Massachusetts (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), provides a rich account of
Notes to Pages 28–32 ∑∞Ω
11. Regeneration is the act of God in transforming a heart through the new birth. Conversion is the individual's experience of that change, usually a gradual process. Often the two are and were conflated.
12. Minkema, ''Edwardses,'' 81. Hambrick-Stowe, Practice of Piety, 197–241. 13. Westminster Confession of Faith, chap. 19. Cf. Stoever, ''A Faire and Easie Way to Heaven,'' 81–118.
14. Westminster Confession of Faith, chap. 27:1. 15. Williams is usually credited with founding the first Baptist church in America in 1639, but after a few months he decided that even that practice was not pure enough and abandoned institutional churches entirely.
16. Robert G. Pope, The Half-Way Covenant: Church Membership in Puritan New England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969). E. Brooks Holifield, The Covenant Sealed: The Development of Puritan Sacramental Theology in Old and New England, 1570– 1720 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974). 17. James F. Cooper Jr., Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), provides a rich account of relations between clergy and laity in church government. On ruling elders, see esp. 130–31, where Cooper observes that some eighteenth-century churches retained ruling elders and even those who did not gave a prominent role to ''worthy laymen'' (as was the case in Edwards' Northampton).
18. Solomon Stoddard, The Doctrine of Instituted Churches Explained and Proved from the Word of God (London, 1700), 8. On Stoddard's views, see Thomas A. Schafer, ''Solomon Stoddard and the Theology of the Revival,'' in Stuart Henry, ed., A Miscellany of American Christianity; Essays in Honor of H. Shelton Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 1963), 328–61, and Holifield, Covenant Sealed, 208–20. Stoddard also practiced the half-way covenant. His more lenient standard for communicant membership, however, made the half-way covenant less of an issue because more townspeople would be communicants and he stopped making the distinction between half-way and full members in 1679. Ralph J. Co√man, Solomon Stoddard (Boston: Twayne, 1978), 81.
Regarding ruling elders, Stoddard said, ''It is not the work either of the Brethren or Ruling Elders anyways to intermeddle . . . or limit him [the pastor].'' Instituted Churches, 12, quoted in Perry Miller, ''Solomon Stoddard, 1643–1720,'' Harvard Theological Review 34 (1941): 311. 19. Holifield, Covenant Sealed, 200–206. 20. Thomas Johnson, ed., The Poetical Works of Edward Taylor (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943), 123.
21. Seeman, Pious Persuasions, 15–25. Holifield, Covenant Sealed, 197–224. 22. Taylor to Stoddard, February 13, 1687/88, Taylor Notebook, quoted in Paul Lucas, Valley of Discord: Church and Society along the Connecticut River, 1636–1725 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1976), 161. See also Thomas and Virginia Davis, eds., Edward Taylor vs. Solomon Stoddard: the Nature of the Lord's Supper (Boston: Twayne, 1981).
23. Edward Taylor elegy on the death of Samuel Hooker, as quoted by Perry Miller, ''Solomon Stoddard,'' 302.
24. See note 2, chapter 1, above. 25. Minkema, ''Edwardses,'' 34–38, 54–64. Davis, ed., Taylor vs. Stoddard (Boston, 1981). Lucas, Valley of Discord, 159. Lucas, '' 'An Appeal to the Learned': The Mind of