2 E.g., Ign. Magn . 7.1; Rom. 4.4.
1 E. Ferguson, ‘Church Order in the Sub-Apostolic Period: A survey of interpretations’, ResQ 11 (1968), 225–48, at 225.
2 E.g., Ign. Magn. 7.1; Rom. 4.4.
3 E. Ferguson, ‘The Ministry of the Word in the First Two Centuries’, ResQ 1 (1957), 21–31.
4 J. B. Lightfoot, St Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995), 95–9.
5 Alistair C. Stewart, The Original Bishops: Office and order in the first Christian communities (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2014).
6 Benjamin L. Merkle, The Elder and Overseer: One office in the early Church (New York: Peter Lang, 2003).
7 Lightfoot, Philippians, 197–8.
8 Did. 15.1.
9 Patrick Burke, ‘The Monarchial Episcopate at the End of the First Century’, JES 7 (1970), 499–518.
10 1 Clem. 42.4.
11 1 Clem. 44.3.
12 1 Clem. 44.5; cf. 47.6, 54.2.
13 Andrew F. Gregory, ‘1 Clement: An Introduction’ in Paul Foster (ed.), The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers (London: T&T Clark, 2007), 21–31.
14 Eric G. Jay, ‘From Presbyter-Bishops to Bishops and Presbyters’, SecCent 1 (1981), 125–62, at 136.
15 Vis. 8.3.
16 Vis. 13.1; Sim. 104.2.
17 Burke, ‘Monarchial Episcopate’, 509.
18 Phil. 5.3.
19 Allen Brent, Ignatius of Antioch: A martyr bishop and the origin of the episcopacy (London: T&T Clark International, 2007), 152.
20 For a survey, see James Tunstead Burtchaell, From Synagogue to Church: Public services and offices in the earliest Christian communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
21 Trall. 2.2–3.
22 Eph. 5.1.
23 Eph. 5.3; Trall 2.1.
24 Smyrn. 8.1.
25 Phil. 3.2.
26 See the arguments in Brent, Ignatius of Antioch.
27 Thomas A. Robinson, Ignatius of Antioch and the Parting of the Ways: Early Jewish-Christian relations (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2009), 95–102.
28 Smyrn. 8.2.
29 Smyrn. 8.1.
30 Eph. 4.1.
31 Trall. 2.2; 3.1.
32 Eusebius, Hist eccl. 4.22.
33 Haer. 3.3.
34 Haer. 3.3.
35 Peter Lampe, From Paul to Valentinus: Christians at Rome in the first two centuries (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003), 404–6.
36 R. P. C. Hanson, Studies in Christian Antiquity (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1985), 123–4.
37 1 Clem. 42.4.
38 1 Clem. 44.2.
39 Stewart, Original Bishops, 327–32.
40 Odd Magne Bakke, ‘The Episcopal Ministry and the Unity of the Church from the Apostolic Fathers to Cyprian’ in Jostein Ådna (ed.), The Formation of the Early Church (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005), 379–408, at 390–1.
41 Haer. 3.2.
42 Lightfoot, Philippians, 229.
43 Comm. Tit. 1.7.
44 W. A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The social world of the apostle Paul (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983), 75–6.
45 James D. G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 541.
46 R. Alistair Campbell, The Elders: Seniority within earliest Christianity (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994), 217–19.
47 L. Michael White, ‘Social Authority in the House Church Setting and Ephesians 4:1–16’, ResQ 29 (1987), 209–28.
48 David L. Balch, ‘Rich Pompeiian Houses, Shops for Rent, and the Huge Apartment Building in Herculaneum as Typical Spaces for Pauline House Churches’, JSNT 27 (2004), 27–46, at 40.
49 Paul Trebilco, ‘Early Christian Communities in the Greco-Roman City: Perspectives on urban ministry from the New Testament’, Ex Auditu 29 (2013), 25–48.
50 Cels. 3.55.
51 Cels. 8.2; cf. Minucius Felix, Oct. 8.4; 10.2–4.
52 Sim. 9.27.2.
53 William L. Lane, ‘Social Perspectives on Roman Christianity during the Formative Years from Nero to Nerva: Romans, Hebrews, 1 Clement’ in Karl P. Donfried and Peter Richardson (eds), Judaism and Christianity in First-Century Rome (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 196–244, at 238.
54 Harry O. Maier, The Social Setting of the Ministry as Reflected in the Writings of Hermas, Clement, and Ignatius (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1991), 156. For a contrary view, see Edward Adams, The Earliest Christian Meeting Places: Almost exclusively houses? (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), 69–72.
55 Haer. 1.13.5.
56 Acts of Justin 3.3. English translations of the Acts of Justin, unless otherwise noted, are from Gary A. Bisbee, Pre-Decian Acts of Martyrs and Commentarii (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1988).
57 Acts Paul 3.5; 9; 10.
58 Acts Pet. 13. English translations of all the apocryphal acts are taken from J. K. Elliott, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
59 Acts Pet. 20.
60 Acts John 13; 22; 46; 62.
61 Acts John 46.
62 R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), 23–37.
63 L. M. White, The Social Origins of Christian Architecture (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1997), 8.
64 P. K. Jewett, ‘Tenement Churches and Communal Meals in the Early Church: The implications of a form-critical analysis of 2 Thessalonians 3:10’, BR 38 (1993), 23–43.
65 Bradly S. Billings, ‘From House Church to “Tenement” Church: Domestic space and the development of early urban Christianity – the example of Ephesus’, JTS 62 (2011), 541–69, at 561–2.
66 For more on this topic, see Adams, Earliest Christian Meeting Places, 137–80.
67 Adams, Earliest Christian Meeting Places, 171–9.
68 Acts Paul 11.1.
69 Acts John 60–1; Acts Pet. 6.
70 Adams, Earliest Christian Meeting Places, 181–97.
71 Chrys C. Caragounis, ‘From Obscurity to Prominence: The development of the Roman Church between Romans and 1 Clement’ in Karl P. Donfried and Peter Richardson (eds), Judaism and Christianity in First-Century Rome (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 245–79.
72 Caragounis, ‘Obscurity to Prominence’, 258.
73 Allan Chapple, ‘Getting Romans to the Right Romans: Phoebe and the delivery of Paul’s letter’, TynBul 62 (2011), 195–214, at 204.
74 1 Clem. 44.5.
75 Phil. 5.3.
76 Acts of Justin 3.3.
77 2 Apol. 4.4; Lampe, Paul to Valentinus, 376–7.
78 Allen Brent, Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century: Communities in tension before the emergence of the monarch-bishop (Leiden: Brill, 1995), 399.
79 J. McCue, ‘The Roman Primacy in the Second Century and the Problem of Development of Dogma’, TS 25 (1964), 161–96.
80 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 4.23.
81 H. Chadwick, ‘The Role of the Christian Bishop in Ancient Society’, Protocol of the Colloquy of the Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture 35 (1980), 1–14, at 1.
82 Phil. 5.3.
83 Hist. eccl. 5.24.16.
84 Hist. eccl. 5.24.9.
85 Brent, Hippolytus and the Roman Church, 412–13.
86 Keith Hopkins, A World Full of Gods: The strange triumph of Christianity (New York: Free Press, 1999).
87 Larry W. Hurtado, At the Origins of Christian Worship: The context and character of earliest Christian devotion (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999), 7–38.
88 J. B. Rives, ‘Christian Expansion and Christian Ideology’ in W. V. Harris (ed.), The Spread of Christianity in the First Four Centuries: Essays in explanation (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 15–41.
89 Eric F. Osborn, The Emergence of Christian Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
90 Diogn. 2.6.
91 Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel: God crucified and other studies on the New Testament’s Christology of divine identity (rev. edn; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2008), 143–6.
92 Acts John 42.
93 Acts Pet. 39.
94 Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel, 127–51.
95 Hurtado, Origins of Christian Worship, 63–97.
96 E.g., 1 Clem. 20.12; 50.7; Ign. Eph. 2.2; Smyrn. 1.1; Melito, Pasch. 10, 45, 65, 105.
97 E.g., Ign. Eph. 4.1–2; Did. 10.6; Tertullian, Apol. 39. See also Martin Hengel, Between Jesus and Paul: Studies in the earliest history of Christianity (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2013), 78–96.
98 Peregr. 13.
99 Ep. 10.96.7.
100 Cels. 8.12.
101 Larry W. Hurtado, One God, One Lord: Early Christian devotion and ancient Jewish monotheism (2nd edn; Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2003).
102 Larry W. Hurtado, How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical questions about earliest devotion to Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005), 152–78.
103 David Brakke, The Gnostics: Myth, ritual, and diversity in early Christianity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 76–7.
104 For more on the origins of Christian gatherings, see Valeriy A. Alikin, The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering: Origin, development and content of the Christian gathering in the first to third centuries (Leiden: Brill, 2010).
105 See also Barn. 19.10; 2 Clem. 17.3; Did. 14.1; Acts Pet. 13.
106 O. Cullmann, Early Christian Worship (London: SCM Press, 1953), 11.
107 Did. 14.1.
108 Barn. 15.9.
109 Magn. 9.1.
110 R. A. Kraft, ‘Some Notes on Sabbath Observance in Early Christianity’, Andrews University Seminary Studies 6 (1968), 49–59.
111 Richard Bauckham, ‘The Lord’s Day’ in D. A. Carson (ed.), From Sabbath to Lord’s Day (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1982), 221–50, at 228.
112 Ep. 10.96.7.
113 1 Apol. 67.1–3.
114 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.27.5; Bauckham, ‘The Lord’s Day’, 239.
115 For a general overview, see Andrew B. McGowan, Ancient Christian Worship: Early Church practices in social, historical, and theological perspectives (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2014), 65–110.
116 H. Y. Gamble, Books and Readers in the Early Church (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 208–11.
117 Alikin, Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 178–9.
118 1 Apol. 67.
119 For more on Scripture reading in early Christianity, see Dan Nässelqvist, Public Reading in Early Christianity: Lectors, manuscripts, and sound in the oral delivery of John 1–4 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 63–118.
120 1 Apol. 60.
121 1 Apol. 67.
122 T. G. Jalland, ‘Justin Martyr and the President of the Eucharist’ in F. L. Cross (ed.), Studia Patristica, 5 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1962), 83–5.
123 Apol. 39.
124 Allen Brent, ‘Diogenes Laertius and the Apostolic Succession’, JEH 44 (1993), 367–89.
125 One of the earliest references to a sermon, though not the text of the sermon itself, is found in Ign. Pol. 5.1: ‘Flee the evil arts; indeed, deliver a sermon about them.’
126 2 Clem. 19.1.
127 Pasch. 1.
128 Muratorian Fragment 72, 78.
129 Acts Pet. 20.
130 Apol. 39.1.
131 Peregr. 12.
132 Justin Martyr, 1 Apol. 65.
133 Dennis E. Smith, From Symposium to Eucharist: The banquet in the early Christian world (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003).
134 C. F. D. Moule, Worship in the New Testament (Richmond, VA: John Knox, 1961), 21–2.
135 Did. 14.1.
136 1 Apol. 67.
137 E.g., Ep. Apos. 15; Tertullian, Apol. 39.16–18.
138 Justin Martyr, Dial. 41, 70, 117; Did. 14.1; Ign. Smyrn. 7.1; Irenaeus, Haer. 4.17.5; 4.19.4– 5; 5.2.2.
139 Ign. Smyrn. 7.1, 8.1; Eph. 5.1–3.
140 Ign. Phld. 4.1.
141 Did. 9.4.
142 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 5.24.17.
143 Justin Martyr, 1 Apol. 67; Did. 9–10.
144 Ign. Smyrn. 8.1; Justin Martyr, 1 Apol. 65.
145 Did. 14.1.
146 Justin Martyr, 1 Apol. 65–6; Did. 9.5.
147 Barn. 11.11; cf. Sim. 9.16.3–4; 1 Apol. 61; Theophilus, Autol. 2.16.
148 Did. 7.1.
149 1 Apol. 61.
150 1 Apol. 65.
151 Did. 7.3.
152 E.g., Barn. 11.11; Sim. 9.16.1–6.
153 Bapt. 4.
154 Did. 7.3; 1 Apol. 61; Irenaeus, Epid. 3, 7.
155 Smyrn. 8.2.
156 Tertullian, Bapt. 17.
157 1 Apol. 61; Did. 7.4.
158 Trad. ap. 17.
159 Eph. 4.1–2.
160 Apol. 39.
161 Ep. 10.96.7. For more, see McGowan, Ancient Christian Worship, 111–34.
162 1 Apol. 61, 65, 67; Did. 9–10; Tertullian, Apol. 39; McGowan, Ancient Christian Worship, 183–215.
163 1 Apol. 67; Tertullian, Apol. 39.