14 Kruger, Question of Canon , 79–118.
1 L. W. Hurtado, ‘The New Testament in the Second Century: Texts, collections, and canon’ in J. W. Childers and D. C. Parker (eds), Transmission and Reception: New Testament text-critical and exegetical studies (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006), 3–27, at 3.
2 A. C. Sundberg, ‘Towards a Revised History of the New Testament Canon’, SE 4 (1968), 452–61.
3 L. M. McDonald, The Biblical Canon: Its origin, transmission, and authority (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2007), 359.
4 Adolf von Harnack, Origin of the New Testament and the Most Important Consequences of a New Creation (London: Williams & Northgate, 1925); Hans von Campenhausen, The Formation of the Christian Bible (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1972).
5 E. Pagels, Beyond Belief: The secret Gospel of Thomas (New York: Random House, 2003), 11.
6 B. Childs, Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress, 1979), 51.
7 Michael J. Kruger, The Question of Canon: Challenging the status quo in the New Testament debate (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2013), 15–46.
8 G. M. Hahneman, The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 129–30.
9 B. S. Childs, ‘On Reclaiming the Bible for Christian Theology’ in C. E. Braaten and R. W. Jenson (eds), Reclaiming the Bible for the Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1995), 1–17, at 9.
10 Iain Provan, ‘Canons to the Left of Him: Brevard Childs, his critics, and the future of Old Testament theology’, SJT 50 (1997), 1–38.
11 C. F. Evans, ‘The New Testament in the Making’ in P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans (eds), The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the beginnings to Jerome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 232–83, at 234.
12 H. Y. Gamble, The New Testament Canon: Its making and meaning (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1985), 57.
13 J. Barr, Holy Scripture: Canon, authority and criticism (Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1983), 12.
14 Kruger, Question of Canon, 79–118.
15 Stephen B. Chapman, The Law and the Prophets: A study in Old Testament canon formation (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2000).
16 Kevin J. Vanhoozer, The Drama of Doctrine: A canonical-linguistic approach to Christian theology (Louisville, KY: Westminster Press John Knox, 2005), 206.
17 Haer. 1.8.1.
18 Gamble, New Testament Canon, 70.
19 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 6.12.3–6.
20 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 6.14.5–7.
21 Haer. 4.20.2.
22 Robert M. Grant, Irenaeus of Lyons (London: Routledge, 1997), 38.
23 Paed. 2.10.3; Strom. 2.15.67.
24 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 6.25.10.
25 Haer. 3.11.8.
26 Hahneman, Muratorian Fragment, 101.
27 Dimitris Kyrtatus, ‘Historical Aspects of the Formation of the New Testament Canon’ in Einar Thomassen (ed.), Canon and Canonicity: The formation and use of Scripture (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2010), 29–44, at 35.
28 C. E. Hill, Who Chose the Gospels? Probing the great gospel conspiracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 39–42.
29 Eric Osborn, Irenaeus of Lyons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 169–78.
30 David L. Dungan, Constantine’s Bible: Politics and the making of the New Testament (1st edn; Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 2006), 132–3.
31 J. Verheyden, ‘The Canon Muratori: A matter of dispute’ in J.-M. Auwers and H. J. de Jonge (eds), The Biblical Canons (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2003), 487–556.
32 Autol. 3.12.
33 Autol. 3.13–14.
34 Autol. 2.13.
35 Autol. 2.22.
36 Jerome, Epist. 121.6.15.
37 Robert M. Grant, ‘The Bible of Theophilus of Antioch’, JBL 66 (1947), 173–96, at 182.
38 Autol. 3.14.
39 Grant, ‘Bible of Theophilus’, 184.
40 Hist. eccl. 4.24.1.
41 E.g., Autol. 2.9; 2.25; 2.34.
42 M. Hengel, The Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2000), 18–19.
43 Dial. 103.
44 Dial. 100.1; 103.8; 106.3–4.
45 Dial. 106.
46 E.g., 1 Apol. 46.2; Dial. 88.7.
47 1 Apol. 61.4.
48 H. Koester, Ancient Christian Gospels: Their history and development (London: SCM Press, 1990), 41.
49 1 Apol. 67.3.
50 E.g., Dial. 100.1; 103.6–8; 104.1; 106.3–4; 107.1.
51 M. Hengel, ‘The Titles of the Gospels and the Gospel of Mark’ in Studies in the Gospel of Mark (London: SCM Press, 1985), 64–84, at 76.
52 Dial. 81.4; 1 Apol. 28.1.
53 C. E. Hill, ‘Justin and the New Testament Writings’ in E. Livingstone (ed.), Studia Patristica, 30 (Leuven: Peeters, 1997), 42–8.
54 Haer. 3.12.12.
55 Judith Lieu, Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the second century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 26–49.
56 John Barton, ‘Marcion Revisited’ in L. M. McDonald and J. A. Sanders (eds), The Canon Debate (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), 344–8.
57 Barton, ‘Marcion Revisited’, 343.
58 D. L. Balás, ‘Marcion Revisited: A “post-Harnack” perspective’ in W. E. March (ed.), Texts and Testaments: Critical essays on the Bible and the early Church Fathers (San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 1980)), 95–107, at 103 (emphasis mine).
59 The original reconstruction of Marcion’s Luke was Adolf von Harnack, Marcion: Das Evangelium von Fremden Gott (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1924). An updated version can be found in Dieter T. Roth, The Text of Marcion’s Gospel (Leiden: Brill, 2015).
60 E.g., Harnack, Marcion, 243; Roth, Marcion’s Gospel 438–9; A. J. B. Higgins, ‘The Latin Text of Luke in Marcion and Tertullian’, VC 5 (1951), 1–42, at 15.
61 Harnack, Origin of the New Testament, 68–83.
62 Hist. eccl. 4.3.1–3.
63 Apol. 2.4 [Syriac].
64 Apol. 2.4 [Syriac].
65 Hill, Who Chose the Gospels?, 181–2.
66 Dial. 100.1; Haer. 1.7.4; 3.5.1; 3.11.7.
67 Haer. 3.5.1.
68 See discussion in Hill, Who Chose the Gospels?, 179–80.
69 Hill, Who Chose the Gospels?, 182.
70 Apol. 17.1 [Syriac].
71 E.g., compare Apol. 17.1 [Syriac] and 2 Peter 3.15–16.
72 E.g., see the classic A Committee of the Oxford Society of Historical Theology (ed.), The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (Oxford: Clarendon, 1905). For a more updated version, see A. Gregory and C. Tuckett (eds), The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
73 C. E. Hill, ‘“In These Very Words”: Methods and standards of literary borrowing in the second century’ in C. E. Hill and M. J. Kruger (eds), The Early Text of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 261–81.
74 Barn. 4.14.
75 Eph. 12.2.
76 Paul Foster, ‘The Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch and the Writings That Later Formed the New Testament’ in Andrew Gregory and C. M. Tuckett (eds), The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 159–86.
77 J. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers (2 vols; London: Macmillan, 1889), Vol. 2, 65–6.
78 C. E. Hill, ‘Ignatius and the Apostolate’ in Studia Patristica, 36 (Leuven: Peeters, 2001), 226–48.
79 Rom. 4.3; Magn. 13.1; Trall. 7.1.
80 See discussion in Kruger, Question of Canon, 192–3.
81 Phil. 12.1.
82 C. M. Nielsen, ‘Polycarp, Paul, and the Scriptures’, AThR 47 (1965), 199–216, at 216.
83 P. Hartog, ‘Polycarp, Ephesians, and “Scripture”’, WTJ 70 (2008), 255–75, at 267.
84 K. Berding, Polycarp and Paul: An analysis of their literary and theological relationship in light of Polycarp’s use of biblical and extra-biblical literature (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 94; C. E. Hill, The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 418–20.
85 B. M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its origin, development, and significance (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987), 42.
86 1 Clem. 42.1–2.
87 1 Clem. 47.1–3.
88 D. A. Hagner, The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome (Leiden: Brill, 1973), 238–71.
89 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.4.
90 Irenaeus, Haer. 5.33.4.
91 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.3–4.
92 E.g., see C. S. Keener, The Gospel of John (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2003), 95–8.
93 Hist. eccl. 3.39.15–16. The description of Matthew as being written in the ‘Hebrew language’ is admittedly confusing, given that we know Matthew was originally written in Greek. It is possible that he simply means Matthew was written in a Hebraic style (the view of Robert Gundry), or Papias could simply be mistaken on this point.
94 Hist. eccl. 3.39.15.
95 C. E. Hill, ‘What Papias Said about John (and Luke): A new Papias fragment’, JTS 49 (1998), 582–629.
96 R. Bauckham, ‘Papias and Polycrates on the Origin of the Fourth Gospel’, JTS 44 (1993), 24–69.
97 Hill, Who Chose the Gospels?, 214.
98 R. Heard, ‘Papias’ Quotations from the New Testament’, NTS 1 (1954), 130–4.
99 J. Barton, The Spirit and the Letter: Studies in the biblical canon (London: SPCK, 1997), 35.
100 Hill, Who Chose the Gospels?, 156.
101 English translation from Bryan M. Litfin, Early Christian Martyr Stories: An evangelical introduction with new translations (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2014), 90.
102 Peregr. 12.