descendants (Deut. 2:22).
5. EDOMITES The descendants of Esau who settled southeast of Palestine (cf. Gen. 25:30) in the land of Seir.
6. GEBALITES People of the ancient seaport later known as Byblos, about 20 miles north of modern Beirut (Josh. 13:5). 7. GESHURITES The inhabitants of Geshur, east of the Jordan and to the south of Syria (Josh. 12:5).
8. GIBEONITES The inhabitants of Gibeon and surrounding area (Josh. 9:17).
9. GIRGASHITES
A tribe descended from Canaan, which was included among the general population of the land without specific geographical identity.
10. GIRZITES An obscure group that lived in the northwest part of the Negeb, before they were destroyed by David (1 Sam. 27:8–9).
11. HITTITES Immigrants from the Hittite Empire (in the region of Syria) to the central region of the land (cf. Gen. 23:10; 2 Sam. 11:3). 12. HIVITES Descendants of Canaan who lived in the northern reaches of the land.
13. HORITES Ancient residents of Edom from an unknown origin who were destroyed by Esau's descendants (Deut. 2:22).
14. JEBUSITES Descendants of Canaan who dwelt in the hill country around Jerusalem (cf. Gen. 15:21; Ex. 3:8). 15. KENITES A Midianite tribe that originally dwelt in the Gulf of Aqabah region (1 Sam. 27:10). 16. MOABITES
The descendants of Moab, the grandson of Lot by his eldest daughter (Gen. 19:37), who lived east of the Dead Sea. 17. PERIZZITES
People included among the general population of the land who do not trace their lineage to Canaan. Their exact identity is uncertain.
JOSHUA—NOTE ON 4:19 tenth day of the first month. March/April. Abib was the term used by preexilic Jews; Nisan later came to be used by postexilic Israel.
JOSHUA—NOTE ON 5:1 heard. Reports of God's supernaturally opening a crossing struck fear into the Canaanites. The miracle was all the more incredible and shocking since God performed it when the Jordan was swollen to flood height (3:15). To the people in the land, this miracle was a powerful demonstration proving that God is mighty (4:24). This came on top of reports about the Red Sea miracle (2:10).
JOSHUA—NOTE ON 5:2 circumcise. God commanded Joshua to see that this was done to all males under 40. These were sons of the generation who died in the wilderness, survivors (cf. vv. 6–7) from the new generation God spared in Num. 13–14. This surgical sign of a faith commitment to the Abrahamic Covenant (see Gen. 17:9–14) had been ignored during the wilderness trek. Now God wanted it reinstated, so the Israelites would start out right in the land they were possessing. See note on Jer. 4:4.