8 Bauckham, ‘Parting of the Ways’, 142.
1 Emily J. Hunt, Christianity in the Second Century: The case of Tatian (New York: Routledge, 2003), 1.
2 Ep. 10.96.9. English translations of Pliny, unless otherwise noted, are from William Melmoth, Pliny: Letters (2 vols; Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann, 1927).
3 Diogn. 5.1. English translations of the Apostolic Fathers, unless otherwise noted, are from B. D. Ehrman, The Apostolic Fathers (2 vols; Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).
4 Judith Lieu, Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
5 Daniel Boyarin, ‘Semantic Differences; Or, “Judaism”/“Christianity”’ in Adam H. Becker and Annette Yoshiko Reed (eds), The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007), 65–85.
6 Thomas A. Robinson, Ignatius of Antioch and the Parting of the Ways: Early Jewish-Christian relations (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2009), 204.
7 Richard Bauckham, ‘The Parting of the Ways: What happened and why’, ST 47 (1993), 135–51, at 139.
8 Bauckham, ‘Parting of the Ways’, 142.
9 Boyarin, ‘Semantic Differences’, 65–85.
10 O. Skarsaune, In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish influences on early Christianity (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 2002), 62.
11 Diogn. 1.
12 Rodney Stark, Cities of God: The real story of how Christianity became an urban movement and conquered Rome (New York: HarperOne, 2006), 119–239.
13 Judith Lieu, Neither Jew nor Greek? Constructing early Christianity (London: T&T Clark, 2002), 34–48.
14 James D. G. Dunn, Neither Jew nor Greek: A contested identity (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2015), 610–14.
15 Dunn, Neither Jew nor Greek, 617–20.
16 S. G. Wilson, Related Strangers: Jews and Christians 70–170 C. E. (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1995), 6–7.
17 Adam H. Becker and Annette Yoshiko Reed (eds), The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007).
18 Robinson, Parting of the Ways, 233–5; James Carleton Paget, Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010), 17–18.
19 Annette Yoshiko Reed, ‘“Jewish Christianity” after the “Parting of the Ways”: Approaches to historiography and self-definition in the pseudo-Clementines’ in Adam H. Becker and Annette Yoshiko Reed (eds), The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007), 189–231.
20 Magn. 10.3.
21 Did. 8.1–2.
22 Barn. 4.6; 8.7; 13.1; 16.1.
23 Dial. 47. English translations of the ante-Nicene fathers, unless otherwise noted, are from A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds), The Ante-Nicene Fathers (10 vols; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1885; repr. 1994).
24 Mart. Pol. 10.1.
25 Skarsaune, Shadow of the Temple, 226.
26 Carleton Paget, Jewish Christians, 2.
27 E.g., Stephen G. Wilson (ed.), Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity: Vol. 2: Separation and Polemic (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1986); Judith Lieu, Image and Reality: The Jews in the world of the Christians in the second century (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996).
28 Tobias Nicklas, Jews and Christians? Second century ‘Christian’ perspectives on the ‘parting of the ways’ (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014).
29 Pasch. 72; English translations of Melito, unless otherwise noted, are from S. G. Hall, Melito of Sardis: On Pascha and fragments (rev. edn; Oxford: Clarendon, 2012). It is worth observing that some do not agree that Melito is anti-Jewish at all; see Lynn Cohick, ‘Melito of Sardis’s Peri Pascha and Its “Israel”’, HTR 91 (1998), 351–72.
30 Mart. Pol. 13.1.
31 Barn. 9.4; cf. Carleton Paget, Jewish Christians, 77–89.
32 S. T. Katz, ‘Issues in the Separation of Judaism and Christianity after 70 C. E.: A reconsideration’, JBL 103 (1984), 43–76, at 64.
33 Joel Marcus, ‘Birkat Ha-Minim Revisited’, NTS 55 (2009), 523–51; W. Horbury, ‘The Benediction of the Minim and Early Jewish-Christian Controversy’, JTS 33 (1982), 19–61.
34 Dial. 16.4; cf. 96.2.
35 J. D. G. Dunn, The Partings of the Ways (2nd edn; London: SCM Press, 2006), 288.
36 Lieu, Image and Reality, 3.
37 Nero 16.2.
38 Ep. 10.96.7.
39 Annals 15.44.
40 Carleton Paget, Jewish Christians, 10.
41 E. A. Judge, ‘Judaism and the Rise of Christianity: A Roman perspective’, TynBul 45 (1994), 355–68.
42 Skarsaune, Shadow of the Temple, 267.
43 Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity: How the obscure, marginal Jesus movement became the dominant religious force in the Western world in a few centuries (New York: HarperOne, 1996), 49–71.
44 Dial. 117.
45 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marx and Engels on Religion (New York: Schocken Press, 1967), 316.
46 Cels. 3.44, 56.
47 Cels. 3.44.
48 E. A. Judge, The Social Pattern of Christian Groups in the First Century (London: Tynda1e, 1960), 52.
49 Gerd Theissen, The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1982), 97.
50 W. A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The social world of the apostle Paul (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983), 73.
51 For a challenge to the view of Meeks, see Justin Meggitt, Paul, Poverty and Survival (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998).
52 Rodney Stark, The Triumph of Christianity: How the Jesus movement became the world’s largest religion (New York: HarperOne, 2011), 89.
53 Ep. 10.96.8.
54 Pol. 4.3.
55 Apol. 42.
56 Apol. 1.
57 Oct. 31.6. All English translations of Minucius Felix, unless otherwise noted, are taken from Gerald H. Rendall, Minucius Felix (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).
58 Sim. 1–2; 9.20; Mand. 10.4; Vis. 1.1.8; 3.6.5; 9.6.
59 1 Apol. 67.
60 Or. 32.
61 Hist. eccl. 5.21.1. English translations of Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History, unless otherwise noted, are taken from Kirsopp Lake (trans.), Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History: Books I–V (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); and J. E. L. Oulton (trans.), Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History: Books. VI–X (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
62 Hist. eccl. 5.21.2.
63 Peter Lampe, From Paul to Valentinus: Christians at Rome in the first two centuries (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003), 122.
64 Haer. 4.30.1.
65 As recorded in Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 5.20.5.
66 Haer. 9.7.1.
67 Dimitris Kyrtatus, The Social Structure of Early Christian Communities (London: Verso, 1987), 78.
68 Quis. div. 25.
69 Peter Garnsey, Thinking about Property: From antiquity to the age of revolution (1st edn; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 88.
70 Peter Lampe, ‘Early Christians in the City of Rome: Topographical and social historical aspects of the first three centuries’, in Jürgen Zangenberg and Michael Labahn (eds), Christians as a Religious Minority in a Multicultural City: Modes of interaction and identity formation in early imperial Rome (London: T&T Clark, 2004), 20–32, at 25 (emphasis his).
71 Did. 4.5–8.
72 1 Clem. 37–8.
73 2 Clem. 16.4.
74 Mand. 27.4–6.
75 Smyrn. 6.2.
76 Haer. 4.13.3.
77 Apol. 15 [Syriac].
78 E. A. Judge, ‘The Quest for Mercy in Late Antiquity’, in P. T. O’Brien and D. G. Peterson (eds), God Who Is Rich in Mercy: Essays presented to D. B. Knox (Sydney: Macquarie University Press, 1986), 107–21.
79 Apol. 39.
80 Stark, Rise of Christianity, 73–94.
81 Cels. 3.44, 56.
82 Cels. 1.62.
83 Oct 5.4.
84 Peregr. 11–12.
85 W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989). For Palestine in particular, see Catherine Hezser, Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2001).
86 Brian J. Wright, ‘Ancient Literacy in New Testament Research: Incorporating a few more lines of enquiry’, TrinJ 36 (2015), 161–89; A. Millard, Reading and Writing in the Time of Jesus (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
87 1 Clem. 21.6; Vis. 1.3.2, 2.2.3; Polycarp, Phil. 4.2.
88 H. Y. Gamble, Books and Readers in the Early Church (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 6.
89 Christoph Markschies, Christian Theology and Its Institutions in the Early Roman Empire: Prolegomena to a history of early Christian theology (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2015), 34–51.
90 Cels. 3.55.
91 S. Benko, ‘Pagan Criticism of Christianity during the First Two Centuries A.D.’, ANRW II.23.2 (1980), 1055–1118, at 1098–1100.
92 Dial. 8.
93 2 Apol. 10.8.
94 H. Chadwick, The Early Church (London: Penguin, 1993), 58.
95 Smyrn. 13.2.
96 Smyrn. 13.2.
97 Pol. 8.2.
98 Hist. eccl. 3.30.1; 3.31.2–5; 3.39.9.
99 Hist. eccl. 3.31.4.
100 Vis. 2.4.3.
101 Peregr. 12.
102 Stephen J. Davis, The Cult of St Thecla: A tradition of women’s piety in late antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
103 Or. 33.
104 2 Apol. 2.
105 Adolf von Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries (2 vols; New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1908), Vol. 2, 79.
106 Carolyn Osiek and Margaret Y. MacDonald, A Woman’s Place: House churches in earliest Christianity (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2006), 44–5.
107 Hippolytus, Haer. 9.7.
108 Stark, Rise of Christianity, 99–100.
109 Hist. eccl. 5.14–18.
110 Cels. 5.62.
111 Haer. 1.13.3.
112 Anne McGuire, ‘Women, Gender, and Gnosis in Gnostic Texts and Traditions’, in Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D’Angelo (eds), Women and Christian Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 257–99.
113 Bapt. 17.
114 Anne Jensen, God’s Self-Confident Daughters: Early Christianity and the liberation of women (Louisville, KY: Westminster Press John Knox, 1996), 81–124.
115 Hist. eccl. 3.18.4.
116 Hist. eccl. 5.1.1–5.3.4.
117 Cels. 3.44.
118 Osiek and MacDonald, A Woman’s Place, 134–5.
119 Cels. 3.55.
120 Oct. 8.4.
121 Judith Lieu, ‘The Attraction of Women In/To Early Judaism and Christianity: Gender and the politics of conversion’, JSNT 72 (1998), 5–22.
122 Hist. 13.8.
123 E.g., Juvenal, Sat. 6; Josephus, Ant. 18.3.4–5.
124 Cels. 3.55.
125 Margaret Y. MacDonald, ‘Was Celsus Right? The role of women in the expansion of early Christianity’ in David L. Balch and Carolyn Osiek (eds), Early Christian Families in Context: An interdisciplinary dialogue (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003), 157–84, at 158.
126 Lampe, Paul to Valentinus, 117–26.
127 Stark, Rise of Christianity, 101.
128 Stark, Triumph of Christianity, 121–33.
129 G. W. Peterman, ‘Marriage and Sexual Fidelity in the Papyri, Plutarch, and Paul’, TynBul 50 (1999), 163–72; Kyle Harper, ‘Porneia: The making of a Christian sexual norm’, JBL 131 (2011), 363–83.
130 Neaer. 59.122.
131 For an example, see discussion in Stanley K. Stowers, ‘A Cult from Philadelphia: Oikos religion or cultic association’ in A. J. Malherbe (ed.), The Early Church in Context: Essays in honor of Everett Ferguson (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 287–301. See also the first-century philosopher Musonius Rufus, section 12 ‘On Sexual Indulgence’.
132 Diogn. 5.7.
133 Apol. 15 [Syriac].
134 Apol. 39.
135 Oct. 31.3–5.
136 Lieu, ‘Attraction of Women’.