cally are Robert Jenson, America's Theologian: A Recommendation of Jonathan Edwards
Notes to Pages 499–502 ∑ΩΩ
1995), 3. Cf. Conforti, Edwards, 37, on his late eighteenth-century reputation in Scotland and America.
25. John Adams to Thomas Je√erson, November 15, 1813, in The Adams-Je√erson Letters, ed. Lester J. Cappon (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 399, quoted in Geissler, Jonathan Edwards to Aaron Burr, Jr., 1.
26. On the early resurgence of the Edwardsean heritage, see David W. Kling, A Field of Divine Wonders: The New Divinity and Village Revivals in Northwestern Connecticut, 1792–1822 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993). Also see Mark A. Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Allen C. Guelzo, Edwards on the Will: A Century of Theological Debate (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989); Bruce Kuklick, Churchmen and Philosophers: From Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
27. Conforti, Edwards, 87–107, summarizes the literature on Mount Holyoke and points out its specifically Edwardsean character, quotation, p. 104. See ibid., on Edwards' reputation generally.
28. Ibid., 1. 29. Ibid., 108–85. 30. Albert E. Winship, Heredity: A History of Jukes-Edwards Families (Boston, 1925). Originally published as Jukes-Edwards: A Study in Education and Heredity (Harrisburg, Pa.: R. L. Myers, 1900), 13–14, 43.
31. Henry B. Parkes, Jonathan Edwards, The Fiery Puritan (New York: Minton, Balch, 1930), 36, 63, 66–67, 253. Cf. Conforti, Edwards, 186–90 on Parkes, Vernon Parrington, and others of the Progreessive Puritan-bashers and passim on other biographies. I am also grateful to William Svelmoe for his help regarding Parkes and other Edwards biographies.
32. Winslow, Edwards, 297–98. 33. A. C. McGi√ert, Jonathan Edwards (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1932). Joseph Haroutunian, Piety versus Moralism: The Passing of the New England Theology (New York: Henry Holt, 1932).
34. E.g., H. Richard Niebuhr, The Kingdom of God in America (Chicago: Willet, Clark, 1937), 101–3, 113–16, 135–45.
35. M. X. Lesser, who has published two volumes of annotated bibliography on Edwards, for example, lists more than five hundred publications just for the 1980s. M. X. Lesser, Jonathan Edwards: An Annotated Bibliography, 1979–1993 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), 11–119. Lesser lists books, dissertations, articles, and reviews, including some works that touch on Edwards secondarily. Cf. M. X. Lesser, Jonathan Edwards: A Reference Guide (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981), which includes publications from the eighteenth century through 1978. Lesser has also written a biographical overview of Edwards and his writings, Jonathan Edwards (Boston: Twayne, 1988).
36. Especially notable among recent works that have approached Edwards theologically are Robert Jenson, America's Theologian: A Recommendation of Jonathan Edwards (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Sang Hyun Lee, The Philosophical Theology of Jonathan Edwards (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Michael McClymond, Encounters with God: An Approach to the Theology of Jonathan Edwards (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Gerald McDermott, Jonathan Edwards Confronts the Gods: Christian Theology, Enlightenment Religion, and Non-Christian Faiths (New York: Oxford Uni-
∏≠≠ Notes to Page 502
versity Press, 2000); Stephen R. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory: An Account of the Theology of Jonathan Edwards (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2000); Amy Plantinga Pauw, ''The Supreme Harmony of All'': The Trinitarian Theology of Jonathan Edwards (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2002). For a helpful applied theology, see John Piper, God's Passion for His Glory: Living the Vision of Jonathan Edwards (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1998).
Credits
ii Joseph Badger, Reverend Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) B.A. 1720, M.A. 1723, c. 1750–55. Yale University Art Gallery, Bequest of Eugene Phelps Edwards. x–xi Southeastern section of Cotton Mather's map of New England, 1696. Old Sturbridge Village. Photo: Thomas Neill. 16 East Windsor house. Photo: Lori L. Fast-Minkema. 46–47 John Harris (after William Burges), A South Prospect of Ye Flourishing City of New York in the Province of New York in America (detail), ca. 1719. The Phelps Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. 49 Detail of Harris, A South Prospect of Ye Flourishing City of New York. 88 The Commencement at New Haven in 1718. From Edwin Oviatt, The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1916. 92 ''A Plan of the Town of New Haven,'' engraved and published by Thomas Kensett, 1806, from General Wadsworth's map of 1748. The New Haven Colony Historical Society. Photo ∫ 1996 The New Haven Colony Historical Society. 146 Anonymous, Engraving of Gov. Jonathan Belcher, n.d. Graphic Arts Collection. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. Princeton University Library. Photo: Princeton University Library. 187 Third Meeting House—Erected 1737. From Solomon Clark, Historical Catalogue of the Northampton First Church, 1661–1891. Northampton, Mass., Gazette Print, 1891. 188 Seating plan of the main floor of the 1737 meetinghouse. Courtesy the Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass. 203 John Wollaston, George Whitefield, 1742. Courtesy the National Portrait Gallery, London. 241 Joseph Badger, Mrs. Jonathan Edwards (Sarah Pierpont), c. 1750–55. Yale University Art Gallery, Bequest of Eugene Phelps Edwards. 270 Unidentified artist, Charles Chauncy. Courtesy the Massachusetts Historical Society.
∏≠≤ Credits
292 Maitland de Gorgorza, Eighteenth-century Northampton. Courtesy the Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass. 303 John Dixwell, patch box. Yale University Art Gallery, Gift of M. C. Edwards. 322 The Edwards parsonage house at Northampton. Reproduced from The Sunday at Home, no. 1165, August 26, 1876. 329 The graves of David Brainerd and Jerusha Edwards. Photo: Kenneth P. Minkema. 367 Reuben Moulthrop (after John Smibert), Reverend Elisha Williams, 1795. Yale University Art Gallery, university purchase. 377 The Mission House, Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Courtesy the Trustees of Reservations. 384 Map of Edwards' world as the embattled American west. Bill Nelson. 386 Chief Hendrick. ∫ Corbis. 397 Joseph Blackburn, Brigadier General Joseph Dwight, 1756. Courtesy the Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Mass. 418 F. C. Yohn, Death of Colonel Ephraim Williams Jr. Courtesy the Chapman Historical Museum, Glen Fall, N.Y. 421 Unknown, Mrs. Aaron Burr (Esther Edwards Burr), ca. 1750–60. Yale University Art Gallery, Bequest of Oliver Burr Jennings, B.A. 1917, in memory of Miss Annie Burr Jennings. 422 Edward Lamson Henry, Johnson Hall, 1903. Albany Institute of History and Art. 448 Unknown carpenter, Desk with later bookcases, 1700–1730. Yale University Art Gallery. 461 Edwards' library table. Stockbridge Library Association Historical Collection, Stockbridge, Mass. 484 Page of Edwards' ''History of Redemption'' notebook. Courtesy Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 492 Henry Dawkins, Nassau Hall with a front view of the president's house, 1764. Rare Books Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. Princeton University Library. Photo: Princeton University Library.
Index
The abbreviation ''JE'' refers to Jonathan Edwards. Works are by Edwards unless otherwise noted. Page numbers in italics refer to photographs and illustrations.
Ashley, Rebecca Kellogg, 404 Augustine, St., 77, 78, 197, 283, 439, 460, 488,
505, 525n47, 547n41 Awakenings: in 1710s, 25–29, 33–34, 117; social
contributors to, 150–52; of 1734–35, 155–73, 183, 184, 207, 214, 216–26, 228, 239–52, 260– 67, 284, 291; and youth, 155–56, 158–59, 160, 216–18, 267, 270, 275, 276, 300–301, 307, 427, 491, 539n11, 575n15; skepticism about and opposition to, 161–62, 170–71, 193, 231–33, 236– 38, 269–74, 278–83, 290; in England and Scotland, 171–73, 202, 280, 283–84, 292, 309, 311, 334–35, 337; and Whitefield, 172, 202–16, 219, 228, 231, 232, 242, 262, 267, 268, 269, 273, 306–10, 324, 331, 548n19; in Germany, 194, 201; Great Awakening, 201–52, 260–92, 284, 560n44; and children, 207, 214, 217, 266, 270; excesses and enthusiasms in, 211–12, 227, 228, 231, 233–34, 241, 260, 269–71, 272, 279, 281, 284, 285, 336, 560n44; physical e√ects of terrors and ecstasies during, 217–19, 228, 234, 240–49, 260, 269, 279, 282, 284; JE's sermons and writings on, 220–24, 231, 233–40, 263–67, 273, 275, 283–90, 334–38, 561n5; and Land Bank, 229–30; in colleges, 231–38, 249, 267, 427, 429, 491; signs of true awakening, 235; and Sarah Pierpont Edwards' ecstatic experience, 240–49, 497; and Indians, 258, 325; and Northampton Covenant, 260–63; and millennium, 265–66, 292, 338, 557n30; liberal backlash to, 434–36; Second Great Awakening, 499; ''great awakening'' as term, 549n13, 557n31. See also Conversion; Faithful Narrative
Adams, Eliphalet, 140 Adams, John, 434, 499 Addison, Joseph, 7, 62 Advice to Young Converts, 225–26 Albany Congress, 408, 409 Alcohol. See Drunkenness Allen, Timothy, 275 Alsted, John, 76, 526n54 American Revolution. See Revolution, Ameri-
can Ames, William, 76, 102, 526n54 Anderson, James, 47 Anglicanism, 7, 35, 71, 83–87, 91, 93, 138–40,
145, 147, 161, 202, 204, 210, 527n5, 528n16, 537n21, 572n20 Antichrist, 12, 17, 47, 88–89, 90, 196, 198–99,
201, 314, 315, 337–38, 415, 485 Antinomianism, 279, 281, 287, 518n10 Aquinas, St. Thomas, 488 Arianism, 199, 339 Aristotle, 60, 61, 63, 70, 282 Arminianism, 86–87, 91, 137–41, 175–82, 199,
256, 274, 279, 318, 329, 330, 339, 358, 362, 368, 379, 430, 433–34, 439, 440, 444, 445, 448, 453, 521n5, 527n13, 537n19, 537n26, 557n2, 586n53, 590n17 Ashley, Benjamin, 404, 584n29 Ashley, Dorothy Williams, 177, 274, 345, 367,
544n27 Ashley, Jonathan, 176–77, 274, 280, 345, 361,
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 79, 129, 473 ''Bad book'' case. See ''Young folks' Bible'' case
367, 380, 544n27, 576n33
∏≠∂ Index
Baptism, 29–30, 207, 351, 354–55, 378, 573n23 Baptismal renewals, 53, 521–22n14 Baptists, 30, 350, 519n15 Bartlett, Phoebe, 242, 249 Bayle, Pierre, 61–62, 475 Beecher, Lyman, 8, 499 Belcher, Jonathan, 145–49, 146, 174, 205–6,
Chamberlain, Ava, 301, 577–78n43 Charity and Its Fruits, 190–92, 261, 545n15 Charity Contrary to an Angry Spirit, 560n39 Chauncy, Charles, 142, 216, 238, 265, 268–73,
270, 280–83, 285, 287, 290, 307, 313, 315, 379, 433, 436, 550n19, 557n3, 557n33, 560n34, 560n41, 566n22, 566n27 Chauncy, Israel, 110 Chester, Sarah, 345 Children: discipline of, 20–21, 26–27, 251, 321–
227–29, 339–41, 375, 392, 405, 428, 429, 538n51, 571n54, 578n3 Bellamy, Joseph, 239–40, 275, 317–18, 320, 324,
336, 357, 410, 423, 428, 450, 451, 459, 483, 498, 552n2, 555n5, 572n17, 586n57, 588n20, 588n23, 593n3, 598n22 Berkeley, George, 73, 80, 139, 140 Bible, 30, 31, 81, 91, 120, 189–95, 298, 351–52,
22, 517n24; death of, 26–27, 128, 187, 189, 320, 412; baptism of, 29–30, 207, 351, 354–55; number of, in families, 150; conversion of, 160, 242, 249; and awakenings, 207, 214, 217, 266, 270; religious teaching for, 321, 394, 543n14, 568n5; salvation of infants, 518n6. See also Education; Youth Christ. See Jesus Christ Christian Happiness, 521n52 Christian History, 279, 280, 284, 291, 298, 313–
379, 430, 435–36, 445, 473–81, 514n4, 572– 73n22, 573n25. See also God; Jesus Christ Biblicism, 5, 514n4 Billing, Edward, 360, 575n12, 579n18 ''Blank Bible,'' 133, 474 Bolton, Connecticut, 55, 56, 93, 95–101, 103,
14, 332, 563n22 Christian Knowledge, 282, 560n40 Christ the Light of the World, 54–55, 522n18 Chubb, Thomas, 177, 590n17 Churches. See Ministers; and specific denomina-
107, 526n61, 529n33, 531n28 ''Book of Controversies,'' 447, 476 Boyle, Robert, 246 Braddock, Edward, 414–17, 587n6 Bradstreet, Anne, 249 Brainerd, David, 1, 53, 54, 233–35, 249, 250, 311,
tions Church of England. See Anglicanism Civil War, 499, 589n36 Claghorn, George S., xviii, 523n11 Clap, Thomas, 176, 177, 179, 231–33, 235, 307–9,
319, 320, 323–34, 329, 337, 338, 341, 385, 393, 431, 436, 446, 499, 524n31, 568–69n23, 569n29 Brainerd, Israel, 326 Brainerd, John, 326, 330, 339, 341, 348, 568n17,
324, 330, 331, 529n3, 559n27, 568n8, 591n31 Clark, Deacon, 483 Clark, Elisha, 334 Clark, Joanna, 294, 300 Clark, John, 124 Clergy. See Ministers; and specific ministers College of New Jersey (later Princeton Univer-
571n54 Breck, Robert, 170, 176–82, 210, 228, 236, 274,
307, 344, 359, 361, 433, 543nn15–16 Briant, Lemuel, 434, 449–50 Brown, Daniel, 84, 85 Buell, Samuel, 244–45, 247, 249, 260, 269, 271,
275, 317, 348 Bundling, 130–31, 296–97, 328 Burnet, William, 145, 147 Burr, Aaron, 324, 330, 339, 348, 381, 392, 397–98,
sity), 2, 215, 277, 330, 339, 392, 427, 429–31, 472, 486, 491, 492, 495, 498, 598n9 Colman, Benjamin: Calvinism of, 117, 139–40,
142–45, 434, 537n23; on S. Stoddard, 124; Boston church of, 139, 274; and Yale College, 139–40; and Belcher, 147; JE's connections with generally, 149, 227; and awakenings, 163–64, 170–73, 180, 183–85, 272, 279, 542n2; and Breck case, 178; and publication of Faithful Narrative, 180, 183–84; and Whitefield, 202, 204–5, 309; and JE's family, 214; and Davenport, 273; writings by, 275; and Indian missions, 376, 377–78 Communion. See Lord's Supper Conaughstansey, Abraham, 385, 387 Concert of Prayer, 318, 330, 334–35, 337, 338,
415, 419–20, 427–30, 491, 493–95, 497, 511, 512, 517n2, 581n5, 587nn3–4, 589n37 Burr, Aaron Jr., 423, 429, 493, 498, 499, 517n30,
598n22 Burr, Esther Edwards. See Edwards, Esther
(daughter of JE) Burr, Sally, 415, 493, 498, 598n22 Butler, Joseph, 477
Calvin, John, 86, 196, 501, 514n3, 547n41 Calvinism, 4, 5, 7, 8, 35, 40, 47, 63, 72, 76, 86,
116, 120, 138, 140, 259, 318, 436, 437, 499–501, 514n3, 526n54, 527n13. See also Puritanism Catholicism. See Roman Catholic Church
339, 340 Conforti, Joseph A., 500
Index ∏≠∑
Congregationalists, 7, 8, 11, 86, 87, 216, 273, 275,
Doddridge, Philip, 366, 474 Doolittle, Benjamin, 256, 258 Downing, Mary, 295 Drunkenness, 34, 102, 126, 130, 131, 296, 299,
330, 436 Constantine, 196, 198, 485, 546nn28–29 Conversion: S. Stoddard on, 13, 118, 119, 122,
533n27, 534n49; T. Edwards on, 26–29, 57–58; steps toward, 26–29, 57–58, 518nn8–9, 522n24; regeneration compared to, 28, 519n11; of JE, 39, 40–43, 521n51; JE's doubts about own, 50, 57, 104, 105; of Sarah Pierpont Edwards, 108–9, 242; of Indians, 117–18, 120, 174, 258, 325, 378; of youth, 158–59, 225–26; of children, 160, 242, 249; di≈culties in judging, 211, 234, 237, 262, 269, 279, 286, 350; definition of, 519n11. See also Awakenings Cooper, James Fenimore, 382, 404, 578n1,
404, 427, 538n51, 544n2, 582n10 Dudley, Joseph, 14 Dudley, Paul, 66 Dummer, Jeremiah, 35, 139, 140 Dwight, Abigail Williams Sergeant. See
Williams, Abigail Dwight, Joseph, 383, 387, 395–406, 397, 411–12,
417, 427, 437, 581nn1–2, 582nn10–13, 583nn21– 23, 584n27, 584n36, 586nn48–49, 586n53 Dwight, Mary Edwards. See Edwards, Mary
(daughter of JE) Dwight, Mary Pynchon, 396, 581n1 Dwight, Sereno, 66, 182, 246, 475, 534n46,
579n19 Cooper, William, 141, 144, 149, 179–81, 183, 216,
235–37, 265, 274, 279, 537n31, 544n34 Covenant in Northampton, 260–63, 291, 298,
542n2, 544n28, 553n14 Dwight, Timothy (JE's grandson), 8, 195, 499 Dwight, Timothy Jr. (JE's son-in-law), 363,
350, 556n18 Cutler, Timothy, 35–36, 38, 39, 63, 83, 84, 87, 91,
364, 369, 391, 495–96, 511 Dwight, Col. Timothy Sr., 179, 358–59, 364,
101, 102, 161, 192–93, 215–16, 273, 520n37, 537n21, 540n18, 544n31
369, 412, 575–76n23
Dante, 94, 121 Davenport, James, 232–33, 269, 271–73, 275–76,
Earthquake, 121–22 East Windsor, Connecticut, 7, 14, 15–24, 33–34,
324, 558n17, 559n20 Davies, Samuel, 392, 576n27 Death: of children, 26–27, 128, 187, 189, 320,
127, 128, 162, 209, 260, 556n16 Education: of females, 18, 19, 144, 323, 390,
499–500; of Indians, 320, 377–78, 382–83, 387, 389–406, 412, 413, 417, 423, 581n2, 582nn10–11, 583n21, 584n36 Edwards, Abigail (sister of JE), 21, 214, 275, 510 Edwards, Anne (sister of JE), 21, 128, 132, 510,
412, 553n18; JE's worries about, 57; of young adults, 153–55, 327–29; suicides in Northampton, 163–69, 358, 540n22, 541–42n41, 544n29; of martyrs, 245–46; and women, 245; in Northampton (1745–48), 316, 318, 345, 566n29 Dedication to God, 522n17 Deerfield, Connecticut, 14–15, 16, 114, 115, 126,
520n29 Edwards, Daniel (uncle of JE), 109 Edwards, Elizabeth ''Betty'' (daughter of JE),
320, 411, 511 Edwards, Elizabeth ''Betty'' (sister of JE), 21,
127, 174–76, 274, 280, 317, 345, 378 Deism, 71, 77, 103, 130, 138, 139, 192, 199, 379,
510 Edwards, Elizabeth Tuthill (grandmother of
433, 440, 443, 448, 476, 486, 487–88, 590n17 Delemotte, Elizabeth, 208 Depression (melancholy), 103–10, 111, 113, 127–
JE), 22–23 Edwards, Esther (daughter of JE): childhood
28, 163–64, 242, 323, 332, 368, 430, 531n28, 541n38, 569n32, 577n38, 589n40 Descartes, René, 61, 71, 72, 74, 76, 438, 524n34 Devils. See Satan and devils Diary of JE, 45, 46, 50–56, 80–82, 94–108, 111,
and youth of, 207, 251, 317, 322–23, 342, 517n24; and fear of Indians, 317, 411, 414–15, 423–25, 567n33; in Stockbridge, 391, 392, 423–25, 429; marriage of, 392, 512, 580n36; and French and Indian War, 414–15, 423–25, 428; children of, 415, 419, 423, 428, 429, 491; reading of novels by, 419; and social gatherings, 419–20; portrait of, 421; and College of New Jersey revival, 427; and Belcher's death, 428; ecstatic experience of, 428–29; and husband's death, 428–29, 491, 497; in Princeton, 491; smallpox inoculation of, 493; death of, 495, 496; birth of, 511; slaves owned by, 555n5;
112, 116, 135, 522n21, 529n34, 530nn17–18, 531n28 Dickinson, Jonathan, 215, 324, 325, 330, 339, 495 Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of
God, 233–38, 263, 265, 309, 552nn20–21, 552nn26–27 Divine and Supernatural Light, 156–58, 162, 211,
286, 443, 540n16
∏≠∏ Index
Edwards, Esther (daughter of JE) (continued)
531n28; full church membership for, 57, 522n14; ambition and calling of, 59–60, 110, 132, 133–34, 150, 200, 255, 437, 467, 482; and science, 59–81; writing and study as priorities of, 59–60, 349, 362, 430, 432–33, 447; travels and travel plans of, 60, 145, 169, 178, 215, 317, 535n57; as Yale tutor (1725), 63–64, 101–10, 278, 530n23, 530n25; Yale 1723 commencement oration by, 82–83, 87, 91, 93; love for Sarah Pierpont by, 93–95, 99, 105–9, 241–42, 254; depression of, 103–10, 111, 113, 127–28, 332, 430, 531n28, 541n38, 569n32, 589n40; salary for, 103, 110, 123–24, 301–3, 341, 343, 520n35, 530n23, 564n40; spiritual crisis of (1724–27), 103–10, 111–13, 531n28; courtship and marriage of, 105–12, 123–24, 208–9, 511; and sexuality, 106–7, 111; as Northampton assistant to Stoddard, 110, 112–25; ordination of, 110, 116; and children's births, 111, 128, 135, 172, 187, 207, 248, 307, 320, 363; property of, 124, 302, 303, 317–18, 321, 364, 567n3, 580n29, 585n41; memory device used by, 136; family resentments against, 182– 83, 274, 345, 366–67, 544nn27–33; childrearing by, 214, 251, 321, 323, 355, 412–13; students and protégés of, 239, 250–52, 323; and death of daughter Jerusha, 327–29, 329, 343; doubts of, about pastoral abilities, 349, 362, 364; dismissal of, from Northampton pastorate, 359–61, 369– 74; in Northampton after dismissal, 363–65; job possibilities for, after dismissal from Northampton, 364–65, 575–76nn22–24, 576n27, 580n30; finances of, 391–92, 400, 430; grandchildren of, 415, 419, 423, 424, 428, 429, 491, 492; desk of, 448; unfinished masterworks by, 472–89; descendants of, 500–501; genealogy of, 508–10; letters of, 517n26. See also Awakenings; Diary of JE; Northampton, Massachusetts; Notebooks of JE; Sermons; Stockbridge, Massachusetts; and specific sermons and other writings Edwards, Jonathan Jr. (son of JE), 256, 320,
and pastoral calling for JE from Long Island, 588n20 Edwards, Esther (sister of JE), 18, 21, 173, 342,
510, 516n18 Edwards, Esther Stoddard (mother of JE), 14–
21, 24, 58, 108, 128, 209, 391, 413, 490, 520n29, 539n12 Edwards, Eunice (daughter of JE), 248, 307, 511 Edwards, Eunice (sister of JE), 21, 391, 510,
516n14, 520n29, 567n34 Edwards, Hannah (sister of JE), 18, 376, 510 Edwards, Jerusha (daughter of JE): birth of,
128, 511; and Whitefield, 207; virtues of, 214, 249, 251, 323, 327–28; and Hopkins, 251, 252, 293; in Boston, 322; and Brainerd, 325–26, 331, 568–69n23; death of, 327–29, 329, 341, 343, 495, 511, 568n20, 571n1 Edwards, Jerusha (sister of JE), 18, 21, 94, 128,
190, 249, 510 Edwards, Jonathan: portrait of, ii; chronology
on life and times of, xiii–xiv; biographies of, xvii, 9, 60–63, 251, 253, 501–2; death of, 1–2, 493–97, 598n13; significance and legacy of, 1– 10, 498–505; as College of New Jersey president, 2, 429–31, 472, 491; theology of generally, 4–5, 6, 134, 514nn3–4; personality of, 5– 6, 36–37, 51, 253–55, 349–50, 370, 402, 419– 20; childhood and youth of, 7, 16–26, 33–58, 66, 82; parents of, 7, 17–29, 32–34, 37–38, 42, 55–58, 108, 123, 352, 413, 490, 491, 521n51; reading by, 7, 17, 62–63, 73, 134, 318; birth of, 13–14; homes of, 16, 24, 124, 320–21, 322, 383, 390–91, 400, 491, 492; education of, during childhood, 17–18; physical appearance of, 18, 206; sisters of, 18–19, 68, 128, 172, 510; naming of, 24; preaching style of, 33–34, 119, 127, 206, 220–21, 239–40; spiritual struggles and spiritual rapture of, as youth, 34, 36–37, 39– 44, 63, 520n45; as Yale student, 34–39, 46, 59, 62, 63, 72, 520n37; ill health of, 36, 108, 127– 28, 169, 193, 223, 227, 251, 409–10, 419, 430, 490, 534n44, 589n40; and social relations, 36–37, 99, 105, 109, 134–35, 253–54, 349, 362, 419–20; recreation and walks by, 42, 77, 135– 36, 185; sinfulness acknowledged by, 45, 50, 55–56, 57, 288, 373; spiritual life of, after conversion, 45, 48, 50–58, 69, 185; as New York City pastor (1722–23), 46–55, 59, 90, 123; and world a√airs, 48, 90, 134; spiritual discipline of, 50–52, 82, 95–96, 288, 349, 490; daily schedule of, 51, 133–36, 252; eating habits of, 51, 53, 96, 107, 133, 135, 251, 420, 529n34, 530n18, 588n21; as Bolton pastor (1723–24), 55, 56, 93, 95–101, 103, 107, 526n61, 529n33,
363, 391, 399, 404, 412, 421, 423, 498, 511, 554n19, 580n33 Edwards, Lucy (daughter of JE), 172, 207, 411,
423, 424, 425, 491, 493, 494, 495, 511, 580n36, 589n28 Edwards, Lucy (sister of JE), 172, 510 Edwards, Martha (sister of JE), 18–19, 510,
516n20 Edwards, Mary (daughter of JE), 207, 251, 322,
355–56, 363, 364, 365, 391, 411, 424, 495, 511, 580n36 Edwards, Mary (sister of JE), 21, 33, 35, 116,
343–44, 510, 532n6
Index ∏≠π
Edwards, Pierpont ''Pinty'' (son of JE), 363,
methodism in, 208; warfare between Spain and, 263; and Indians, 324, 382–83, 385, 387– 88, 406–11, 414, 421, 426; Elisha Williams in, 366. See also Puritanism; and specific wars Envious Men, 148, 539n53 Erskine, John, 329, 362, 427, 437–38, 445, 448–
411, 511 Edwards, Richard (grandfather of JE), 22–24 Edwards, Sarah Pierpont (wife of JE): JE's love
for, 93–95, 99, 105–9, 241–42, 254; virtues of, 93–95, 99, 108–9, 207–8, 242–52, 497; courtship and marriage of, 105–12, 123–24, 208–9, 511; and music, 106; conversion of, 108–9, 242; depression of, 109, 242, 323; and children's births, 111, 128, 135, 172, 187, 207, 248, 307, 320, 363; homes of, 124, 320–21, 322, 383, 390–91, 400; household duties of, 133, 135, 240, 251–52, 317–18, 320, 323, 343; clothing and possessions of, 163, 243, 302, 303; ecstatic experience of, 240–49, 266, 497; portrait of, 241; and submission to God, 242–49, 497, 563–64n33; ill health of, 247, 248, 251, 495, 554n19; childrearing by, 251, 321–23; and JE's salary, 301–2; in Northampton, 302, 563– 64n33; and church membership, 348–49; in Stockbridge, 391–92, 394, 400–401, 411, 491, 580n27; grandchildren of, 415, 419, 423, 424, 428, 429, 491, 492, 498; and JE's death, 494– 95, 497–98; death of, 498, 554n28; birth of, 511 Edwards, Sarah ''Sally'' (daughter of JE), 111,
49, 466–67, 498, 580n30 Evangelicalism, 4, 8–10, 116–18, 141–45, 171,
259, 286, 289. See also Awakenings Evil, 137, 168, 222, 266. See also Satan and dev-
ils; Sins ''Excellencies of Christ,'' 106
Faithful Narrative, 25, 172–73, 175, 183, 184, 193,
201–2, 204, 249, 280, 296, 309, 533n36, 542n6, 573n24 Families: patriarchal authority in, 3, 19, 21, 187,
248–49, 259–60; and childrearing, 20–21, 26–27, 251, 517n24; and divorce, 22–23; deaths of children in, 26–27, 128; average age for marriage, 105, 151, 530n11; number of children in, 150. See also Children Farewell Sermon Preached . . . in Northampton,
361–62, 563n32 Father Râle's War, 115, 117, 174, 532n5 Fiering, Norman, 523n6, 593n11 Finley, Samuel, 277 Finney, Charles, 499 Flavel, John, 275 Fleet, Thomas, 280 Foxcroft, Thomas, 268, 279, 309, 315, 354, 366,
207, 214, 251, 307, 317, 322, 341, 342, 363, 365, 483, 495, 511, 559n27, 564n34, 568n8 Edwards, Susannah ''Sueky'' (daughter of JE),
207, 423, 491, 511, 597n2 Edwards, Timothy (father of JE): ill health of,
17, 490; JE's relationship with, 17–18, 20–21, 37–38, 42, 55–58, 60, 95, 109, 132, 352, 391, 413, 521n51, 577n41; military service of, 17, 90; daughters of, 18–19, 21, 128, 510, 516n20; parents and grandparents of, 21, 22–23, 520n35; personality of, 22; as East Windsor pastor, 23–27, 30, 33–34, 216, 260, 520n35; at Harvard, 23, 517n23; marriage of, 23; on conversion, 26–29, 57–58; on Lord's Supper, 32–33, 123, 262, 352, 520n26; preaching style of, 33– 34, 119, 533n29; and science, 66; and James Pierpont Sr., 93; and Whitefield, 209; death of, 491; writings by, 533n29 Edwards, Timothy (son of JE), 187, 207, 320,
412, 434, 435, 459, 566n27, 572n21, 576n24, 586n53 Foxe, John, 245 France: and Huguenots, 12, 47, 281, 336; and
Indians, 12–13, 115, 382, 385, 387, 407, 410, 414, 416, 421; monarchy in, 12, 47, 196, 197, 307; population of New France, 12; warfare between England and, 12–17, 89, 306, 310–14, 316–18, 338, 382, 383, 409, 414–28. See also specific wars Francke, August Hermann, 194, 201, 202 Franklin, Benjamin, 9, 52, 85, 133, 163, 202–3,
206, 212–13, 235, 312, 333, 407–8, 419, 565n19 Franklin, James, 68, 85, 143, 280 Franklin, John, 312 Freedom of the Will, 1, 410, 437–48, 453, 454, 457,
342, 392, 415, 511, 598n22 Eliot, John, 174 Emerson, Joseph, 342, 571n3 End for Which God Created the World, 450, 460–
459, 467, 590n15, 590–91n17, 591n28, 591n31, 591n33 Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 163 French and Indian War, 382, 409, 414–28, 435
64, 467, 474, 483, 514n1, 593n6 England: monarchy in, 7, 12, 84, 149, 314–15,
336, 360, 427; warfare between France and, 12–17, 89, 306, 310–14, 316–18, 338, 382, 383, 409, 414–28; heresy and lax morals in, 138, 527n12; and hymns, 143–45; awakenings and Whitefield in, 171–73, 202, 204, 208, 339, 366;
Gay, Peter, 458, 593n21, 596–97n27 Gee, Joshua, 268, 279, 545n19 Gender roles, 3, 19, 21, 248–49, 301, 420, 530n15
∏≠∫ Index
Genealogy of JE, 508–10 Germany, 194, 201 Gillespie, Thomas, 371, 541n38 Glorious Grace, 46, 521n5 Glover, Peletiah, 23, 517n23 God: sovereignty of, 4, 5, 40, 45, 54, 63, 112, 439,
Hawley, Joseph II, 163–67, 168, 171, 358, 417,
540n22, 542n3, 544n29 Hawley, Joseph III, 311, 358, 360, 365, 368–69,
433, 576–77n38 Hawley, Rebekah Stoddard, 163 Heaven, 98, 106, 191, 326–27 Heaven Is a World of Love, 191 ''Hebrew Idiom,'' 479 Hell, 36, 40, 57, 119–21, 136, 161, 165–66, 219–
478; S. Stoddard on, 13; glory and excellency of, 41–44, 78, 95, 118, 157, 200, 266, 462–63; love of, 54–55, 137, 157, 191–92, 266, 393, 438, 443, 453, 460, 462–63, 467–68, 470, 488, 505, 521n52; and natural philosophy (science), 64– 81; as Creator, 65–66, 71, 74–77, 81, 504; omniscience and wisdom of, 70, 443, 444; holiness of, 112, 138; anger of, 130, 136–37, 166, 222–23, 337–38, 393; Israelites' relationship with, 136, 166, 197, 315, 316, 351; evil and sin permitted by, 137, 168, 222, 372–73, 453, 505; redemptive work of, 193–95, 481, 481–89, 546n31, 597n33; as judge, 221–22, 352, 361–62, 393; mercy of, 221–22, 224, 393; government of universe by, 442–44, 455–56, 504–5; as eternal, 443, 444; and end of creation, 460– 63, 467–68; mysteries of, 477–78, 504–5. See also Holy Spirit; Jesus Christ; Trinity God Glorified in the Work of Redemption, 140–
24, 235, 335–36, 522n24, 533nn23–24, 536n15 Hendrick, Chief, 385, 386, 403, 408, 414, 416–
17, 421, 585n39 Henry, Matthew, 474 Hierarchies, 3, 19, 187, 209–10, 258, 259–60, 304 ''History of Redemption'' notebook, 483, 484 History of the Work of Redemption, 193–96, 201,
204, 236, 258, 265, 430, 460, 463, 481–89, 556n11 Hobbes, Thomas, 73–74, 440, 443, 475, 591n26 Hollis, Isaac, 377, 378, 383, 396, 398, 400, 405,
413 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Sr., 500, 501 Holy Spirit, 28, 96, 152, 157, 158, 166, 197–98,
200, 236, 237, 311, 351, 480–81. See also Awakenings; Trinity Hooker, Thomas, 22, 93 Hopkins, Esther Edwards. See Edwards, Es-
41, 537n28 God Makes Men Sensible of Their Misery, 136–
37, 536n14 God's Awful Judgment, 344, 571n7 God's Continuing Presence, 541n41 Grace, 27, 28–29, 31, 86, 152, 249, 262, 288–89,
ther (sister of JE) Hopkins, Samuel (JE's biographer), 9, 62–63,
67, 135, 231, 249–56, 291, 293, 304, 321–23, 341, 410, 411, 425–26, 431, 450–51, 459, 491, 494, 497–99, 523n11, 535n1, 553n15, 555n31, 561n1, 562n7, 598n13 Hopkins, Samuel (JE's brother-in-law), 173–
592n18 Great Awakening. See Awakenings Great Concern of the Watchman of Souls, 564n35 Grey Lock, 115, 532n5 Guyse, John, 171–72, 201
74, 323–24, 342, 375, 516n18, 543n23 Howe, Daniel Walker, 133 Hubbard, Jonathan, 399 Hubbard, Thomas, 387 Humble Attempt, 334–39 Humble Inquiry, 352, 572n21, 573n25, 573n28 Hume, David, 456, 458, 466–67, 487, 594n14 Humiliation, 27–28, 58, 284, 373, 522n24,
Half-way covenant, 30, 31, 354, 355, 519n18,
573n23 Hall, David, 361 Halley, Edmund, 69 Hampshire Association, 116, 124, 134, 176–80,
187, 227–28, 256, 359, 551n8, 552n25 Handel, George Frederick, 246, 314–15 Harmony of the Old and New Testament, 430,
533n27, 534n49. See also Conversion Hutcheson, Francis, 465–66, 467, 468, 594n27 Hutchinson, Abigail, 249 Hutchinson, Anne, 249, 281, 287 Hutchinson, Thomas, 229 Hymns. See Music Hysteria, 247, 248, 554n19
473–82 Haroutunian, Joseph, 501 Harvard College, 11, 14, 23, 35, 61, 63, 72, 87, 114,
139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 148, 177, 182, 232, 267, 279, 309, 330, 435, 517n23, 538n37 Hatheway, Deborah, 225–26 Hawley, Elisha, 358, 417, 572n11 Hawley, Gideon, 399, 402–4, 407, 408, 412,
''Images of Divine Things,'' 111. See also
''Shadows of Divine Things'' Impending Judgments, 122, 533n26 Indians: Stockbridge mission for, 1, 110, 319,
419–21, 423, 425–26, 582n10, 583n21, 584n29, 588–89n28
324, 364, 375–428, 431, 437, 447, 580n33,
Index ∏≠Ω
584n32; in eighteenth-century New England generally, 3, 4; attacks on colonists by, 11, 12– 15, 17, 115, 316–19, 334, 410–11; captives taken by, 15–17, 114–15, 219, 249, 378; R. Edwards as attorney for, 23; and J. Stoddard, 115, 148, 173–75, 318–19, 324, 344, 376; conversion of, 117–18, 120, 174, 258, 325, 378; missions for, 117–18, 120, 173–75, 311, 319, 323–26, 332–33, 339, 342, 426; and S. Stoddard, 117–18, 120, 173, 515n9; and W. Williams, 118; treaty with (1735), 174–75; JE on, 257–58, 385, 394, 452, 481, 581n39; and awakening, 258, 325; Brainerd's mission to, 311, 319, 323, 325, 326, 332–33, 385; education of, 320, 377–78, 382–83, 387, 389–406, 412, 413, 417, 423, 581n2, 582nn10– 11, 583n21, 584n36; Hawley's mission to, at Onohquaga, 404, 412, 420–21, 423, 425, 426; and land deals, 408, 585n39, 585n41; and French and Indian War, 414, 423–28; Hawley's mission to, at Mashpee, 426 Islam, 485–86
Kingsley, Bathsheba, 276–77 Kunkapaut, John, 376
Land Bank, 228–30, 551n3, 551n5 Latitudinarianism, 138, 448 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 72–73, 462 Lesser, M. X., xviii Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 487–88 Letter to the Author of the Pamphlet Called an
Answer to the Hampshire Narrative, 180–82 Life of David Brainerd, 1, 53, 54, 329–33, 339,
436, 446, 499, 514n1 Light imagery, 54–55, 156–58, 162, 385–87, 443,
460, 463, 550n21 Lister, Martin, 66, 524n22 Living Peaceably One with Another, 97–98 Living Unconverted Under an Eminent Means
of Grace, 127, 534n40 Locke, John, 7, 60–64, 67, 71, 73, 74, 76, 103,
278, 286, 438, 452, 456, 464, 475, 504, 523n6, 591n26 Logic, 90–91, 145, 349. See also Reason; Science Lord, Hezekiah, 162 Lord's Supper: S. Stoddard on, 30–33, 122, 160,
James, Elizabeth, 208 Je√erson, Thomas, 499, 594n16 Jesus Christ: and redemption, 28–29, 77, 136–
262, 297, 298, 346, 348, 351, 368, 401, 519n18, 532n7, 572–73n22; overscrupulous avoidance of, 31–32, 540n23; warnings on partaking unworthily, 31–32, 216, 297; T. Edwards on, 32– 33, 123, 262, 352, 520n26; Mathers on, 32, 572– 73n22; E. Taylor on, 32, 33, 573n22; and JE, 122–23, 129, 160–61, 262–63, 297–98, 304–5, 346–54, 368, 370, 371, 449, 575n12; selfexamination before, 262, 263; presence of Christ in, 353–54; S. Williams on, 365, 367– 68 Louisbourg campaign, 310–14, 316, 318, 336,
37, 190, 192, 193–95, 197, 481–89, 505, 546n31, 597n32; love and beauty of, 42, 44, 77, 81, 106, 109, 155, 165, 166–67, 190, 209, 248, 266, 489, 505, 597n32; glory and excellency of, 45, 52, 54–55, 106, 157, 165, 190, 326–27, 435, 550n21; as mediator, 45, 54, 192, 439; church as bride of, 106, 111, 191, 209, 248, 353, 488, 531n29; incarnation of, 111; parables of, 122, 189–90, 212; Judas' betrayal of, 129; crucifixion of, 161–62, 166, 297, 354, 393–94, 488; types of, 194, 209, 353, 475, 479–80; and last judgment, 196, 198, 236, 361–62; miracles of, 236, 251; and millennium, 333–40; presence of, in communion, 353–54. See also Trinity Jews, 48, 117, 485–86 Johnson, Samuel, 35, 80, 84, 85, 139, 523–24n14,
366, 395, 433, 566n20, 567n34 Lowman, Moses, 196, 474, 546n29, 570n47 Luther, Martin, 374, 439 Lydius, John Henry, 408 Lyman, John, 248, 553–54n18 Lyman, Moses, 227, 228, 231, 276, 277 Lyon, Mary, 499
525n53 Johnson, William, 417, 421–23 Jukes, Max, 500 Justification by faith, 91, 177–78, 544n28, 544n33
Maclaurin, John, 142 Madison, James, 498, 594n16 Malebranche, Nicholas, 73, 525n41 Many Mansions, 186, 545n9 Marriage. See Families Mastricht, Peter van, 318, 488 Mather, Cotton: map of New England by, x–
Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 445, 466, 467 Kellogg, Joseph, 408 Kellogg, Martin, 378, 382, 387, 391, 396, 398–
400, 404, 405, 408, 413, 582n10, 583n21, 584n27, 584n36 Kimnach, Wilson H., 522n22, 550n19 King George's War, 306, 310–14, 316–18, 336,
xi; on slavery, 20; children of, 26–27, 268; and T. Edwards, 26, 517n23; on Lord's Supper, 32; and Yale College, 35; selfexamination by, 52; writing style of, 59–60;
338, 343–45, 366, 378, 380, 395, 567n34 King Philip's War, 12, 117, 173, 249, 410
∏∞≠ Index
Mather, Cotton (continued)
Moody, Joseph, 356 More, Henry, 72, 89, 142–43 Mount Holyoke Seminary, 499–500 Murray, Iain, xvii Music, 79, 106, 129, 143–45, 245, 390, 538nn37–
and science, 60, 61, 68–69; and smallpox inoculations, 68, 85; and Anglicanism, 84–85; criticisms of, 85; and Harvard College, 87; and Calvinist orthodoxy, 140; death of, 140, 171; and evangelism, 142; and hymns, 144, 538n36; preaching by, 538n38 Mather, Eleazar, 14, 32, 516n10 Mather, Esther Warham. See Stoddard, Esther
38, 540n15, 553n12, 576n31
Native Americans. See Indians ''Natural History of the Mental World, or of
Warham Mather (grandmother of JE) Mather, Increase, 32, 68, 84–85, 117, 124, 140,
the Internal World,'' 78 Nature, 42, 44, 64–66, 69, 77–79, 97, 99–100,
275, 516n10, 517n23, 527n7, 572–73n22 Mather, Samuel, 179, 247, 248, 268, 269, 325,
111, 121–22, 135, 136, 153, 185, 443, 477, 489, 545n6. See also Science Nature of True Virtue. See True Virtue New England Courant, 68, 85, 143, 280 New England maps, x–xi, 384 New Haven map, 92 New Lights, 238, 275–80, 283–85, 287, 306–10,
358, 554n19, 557n2 Mayhew, Jonathan, 360, 433–36 McCulloch, William, 292, 309, 416 McGi√ert, A. C., 51–52, 501 McLaurin, John, 334, 580n30 Meacham, Esther Williams, 219 Meacham, Joseph, 219–20, 275 Melancholy. See Depression (melancholy) Metcalf, Abigail Edwards. See Edwards,
315, 324, 330, 331, 350, 354, 360, 366, 379–80, 381, 385, 392, 402, 404, 434, 436, 458, 499, 551n3, 551n5, 559n25, 559–60n31, 572n19 Newton, Isaac, 7, 60–65, 67, 68, 70–74, 79, 89,
Abigail (sister of JE) Metcalf, William, 214 Methodism, 173, 208, 243 Millennium, 265–67, 292, 315, 335–37, 343, 350,
440, 444, 486, 504, 550n20 New York City, 46–55, 46–47, 49, 59, 90, 95,
123, 257, 420, 529n33, 588n20 Niebuhr, H. Richard, 501 Northampton, Massachusetts: and Indian at-
415, 485, 557n30 Miller, Perry, xvii, 60–62, 182, 280–81, 501–2,
tacks, 11, 316–19; S. Stoddard as pastor of, 11–13, 30–33, 114–26, 132, 150, 346, 370, 372, 373, 573n23, 575n8; E. Mather as pastor of, 14; awakenings in, 25, 121, 155–73, 184, 189, 207, 214, 216–26, 228, 239–52, 260–67, 284, 291, 541n41; communion and church membership in, 30–33, 122, 123, 160–61, 297–98, 304–5, 346–56, 370, 371, 449, 574–75n8, 575n12; sins of residents of, 97–98, 122, 126–27, 130, 150, 185–89, 261, 296–97, 353; JE as assistant to S. Stoddard in, 110, 112–25; J. Stoddard as magistrate and leader in, 114–15, 125–26, 343; JE's sermons in, 120–22, 126–31, 148–49, 152, 156– 58, 165–68, 189–200, 224, 284–90, 361–62, 534n44, 545n19, 546n22; and earthquake, 121– 22; youth of, 122, 126–27, 150–53, 292–302; and JE's salary, 123–24, 301–3, 341, 343, 530n23; JE's home in, 124, 320–21, 322; political conflicts in, 125–26, 130, 186–87, 189, 261, 371, 533n36; temperament of people of, 125, 371; size of church in, 127, 160, 534n42, 573n24; premarital pregnancies in, 131, 534– 35n51, 543n14; tavern culture in, 131, 296, 299, 544n2; respect for JE as pastor in, 132, 291, 535n57; JE's daily schedule in, 133–36; pastoral role of JE in, 134–35, 164, 225–26, 254, 255, 263, 373; small group meetings in, 135, 155–56, 296, 539n11; and JE's travels, 145, 169,
515nn2–3, 523n6, 537nn26–27, 593n21 Milton, John, 167 ''Mind,'' 59, 78, 95, 103, 525n51, 526n61 Ministers: S. Stoddard on, 13, 210; authority of,
31, 116, 178, 209–10, 268, 515n2, 519n18; salaries of, 123–24, 301–3, 341, 343, 520n35, 530n23, 564n35, 564n40; unconverted, 210–11, 215, 231, 237, 262, 350; Whitefield on, 210–11, 215; itinerant, 215, 218, 228, 232–33, 244, 269, 271–72, 277, 279, 552n17; opposition to awakenings by, 237–38, 269–74, 278–83, 290; candidates for ministry, 254–55; ordination of, 330, 356; JE on deaths of, 551n6. See also specific ministers Minkema, Kenneth P., xviii, 534n44, 555n10,
573n24, 577n42 ''Miscellaneous Observations on Scripture,''
474 ''Miscellanies,'' 59, 77, 91, 95, 98–100, 105, 106,
109, 111, 119, 129, 134, 472, 518n6, 520n39, 522n24, 526n55, 530nn13–15, 533n29, 534n49, 536n15, 545–46n21, 591n27, 593n2, 595nn12–13, 596n19, 596n26, 597nn32–33 Misrepresentations Corrected, and Truth Vindi-
cated, 368, 449 Mix, Elisha, 37, 183 Mix, Stephen and Mary, 35, 37
Index ∏∞∞
178, 215, 317, 535n57; common lands versus private property in, 150–51, 291; hymns of worship in, 156, 245, 540n15, 553n12; illness and deaths in, 160, 163–69, 316, 318, 345, 358, 541–42n41, 544n29, 566n29; skepticism about awakening in, 161–62, 170–71, 193; accident in old meetinghouse in, 184–85; new meetinghouse in, 186–89, 187, 188, 292; town house in, 189, 292; Whitefield in, 206–9, 212–13; JE's preaching tours while pastor at, 239–40, 263, 275; Buell's preaching in, 244– 45, 247, 249, 260; fires in, 248, 535n58, 553– 54n18; covenant of, 260–63, 291, 298, 350, 556n18; ''young folks' Bible'' case in, 292–302, 345, 370, 371, 561–62nn6–7, 563n16, 563nn25– 26, 577n42; opponents of JE in, 302, 343, 357– 61, 363, 365, 369–74, 544n2, 563–64n33, 573n24, 577n42; and agrarian capitalism, 303– 4; population of, 316, 534n42, 573n24; church government revision in, 345–47; profession of faith and church membership in, 347, 352– 53, 575n12; JE's dismissal from, 359–61, 369– 74; JE's farewell sermon in, 361–62; JE in, after dismissal, 363–65; campaign for separate church in, 364–65, 575–76n23; Hooker as pastor in, 586n53 Notebooks of JE, 59–60, 67, 73, 78, 81–82, 88,
Paul (apostle), 208, 274, 451, 454, 457 Peaceful and Faithful Amid Division and Strife,
545n7 Pepperrell, William, 310, 402, 403, 582n10,
583n22 Perkins, William, 58, 518n8 ''Personal Narrative,'' 45, 46, 53–55, 58, 99, 104,
108, 109, 112, 185, 222, 474, 517n2, 520n45, 522n22, 524n15, 531n28 Pettit, Norman, 569n23, 569n29 Philosophy, 281–82 Pierpont, Benjamin, 127, 132, 133, 176 Pierpont, James Jr., 87, 93, 105, 529n33, 530n12 Pierpont, Mary Hooker, 93 Pierpont, Sarah. See Edwards, Sarah Pierpont
(wife of JE) Platonism, 72, 77, 78, 89, 97, 142–43, 465 Pleasantness of Religion, 96 Pomeroy, Benjamin, 216, 218, 232, 269, 271, 275,
277, 556n16 Pomeroy, Ebenezer Jr., 358, 365, 572n15 Pomeroy, Elisha, 349 Pomeroy, Elizabeth, 294–95 Pomeroy, Seth, 179, 295, 311, 316, 358, 365, 369 Poole, Matthew, 474 Pope, Alexander, 460–61, 594n14 Popery. See Roman Catholic Church Poverty of Spirit, 51, 521n12 Prayer, 27, 104, 133, 156, 247–48, 312, 325, 334–35,
90, 95, 103, 109, 111, 112, 136, 337–38, 432, 437, 447, 455, 472, 474, 476, 479, 483, 484 ''Notes on Scripture,'' 59, 103, 133, 474, 480 ''Notes on the Apocalypse,'' 59, 103, 133–34, 197,
539n11, 565n16, 570n39 Preaching. See Sermons Premarital pregnancies, 131, 534–35n51, 543n14 Presbyterians, 7, 8, 30, 31, 46–47, 54, 86, 139,
337–38, 587n5 Nothing upon Earth can Represent the Glories of
Heaven, 98 Noyes, Joseph, 233, 565n3, 568n8
163, 177, 178, 210, 215, 277, 278, 309, 311, 312, 330, 346, 354, 387, 420, 467, 536–37n19, 576n27 Prince, Sarah ''Sally,'' 322–23, 415, 419–20, 423,
''Of the Prejudices of Imagination,'' 80 Old Lights, 238, 256, 273–74, 277–80, 284, 290,
428, 493, 496–97 Prince, Thomas Jr., 279 Prince, Thomas Sr., 69, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147,
306–10, 315, 330, 339, 379, 381, 435, 436, 559– 60n31 Oliver, Andrew, 396 Original Sin, 450–59, 474, 581n39, 591n29,
149, 205, 215, 227, 265, 272, 276, 279–80, 284, 291, 298, 309, 313–14, 323, 332, 337, 413, 415, 419–20, 434, 549n13, 576n24, 587n3 Princeton University. See College of New
592n5, 592n18, 593n20 Owen, John, 162
Jersey Profession of faith, 347, 352–53, 394, 575n12 Pure of Heart Blessed, 560n39 Puritanism, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 19–21, 84, 86–87, 143,
Paice, Joseph, 387–88, 390, 583n22 Park, Edwards A., 250–51 Parkes, Henry Bamford, 501 Parkman, Ebenezer, 252, 325, 545n19, 568n16 Parsons, Elihu, 363, 391, 483, 511 Parsons, Jonathan, 218 Parsons, Sally Edwards. See Edwards, Sarah
156, 189, 196, 259, 261, 275, 278, 300, 350–51, 439, 500–501, 546n27, 563n28. See also Calvinism
Queen Anne's War, 12, 17, 90, 115
''Sally'' (daughter of JE) Partridge, Oliver, 408 Paternity case, 358, 572n11
Ramism, 63, 64, 76, 128 Ramsey, Paul, 591n33, 592n5, 593n11
∏∞≤ Index
''Rational Account of the Main Doctrines of
Self-Examination and the Lord's Supper, 297,
the Christian Religion Attempted,'' 134, 482, 483, 596n22 Reason, 282–83, 358, 434–37, 452, 475–76. See
563n18 Sergeant, Abigail Williams. See Williams,
Abigail Sergeant, John, 174, 175, 324, 375–79, 383, 396,
also Logic; Science Redemption, 28–29, 77, 137, 192–98, 264, 481–
398 Sermons: election-day, 11, 12, 123, 262; by S.
89, 505, 546n31, 597n32 Reformation, 90, 168, 169, 172, 198, 199, 201,
Stoddard, 11, 12, 119–20, 124, 125, 128; by T. Edwards, 33–34, 119, 533n29; JE's preaching style, 33–34, 119, 127, 206, 220–21, 239–40; for New York City church, 46, 51, 54–55; imagery and analogy in, 54–55, 97, 98, 222–23, 385–87, 550n21; structure and logic of JE's, 54, 90–91, 128, 546n22; for Bolton church, 96–99, 107; in Stockbridge, 110, 364, 383, 385–87, 392–94, 424, 539n4, 585n43, 586n49, 587n6, 597n2; on hell, 119–21, 533nn22–23; S. Stoddard's preaching guidelines, 119–20; by JE in Northampton, 120–22, 126–31, 148–49, 152, 156–58, 165–68, 189–200, 224, 284–90, 361–62, 534n44, 545n19, 546n22; fast-day, 121– 22, 129–30, 167–68, 171, 312, 415, 565nn17–18, 566n24; communion, 122–23, 354, 540n26, 573n31; jeremiad, 126, 129–30, 211; JE's Boston, 140–41, 149, 192; political, 148–49; funeral, 153–55, 230–31, 326–28, 344–45, 428, 551n6; public lectures, 177–78, 192; JE's sermon series, 189–200, 284–90; Whitefield's preaching style, 206, 212; awakening, 220– 24, 284–90; Yale commencement address (1741) by JE, 231–38; and lay preaching, 276, 277, 279; JE on good preaching, 282; thanksgiving, 316, 566n24, 586n49, 587n6; ordination, 356; JE's farewell sermon in Northampton, 361–62; JE's, after Northampton dismissal, 364, 575–76nn22–23. See also specific sermons Sewall, Joseph, 142, 144, 279, 309, 434 Sewall, Judith, 142, 537n31 Sewall, Samuel, 12, 20, 84, 88, 118, 124, 142, 143,
236, 287, 314, 374, 439, 440, 464, 465, 485, 547n41 Reformed movement, 259, 514n3. See also Cal-
vinism; Presbyterians Reid, Thomas, 466 Religious A√ections, 1, 284–90, 304–5, 331, 332,
348, 352, 446, 465, 481, 560n47, 564n45 ''Resolutions,'' 50–52, 82, 95–96 Resort and Remedy, 230–31, 551n6 Revivals. See Awakenings Revolution, American, 256, 274, 369, 498,
556n14, 577n38, 598n22 Reynolds, Peter, 243–44 Richardson, Samuel, 419 Robe, James, 283–84, 309, 311, 563n22 Rockwell, Abigail, 27 Rogers, Robert, 382 Roman Catholic Church, 3–4, 7, 12, 16, 17, 85–
91, 117, 129, 138, 197–99, 311, 314–15, 336–38, 380, 415–16, 528n19, 570n47 Root, Martha, 358 Root, Simeon and Timothy, 293, 295, 298–300,
302, 563n25 Rowlandson, Mary, 249
Sacraments, 29–33, 352–56, 370, 381, 533n29. See
also Baptism; Lord's Supper Saints, 109, 157, 191, 287, 288, 326–27, 333, 536n15 Saltonstall, Governor, 84 Satan and devils, 69, 108, 117, 119, 121, 137, 160,
163–69, 171, 194, 196, 198, 204, 219, 221, 235– 37, 247, 257, 273, 275, 284–89, 336, 371–75, 386, 427, 483, 486, 489, 540n22, 541n38, 546n29, 558n17. See also Hell; Sins Saum, Lewis O., 570n34 Schafer, Thomas A., xviii, 526n55, 528n30,
526–27n4, 527n7, 538nn37–38 Sexuality, 106–7, 111, 130–31, 151, 208, 261, 293–
301, 328, 358, 370, 534–35n51, 577–78n43 ''Shadows of Divine Things'' (later ''Images of
529n39, 530n25, 534n44 Science, 59–81, 89, 103, 438, 464, 550n20. See
Divine Things''), 111, 136, 137 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, third
also Nature Scotland, 142, 173, 177, 280, 283–84, 292, 309,
earl of, 62, 465 Shippen, Joseph, 392 Shippen, William, 493, 494, 598n9, 598n22 Shirley, William, 229, 266–67, 281, 319, 406,
311, 314, 324, 329, 334–39, 346, 354, 362–63, 371, 391, 437, 446, 448, 465–67, 498, 541n38, 580n30 Scott, Elizabeth, 366, 400–401, 576n31, 583n24 Scripture. See Bible Searle, John, 349, 572n15 Seeman, Erik R., 518n6
412, 416 Shute, Samuel, 86 Signs of God's Displeasure, 126–27, 534n39 Sin and sins: pride as, 5–6, 45, 51, 56, 60, 130,
225, 233, 288, 371–72, 373; T. Edwards on, 34;
Index ∏∞≥
of youth, 34, 122, 126–27, 130–31, 150, 261, 293–302, 328; JE's acknowledgment of own sinfulness, 45, 50, 51, 55–56, 57, 288, 373; natural disasters, deaths, and war as judgments on, 69, 121–22, 163–69, 312, 533n26; hatred of, and love of sinners, 97; of Northampton residents, 97–98, 122, 126–27, 130–31, 185–89, 261, 296–97, 353; JE on, 126–27, 129–130, 219–24, 553n10; hypocrisy as, 129, 234, 286, 287, 289, 297; fornication as, 131, 297, 358, 534–35n51, 543n14; envy as, 148, 185; original sin, 199, 447, 450–59, 478; S. Stoddard on, 199; against Holy Spirit, 236, 237; guilt over, 438, 439, 454–55, 592n15; Hopkins on, 450–51; Bellamy on, 451, 593n3; Wesley on, 553n10. See also Drunkenness Sin and Wickedness Bring Calamity and Misery
578n6; schools for Indians in, 378, 382–83, 387, 389–406, 412, 413, 417, 423, 581n2, 582nn10–11, 583n21, 584n36; land ownership in, 379, 380n29, 381; opposition to JE's appointment as pastor in, 380–81; finances of, 398, 399–400, 406–7, 411, 413, 582n12; fire in, 403, 584n26; exodus of Indians from, 405, 406, 582n10, 583n21, 584n27; violence against Indians in, 406; and Indian attacks, 407, 410–12, 416, 426–27, 586n48; JE's resignation from, 431, 490–91 Stockton, Richard, 429, 589n39 Stoddard, Esther Warham Mather (grand-
mother of JE), 14, 15, 32, 343, 516n14 Stoddard, John (uncle of JE): military career
of, 14, 114–15, 306, 316, 318, 320, 343, 395, 515n9; as JE's patron, 114, 123, 182, 227, 318–19, 343, 348; marriage of, 114, 344; as political leader, 114–15, 125–26, 148, 149, 343, 369, 371, 543n22, 571n8; and Indians, 115, 117–18, 120, 173–75, 318–19, 324, 344, 376, 515n9; and Belcher, 148; and Hawley, 163; and Breck case, 179, 344; and ''young folks' Bible'' case, 299, 302, 345; children of, 323, 344; and New Lights, 339–40; death and funeral of, 343– 45, 346; and awakening, 344, 345; home of, 531n3 Stoddard, Prudence Chester (wife of John
on a People, 131, 535n52 Singer, Elizabeth, 145 Singing. See Music Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, 1, 219–24,
501, 550nn19–20 Slavery, 20, 47, 250, 255–58, 295, 300, 321, 407,
498, 555nn5–10, 567n3, 572n10 Smallpox inoculation, 68, 85, 493–94 Smith, Adam, 466, 594n14 Smith, Cotton Mather, 405 Smith, John, 47, 48, 55, 87, 523n9 Smith, Susanna, 47, 48, 53, 55, 123 Smith, William, 47, 87, 523n9 Socinianism, 199, 329, 433, 434, 448 Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival,
Stoddard), 344, 345, 531n3 Stoddard, Solomon (grandfather of JE): au-
thority and influence of, 11–12, 32, 114, 118– 19, 124, 210, 370, 515n2; dress of, 11; as Northampton pastor, 11–13, 30–33, 114–26, 132, 150, 346, 370, 372, 373, 573n23, 575n8; preaching by, 11, 12, 119–20, 124, 125, 128; on conversion, 13, 118, 119, 122, 533n27, 534n49; family of, 13–15, 19, 23, 32, 163; on taxation and defense, 13, 14; and awakenings, 25, 151, 160, 204; and Lord's Supper and church membership, 30–33, 122, 160, 262, 297, 298, 346, 348, 351, 368, 401, 519n18, 532n7, 572–73n22; and clergy's role in church government, 31, 116, 178, 515n2, 519n18; writings by, 31, 117, 118, 119, 204; as Harvard student, 61; JE as assistant to, in Northampton, 110, 112–25; and evangelism, 117, 142; and Indians, 117–18, 120, 173, 515n9; and earthquake, 121–22, 124; death of, 124; and hymns, 145; Whitefield on, 210, 262; on change, 352; and half-way covenant, 519n18 Stout, Harry S., 205, 549n13 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 9, 250–51 Strong, Ebenezer, 126 Strong, Job, 339, 356 Strong, Nehemiah, 195 Stuart, Prince Charles Edward, 314, 315
240–43, 263–67, 273, 275, 276, 278, 281, 283, 292, 338, 530n19, 556n22 Spencer, Elihu, 339, 341, 342 Spiders and spider imagery, 64–66, 95, 223,
550n19 Spiritual Understanding of Divine Things, 96–
97 State of Public A√airs, 148–49, 539n54 Stebbins, Thomas, 164 Steele, Richard, 7, 62 Stiles, Ezra, 379–80, 433, 491, 498–99, 560n41 Stiles, Isaac, 38, 108, 380 Stockbridge, Mary and Phoebe, 258 Stockbridge, Massachusetts: mission for In-
dians at, 1, 319, 324, 364, 375–428, 584n32; JE's sermons in, 110, 364, 383, 385–87, 392–94, 424, 539n4, 585n43, 586n49, 587n6, 597n2; establishment of, 175, 375–76; and King George's War, 345; JE as pastor in, 364, 365, 375, 381, 383–413, 430–31, 437, 447, 580n33; English families in, 375–76, 379–82, 578n2, 579n10; Williams family in, 376–77, 379–82, 395–405; Mission House in, 377, 377, 390–91,
∏∞∂ Index
Suicides, 163–69, 358, 540n22, 541–42n41,
465–66, 468; and benevolence, 469–70; of Esther Edwards Burr, 496 Voltaire, 461–62, 487
544n29 Swift, Jonathan, 138–39, 181
Taylor, Edward, 32, 33, 126, 573n22 Taylor, John, 434, 435–36, 448–49, 451, 452 Temptation and Deliverance, 296–97, 563n17 Tennent, Gilbert, 163, 210, 215–16, 231, 232, 242,
Wallis, Joshua Jr., 27 Warham, John, 23–24 Warner, Oliver, 293, 294, 295, 300, 562n13,
563n26 Warnings of Future Punishment, 120–21, 533n23 Warning to Professors, 297, 563n19 War of Jenkins' Ear, 263 Washington, George, 66, 409 Watts, Isaac, 143–44, 145, 147–49, 156, 171, 172,
250, 267, 269, 307, 324, 330 Tennent, William Sr., 215 Threefold Work of the Holy Ghost, 129, 534n50 Tillotson, John, 62 Tindal, Matthew, 476, 487 Toland, John, 71 Torments of Hell Are Exceeding Great, 533n23 Tracy, Joseph, 549n13, 559n20 Tracy, Patricia J., xvii, 369–70, 561–62nn6–7,
183, 201, 202, 224, 245, 264, 493, 542n6, 590– 91n17 Waunaupaugus, Solomon, 406 Wauwaumpequunnaunt, John, 392–93 Weber, Max, 51 Weiser, Conrad, 408 Wesley, John, 173, 192, 208, 235, 333, 458, 517n24,
578n43 Treat, Robert, 103 Treatise on Religious A√ections. See Religious
553n10 Wheelock, Eleazar, 29, 216–18, 220, 221, 232,
A√ections Trinity, 71, 77, 191, 434, 435, 443, 462, 596n24.
See also God; Holy Spirit; Jesus Christ True Grace Distinguished from the Experience of
276, 277, 320, 323, 556n16 When the Wicked Shall Have Filled up Them-
Devils, 392 True Saints, When Absent from the Body,
selves in Their Sin, 165–66, 541n37 Whetmore, James, 85 Whitefield, George: and awakenings, 172, 202–
326–27 True Virtue, 1, 419, 450, 460, 464–71, 592n5,
16, 219, 228, 231, 232, 242, 262, 267, 268, 269, 273, 306–10, 324, 331, 548n19; in England, 172, 202, 339, 366; and B. Franklin, 202–3, 206, 212–13, 419; and Colman, 202, 204–5, 309; portrait of, 203; JE compared with, 206, 209–10; preaching style of, 206, 212; and JE's family, 207–8; marriage of, 208–9; on S. Stoddard, 210, 262; on unconverted ministers, 210–11, 215; JE's criticisms of, 211–12, 524n31; Clap's fears about, 330 Whitman, Elnathan, 278 Whittelsey, Chauncey, 324 Wicked Men's Slavery to Sin, 533n22 Wigglesworth, Edward, 435 Wigglesworth, Michael, 121 Willard, Josiah, 403, 407, 547n1, 583n23 Williams, Abigail, 376–82, 395–98, 400, 401,
594n18, 594n24, 594nn26–27 Trumbull, James R., 530n25, 566n29 Tucker, Louis Leonard, 307 Turretin, Francis, 318, 488 Twain, Mark, 500 Two Dissertations, 450, 459–71, 498 ''Types Notebook,'' 479, 595n16 Typology, 77, 106, 111, 194, 353, 415, 475, 479–80,
531n29, 595n16, 595–96n18
Umpeecheanah, Paul, 376
Value of Salvation, 521n5 Virtue and virtues: JE's cultivation of, 51, 349,
490; piety as, 93–94, 116–17, 128, 132, 141, 142, 156, 199, 248–49, 312, 333; of Sarah Pierpont Edwards, 93–95, 99, 108–9, 242–52, 497; of Jerusha Edwards (JE's sister), 94, 128, 249; and happiness, 98, 109, 141, 191, 289, 463, 468, 470, 536n15, 594n26, 597n33; of Jerusha Edwards (JE's daughter), 214, 249, 251, 323, 327–28; and submission to God, 242–249, 496–97, 563–64n33; as signs of true religious a√ections, 286–88, 304–5, 332; of Brainerd, 325, 327, 331–33; of J. Stoddard, 344, 345; Briant on, 434, 449–50; JE on true virtue, 450, 464–71, 594n18, 594n24; Hutcheson on,
404, 410, 417, 433, 437, 581n2, 581n5, 582n17 Williams, Chester, 243, 245, 359, 576n34 Williams, Eleazer, 176 Williams, Elijah, 381, 382, 405, 579n18 Williams, Elisha: as tutor, 35, 63, 524n14; as
Yale rector, 102, 140, 179, 181, 537n23, 551n12; and Breck case, 179, 181; and awakenings, 183; on religious liberty, 278; and Northampton communion controversy, 357, 366, 367, 401; military service of, 366, 571n8; writings by, 366, 576n30; as JE's ally generally,
Index ∏∞∑
367; portrait of, 367; as commissioner of missionary society, 396, 400, 582n15; and Stockbridge mission, 396, 400–401, 437, 581–82n6, 583n21; marriage of, to Elizabeth Scott, 400, 583n24; death of, 413, 583n24; philosophical ideas of, as youth, 523n12 Williams, Elizabeth Scott. See Scott, Elizabeth Williams, Ephraim Jr., 380–81, 388, 400, 402,
Woodbridge, Timothy, 93, 174, 375–76, 378–80,
393, 398–99, 400, 404, 406, 408–9, 412, 413, 431, 529n33, 580n27, 583n21, 584n36, 585n41, 588n21 Works of Jonathan Edwards, xvii–xviii, 502
Yale, Elihu, 35 Yale College: JE as student at, 34–39, 46, 59,
404, 416–17, 418, 585n39 Williams, Ephraim Sr., 175, 376, 379, 381, 396,
62, 63, 72, 520n37; and Cotton Mather, 35; students' immorality and disorder at, 37–39, 101–2, 103; curriculum of, 61, 63, 103, 523– 24n14; library at, 62, 63, 84, 93, 103, 139, 140; JE as tutor at, 63–64, 101–10, 278, 530n23, 530n25; Berkeley's donation to, 73, 139, 140; JE's M.A. oration at commencement of (1723), 82–83, 87, 91, 93; JE's valedictory oration at (1720), 82–83; Anglican apostasy at, 83–87, 93, 139–40, 527n5, 537n21; Commencement Day at, 83, 88, 103, 107–8; Cutler's commencement address at (1722), 83, 84; daily schedule at, 102; and awakening, 231–38, 249, 267, 307, 324; Clap as rector of, 231–33, 235, 307, 324, 330, 331; JE's commencement address at (1741), 231–38; Brainerd as student at, 233–35, 324–25, 330– 31; presidents of, 379, 491, 499 ''Young folks' Bible'' case, 292–302, 345, 370,
398, 400–405, 413, 417, 427, 581–82n6 Williams, Eunice (daughter of John
Williams), 16, 219 Williams, Eunice Mather (daughter of S.
Stoddard), 14, 15 Williams, Israel, 182–83, 274, 345, 358, 359, 367,
369, 402, 412, 416, 544n29, 544n33, 586n48 Williams, Jerusha, 15 Williams, John, 14–17, 115, 126, 127, 176 Williams, John Jr., 15 Williams, Roger, 30, 31, 519n15 Williams, Samuel, 576n34 Williams, Solomon, 116, 275, 276, 365, 366–68,
410, 447, 449, 532n6 Williams, Stephen, 33, 147, 168, 173, 174, 176,
178, 215, 219–21, 230, 232, 324, 325, 376, 516n14, 523n12, 568n23, 575n22 Williams, William, 115–17, 124, 171–73, 176, 179,
371, 561–62nn6–7, 563n16, 563nn25–26, 577n42 Youth: sins of, 34, 122, 126–27, 130–31, 150, 261,
182–83, 207, 227–28, 230–31, 274, 367, 376, 396, 532n7, 532n10, 544n31, 544n33, 551nn6–8 Williams College, 417 Winslow, Ola, xvii, 369, 501, 562n14 Winthrop, John, 261, 267, 304, 545n10 Witchcraft, 68–69 Witherspoon, John, 498, 594n16 Women: husband's relationship with wife, 3,
293–302, 328; Yale students' immorality and disorder, 37–39, 101–2, 103; and age for marriage, 105, 151, 530n11; Sabbath night frolics by, 122, 126, 150, 151, 152–53, 154, 296, 328, 331; and bundling, 130–31, 296–97, 328; and premarital pregnancies, 131, 534–35n51, 543n14; social conditions of, 150–52; compliance of, with JE's preaching, 152–53; death of, 153–55, 327–29; and awakenings, 155–56, 158–59, 160, 216–18, 231–33, 267, 270, 275, 276, 300–301, 307, 427, 491, 539n11, 575n15; JE's private meetings with, 155, 217–18; conversion of, 158–59, 225–26; and Northampton covenant, 261; and Davenport's book and clothes burnings, 275, 276; and ''young folks' Bible'' case, 292–302, 345, 370, 371, 561–62nn6–7, 563n16, 563nn25–26, 577n42. See also Children
19, 21, 187, 248–49, 276–77; education of females, 18, 19, 144, 323, 390, 499–500; JE's examples of, in sermons and writings, 19; piety of, 93–94, 128; and childbirth, 111–12, 245; and awakening, 240–49, 270; and submission, 242–49, 429, 496–97, 563–64n33; and death, 245; and gender roles, 248–49, 301, 420, 530n15; in churches, 249, 346; and small group meetings, 539nn11–12; and speaking in groups, 553n11. See also Families; and specific women Wood, Gordon S., 514n2