Demos, Unredeemed Captive, 12–39.
∑∞∏ Notes to Pages 14–20
10. Eleazar Mather (1637–69) was a brother of Increase Mather (1639–1723), the most influential Boston pastor of his era.
11. Trumbull, Northampton, 1: 479–80. 12. John Williams, The Redeemed Captive, Returning to Zion (Boston, 1707), 3–24. Demos, Unredeemed Captive, 12–39.
13. Demos, Unredeemed Captive, draws on a large literature in providing helpful perspectives on the Indians' views of the episode.
14. Esther Stoddard to Esther Edwards, ca. 1705, from Proceedings of the Dedication of the Memorial Gateway to Jonathan Edwards at the Burying Ground South Windsor, 25 June, 1929 (New Haven: privately printed, 1929), 18–20. This letter is described as ''preserved'' by ''a descendant of the family.'' It is dated ''Dec. 7, 1703.'' Many of the details in the letter indicate that it is authentic. However, the date can not be correct because it is before the attack on Deerfield. Esther Stoddard begins by thanking God for her daughter's ''safe delivery,'' which whoever supplied or misread the date took to refer to Jonathan's birth. I am dating it from Esther Stoddard's report of ''the news of my grandson, Stephen Williams, arriving safe with some other captives in Boston.'' Stephen arrived in Boston on November 2, 1705. Likely the letter was dated Dec. 7, 1705 and was misread as 1703. Jonathan's next sister, appropriately named Eunice, was born August 20, 1705.
15. Williams, Redeemed Captive, passim. Demos, Unredeemed Captive, 46–51, 95. 16. Kenneth Pieter Minkema, ''The Edwardses: A Ministerial Family in EighteenthCentury New England'' (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1988), 59–63, based on Timothy Edwards, diary, Beinecke.
17. Timothy to Esther Edwards, August 7, 1711, ANTS, as transcribed in Ola Winslow, Jonathan Edwards, 1703–1758: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1940), 40–41. Dwight, Life, 17, that all the daughters learned Latin but seems to base that on Timothy's letter.
18. Kenneth P. Minkema, ''The Authorship of 'The Soul,' '' Yale University Library Gazette 65 (October 1990): 26–32, attributes it to the eldest sister, Esther, who apparently wrote it shortly before her marriage to the Reverend Samuel Hopkins of Hartford in 1727.
19. Minkema, ''Edwardses,'' 155–57. 20. Kenneth P. Minkema, ''Hannah and Her Sisters: Sisterhood, Courtship, and Marriage in the Edwards Family in the Early Eighteenth Century,'' New England Historical and Genealogical Register 146 (January 1992): 46, re Hannah, from Hannah Edwards, Journal, Beinecke, and 47, re Martha, quoted from John Stoughton, Windsor Farmes: A Glimpse of an Old Parish (Hartford, Conn., 1883), 67–68. Timothy's remark regarding Martha is often attributed to Jonathan, concerning one of his daughters, Sarah. Minkema's article is the best resource on the Edwards sisters, concerning whom he also lists basic biographical information, 35.
21. Dwight, Life, 16, 18. 22. Timothy Edwards to Esther Edwards, August 7, 1711, as transcribed in Dwight, Life, 14.
23. Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial [Boston, 1700], Sidney Kaplan, ed. (Amherst: University Massachusetts Press, 1969). Kaplan's notes, 27–67, provide a summary of the early debates. Lorenzo Johnston Greene, The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620–1776 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942), is still a valuable overview. On Cotton Mather's views, see his The Negro Christianized (Boston, 1706), and