, 297–301, 305–6 non-exiled population of, 305–8 rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls, 301 rebuilding of Temple of Jerusalem, 299–300 restoration of, 297–301 Assyrian empire and, 270–71 Hezekiah’s rebellion against, 251–64 Assyrian kings involved in history of, 201 attitudes toward Egypt, 69–70 kingdom of Israel and, 39–40, 223–25 kings of (lists), 20, 131, 236–37, 272

English original

Speiser, Ephraim, 36, 322 Stables, Solomonic, 135–38, 209–12 Stager, Lawrence, 241 Succoth, 59 Taanach, city of, 161, 203 Tamar, 42 Tammuz (Mesopotamian god), 242 Tayma, oasis of, 41 Tel Dan inscription. See “House of David” inscription Tell el-Amarna letters. See Amarna tablets (Tell el-Amarna letters) Tema, 41 Temple of Jerusalem, 123, 127, 241, 310 as center of YHWH worship, 250 construction of, 56 cultic activities in ruins of, 306–7 destruction by Babylonians, 295 Jehoash’s renovation of, 233 rebuilding of, 299–300 Ten commandments, 51 Thompson, Thomas, 36–37, 38, 128 Thutmose III, pharoah, 60 Tiglath-pileser III, king of Assyria, 199 Arabian trade and, 267 conquest of Israel, 215 Judah and, 233–34, 243 resettling of conquered territories by, 216, 221 Tiryns, 85 Tirzah, 154 Tjkw, 59 Torah. See Pentateuch Trade, Arabian caravan, 41, 320 Judah and, 267–68 in seventh century BCE, 143 Transjordan Exodus story and, 64 kingdoms of, 67–68 Ugarit, city of, 87, 90 Ulu Burun, shipwreck of, 86 Unified conquest theory of Israelite origins, 332, 335 Ur, city of, 28, 312–13 Urartu, kingdom of, 211 Urusalim, 238–39 Ussishkin, David, 132, 139, 187, 262, 342 Uzziah (Azariah), king of Judah, 233, 237 Van Seters, John, 36–37

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Wapnish, Paula, 267 Ways of Horus, 60 Weinfeld, Moshe, 281 Wellhausen, Julius, 36 Williamson, Hugh, 192–93 Woodhead, John, 187, 342 Yadin, Yigael, 342 on Israelite origins and characteristics, 333, 334 opposition to peaceful infiltration theory, 332 stratification scheme, 203 Solomonic discoveries of, 137–40, 342 Hazor excavations, 80–81, 137, 184, 187–88, 203 Megiddo excavations, 183–84, 185, 210 Yael, 99 Yehud, 315 boundaries of, 354–55 Davidic family’s role in, 309–10 Edomites and, 312 historical revisionism and, 310–13 in Persian period, 308–9 similarities with late-monarchic Judah, 311

YHWH, 9, 12, 120–21

fidelity to, reality vs. ideal of, 234 Israel’s covenant with, 9 Omrides and, 172–73 Temple of Jerusalem as center for worshipping, 250 YHWH-alone movement, 247–50, 271, 273–74 Hezekiah and, 249–50 Zadok (priest), 127 Zebulun, 98, 150 Zechariah, king of Israel, 198, 219 Zechariah (prophet), 297 Zedekiah, king of Judah, 294–95 Zephaniah (prophet), 290 Zertal, Adam, 221 Zerubbabel, governor of Yehud, 299–300, 309–10 Zimri, king of Israel, 172

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TOUCHSTONE

Rockefeller Center 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2001 by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. First Touchstone Edition 2002 TOUCHSTONE and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc. Designed by Charles B. Hames The Library of Congress has cataloged the Free Press edition as follows: Finkelstein, Israel: The Bible unearthed : archaeology’s new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its sacred texts / by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Bible. O.T.—Antiquities. 2. Bible. O.T.—Evidences, authority, etc. 1. Silberman, Neil Asher 11. Title.

BS621.F56 2001

221.9'5—dc21 00-057311

ISBN 0-684-86912-8

0-684-86913-6 (Pbk) ISBN-13: 978-0-7432-2338-6 (eBook)