industries. Each item was a way to refer to genuine salvation.
have called him and understood by that name will pale in the reality of what we see. And he will give us a new, eternal name by which we will know him.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 3:14 angel. The pastor-messenger designated to deliver this letter (see note on 1:20). Laodicea. Located in the Lycus River Valley, the southwest area of Phrygia, Laodicea became the wealthiest, most important commercial center in the region. It was primarily known for three industries: banking, wool, and medicine (notably its eye salve). An inadequate local water supply forced the city to build an underground aqueduct. All three industries, as well as the inadequate water supply, played a major part in this letter. The church began through the ministry of Epaphras, while Paul was ministering in Ephesus (cf. Col. 1:7; Paul never personally visited Laodicea). the Amen. A common biblical expression signifying certainty and veracity (cf. Isa. 65:16, "the God of truth"). According to 2 Cor. 1:20, all the promises of God are fulfilled in Christ; that is, all God's promises and unconditional covenants are guaranteed and affirmed by the person and work of Jesus Christ. faithful and true witness. He is a completely trustworthy and perfectly accurate witness to the truth of God (John 14:6). beginning of God's creation. This corrects a heresy, apparently present in Laodicea as in Colossae, that Christ was a created being (cf. Col. 1:15–20). Instead, he is the "beginning" (lit., "beginner, originator, initiator") of creation (cf. John 1:3) and the "firstborn of creation"; that is, the most preeminent, supreme person ever born (Col. 1:15). As a man, he had a beginning, but as God, he was the beginning. Sadly, this heresy concerning the person of Christ had produced an unregenerate church in Laodicea.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 3:16 lukewarm. I.e., tepid. Nearby Hierapolis was famous for its hot springs, and Colossae for its cold, refreshing mountain stream. But Laodicea had dirty, tepid water that flowed for miles through an underground aqueduct. Visitors, unaccustomed to it, immediately spat it out. The church at Laodicea was neither cold, openly rejecting Christ, nor hot, filled with spiritual zeal. Instead, its members were lukewarm, hypocrites professing to know Christ, but not truly belonging to him (cf. Matt. 7:21ff.). I will spit you out of my mouth. Just like the dirty, tepid water of Laodicea, these selfdeceived hypocrites sickened Christ.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 3:18 gold . . . white garments . . . salve. See note on v. 14. He was offering them the spiritual counterparts to their three major industries. Each item was a way to refer to genuine salvation.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 3:19 Those whom I love, I reprove and discipline. Both vv. 18, 20 indicate that Christ was speaking here to unbelievers. God certainly loves the unconverted (cf. John 3:16). And "reprove" and "discipline" often refer to God's convicting and punishing the unregenerate (Matt. 18:17; 1 Cor. 14:24; 2 Tim. 2:25).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 3:20 I stand at the door and knock. Rather than allowing for the common interpretation of Christ's knocking on a person's heart, the context demands that Christ was seeking to enter this church that bore his name but lacked a single true believer. This poignant letter was his knocking. If one member would recognize his spiritual bankruptcy and respond in saving faith, he would enter the church.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 3:21 conquers. All true Christians (see note on 2:7). sit with me on my throne. A figurative expression meaning that we will share the privilege and authority that Christ enjoys as we reign with him (1:6; Matt. 19:28; Luke 22:29–30).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:1 Come up here. This is not a veiled reference to the rapture of the church, but a command for John to be temporarily transported to heaven "in the Spirit" (see note on 1:10) to receive revelation about future events. what must take place after this. According to the outline given in 1:19, this begins the third and final section of the book, describing the events that will follow the church age.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:2 I was in the Spirit. See note on 1:10. throne. Not so much a piece of furniture, but a symbol of sovereign rule and authority (7:15; 11:19; 16:17–18; cf. Isa. 6:1). It is the focus of Rev. 4, occurring 14 times, 11 times referring to God's throne.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:3 jasper. John later describes this stone as "clear as crystal" (21:11), probably referring to a diamond, which refracts all the colors of the spectrum in wondrous brilliance. carnelian. A fiery bright ruby stone named for the city near which it was found. emerald. A cool, emerald-green hue dominates the multi-colored rainbow surrounding God's throne (cf. Ezek. 1:28). From the time of Noah, the rainbow became a sign of God's faithfulness to his word, his promises, and his Noahic Covenant (Gen. 9:12–17).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:4 twenty-four elders. Their joint rule with Christ, their
white garments, and their golden crowns all seem to indicate that these 24 represent the redeemed (vv. 9–11; 5:5–14; 7:11–17; 11:16–18; 14:3; 19:4). The question is which redeemed? Not Israel, since the nation is not yet saved, glorified, and coronated. That is still to come at this point in the events of the end. Their resurrection and glory will come at the end of the seven-year tribulation time (cf. Dan. 12:1–3). Tribulation saints aren't yet saved (Rev. 7:9– 10). Only one group will be complete and glorified at that point—the church. Here elders represent the church, which sings the song of redemption (5:8–10). They are the overcomers who have their crowns and live in the place prepared for them, where they have gone with Jesus (cf. John 14:1–4).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:5 lightning . . . thunder. Not the fury of nature, but the firestorm of righteous fury about to come from an awesome, powerful God upon a sinful world (8:5; 11:19; 16:18). seven spirits of God. The Holy Spirit (see note on 1:4).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:6 sea of glass. There is no sea in heaven (21:1), but the crystal pavement that serves as the floor of God's throne stretches out like a great, glistening sea (cf. Ex. 24:10; Ezek. 1:22). four living creatures. Lit., "four living ones or beings." These are the cherubim (singular, cherub), those angels frequently referred to in the OT in connection with God's presence, power, and holiness. Although John's description is not identical to Ezekiel's, they are obviously both referring to the same supernatural and indescribable beings (Ps. 80:1; 99:1; see notes on Ezek. 1:4–25; 10:15). full of eyes. Although not omniscient—an attribute reserved for God alone—these angels have a comprehensive knowledge and perception. Nothing escapes their scrutiny (cf. Rev. 4:8).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:7 first . . . like a lion. In what is obviously intended as symbolic language, John compares these four beings with four of God's earthly creations. Ezekiel indicates that every cherub has these four attributes. The likeness to a lion symbolizes strength and power. second . . . like an ox. The image of a calf demonstrates that these beings render humble service to God. third . . . face of a man. Their likeness to man shows they are rational beings. fourth . . . like an eagle in flight. The cherubim fulfill their service to God with the swiftness of eagles' wings.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:8 full of eyes. See note on v. 6. Holy, holy, holy. Often God is extolled for his holiness in this threefold form, because it is the
summation of all that he is—his most salient attribute (see note on Isa. 6:3). who was and is and is to come! See note on Rev. 1:4.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:10 cast their crowns. Aware that God alone is responsible for the rewards they have received, they divest themselves of all honor and cast it at the feet of their King (see note on 2:10).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 4:11 you created all things. It is the Creator God who set out to redeem his creation.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:1 a scroll. See note on 1:11. written within and on the back. This is typical of various kinds of contracts in the ancient world, including deeds, marriage contracts, rental and lease agreements, and wills. The inside of the scroll contained all the details of the contract, and the outside—or back—contained a summary of the document. In this case it almost certainly is a deed—the title deed to the earth (cf. Jer. 32:7ff.). sealed with seven seals. Romans sealed their wills seven times—on the edge at each roll—to prevent unauthorized entry. Hebrew title deeds required a minimum of three witnesses and three separate seals, with more important transactions requiring more witnesses and seals.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:2 strong angel. The identity of this angel is uncertain, but it may refer to the angel Gabriel, whose name means "strength of God" (Dan. 8:16).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:3 in heaven or on earth or under the earth. A common biblical expression denoting the entire universe and not intended to teach three precise divisions.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:5 the Lion of the tribe of Judah. One of the earliest titles for the Messiah (see notes on Gen. 49:8–12), it speaks of his fierceness and strength, which although glimpsed in his first coming, do not appear in their fullness until the moment anticipated here. the Root of David. Another clearly messianic title (see notes on Isa. 11:1–10), it anticipates his being a descendant of David, who with devastating force will compel the wicked of the earth to succumb to his authority.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:6 Lamb. Hearing of a lion, John turns to see a lamb (lit., "a little, pet lamb"). God required the Jews to bring the Passover lamb into their houses for four days, essentially making it a pet, before it was to be
violently slain (Ex. 12:3, 6). This is the true Passover Lamb, God's Son (cf. Isa. 53:7; Jer. 11:19; John 1:29). as though it had been slain. The scars from its slaughter are still clearly visible, but it is standing—it is alive. seven horns. In Scripture, horns always symbolize power, because in the animal kingdom they are used to exert power and inflict wounds in combat. Seven horns signify complete or perfect power. Unlike other defenseless lambs, this One has complete, sovereign power. seven eyes . . . seven spirits. Cf. Rev. 4:5; see note on 1:4.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:8 harp. These ancient stringed instruments not only accompanied the songs of God's people (1 Chron. 25:6; Ps. 33:2), but also accompanied prophecy (cf. 1 Sam. 10:5). The 24 elders, representative of the redeemed church, played their harps in praise and in a symbolic indication that all the prophets had said was about to be fulfilled. bowls full of incense. These golden, wide-mouth saucers were common in the tabernacle and temple. Incense was a normal part of the OT ritual. Priests stood twice daily before the inner veil of the temple and burned incense so that the smoke would carry into the Most Holy Place and be swept into the nostrils of God. That symbolized the people's prayers rising to him. prayers of the saints. Specifically, these prayers represent all that the redeemed have ever prayed concerning ultimate and final redemption.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:9 new song. Cf. 15:3. The OT is filled with references to a new song that flows from a heart that has experienced God's redemption or deliverance (cf. 14:3; Ps. 33:3; 96:1; 144:9). This new song anticipates the final, glorious redemption that God is about to begin. by your blood you ransomed people for God. The sacrificial death of Christ on behalf of sinners made him worthy to take the scroll (cf. 1 Cor. 6:20; 7:23; 2 Cor. 5:21; Gal. 3:3; 1 Pet. 1:18– 19; 2 Pet. 2:1).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:10 a kingdom and priests. See note on 1:6. reign on the earth. See note on 20:2.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:11 myriads of myriads and thousands of thousands. The number is to express an amount beyond calculation. The Greek expression can also be translated "innumerable" or "many thousands" (Luke 12:1; Heb. 12:22).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:12 power . . . and blessing. This doxology records seven qualities intrinsic to God and to the Lamb that demand our praise.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:13 in heaven and on earth and under the earth. See note on v. 3.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 5:14 four living creatures. See note on 4:6. elders. See note on 4:4.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:1–19:21 This lengthy section details the judgments and events of the time of tribulation (see notes on 3:10) from its beginning with the opening of the first seal (6:1–2) through the seven seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments to the return of Christ to destroy the ungodly (19:11–21).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:1 the seven seals. In ch. 5, Christ was the only One found worthy to open the little scroll—the title deed to the universe. As he breaks the seven seals that secure the scroll, each seal unleashes a new demonstration of God's judgment on the earth in the future tribulation period (see notes on 5:1; Matt. 24:3–9). These seal judgments include all the judgments to the end. The seventh seal contains the seven trumpets; the seventh trumpet contains the seven bowls.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:2 white horse. The animal represents an unparalleled time of world peace—a false peace that is to be short-lived (see note on v. 4). This peace will be ushered in by a series of false messiahs, culminating with the Antichrist (Matt. 24:3–5). its rider. The four horses and their riders do not represent specific individuals, but forces. Some, however, identify this rider with Antichrist. Although he will be the leading figure, John's point is that the entire world will follow him, being obsessed with pursuing this false peace. bow. The bow is a symbol of war, but the absence of arrows implies that this victory is a bloodless one—a peace won by covenant and agreement, not by war (cf. Dan. 9:24–27). crown. This word refers to the kind of laurel wreath awarded winning athletes. It "was given to him." Antichrist becomes king, elected by the world's inhabitants regardless of the cost, and will conquer the entire earth in a bloodless coup.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:4 another horse, bright red. Its blood-red appearance speaks of the holocaust of war (cf. Matt. 24:7). God will grant this horse and its rider the power to create worldwide war. But as horrible as this judgment is, it will be only the "birth pains," the beginning pains of God's wrath (Matt. 24:8; Mark 13:7–8; Luke 21:9). people should slay one another. Violent slaughter will become commonplace. sword. Not the long, broad sword, but the shorter,
more easily maneuvered one that assassins often used and that soldiers carried into battle. It depicts assassination, revolt, massacre, and wholesale slaughter (cf. Dan. 8:24).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:5 black horse. Black signifies famine (cf. Lam. 5:8– 10). Worldwide war will destroy the food supply, which spawns global hunger. pair of scales. The common measuring device—two small trays hung from each end of a balance beam—indicates that the scarcity of food will lead to rationing and food lines.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:6 quart of wheat. The approximate amount necessary to sustain one person for one day. denarius. One day's normal wage. One day's work will provide enough food for only one person. three quarts of barley. Usually fed to animals, this grain was low in nutrients and cheaper than wheat. A day's wage provides enough for only a small family's daily supply. oil and wine. Although the point could be that these foods will not be affected by the famine, a more straightforward meaning is that bare staples—oil was used in the preparation of bread, and wine was considered necessary for cooking and purifying water—suddenly will become luxuries that have to be carefully protected.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:8 pale. "Pale," the Greek word from which the English word "chlorophyll" comes, describes the pale, ashen-green pallor characteristic of the decomposition of a corpse. God grants this horseman the authority to bring death to 25 percent of the world's population. Hades. See note on Luke 16:23. The place of the dead, which is identified as a common and fitting partner for death (Rev. 20:13; see note on 1:18).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:9 fifth seal. This seal describes the force of the saints' prayers for God's vengeance. Its events will begin in the first half and mark the mid-point and events following, in the seven-year period, that is called the Great Tribulation (2:22; 7:14; see notes on Dan. 9:27; Matt. 24:15; 2 Thess. 2:3–4). The second three and one-half year period (Rev. 11:2; 12:6; 13:5) features the Day of the Lord, in which God unleashes his judgment and wrath on the earth in intensifying waves (see note on 1 Thess. 5:2). under the altar. Probably a reference to the altar of incense, which pictured the saints' prayers ascending to God (Rev. 5:8; cf. Ex. 40:5). the souls of those who had been slain. Christians martyred for their faith (cf. Rev. 7:9, 13–15; 17:6; Matt. 24:9–14; see also Mark 13:9–13; Luke 21:12–19).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:11 white robe. See note on 3:4. rest a little longer. God will answer their prayer for vengeance, but in his time. until the number . . . should be complete. God has predetermined the number of the righteous whose death he will allow before moving to destroy the rebels.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:12 sixth seal. The force described in this seal is overpowering fear (cf. Luke 21:26). While the first five seals will result from human activity God used to accomplish his purposes, at this point he begins direct intervention (cf. Matt. 24:29; Luke 21:25). The previous five seals will be precursors to the full fury of the day of the Lord, which will begin with the sixth seal (Rev. 6:17). The events described in this seal unleash the seventh, which contains the trumpet judgments (chs. 8–9; 11:15ff.) and the bowl judgments (ch. 16). great earthquake. There have been many earthquakes prior to this (Matt. 24:7), but this will be more than an earthquake. All the earth's faults will begin to fracture simultaneously, resulting in a cataclysmic, global earthquake. moon became like blood. Accompanying the earthquake will be numerous volcanic eruptions; and large amounts of ash and debris will be blown into the earth's atmosphere, blackening the sun and giving the moon a blood-red hue (cf. Zech. 14:6–7).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:13 stars of the sky fell. The word "stars" can refer to any celestial body, large or small, and is not limited to normal English usage. The best explanation is a massive asteroid or meteor shower. fig . . . winter fruit. Winter figs that grow without the protection of leaves and are easily blown from the tree.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:14 sky vanished like a scroll. The earth's atmosphere will be somehow dramatically affected and the sky as we know it disappears (cf. Isa. 34:4). every mountain and island was removed. Under the stress created by the global earthquake, great segments of the earth's plates will begin to slip and shift, realigning whole continents.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:16 wrath of the Lamb. Earth's inhabitants will recognize for the first time the source of all their trouble (see note on 5:6). Incredibly, prior to this they will be living life as usual (Matt. 24:37–39).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 6:17 great day. The sixth seal will commence what the prophets call "the day of the Lord." See Introduction to Joel: Historical and Theological Themes.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:1–17 Chapter 7 forms a parenthesis between the sixth seal (6:12–17) and the seventh seal (8:1) and answers the question posed at the end of ch. 6. Two distinct groups will survive the divine fury: 1) 144,000 Jewish evangelists on earth (7:1–8) and 2) their converts in heaven (vv. 9–17).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:1 four corners. The four quadrants of the compass; that is, the angels will take up key positions on earth. four winds. A figurative expression, indicating all the earth's winds—those from south, east, north, and west. The four angels will turn off, for a brief interlude, the essential engine of our earth's atmosphere.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:2 seal of the living God. "Seal" often refers to a signet ring used to press its image into wax melted on a document. The resulting imprint implied authenticity and ownership and protected the contents (cf. 9:4; Ezek. 9:3–4). In this case, the mark is the name of God (Rev. 14:1).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:4 144,000. A missionary corps of redeemed Jews who are instrumental in the salvation of many Jews and Gentiles during the tribulation (vv. 9–17). They will be the firstfruits of a new, redeemed Israel (v. 4; Zech. 12:10). Finally, Israel will be the witness nation she refused to be in the OT (see notes on Rom. 11:25–27). every tribe of the sons of Israel. By sovereign election, God will seal 12,000 from each of the 12 tribes, promising his protection while they accomplish their mission.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:9 a great multitude. While the tribulation period will be a time of judgment, it will also be a time of unprecedented redemption (cf. v. 14; 6:9–11; 20:4; Isa. 11:10; Matt. 24:14). every nation, from all tribes and peoples and languages. All the earth's people groups. white robes. See note on Rev. 3:4. palm branches. In ancient times, they were associated with celebrations, including the Feast of Booths, or Tabernacles (Lev. 23:40; Neh. 8:17; John 12:13).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:10 Salvation belongs to our God. Salvation is the theme of their worship, and they recognize that it comes solely from him.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:11 elders. See note on 4:4. four living creatures. See note on 4:6.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:12 Blessing . . . and power. See note on 5:12.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:13 white robes. See note on 3:4.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:14 the great tribulation. See notes on 3:10; 6:1, 9, 12. These people didn't go with the raptured church, since they were not yet saved. During the seven-year period they will be saved, martyred, and enter heaven. Though it is a time of unparalleled judgment, it is also a time of unparalleled grace in salvation (cf. Matt. 24:12–14). washed their robes. Cf. Rev. 19:8. Salvation's cleansing is in view (see Titus 2:11–14). blood of the Lamb. This refers to the atoning sacrifice of Christ (cf. Rev. 1:5; 5:9; Rom. 3:24–25; 5:9).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:15 his temple. This refers to the heavenly throne of God (see note on 11:19). During the Millennium there will also be a temple on earth—a special holy place where God dwells in a partially restored, but still fallen, universe (see Ezek. 40–48). In the final, eternal state with its new heavens and earth, there is no temple; God himself, who will fill all, will be its temple (Rev. 21:22). shelter them with his presence. God's presence will become their canopy of shelter to protect them from all the terrors of a fallen world and the indescribable horrors they have experienced on the earth during the time of tribulation.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 7:17 shepherd. In a beautiful mix of images, the Lamb has always been the Shepherd (Ps. 23; John 10:14ff.; Heb. 13:20).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:1 the seventh seal. This seal includes not only an earthquake, but the seven trumpet judgments (8:1–9:21; 11:15ff.) and the seven bowl judgments (16:1–21), with the bowl judgments flowing out of the seventh trumpet and coming in rapid succession just before Christ's return (see note on 6:1). silence in heaven. The silence of awe and anticipation at the grim reality of the judgments God is about to unleash.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:2 seven trumpets. In Revelation, trumpets primarily announce impending judgment. The trumpets are of greater intensity than the seals, but not as destructive as the final bowl judgments will be (cf. 16:1–21). They occur during the final three and one-half years, but the time of each is indefinite, except the effects of the fifth trumpet judgment, which will last five months (9:10). The first four announce the divine destruction of earth's ecology (8:6–12), while the final three involve demonic devastation of earth's inhabitants (9:1–21; 11:15ff.).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:3 censer. A golden pan, suspended on a rope or chain, that was used to transport fiery coals from the brazen altar to the altar of incense, in order to ignite the incense, symbolizing the prayers of the people (5:8; Ex. 27:3; cf. Luke 1:8, 9). This occurred twice daily at the time of the morning and evening sacrifices.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:5 thunder . . . lightning. See note on 4:5. an earthquake. Surely of equal or greater intensity than the one described in the sixth seal (see note on 6:12).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:7 hail and fire, mixed with blood. This may describe volcanic eruptions that could certainly result from the earthquake in v. 5. The steam and water thrown into the sky by such eruptions could easily condense into hail and fall to earth along with the fiery lava (cf. Ex. 9:13–25). Dust and gases may so contaminate falling liquid water that it appears blood red. a third of the trees were burned up. The lava storm will create a blazing fire that devastates one-third of the earth's forests.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:8 like a great mountain. Probably a huge meteor or asteroid surrounded by gases that will ignite as it enters earth's atmosphere. Its impact will create a tidal wave, destroying one-third of the world's ships. sea became blood. This may refer to an event known as red tides, caused by billions of dead micro-organisms poisoning the water—in this case the result of the meteor's collision. Or it may be actual blood, a clear act of eschatological judgment.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:10 great star fell. Another celestial body, perhaps a comet in this case since it leaves a fiery trail (see notes on v. 8; 6:13). It will disintegrate as it nears the earth, scattering over the globe.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:11 Wormwood. A bitter, poisonous substance, derived from a root, that causes drunkenness and eventually death (Deut. 29:18; Prov. 5:4; Jer. 9:15; Lam. 3:15).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:12 a third of the sun was struck. God will supernaturally reduce the intensity of the celestial bodies by one-third. The loss of solar heat will cause a radical drop in temperature, producing severe changes in meteorological, botanical, and biological cycles (Luke 21:25; cf. Ex. 10:21– 23). But this is temporary (cf. 16:8–9).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 8:13 Woe, woe, woe. One for each remaining trumpet blast. Although the first four trumpets are unimaginable, they will be nothing like the three to come (9:1–21; 11:15ff.).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:1 a star fallen from heaven. Unlike the other stars that will have fallen (6:13; 8:8), this one will be an angelic being (cf. 9:2)—probably Satan himself (v. 4; 12:7; see notes on Isa. 14:12–14; Luke 10:18). bottomless pit. Lit., "pit of the abyss." Mentioned seven times in Revelation, it always refers to the prison where some of the demonic hordes are incarcerated, the place of severest torment and isolation (Rev. 9:1–2, 11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1, 3; see notes on 2 Pet. 2:4; Jude 6–7).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:3 locusts. A grasshopper-like insect that descends in swarms so thick they can obscure the sun and strip bare all vegetation. In the 1950s a locust swarm devoured every growing thing for several hundred thousand square miles in the Middle East. These are not normal locusts, however, but specially prepared ones that are merely the outward form of demons, who, like locusts, will bring swarming desolation (see notes on Joel 2:2, 4). "Like" appears several times in John's description; he finds it difficult to describe what he sees in a way the reader can understand. scorpions. An arachnid that inhabits warm, dry regions and has an erect tail tipped with a venomous stinger. A scorpion's victim often rolls on the ground in agony, foams at the mouth, and grinds his teeth in pain. The demons in locust form are able to inflict the physical—and perhaps, spiritual—pain like the scorpion (Rev. 9:5).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:4 people who do not have the seal of God. Everyone on earth except the two groups mentioned in ch. 7—the 144,000 Jewish evangelists and their converts (see note on 7:4).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:5 five months. The normal life cycle of locusts is five months, usually from May to September.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:6 seek death and will not find it. The tormented will find no relief. Even their unimaginable attempts to end their misery in suicide will be unsuccessful.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:7 human faces. Probably a reference to these demonic creatures as rational, intelligent beings.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:8 women's hair. Jeremiah 51:27 refers to locusts
having bristles like hair. like lions' teeth. They are fierce, powerful, and deadly (cf. Jer. 51:27).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:9 breastplates of iron. Breastplates were designed to protect the vital organs and sustain the life of the warrior. These creatures are invulnerable.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:10 five months. See note on v. 5.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:11 Abaddon . . . Apollyon. Although locusts normally have no king (Prov. 30:27), these demonic creatures do. His name in both Hebrew and Greek means "destroyer." There is a hierarchy of power among the demons, just as among the holy angels. Apparently, "the angel of the bottomless pit" is one of Satan's most trusted leaders or possibly Satan himself.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:12 first woe. The first of the final three trumpets (see note on 8:13).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:13 horns of the golden altar. God's design for the golden altar of incense included small protrusions (horns) on each corner (Ex. 30:2; see note on Rev. 6:9). Normally a place of mercy, as God responds to his people's prayers, the altar will resound with a cry for vengeance.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:14 four angels. Scripture never refers to holy angels as being bound. These are fallen angels—another segment of Satan's force whom God had bound but will free to accomplish his judgment through their horsemen (vv. 15–19). God's control extends even to the demonic forces—they are bound or freed at his command. Euphrates. One of the four rivers that flowed through the Garden of Eden (see note on 16:12; cf. Gen. 2:14). Starting with Babel, this region has spawned many of the world's pagan religions.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:15 the hour, the day, the month, and the year. God works according to his predetermined plan (cf. Matt. 24:36; Acts 1:7).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:16 mounted troops. Some see this as a reference to forces accompanying the kings of the east (16:12) and identify them with a human army coming from Asia. But that event occurs in connection with the seventh trumpet, not the sixth. The language is better understood as referring to a demon force that makes war with the earth's inhabitants and kills one-third of humanity (9:15).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:17 breastplates. See note on v. 9. sulfur. A yellowish rock that often attends fire and smoke in Revelation (14:10; 19:20; 20:10). Common in the Dead Sea region, when ignited such deposits melt and produce burning streams and suffocating gas.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:19 tails are like serpents with heads. John's language represents the demons' ability to vent their destructive power in both directions.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:20–21 God lists five sins that are representative of their defiance.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:20 demons. Reminiscent of Paul's comments about idolatry (see note on 1 Cor. 10:19–20); demons impersonate the stone and wood idols men make.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 9:21 nor did they repent. Cf. 16:9, 11, 21. sorceries. This Greek word is the root of the English word "pharmacy." Drugs in the ancient world were used to dull the senses and induce a state suitable for religious experiences such as seances, witchcraft, incantations, and cavorting with mediums (21:8; 22:15). See note on Eph. 5:18.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:1–11:14 These verses serve as an interlude between the sixth trumpet and the seventh trumpet (11:15). The seals and the bowls also have a brief interlude between their sixth and seventh judgments (7:1–17; 16:15). God's intention is to encourage and comfort his people in the midst of the fury and to remind them that he is still sovereign, that he remembers his people, and that they will ultimately be victorious.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:1 another mighty angel. Many commentators understand this to be Jesus Christ. But the Greek word translated "another" means one of the same kind, that is, a created being. This is not one of the seven angels responsible for sounding the trumpets (8:2), but one of the highest ranking in heaven, filled with splendor, greatness, and strength (cf. 5:2; 8:3; 18:1). rainbow. See note on 4:3. Perhaps God included this to remind John that even in judgment, he will always remember his Noahic Covenant and protect his own. legs like pillars of fire. This angel's feet and legs indicate the firm resolve with which he will execute the day of the Lord.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:2 little scroll. The seven-sealed scroll that is the title deed to the earth (see note on 5:1) will be fully opened and all the final judgments made visible. right foot on the sea, and his left foot on the land. Although Satan has temporarily usurped the sea and the earth, this symbolic act demonstrates that all creation belongs to the Lord and he rules it with sovereign authority.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:3 seven thunders. See note on 4:5; cf. 6:1; 8:5.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:4 Seal up. John was told he must conceal the message of the seven thunders until God's time (cf. 22:10; Dan. 8:26–27; 12:9).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:5 raised his right hand. This Greek verb appears often in the technical sense of raising the hand to take an oath or a solemn vow (cf. Dan. 12:7; see notes on Matt. 5:33–34). The hand is raised toward heaven because that is where God dwells. The angel is taking an oath.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:6 no more delay. This initiates the last plagues of the day of the Lord (11:15), indicating that the time the disciples anticipated has come (Matt. 24:3; Acts 1:6). The prayers of the saints will be answered (Rev. 6:9–11; Matt. 6:10).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:7 the mystery. A Greek term meaning "to shut" or "to close." In the NT, a "mystery" is a truth that God concealed but has revealed through Christ and his apostles (see notes on Eph. 3:4–5; cf. Rom. 16:25). Here the mystery is the final consummation of all things as God destroys sinners and establishes his righteous kingdom on earth. as he announced. This mystery, though not fully revealed, was declared to God's prophets (cf. Amos 3:7).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:9 Take and eat it. This act graphically illustrates taking in God's word. John's physical reactions demonstrate what every believer's proper response to God's judgment should be (cf. Ezek. 3:1)—sweet anticipation of God's glory and our victory, and at the same time, the bitterness of seeing God's wrath poured out on those who reject his Son. your stomach bitter. As he truly digests what the seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments hold in store for the sinner, John becomes nauseated. in your mouth it will be sweet as honey. But still God's final victory and vindication are sweet realities to the believer.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 10:11 again prophesy. A call for John to warn men about the bitter judgment in the seventh trumpet and the seven bowls. peoples and nations and languages and kings. See note on 7:9.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:1 a measuring rod. This was a hollow, bamboo-like cane plant that grew in the Jordan Valley. Because of its light weight and rigidity, it was commonly used as a measuring rod (cf. Ezek. 40:3, 5). Measuring the temple signified God's ownership of it (cf. Rev. 21:15; Zech. 2:1–5). the temple of God. Refers to the Most Holy Place and the Holy Place, not the entire temple complex (cf. Rev. 11:2). A rebuilt temple will exist during the time of the tribulation (Dan. 9:27; 12:11; Matt. 24:15; 2 Thess. 2:4). altar. The reference to worshipers suggests this is the bronze altar in the courtyard, not the incense altar in the Holy Place, since only the priests were permitted inside the Holy Place (cf. Luke 1:8–10).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:2 court outside. The Court of the Gentiles, separated from the inner court in the Herodian temple by a low wall. Gentiles were forbidden to enter the inner court on penalty of death. That John is instructed not to measure the outer court symbolizes God's rejection of the unbelieving Gentiles who have oppressed his covenant people. trample the holy city. Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome all oppressed Jerusalem in ancient times (cf. 2 Kings 25:8–10; Ps. 79:1; Isa. 63:18; Lam. 1:10). This verse
refers to the future devastating destruction and oppression of Jerusalem by the forces of the Antichrist. forty-two months. This three and one-half year period covers the second half of the tribulation and coincides with the visibly evil career of the Antichrist (Rev. 11:3; 12:6; 13:5). During this same time, the Jews will be sheltered by God in the wilderness (12:6, 14).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:3 two witnesses. Individuals granted special power and authority by God to preach a message of judgment and salvation during the second half of the tribulation. The OT required two or more witnesses to confirm testimony (cf. Deut. 17:6; 19:15; Matt. 18:16; John 8:17; Heb. 10:28), and these two prophets will be the culmination of God's testimony to Israel: a message of judgment from God and of his gracious offer of the gospel to all who will repent and believe. 1,260. Forty-two months or three and one-half years (cf. Rev. 12:6; 13:5; see note on 11:2). sackcloth. Coarse, rough cloth made from goat or camel hair. Wearing garments made from it expressed penitence, humility, and mourning (cf. Gen. 37:34; 2 Sam. 3:31; 2 Kings 6:30; 19:1; Est. 4:1; Isa. 22:12; Jer. 6:26; Matt. 11:21). The witnesses are mourning because of the wretched wickedness of the world, God's judgment on it, and the desecration of the temple and the holy city by the Antichrist.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:4 This imagery is drawn from Zech. 3–4 (see notes there). Zechariah's vision had both a near fulfillment (the rebuilding of the temple by Joshua and Zerubbabel) and a far future fulfillment (the two witnesses, whose ministry points toward Israel's final restoration in the Millennium). two olive trees and the two lampstands. Olive oil was commonly used in lamps; together the olive trees and lampstands symbolize the light of spiritual revival. The two witnesses' preaching will spark a revival, just as Joshua's and Zerubbabel's did in Israel after the Babylonian captivity.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:5–6 While it is impossible to be dogmatic about the identity of these two witnesses, several observations suggest they might be Moses and Elijah: 1) like Moses, they strike the earth with plagues, and like Elijah, they have the power to keep it from raining; 2) Jewish tradition expected both Moses (cf. Deut. 18:15–18) and Elijah (cf. Mal. 4:5–6) to return in the future (cf. John 1:21); 3) both Moses and Elijah were present at the transfiguration, the preview of Christ's second coming; 4) both Moses and Elijah used supernatural means to provoke repentance; 5) Elijah was taken up alive into heaven, and God buried Moses' body where it would never be found; and 6) the length of the drought the two witnesses bring (three and one-half years; cf. Rev.
11:3) is the same as that brought by Elijah (James 5:17).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:5 fire pours . . . and consumes. Probably this refers to literal fire. These two will be invincible during their ministry, protected by supernatural power. The false prophet will counterfeit this sign (13:3).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:6 power to shut the sky. Miracles have often authenticated God's messengers. Here, bringing a three and one-half-year drought (as did Elijah before them) will add immeasurable torment to those experiencing the worldwide disasters of the tribulation—and exacerbate their hatred of the two witnesses. waters to turn them into blood. The earth's water, already devastated by the effects of the second and third trumpets, will become undrinkable, adding immensely to the suffering caused by the drought.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:7 the beast. The first of 36 references to this person in Revelation, who is none other than the Antichrist (see ch. 13). That he will ascend out of the bottomless pit indicates that his power is satanic. kill them. Their ministry completed, God will withdraw the two witnesses' supernatural protection. The beast will then be able to accomplish what many had died trying to do.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:8 bodies will lie in the street. Refusing to bury one's enemies was a way to dishonor and show contempt for them (cf. Acts 14:19). The OT expressly forbids this practice (Deut. 21:22–23). the great city. Identifying Jerusalem as a city like Sodom and Egypt stresses the city's wickedness. Its Jewish population will apparently be the focus of the witnesses' ministry, leading to the conversions of Rev. 11:13.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:9 three and a half days. The entire world will watch (undoubtedly on the latest form of visual media) and glorify the Antichrist as the bodies of the dead prophets who have been killed begin to decay.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:10 rejoice . . . make merry . . . exchange presents. Wild with joy over the death of their tormentors, those who dwell on the earth (a phrase used 11 times in Revelation to speak of unbelievers) will celebrate the two witnesses' deaths as a holiday.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:11 breath of life from God entered them. The festivities, however, are short-lived as God vindicates his faithful witnesses by resurrecting them.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:12 went up to heaven in a cloud. Some may wonder why God will not allow them to preach, assuming their message would have more force following their resurrection. But that ignores Christ's clear statement to the contrary (Luke 16:31). enemies watched them. Those who hated and dishonored the two witnesses will watch their vindication.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:13 earthquake. God punctuates the ascension of his prophets with a shattering earthquake. The destruction and loss of life may be primarily among the leaders of the Antichrist's forces. the rest. This refers to the Jews still living, who will not yet have come to faith in Christ. gave glory to the God of heaven. A genuine experience of the salvation of Jews (cf. Luke 17:18– 19), in contrast to those who blaspheme and refuse to glorify God (Rev. 16:9). This makes a key fulfilment of Zechariah's prophecy (Zech.12:10; 13:1) and Paul's (Rom. 11:25–27).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:14 second woe. The sixth trumpet (see note on 9:12). The interlude between the sixth and seventh trumpets ends (see note on 10:1). Israel's repentance will shortly usher in the millennial kingdom (Acts 3:19–21; Rom. 11:25–26). But first will come the final, climactic judgments.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:15 seventh angel blew. The seventh trumpet includes the seven bowl, final judgments depicted in ch. 16 and all the events leading up to the establishing of the millennial kingdom (ch. 20) and the coronation of Jesus as King (ch. 19). kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ. Despite its many political and cultural divisions, the Bible views the world spiritually as one kingdom, with one ruler—Satan (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; 2 Cor. 4:4). Following Satan's lead, the human rulers of this world are generally hostile to Christ (Ps. 2:2; Acts 4:26). The long rebellion of the world kingdom will end with the victorious return of the Lord Jesus Christ to defeat his enemies and establish his messianic kingdom (Isa. 2:2–3; Dan. 2:44; 7:13–14, 18, 22, 27; Luke 1:31–33). This kingdom also belongs to God the Father (see notes on 1 Cor. 15:24).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:16 twenty-four elders. See note on 4:4.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:17 Almighty, who is and who was. The coming of the kingdom is no longer future, it will be immediate.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:18 nations raged. No longer terrified (cf. 6:15–17),
they will be filled with defiant rage. Their hostility will shortly manifest itself in a foolish attempt to fight against Christ—a doomed, futile effort that is the apex of human rebellion against God (16:14; 19:17–21). your wrath. Almighty God answers the feeble, impotent fury of the nations (cf. Ps. 2:1–9). The 24 elders speak of God's future wrath (Rev. 20:11–15) as if it were already present, signifying its certainty. That God will one day pour out his wrath on rebellious men is a major theme in Scripture (cf. Isa. 24:17–23; 26:20–21; 30:27–33; Ezek. 38:16ff.; 2 Thess. 1:5–10). dead . . . judged. The final outpouring of God's wrath includes judging the dead (cf. Matt. 25:31–46; John 5:25–29). The judgment has two parts: 1) God rewards OT saints (Dan. 12:1–3; cf. Rev. 22:12; 1 Cor. 3:8; 4:5), the raptured church (1 Cor. 15:51–52; 1 Thess. 4:13–18), and tribulation saints (Rev. 20:4); and 2) God condemns unbelievers to the lake of fire forever (20:15).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 11:19 God's temple in heaven. See 3:12; 7:15; 14:15, 17; 15:5–8; 16:1, 17. The heavenly Most Holy Place (see notes on Ex. 26:31–36) where God dwells in transcendent glory, already is identified as his throne (Rev. 4–5). Cf. Heb. 9:24. John had seen the throne (Rev. 4:5), the altar (6:9; 8:3–5), and here the Most Holy Place. ark of his covenant. This piece of furniture in the OT tabernacle and temple (see notes on Ex. 25:11–18) symbolized God's presence, atonement, and covenant with his people. That earthly ark was only a picture of this heavenly one (see Heb. 9:23; 10:20). It was there God provided mercy and atonement for sin. As the earthly Most Holy Place was open when the price of sin was paid (Matt. 27:51; Heb. 10:19–20), so the Most Holy Place in heaven is opened to speak of God's saving New Covenant and redeeming purpose in the midst of judgment. lightning . . . thunder . . . earthquake . . . hail. What was anticipated in Rev. 4:5 and 8:5 will become a terrifying reality. These events occur as part of the seventh bowl (16:17–21) and are the climax of the seventh trumpet. Since heaven is the source of vengeance, judgment also comes out of God's Most Holy Place (14:15, 17; 15:5–8; 16:1, 7, 17). See note on 6:1.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:1 sign. A symbol pointing to something else. This is the first of seven signs in the last half of Revelation. Cf. v. 3; 13:13–14; 15:1; 16:14; 19:20. a woman. Not an actual woman, but a symbolic representation of Israel, pictured in the OT as the wife of God (Isa. 54:5–6; Jer. 3:6–8; 31:32; Ezek. 16:32; Hos. 2:16). Three other symbolic women appear in Revelation: 1) Jezebel, who represents paganism (Rev. 2:20); 2) the scarlet woman (17:3–6), symbolizing the apostate church; and 3) the wife of the Lamb (19:7),
symbolizing the true church. That this woman does not represent the church is clear from the context. clothed with the sun . . . moon under her feet . . . twelve stars. Cf. Gen. 37:9–11. Being clothed with the sun speaks of the glory, dignity, and exalted status of Israel, the people of promise who will be saved and given a kingdom. The picture of the moon under her feet possibly describes God's covenant relationship with Israel, since new moons were associated with worship (1 Chron. 23:31; 2 Chron. 2:4; 8:13; Ezra 3:5; Ps. 81:3). The 12 stars represent the 12 tribes of Israel.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:2 crying out in birth pains. Israel, often pictured as a mother giving birth (cf. Isa. 26:17–18; 54:1; 66:7–12; Hos. 13:13; Mic. 4:10; 5:2–3; Matt. 24:8), had agonized and suffered for centuries, longing for the Messiah to come and destroy Satan, sin, and death, and usher in the kingdom.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:3 great red dragon. The woman's mortal enemy is Satan, who appears as a dragon 13 times in this book (cf. v. 9; 20:2). Red speaks of bloodshed (cf. John 8:44). seven heads . . . ten horns . . . seven diadems. Figurative language depicting Satan's domination of seven past worldly kingdoms and 10 future kingdoms (cf. Dan. 7:7, 20, 24). See notes on Rev. 13:1; 17:9–10. Satan has and will rule the world until the seventh trumpet blows (11:15). He has inflicted relentless pain on Israel (Dan. 8:24), desiring to kill the woman before she could bring forth the child that would destroy him (see notes on Est. 3:6–15).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:4 a third of the stars of heaven. Satan's original rebellion (cf. Isa. 14:12ff.; Ezek. 28:11ff.) resulted in one-third of the angelic host joining his insurrection and becoming demons. devour it. Unable to prevent the virgin birth of Christ, Satan tried to kill the child in a general massacre of male children commanded by Herod (Matt. 2:13–18; cf. Luke 4:28–29).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:5 a male child. Jesus Christ in his incarnation was of Jewish descent (Matt. 1:1; 2 Tim. 2:8). Despite Satan's efforts to destroy Israel and the messianic line, Jesus' birth took place as predicted by the prophets (cf. Isa. 7:14; 9:6; Mic. 5:2). rod of iron. Describes Jesus' coronation as King over the nations of the world (cf. Rev. 11:15; 19:15; Ps. 2:6–9). her child was caught up to God. Christ's ascension is in view (Acts 1:9; 2:33; Heb. 1:1–3; 12:2).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:6 wilderness. God will protect Israel from Satan by hiding her in the wilderness, perhaps in the region of Moab, Ammon, and Edom,
east of Palestine. Interestingly, those countries will be specifically spared from the Antichrist's attack against the Holy Land (cf. Dan. 11:41). 1,260 days. At the mid-point of the tribulation, the Antichrist breaks his covenant with Israel, puts a stop to temple worship, sets up the abomination of desolation (Dan. 9:27; Matt. 24:15), and devastates Jerusalem (Rev. 11:2). At that time, many Jews flee for their lives (Matt. 24:16ff.). God will preserve them during the last 1,260 days (42 months; three and one-half years) constituting the Great Tribulation. See notes on Rev. 3:10; 6:1, 9.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:7 war arose in heaven. The tumultuous events on earth during the tribulation find their counterpart in heaven. A state of war has existed since the fall of Satan (cf. v. 4; cf. Dan. 10:13; Jude 9). Something will intensify that warfare—possibly the raptured saints passing through the realm of the prince of the power of the air (cf. Eph. 2:2).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:9 dragon was thrown down . . . to the earth. Satan and his demons were cast out of heaven at the time of their original rebellion, but still have access to it (cf. Job 1:6; 2:1). That access will then be denied, and they will be forever barred from heaven. devil and Satan. Cf. Rev. 20:2. "Devil" comes from a Greek verb meaning "to slander" or "to falsely accuse." He is a malignant liar (John 8:44; 1 John 3:8). His accusations against believers (Rev. 12:10) are unsuccessful because of Christ our Advocate (1 John 2:1). Satan, meaning "adversary," or "enemy," appears especially in Job and the Gospels. deceiver of the whole world. As he has throughout human history, Satan will deceive people during the tribulation (cf. Rev. 13:14; 20:3; John 8:44). After his temporary release from the bottomless pit at the end of the Millennium, he will briefly resume his deceitful ways (Rev. 20:8, 10).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:10 accuser. See note on v. 9. Satan will no longer accuse believers before the throne of God because he will no longer have access to heaven.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:11 blood of the Lamb. No accusation can stand against those whose sins have been forgiven because of Christ's sacrificial death (see Rom. 8:33–39).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:12 his time is short. Knowing that his time is limited, Satan will intensify his efforts against God and mankind, and specifically target Israel (v. 13, 17).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:14 wings of the great eagle. Not actual birds' wings, but a graphic depiction of God's providential protection of Israel (cf. Ex. 19:4). Wings often speak of protection (cf. Deut. 32:9–12; Ps. 91:4; Isa. 40:31). Eagles —probably vulture-like griffins—were the largest birds known in Palestine. a time, and times, and half a time. Three and one-half years; the second half of the tribulation (cf. Rev. 12:6; 11:2–3; 13:5).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:16 earth opened its mouth. A great army will come against Israel like a flood (v. 15; cf. Jer. 46:8; 47:2), only to be swallowed up, perhaps in conjunction with one of the numerous earthquakes that occur during that period (Rev. 6:12; 8:5; 11:13, 19; 16:18; Matt. 24:7).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 12:17 rest of her offspring. Satan will turn his frustrated rage against every follower of the Lamb he can find—Jew or Gentile. commandments of God . . . testimony of Jesus. The revealed truth from God and Christ contained in Scripture. Obedience to God's word always marks a genuine believer. Cf. John 8:32.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:1 a beast rising. Satan takes a position in the midst of the nations of his world, represented by the sand of the sea. a beast. Lit., "a monster" (cf. 11:7), which describes a vicious, killing animal. In this context, the term represents both a person (Antichrist) and his system (the world). The final satanic world empire will be inseparable from the demon-possessed man who leads it. For a discussion of Antichrist, see notes on 2 Thess. 2:3–11. He is also described in Dan. 7:8, 21–26; 8:23–25; 9:24–27; 11:36–45. rising out of the sea. The sea represents the abyss or pit, the haunt of demons (cf. Rev. 11:7; 17:8; 20:1; Luke 8:31). The picture is of Satan summoning a powerful demon from the abyss, who then activates and controls the beast (Antichrist) and his empire. ten horns and seven heads. This description is like that of Satan in Rev. 12:3. The heads may represent successive world empires—Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome, and the final kingdom of Antichrist (see notes on 17:9–10). The final one is made up of all the kingdoms represented by the horns (see notes for 17:12). Ten is a number that symbolizes the totality of human military and political power assisting the beast (Antichrist) as he controls the world. Horns always represent power, as in the animal kingdom—both offensive power (attack) and defensive power (protection). Daniel shows that the human Antichrist will rise up from these 10 kings (Dan. 7:16–24). John picks up the numerical imagery of Dan. 2:41–42, which refers to the 10 toes on the statue's clay and iron feet. The apostle sees the beast as the final world government—the
anti-Christ, anti-God coalition—headed by a revived Roman Empire, having the strengths of various world powers, yet mixed with weakness and ultimately crushed (cf. Dan. 2:32–45; 7:7–8, 19–25; see note on Rev. 12:3). The crowns show the regal dominion of this confederate kingdom. blasphemous names. Throughout history, every time a monarch has identified himself as a god, he has blasphemed the true God. Each ruler who contributes to the beast's final coalition has an identity, wears a crown, exerts dominion and power, and therefore blasphemes God.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:2 leopard. A metaphor for ancient Greece, alluding to the Greeks' swiftness and agility as their military moved forward in conquest, particularly under Alexander the Great (cf. Dan. 7:6). The leopard and subsequent animal symbols were all native wildlife in Palestine, familiar to John's readers. bear's. A metaphor for the ancient Medo-Persian Empire, depicting that kingdom's ferocious strength, combined with its great stability (cf. Dan. 7:5). lion's. A metaphor for the ancient Babylonian Empire, referring to the Babylonians' fierce, all-consuming power as they extended their domain (cf. Dan. 7:4). the dragon gave his power. See notes on Rev. 13:1; 12:9.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:3 its mortal wound was healed. This statement could refer to one of the kingdoms that was destroyed and revived (i.e., the Roman Empire). But more likely it refers to a fake death and resurrection enacted by the Antichrist, as part of his lying deception. Cf. vv. 12, 14; 17:8, 11; 2 Thess. 2:9. earth marveled. People in the world will be astounded and fascinated when Antichrist appears to rise from the dead. His charisma, brilliance, and attractive but deluding powers will cause the world to follow him unquestioningly (Rev. 13:14; 2 Thess. 2:8–12).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:5 was given. The sovereign God will establish the limits within which Antichrist will be allowed to speak and operate. God will allow him to utter his blasphemies, to bring the rage of Satan to its culmination on earth for three and one-half years (v. 5; 11:2–3; 12:6, 13, 14). forty-two months. The final three and one-half years—1,260 days—of the "time of distress for Jacob" (Jer. 30:7) and Daniel's seventieth week (Dan. 9:24–27), known as the Great Tribulation (see notes on Rev. 11:2; 12:6; cf. Dan. 7:25). This last half is launched by the abomination of desolation (see note on Matt. 24:15).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:6 his name. This identifies God and summarizes all
his attributes (cf. Ex. 3:13–14). his dwelling. This is symbolic of heaven (cf. Heb. 9:23–24). those who dwell in heaven. The angels and glorified saints who are before the throne of God and serve him day and night.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:7 make war on the saints. The Antichrist will be allowed to massacre those who are God's children (cf. 6:9–11; 11:7; 12:17; 17:6; Dan. 7:23–25; 8:25; 9:27; 11:38; 12:10; Matt. 24:16–22). See note on Rev. 17:6.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:8 before the foundation of the world. According to God's eternal, electing purpose before creation, the death of Christ seals the redemption of the elect forever (cf. Acts 2:23; 4:27–28). Antichrist can never take away the salvation of the elect. The eternal registry of the elect will never be altered, nor will the saved in the Antichrist's day worship him. book of life. See note on Rev. 3:5. Lamb . . . slain. The Lord Jesus who died to purchase the salvation of those whom God had chosen was fulfilling an eternal plan.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:9 Cf. 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22. This phrase omits "what the Spirit says to the churches," as in the seven letters to the churches, perhaps because they have been raptured.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:10 A call for believers to accept persecution from Antichrist with perseverance and endurance. God has chosen some believers to be imprisoned and executed, which they must not resist (cf. Matt. 26:51–54; 2 Cor. 10:4), but accept with patience such suffering as God ordains for them (cf. 1 Pet. 2:19–24).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:11 another beast. This is the final false prophet (called such in 16:13; 19:20; 20:10) who promotes Antichrist's power and convinces the world to worship him as God. This companion beast will be the chief, most persuasive proponent of satanic religion (cf. 16:13; 19:20; 20:10). Antichrist will be primarily a political and military leader, but the false prophet will be a religious leader. Politics and religion will unite in a worldwide religion of worshiping the Antichrist (see 17:1–9, 15–17). out of the earth. Likely another reference to the abyss that lies below the earth. The false prophet will be sent forth and controlled by a powerful demon from below. The earth imagery, in contrast to that of the foreboding, mysterious sea in 13:1, may imply that the false prophet is subtler and more winsome than Antichrist. two horns like a lamb. This describes the relative weakness of the false prophet compared to Antichrist, who has 10 horns. A lamb has only two small bumps on its head, very
inferior to the 10-horned beast. like a lamb. The lamb imagery may also imply that the false prophet will be also a false Christ masquerading as the true Lamb. Unlike Antichrist, the false prophet will come not as a killing, destroying animal, but as one who appears gentle and deceptively attractive. spoke like a dragon. The false prophet will be Satan's mouthpiece and thus his message will be like the dragon, Satan—the source of all false religion (cf. 2 Cor. 11:14).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:12 exercises all the authority of the first beast. The false prophet exercises the same kind of satanic power as Antichrist because he is empowered by the same source. He, too, will have worldwide influence and reputation as a miracle worker and speaker. makes the earth . . . worship. The phrase "it makes" or "it causes" is used several times of him. He wields influence to establish a false world religion headed by Antichrist and to entice people to accept that system. whose mortal wound was healed. See notes on v. 3; 17:8. This likely refers to the carefully crafted deception of a false resurrection, a false murder to inspire allegiance for the world.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:13 great signs. The same phrase is used of Jesus' miracles (John 2:11, 23; 6:2), which indicates the false prophet performs signs that counterfeit Christ's. Satan, who has done supernatural works in the past (e.g., Ex. 7:11; 2 Tim. 3:8), must use his strategy of false miracles to convince the world that Antichrist is more powerful than God's true witnesses (Rev. 11), including Jesus Christ. fire come down from heaven. The context indicates that the false prophet does counterfeit pyrotechnic signs continually to convince men of his power, and also in imitation of the two witnesses (11:5).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:14 make an image. This refers to replication of Antichrist that is related to the throne he will erect during the abomination of desolation, halfway into the tribulation period. This will happen in the Jerusalem temple when Antichrist abolishes the former false world religion and seeks to have people worship him alone as God (cf. Dan. 9:27; 11:31; 12:11; Matt. 24:15; 2 Thess. 2:4). The false prophet and Antichrist again will deceive the world with a clever imitation of Christ, who will later return and reign from the true throne in Jerusalem.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:15 speak. The false prophet will give the image of Antichrist the appearance of life, and the image will seem to utter words— contrary to what is normally true of idols (cf. Ps. 135:15–16; Hab. 2:19). cause . . . to be slain. His gentleness is a lie, since he is a killer (Rev. 7:9–17). Some
Gentiles will be spared to populate the kingdom (Matt. 25:31–40) and Jews will be protected (Rev. 12:17).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:16 marked. In the Roman Empire, this was a normal identifying symbol, or brand, that slaves and soldiers bore on their bodies. Some of the ancient mystical cults delighted in such tattoos, which identified members with a form of worship. Antichrist will have a similar requirement, one that will need to be visible on the hand or forehead.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:17 buy or sell. Antichrist's mark will allow people to engage in daily commerce, including the purchase of food and other necessities. Without the identifying mark, individuals will be cut off from the necessities of life. number of its name. The beast (Antichrist) will have a name inherent in a numbering system. It is not clear from the text exactly what this name and number system will be or what its significance will be.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 13:18 his number is 666. This is the essential number of a man. The number six falls one short of God's perfect number, seven, and thus represents human imperfection. Antichrist, the most powerful human the world will ever know, will still be a man, i.e., a six. The ultimate in human and demonic power is a six, not perfect, as God is. The threefold repetition of the number is intended to reiterate and underscore man's identity. When Antichrist is finally revealed, there will be some way to identify him with this basic number of a man, or his name may have the numerical equivalent of 666. (In many languages, including Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, letters have numerical equivalents.) Because this text reveals very little about the meaning of 666, it is unwise to speculate beyond what is said.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:1 the Lamb. See note on 5:6. Mount Zion. The city of Jerusalem, where Messiah will return and plant his feet (cf. Ps. 2; 48:1–2; Isa. 24:23). 144,000. See note on Rev. 7:4. name. The counterpart to the mark of the beast. It is the stamp that will identify the 144,000 as belonging to God (see note on 13:6).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:2 harps. See note on 5:8.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:3 new song. The song of redemption, which is being sung by all the redeemed saints in one gigantic choir. They are rejoicing over the accomplishment of God's entire redemptive work before Christ's return (cf. Ps.
33:1–3; 40:3; 96:1; 144:9–10; 149; Luke 15:10; see note on Rev. 5:9). the four living creatures and before the elders. See notes on 4:4, 6.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:4 not defiled themselves with women. An illustration of God's ability to keep believers remarkably pure in the midst of great difficulty. This phrase indicates that the 144,000 Jewish evangelists will have not only resisted the perverse system of Antichrist, but they will have also resisted all temptations to illicit sex. Cf. 2 Cor. 11:2. follow the Lamb. This indicates partisanship for Jesus Christ. The victorious 144,000 are unwaveringly loyal to him, whatever the cost (cf. Matt. 16:24; Mark 10:21; Luke 9:23; John 10:27; 12:26; 14:15). firstfruits. Like the OT firstfruits offerings, these men will be set apart for special service to God (cf. Deut. 26:1–11). Some see firstfruits as the first large group of redeemed Israel (see note on Rev. 11:13), saved much earlier, and representative of more converts to follow (cf. Rom. 16:5; 1 Cor. 16:15), the firstfruits of a redeemed Israel (Rom. 11:1–5, 11–15, 25–27).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:5 no lie. The 144,000 speak God's truth accurately and precisely, with no exaggeration or understatement (cf. Zeph. 3:13). blameless. Not sinless, but sanctified (see Eph. 1:4; 5:27; Col. 1:22).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:6 directly overhead. From a Greek term denoting the point in the noonday sky where the sun reaches its zenith. This is the highest and brightest point, where all can see and hear. an eternal gospel. The angel is preaching the good news concerning eternal life and entrance into the kingdom of God (cf. Matt. 24:14; 1 Cor. 15:1–10). He is urging the people of the world to change their allegiance from the beast to the Lamb. It is also called in the NT the gospel of God, the gospel of grace, the gospel of Christ, the gospel of peace, the glorious gospel, and the gospel of the kingdom. It is good news that God saves by the forgiveness of sin and opens his kingdom to all who will repent and believe. The whole world will hear this preaching by the angel as God graciously calls all to salvation.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:7 Fear God. Not Satan, nor Antichrist. This is the theme of Scripture, calling people to give honor, glory, worship, and reverence to God (cf. Prov. 23:17; 1 Pet. 2:17). See notes on Rom. 1:18–21. hour of his judgment has come. The last moment arrives to repent and believe before God's wrath is poured out. This is the book's first use of the word "judgment," a term that has the same meaning as wrath (see Rev. 6:17; 12:12). him who made heaven and earth. Creation is the great proof of God, which preachers will
appeal to as the ground for all people to believe in him and worship him (cf. 4:11; 10:6; John 1:9; Acts 14:15–17; 17:23–28).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:8 fallen is Babylon. Lack of response to the first angel's message causes a second angel to pronounce this judgment. Babylon refers to the entire worldwide political, economic, and religious kingdom of Antichrist. (Cf. 16:17–19 for details of this fall.) The original city of Babylon was the birthplace of idolatry where the residents built the Tower of Babel, a monument to rebelliousness and false religion. Such idolatry was subsequently spread when God confounded man's language and scattered them around the world (cf. Gen. 11:1–9). wine of the passion of her sexual immorality. This pictures Babylon causing the world to become intoxicated with her pleasures and enter an orgy of rebellion, hatred, and idolatry toward God. Fornication is spiritual prostitution to Antichrist's false system, which will fall for such iniquity.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:9 worships the beast. See notes on 13:14–15; cf. 13:8.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:10 cup of his anger. Anyone loyal to the Antichrist and his kingdom will suffer the outpouring of God's collected wrath, done with the full force of his divine anger and unmitigated vengeance (cf. Ps. 75:8; Isa. 51:17; Jer. 25:15–16). Divine wrath is not an impulsive outburst of anger aimed capriciously at people God does not like. It is the settled, steady, merciless, graceless, and compassionless response of a righteous God against sin. fire and sulfur. These are two elements that are often associated in Scripture with the torment of divine punishment (Gen. 19:24–25; Isa. 34:8–10). Here the reference is to hell, the lake of fire (cf. Rev. 19:20; 20:10; 21:8). Brimstone is a fiery sulfur (see note on 9:17).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:11 torment goes up forever and ever. A reference to the eternality of hell (cf. Matt. 3:12; 13:41–42; 25:41; Mark 9:48). Torment is the ceaseless infliction of unbearable pain (cf. Luke 16:23–24), here prescribed for all who are loyal to Satan's leader.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:12 This is excellent scriptural support for the doctrine of perseverance, which assures all true believers in Christ that they will never lose their faith. The regenerate will continually endure, right to the end, in obedience to the truth, no matter what may come against them (see notes on
Rom. 8:31–39; Phil. 1:6; cf. Jer. 32:40; Matt. 24:13; John 6:35–40; 10:27–30; 1 John 5:4, 11–13, 20).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:13 Blessed. See note on 1:3.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:14 son of man. See note on 1:13. The imagery of the Lord on a cloud is from Dan. 7:13–14 and emphasizes magnificent majesty (cf. Rev. 1:7; Matt. 24:30; 26:64; Acts 1:9–11). golden crown. The victor's crown, a laurel wreath, worn by those who celebrated victory in war or athletic competition. Christ now wears this particular crown, in this case made of gold, as a triumphant conqueror coming out of heaven to prevail over his enemies. sickle. A harvesting tool with a razor-sharp, curved steel or iron blade and a wooden handle, commonly used by ancient farmers to cut grain. It represents swift and devastating judgment.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:15 harvest of the earth. The grain—in this case the ungodly people of the world—is ready to be gathered up and judged.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:17 temple. See note on 11:19. This refers to the heavenly dwelling place of God, not the tribulation temple in Jerusalem (cf. 11:1).
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:18 another angel . . . who has authority over the fire. This angel is associated with fire on the altar, which represents the prayers of the saints (6:9–11; 8:3–5). Fire refers to the constantly burning fire on the brass altar of the Jerusalem temple. Twice daily the priest would burn incense with that fire and offer the burning incense in the Holy Place as a symbol of the people's prayers (see notes on 5:8; 6:9; 8:3). This angel is coming from the heavenly altar to ensure that all the prayers of all the saints for judgment and the coming of the kingdom are answered. He calls for judgment to start. sickle. See note on 14:14.
REVELATION—NOTE ON 14:19 winepress. This vivid imagery signifies a horrendous slaughter or bloodbath (cf. Isa. 63:2–3; Lam. 1:15; Joel 3:13). Here it refers to the slaughter of all the enemies of God who are still alive, facing the destruction at Armageddon, the final battle against God's enemies, staged on the Plain of Esdraelon. The bloody imagery comes from the fresh juice of stomped grapes splattering and running down a trough from the upper vat to the lower vat of a stone winepress.