6 Ep . 8.8.7.
1 Robert M. Grant, ‘The Social Setting of Second-Century Christianity’ in E. P. Sanders (ed.), Jewish and Christian Self-Definition (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1980), Vol. 1, 16–29, at 21.
2 M. F. Wiles, ‘Origen as Biblical Scholar’ in P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans (eds), The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the beginnings to Jerome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 454–89, at 454.
3 Margaret M. Mitchell, ‘The Emergence of the Written Record’ in Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young (eds), The Cambridge History of Christianity, Vol 1: Origins to Constantine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 177–94, at 178.
4 L. Alexander, ‘Paul and the Hellenistic Schools: The evidence of Galen’ in Troels Engberg-Pedersen (ed.), Paul in His Hellenistic Context (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1995), 60–83.
5 Mary Beard, ‘Writing and Religion’ in Sarah Johnston (ed.), Ancient Religions (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2007), 127–38.
6 Ep. 8.8.7.
7 W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 218–21.
8 Beard, ‘Writing and Religion’, 135.
9 H. Gamble, ‘Literacy, Liturgy, and the Shaping of the New Testament Canon’ in C. Horton (ed.), The Earliest Gospels (London: T&T Clark, 2004), 27–39, at 28.
10 1 Apol. 67.3.
11 2 Clem. 19.1.
12 Pasch. 1.
13 Muratorian Fragment 72, 78.
14 Hist. eccl. 4.13.9–11.
15 H. Y. Gamble, Books and Readers in the Early Church (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 83–4.
16 Ep. 3.5.11–12.
17 Haer. 3.7.1.
18 Haer. 3.7.2. For more discussion, see Dan Nässelqvist, Public Reading in Early Christianity: Lectors, manuscripts, and sound in the oral delivery of John 1–4 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 88–9.
19 Ep. 71.5.
20 Ep. 71.5.
21 Cels. 3.55.
22 1 Apol. 67.
23 E.g., Irenaeus, Haer. 5.33.3. For more, see J. Jeremias, Unknown Sayings of Jesus (London: SPCK, 1964).
24 A. Gregory and C. Tuckett (eds), The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Stephen E. Young, Jesus Tradition in the Apostolic Fathers (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011).
25 W. Kelber, The Oral and Written Gospel: The hermeneutics of speaking and writing in the synoptic tradition, Mark, Paul, and Q (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1983), 33, 93.
26 A. E. Harvey, ‘Review of Midrash and Lection in Matthew by M. G. Goulder’, JTS 27 (1976), 188–95, at 189.
27 J. Barr, Holy Scripture: Canon, authority and criticism (Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1983), 12.
28 Chris Keith, Jesus’ Literacy: Scribal culture and the teacher from Galilee (London: T&T Clark, 2011), 87 (emphasis mine).
29 M. Beard, ‘Writing and Religion: Ancient literacy and the function of the written word in Roman religion’ in M. Beard (ed.), Literacy in the Roman World (Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1991), 35–58, at 39.
30 J. Dewey, ‘Oral Methods of Structuring Narrative in Mark’, Int 43 (1989), 32–44, at 43.
31 Terence C. Mournet, ‘The Jesus Tradition as Oral Tradition’ in W. Kelber and S. Byrskog (eds), Jesus in Memory: Traditions in oral and scribal perspectives (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2009), 39–61, at 51.
32 As recorded in Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.4.
33 H. von Campenhausen, The Formation of the Christian Bible (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1972), 135.
34 R. Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as eyewitness testimony (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006), 27.
35 A. Millard, Reading and Writing in the Time of Jesus (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 201–29.
36 Gamble, Books and Readers, 23–4.
37 G. N. Stanton, ‘Why Were Early Christians Addicted to the Codex? in Jesus and Gospel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 165–91, at 181–2.
38 Michael F. Bird, The Gospel of the Lord: How the early Church wrote the story of Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2014), 45–8. Cf. Birger Gerhardsson, Memory and Manuscript with Tradition and Transmission in Early Christianity (rev. edn; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 157–63.
39 For a helpful introduction, see Paul Foster (ed.), The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers (London: T&T Clark, 2007).
40 Dominic J. Unger (trans.), St Irenaeus of Lyons: Against the Heresies (New York: Newman Press, 1992), 1.
41 For an overview of early Christian apologetic works, see Mark Edwards, Martin Goodman and Simon Price (eds), Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); and Jakob Engberg, Anders-Christian Jacobson and Jörg Ulrich (eds), In Defence of Christianity: Early Christian apologetics (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2014).
42 Stanton, ‘Why Were Early Christians Addicted to the Codex?’, 182.
43 Martin C. Albl, And Scripture Cannot Be Broken: The form and function of the early Christian testimonia collections (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
44 C. H. Roberts, ‘Two Biblical Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester’, BJRL 20 (1936), 219–44.
45 Markus Bockmuehl, ‘The Making of Gospel Commentaries’ in Markus Bockmuehl and Donald A. Hagner (eds), The Written Gospel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 274–95, at 274.
46 Alistair Stewart-Sykes, From Prophecy to Preaching: A search for the origins of the Christian homily (Leiden: Brill, 2001).
47 1 Apol. 67.3.
48 Dial. 98.
49 Acts Pet. 20.
50 Stewart-Sykes, Prophecy to Preaching, 214–20.
51 A. C. Perumalil, ‘Papias’, ExpT 85 (1974), 361–6.
52 Hist. eccl. 3.39.12.
53 Jerome, Vir. ill. 24.2.
54 Hist. eccl. 6.14.1; Bockmuel, ‘Gospel Commentaries’, 283.
55 J. K. Elliott, ‘The Non-Canonical Gospels and the New Testament Apocrypha: Currents in early Christian thought and beyond’ in Paul Foster (ed.), The Non-Canonical Gospels (London: T&T Clark, 2008), 1–12.
56 H. Koester, ‘Apocryphal and Canonical Gospels’, HTR 73 (1980), 105–30.
57 D. Meade, Pseudepigrapha and Canon (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1986).
58 Bart D. Ehrman, Forgery and Counterforgery: The use of literary deceit in early Christian polemics (1st edn; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
59 Bapt. 17.
60 J. K. Elliott, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), xii.
61 H. Koester, Ancient Christian Gospels: Their history and development (London: SCM Press, 1990), 75–128.
62 Simon Gathercole, The Composition of the Gospel of Thomas: Original language and influences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012); M. S. Goodacre, Thomas and the Gospels: The case for Thomas’s familiarity with the synoptics (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012).
63 C. Tuckett, The Gospel of Mary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 53–4.
64 A. F. J. Klijn, Jewish-Christian gospel tradition (Leiden: Brill, 1992).
65 E.g., Irenaeus, Haer. 1.26.2; Epiphanius, Pan. 30.3.7; 30.13.2.
66 T. Nicklas, M. J. Kruger and T. Kraus, Gospel Fragments (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 11–120.
67 F. Watson, Gospel Writings: A canonical perspective (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2013), 286–340.
68 M. J. Kruger, The Gospel of the Savior: An analysis of P.Oxy. 840 and its place in the gospel traditions of early Christianity (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
69 Elliott, Apocryphal New Testament, 46.
70 Hans-Josef Klauck, The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An introduction (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008), 7–14.
71 Andrew Gregory, ‘Non-Canonical Epistles and Related Literature’ in Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 90–114.
72 Elliott, Apocryphal New Testament, 555.
73 J. M. Robinson, The Nag Hammadi Library in English (Leiden: Brill, 1988), 431–3.
74 Birger A. Pearson, Ancient Gnosticism: Traditions and literature (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007), 220.
75 L. Alexander, ‘Ancient Book Production and the Circulation of the Gospels’ in R. Bauckham (ed.), The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the gospel audiences (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 71–111, at 85.
76 C. H. Roberts and T. C. Skeat, The Birth of the Codex (London: Oxford University Press, 1987).
77 L. W. Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian origins (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006), 54–6.
78 T. C. Skeat, ‘The Origin of the Christian Codex’, ZPE 102 (1994), 263–8; Gamble, Books and Readers, 58–66.
79 J. K. Elliott, ‘Manuscripts, the Codex, and the Canon’, JSNT 63 (1996), 105–22, at 111.
80 Hurtado, Earliest Christian Artifacts, 59.
81 E.g., P. Oxy. 405 (Irenaeus, Against Heresies), P. Mich. 130 (Shepherd of Hermas), P. Ryl. 463 (Gospel of Mary).
82 E. G. Turner, The Typology of the Early Codex (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), 37.
83 G. N. Stanton, Jesus and Gospel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 192–206.
84 B. D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 2005), 51.
85 K. Haines-Eitzen, Guardians of Letters: Literacy, power, and the transmitters of early Christian literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 39.
86 Haines-Eitzen, Guardians of Letters, 68.
87 L. W. Hurtado, ‘The Origin of the Nomina Sacra: A proposal’, JBL 117 (1998), 655–73.
88 T. C. Skeat, ‘Early Christian Book-Production’ in G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Bible (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), Vol. 2, 54–79, at 73.
89 J. Barton, The Spirit and the Letter: Studies in the biblical canon (London: SPCK, 1997), 123.
90 W. A. Johnson, ‘Towards a Sociology of Reading in Classical Antiquity’, AJP 121 (2000), 593–627.
91 Scott Charlesworth, ‘Public and Private: Second- and third-century Gospel manuscripts’ in C. A. Evans and H. Daniel Zacharias (eds), Jewish and Christian Scripture as Artifact and Canon (London: T&T Clark, 2009), 148–75.
92 L. W. Hurtado, ‘Manuscripts and the Sociology of Early Christian Reading’ in C. E. Hill and M. J. Kruger (eds), The Early Text of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 49–62.
93 Michael B. Thompson, ‘The Holy Internet: Communication between churches in the first Christian generation’ in Richard Bauckham (ed.), The Gospel for All Christians: Rethinking the gospel audiences (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 113–45.
94 Vis. 2.4.3.
95 Gamble, Books and Readers, 109.
96 Phil. 13.1–2.
97 Gamble, Books and Readers, 110.
98 Charlesworth, ‘Gospel Manuscripts’, 157 (emphasis mine).
99 Gamble, Books and Readers, 109.
100 Gamble, Books and Readers, 122.
101 Charlesworth, ‘Gospel Manuscripts’, 171.
102 Craig A. Evans, ‘How Long Were Antique Books in Use? Possible implications for New Testament textual criticism’, BBR 25 (2015), 23–37.
103 K. Aland and B. Aland, The Text of the New Testament: An introduction to the critical editions and to the theory and practice of modern textual criticism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1989), 93–5.
104 C. E. Hill and M. J. Kruger (eds), The Early Text of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 17.
105 B. D. Ehrman, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture (2nd edn; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
106 Hill and Kruger, Early Text of the New Testament, 9–13.
107 Michael W. Holmes, ‘Text and Transmission in the Second Century’ in Robert B. Stewart (ed.), The Reliability of the New Testament: Bart D. Ehrman and Daniel B. Wallace in dialogue (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2011), 61–79, at 78.
108 E. J. Epp, ‘Textual Criticism’ in E. J. Epp and G. W. MacRae (eds), The New Testament and Its Modern Interpreters (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1989), 75–126, at 91.
109 H. Koester, ‘The Text of the Synoptic Gospels in the Second Century’ in W. L. Petersen (ed.), Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Origins, recensions, text, and transmission (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1989), 19–37.
110 C. E. Hill, ‘“In These Very Words”: Methods and standards of literary borrowing in the second century’ in C. E. Hill and M. J. Kruger (eds), The Early Text of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 261–81.
111 Holmes, ‘Text and Transmission’, 68–73.
112 M. J. Kruger, ‘Early Christian Attitudes towards the Reproduction of Texts’ in C. E. Hill and M. J. Kruger (eds), The Early Text of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 63–80.
113 J. D. Thomas, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Vol. 64 (ed. E. W. Handley; London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1997), 6.
114 F. Wisse, ‘The Nature and Purpose of Redactional Changes in Early Christian Texts: The canonical Gospels’ in W. L. Petersen (ed.), The Gospel Traditions of the Second Century: Origins, recensions, text, and transmission (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1989), 39–53, at 52–3.
115 Aland and Aland, Text of the New Testament, 291–2.
116 Larry W. Hurtado, ‘The Early New Testament Papyri: A survey of their significance’ in Jens Herzer (ed.), Papyrologie Und Exegese: Die Auslegung Des Neuen Testaments Im Licht Der Papyri (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012), 1–18.