5 Haer . 3.2.2.
1 E. Ferguson, The Rule of Faith: A guide (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2015), 2.
2 Paul R. Trebilco, The Early Christians in Ephesus from Paul to Ignatius (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004), 716–17.
3 John Behr, Formation of Christian Theology, Vol. 1: The Way to Nicaea (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2001); Paul Hartog, ‘The “Rule of Faith” and Patristic Biblical Exegesis’, TrinJ 28 (2007), 65–86; Eric F. Osborn, ‘Reason and the Rule of Faith in the Second Century ad’ in Rowan Williams (ed.), The Making of Orthodoxy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 40–61.
4 J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1978), 36–9.
5 Haer. 3.2.2.
6 E.g., Justin Martyr, 1 Apol. 66.3; Irenaeus, Haer. 3.1.1.
7 Christopher Seitz, The Goodly Fellowship of the Prophets: The achievement of association in canon formation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2009), 35–6.
8 Kevin J. Vanhoozer, The Drama of Doctrine: A canonical-linguistic approach to Christian theology (Louisville, KY: Westminster Press John Knox, 2005), 206.
9 Daniel H. Williams, Retrieving the Tradition and Renewing Evangelicalism: A primer for suspicious Protestants (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999), 94.
10 Haer. 1.10.2.
11 Behr, Way to Nicea, 38.
12 Haer. 3.2.1.
13 Paul M. Blowers, ‘The Regula Fidei and the Narrative Character of Early Christian Faith’, ProEccl 6 (1997), 199–228, at 217.
14 Hartog, ‘Rule of Faith’, 76.
15 Bryan M. Litfin, ‘Learning from the Patristic Use of the Rule of Faith’ in Paul Hartog (ed.), The Contemporary Church and the Early Church: Case studies in ressourcement (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2010), 76–99.
16 Jaroslav Pelikan and Valerie R. Hotchkiss (eds), Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition (4 vols; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003); J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds (New York: Longman, 1972).
17 Praescr. 13.
18 Haer. 1.10.1.
19 Epid. 6. English translation from John Behr, St Irenaeus of Lyons: On the apostolic preaching (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1997).
20 Ep. Apos. 3; English translation from J. K. Elliott, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
21 Acts of Justin 2.5.
22 Apol. 2 [Syriac].
23 Jonathan J. Armstrong, The Role of the Rule of Faith in the Formation of the New Testament Canon according to Eusebius of Caesarea (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 2014), 97–8.
24 Eph. 7.1–2; cf. 18.2; 20.2.
25 Trall. 9.1–2; cf. Smyrn. 1.1–2.
26 1 Clem. 7.2 (emphasis mine).
27 Armstrong, Rule of Faith, 87–9.
28 Haer. 3.3.3.
29 Diogn. 7.2.
30 H. Y. Gamble, Books and Readers in the Early Church (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 112.
31 L. W. Hurtado, ‘Interactive Diversity: A proposed model for Christian origins’, JTS 64 (2013), 445–62.
32 R. Bauckham, ‘For Whom Were Gospels Written?’ in R. Bauckham (ed.), The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the gospel audiences (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 9–48, at 31.
33 Blowers, ‘Regula Fidei’, 199–228.
34 Strom. 6.15.3.
35 N. T. Wright, The New Testament and the People of God (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1992), 371–443.
36 R. W. Jenson, Canon and Creed (Louisville, KY: Westminster Press John Knox, 2010), 23 (emphasis mine).
37 Trall. 9.2.
38 Epid. 6.
39 Did. 15.1; 1 Clem. 44.3.
40 W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity (ed. R. Kraft and G. Krodel; Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1971), 69.
41 Einar Thomassen, ‘Orthodoxy and Heresy in Second-Century Rome’, HTR 97 (2004), 241–56, at 244; Ismo Dunderberg, ‘The School of Valentinus in Antti Marjanen and Petri Luomanen (eds), A Companion to Second-Century Christian ‘Heretics’ (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 64–99, at 72.
42 Hist. eccl. 5.20.1.
43 Hist. eccl. 4.15.46.
44 Adolf von Harnack, Marcion: The gospel of the alien God (Durham, NC: Labyrinth Press, 1990), 165 n.3.
45 Haer. 9.2.
46 Haer. 6.36.
47 Hist. eccl. 5.28.10.
48 Hist. eccl. 5.28.12.
49 E.g., Eph. 2.2; Magn. 2.1, 6.1; Trall. 2.1–2.
50 T. Robinson, The Bauer Thesis Examined: The geography of heresy in the early Christian Church (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1989), 176–7.
51 H. E. W. Turner, The Pattern of Christian Truth: A study in the relations between orthodoxy and heresy in the early Church (London: A. R. Mowbray, 1954); J. McCue, ‘Orthodoxy and Heresy: Walter Bauer and the Valentinians’, VC 33 (1979), 118–30; Robinson, Bauer Thesis Examined, 35–91. More recently, see A. J. Köstenberger and M. J. Kruger, The Heresy of Orthodoxy: How modern culture’s fascination with diversity has reshaped our understanding of early Christianity (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2010).
52 E. Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York: Random House, 1979), xxxi; B. D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities: The battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 176.
53 For an overview of the geographical issues in the Bauer thesis, see Köstenberger and Kruger, Heresy of Orthodoxy, 41–52.
54 Paul R. Trebilco, ‘Christian Communities in Western Asia Minor into the Early Second Century: Ignatius and others as witnesses against Bauer’, JETS 49 (2006), 17–44.
55 Trebilco, ‘Christian Communities in Western Asia Minor’, 44.
56 A. J. Hultgren, The Rise of Normative Christianity (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1994).
57 Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy, 101–2.
58 Hist. eccl. 4.22.2.
59 Hultgren, Normative Christianity, 47.
60 D. Bock, The Missing Gospels: Unearthing the truth behind alternative Christianities (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2006).
61 Bock, Missing Gospels, 52.
62 Bock, Missing Gospels, 53.
63 Köstenberger and Kruger, Heresy of Orthodoxy, 41–52. For examples of some other studies, see D. J. Harrington, ‘The Reception of Walter Bauer’s Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity During the Last Decade’, HTR 77 (1980), 289–98.
64 Bock, Missing Gospels, 54 (emphasis his).
65 L. W. Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian origins (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006), 20–1; 217–24.
66 Hurtado, Earliest Christian Artifacts, 217–24.
67 C. H. Roberts, Manuscript, Society and Belief in Early Christian Egypt (London: Oxford University Press, 1979), 52.
68 Scott Charlesworth, ‘Indicators of “Catholicity” in Early Gospel Manuscripts’ in C. E. Hill and M. J. Kruger (eds), The Early Text of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 37–48, at 47. Charlesworth is citing Birger A. Pearson, Gnosticism and Christianity in Roman and Coptic Egypt (New York: T&T Clark International, 2004), 13–14.
69 E. J. Epp, ‘New Testament Papyrus Manuscripts and Letter Carrying in Greco-Roman Times’ in B. Pearson (ed.), The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in honor of Helmut Koester (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1991), 35–56; L. Alexander, ‘Ancient Book Production and the Circulation of the Gospels’ in R. Bauckham (ed.), The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the gospel audiences (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 71–111.
70 Charlesworth, ‘Early Gospel Manuscripts’, 47 n.40. Bernhard Mutschler, Irenäus als Johanneischer Theologe: Studien zur Schriftauslegung bei Irenäus von Lyon (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004), 101.
71 J. A. Brooks, ‘Clement of Alexandria as a Witness to the Development of the Canon’, SecCent 9 (1992), 41–55, at 44.
72 J. Barton, The Spirit and the Letter: Studies in the biblical canon (London: SPCK, 1997), 19.
73 Irenaeus, Haer. 1.29.
74 Tertullian, Marc. 5.19.
75 Robinson, Bauer Thesis Examined, 203.
76 Phil. 7.1.
77 Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy, 73.
78 Paul Hartog, ‘Walter Bauer and the Apostolic Fathers’ in Paul Hartog (ed.), Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christian Contexts (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2015), 34–59, at 41.
79 Exc. 56.2.
80 Strom. 4.13; cf. McCue, ‘Orthodoxy and Heresy’, 127.
81 Origen, Comm. Jo. 13.341.
82 Pagels, Gnostic Gospels, xxxi.
83 Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy, 216 n.36.
84 Cels. 7.3.
85 Cels. 5.61–4.
86 Cels. 3.10.
87 Haer. 3.28.1; Hist. eccl. 3.32.7.
88 Cels. 5.61.
89 Cels. 5.59.
90 G. T. Burke, ‘Walter Bauer and Celsus: The shape of late second-century Christianity’, SecCent 4 (1984), 1–7, at 7.
91 Robert L. Wilken, ‘Diversity and Unity in Early Christianity’, SecCent 1 (1981), 101–10, at 107.
92 H. Koester and J. M. Robinson, Trajectories through Early Christianity (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1971), 115.
93 Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 131.
94 Larry W. Hurtado, One God, One Lord: Early Christian devotion and ancient Jewish monotheism (2nd edn; Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2003), 85.
95 Simon Gathercole, ‘E Pluribus Unum? Apostolic Unity and Early Christian Literature’ in D. A. Carson (ed.), The Enduring Authority of the Christian Scriptures (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016), 407–55, makes the case that Paul’s doctrinal commitments were the same as the other apostles and that those commitments matched the majority of second-century Christians.
96 Bryan M. Litfin, ‘Apostolic Tradition and the Rule of Faith in Light of the Bauer Thesis’ in Paul Hartog (ed.), Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christian Contexts (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2015), 141–65, at 145. Gathercole, ‘E Pluribus Unum’, 448–55, makes a similar (though briefer) case as Litfin.
97 Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel: God crucified and other studies on the New Testament’s Christology of divine identity (rev. edn; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2008); Hurtado, One God, One Lord, 118–36.
98 Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel, 19 (emphasis mine).
99 Richard A. Horsley, ‘The Background of the Confessional Formula in 1 Cor 8.6’, ZNW 69 (1978), 130–4.
100 Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ, 125.
101 Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel, 30.
102 Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ, 123.
103 Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, 19.
104 Martin Hengel, The Son of God: The origin of Christology and the history of Jewish-Hellenistic religion (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1976), 7–19.
105 P. Jenkins, Hidden Gospels (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 116.
106 Haer. 3.2.2.
107 J. D. G. Dunn, Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: An inquiry into the character of early Christianity (3rd edn; London: SCM Press, 2006), 407.
108 For an overview of various heretical groups mentioned in the New Testament writings, see Köstenberger and Kruger, Heresy of Orthodoxy, 69–101.
109 For more on the theological unity of the New Testament see A. J. Köstenberger, ‘Diversity and Unity in the New Testament’ in Scott Hafemann (ed.), Biblical Theology: Retrospect and prospect (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 2002), 144–58; P. Balla, Challenges to New Testament Theology: An attempt to justify the enterprise (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998); and Köstenberger and Kruger, Heresy of Orthodoxy, 69–101.
110 Bart D. Ehrman, How Jesus Became God: The exaltation of a Jewish preacher from Galilee (New York: HarperOne, 2014), 211–46.
111 Michael Bird (ed.), How God Became Jesus: The real origins of belief in Jesus’ divine nature (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2014).
112 Dunn, Unity and Diversity, 403.
113 Litfin, ‘Apostolic Tradition and the Rule of Faith’, 160–1.
114 Christoph Markschies, Christian Theology and Its Institutions in the Early Roman Empire: Prolegomena to a history of early Christian theology (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2015), 343.