ZA'CHER (memorial), a Benjamite,

ordinances of the Lord blameless. And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they were both noiv well stricken in years." It was while Zacharias served one day in the temple that an angel appeared to him and prophesied the birth of a son. But, although for this he had long been praying, he did not believe that God would thus signally answer his praj^er. He required a sign, and he received one— dumbness up to the time of the circumcision of the child. To the wonder of the attendant people he silently dismissed, but conveyed by action enough to let them know he had seen a vision, he was a deaf-mute until, in obedience to the angelic direction, he had named the infant born to him John. Then he not only spoke, but was filled with the Holy Ghost, and in a strain of the most devout gratitude and praise he poured out his soul. And, thus singing, he passes out of history.

1 Chr. 8:31; called Zechariah in 1 Chr. 9 : 37.

ZA'DOK (jitst). 1. SonofAhitub, of the family of Eleazar, and one of the two high priests in the time of David, Abiathar being the other. 2 Sam. 8:17. He joined David at Hebron, 1 Chr. 12 : 28, and was always faithful to him, staying behind in Jerusalem at his request during Absalom's rebellion, and subsequently anointed Solomon king, 1 Kgs. 1 : 39, and was rewarded by Solomon for his faithful service by being made sole high priest. See Abiathar.

2. A priest in the time of King Ahaz-iah. 1 Chr. 6:12.

3. The father of King Uzziah's wife.

2 Kgs. 15:33; 2 Chr. 27:1.

4. One who repaired a part of the wall. Neh. 3 : 4.

5. 6, 7. Three other persons. Neh. 3 : 29; 10:21; 13:13.

ZA'HAM (loathing), son of Reho-boam. 2 Chr. 11:19.

ZA'IR (small), a place in Idumgea where Joram overcame the Edomites. 2 Kgs. 8 : 21. The name does not occur elsewhere. It has been regarded as equivalent to Zoar, and again to Seir, but more probably is identical with Zueirah, on the south-western side of the Dead Sea.

ZA'LAPH (bruise), the father of

ZAL

ZAR

one who helped to build the wall. Neh. 3 : HO.

ZAL'MON {sluuhi), one of David's guard, 2 Sam. 23:2.Sj called Ilai in 1 Chr. 11 : 20.

ZAL'3IOX [shndu), MOU\T, a hill near Shechem from which Abimelech cut boughs to burn the citadel. Jud. 9 : 48. Possibly the same as Salmon. Ps. 68 : 14. Mount Ebal is now called Jehel Sahimuyeh, in which some trace a resemblance to " Zalmon."

ZALMO'NAH {shady), 2i station of the Israelites in the wilderness. Num. 33 : 41, 42. It lay to the east of Edom. Palmer and Raumer suggest its identity with Ma'an, a short distance east of Petra. Another suggested site is in Wddri el-Ithm.

ZALMUN'NA {shelter denied to one/), one of the two kings of Midian slain by Gideon. Jud. 8 : 5-21 ; Ps. 83 : 11.

ZAMZUM^MIMS. Deut. 2 : 20. See

ZUZIMS.

ZANO'AH. Jekuthiel is called, in the A. V. of 1 Chr. 4 : 18, the father of Zanoah, but this means he was the founder of the village of that name. See Z A NOAH, 2.

ZANO'AH {marsh, bog), a name for two towns,

1. A town in Judah, in the lowlands or ''valley." Josh. 15:34; Neh. 3:13; 11 : SO. Robinson fixed its site up the valley of Sorek, east of Bcth-shemesh, at Zdiiud, on the sIojjc of a hill, 14 miles west-south-west of Jerusalem. The Pal. Memoirs also accept this large ruin as the site of Zanoah.

2. A town in the highlands of Judah. Josh. 15 : 56. Robinson proposed Za'un-tnh, 10 miles south-south-west of Hebron, and Conder, after proposing and abandoning another site, appears to accept Robinson's identification.

ZAPH'NATH-PAANE'AH, the name or title given by Pharaoh to Joseph immediately after his elevation. Gen. 41: 45. The etymology of the word is uncertain, some deriving it from a Hebrew root, " the revealer of mysteries," others from an Egyptian root, " the preserver of the age."

ZA'PHON {the north), a city of Gad, east of the Jordan. " in the valley." Josh. 13:27. The word translated" " northward " in Jud. 12 : 1 is rendered in the

Septuagint "to Zaphon." The Talmud identifies it as Amathus, and it is now represented by the ruined site Amateh, south-east of the Sea of Galileo.

ZA'RA (n'sinif of light), the son of Judah. Matt. 1 ■'3. See below.

ZA'RAH (risiuij of light), a son of Judah by Tamar. Gen. 38 : 30; 46 : 12; called Zerah in Num. 26:2(1; Josh. 7 : 1, 18 ; 22 : 20 ; 1 Chr. 2 : 4, (i: 9:0; Neh. 11 : 24, and Zara. Matt. 1 : 3. The name is properlv Zerah.

ZA'REAH (hornets' town). Neh. 11 : 29. See Zokah.

ZA'REATIIITES, the inhabitants of Zareah or Zorah. 1 Chr. 2 : 53.

ZA'RED {exuberant groivth). Num. 21 : 12. See Zered, Valley or Brook

OF.

ZAR'EPHATH {smeItinr,-hou8e), AM) SAREP'TA. Luke4:2'fi. Zar-ephath Avas a town of Plianiicia, on the shore of the Mediterranean, between Tyre, which is 14 miles southward, and Sidon, which is 7 miles north.

Scripture History. —At Zarephath, Elijah found shelter witli a widow-woman during the great famine in Israel. 1 Kgs.. 17 : 8-24. The prophet Obadiah mentions it as marking the limits of Israel's-victory. Ob. 20. Jesus made reference to this incident in Elijah's life. Luke 4:: 26.

Present Appearance. —Not a house now remains: only ruins mark the site. They extend for a mile along the seashore, and contain many fragments of columns. A little chapel, or ndy. bears the name of El-A'hiuh, the ^lohammedan title of Elijah, and possibly marks the site of the chapel erected by the Crusaders over the s})Ot where the widow's house is supposed to have stood. There is no totub within, because, as the Mussulmans say, Elijah is not yet dead : he "flies round and round the world." Tradition also claims this as the s})ot where our Lord rested when he visited these coasts.

On the slope of a hill more than a mile back from the coast is the modern village of Sdra/end, which represents the ancient ZarejJiath.

ZAR'ETAN (roolinr, ?). Josh. 3 : 16. See Zkhii! ATii or Zkrkda.

ZA'RETH-SHA IIAR {splmdnr of the dfiirn), a city in Reuben, on a bill in a valley. Josh. 13 : 19. About a mile and a half east of the Dead Sea, near

ZAR

ZEB

the mouth of the Wddi/ Zerica Main, is a place called Zaru, or Sara, a heap of stones in a little green plain, which may mark the site.

ZAR'HITES, THE, the descendants of Zarah, the son of Judah. Num. 26 : 13, 20; Josh. 7 : 17 ^ 1 Chr. 27 : 11, 13.

ZAR'TANAH {cooling), probably the present ruin Sarein, near Beth-shean; but Drake would identify Sarem with Zarthan. 1 Kgs. 4 : 12.

ZAR'THAN {cnolinf/), a town in the Jordan valley. 1 Kgs. 7 : 46. Between it and Succoth were the clay-grounds in which Solomon cast the brass utensils for the temple-services. Drake mentions a very conspicuous mound, 3 miles south of Bethshean, called Tell Sarem —a name identical with ^lapa^t, which the Alexandrine Codex has for Zarthan. This may be the same as Zereda, which see.

ZAT'THU, OR ZAT'TU {a sprout), one whose descendants returned with Ze-rubbabel, Ezr. 2:8; Neb. 7:13, and married foreign wives. Ezr. 10 : 27.

ZA'VAN {disquieted). See Zaavax.

ZA'ZA (plenty), a son of Jonathan, and a descendant of Judah. 1 Chr. 2 : 33.

ZEAL'OTS, the name of a party among the Jews, half religious and half political, founded by Judas the Galilean or the Gaulanite, Acts 5 : 37, and, aften-the death of him and his sons, led by Eleazar, one of his descendants. Contending that God was the only king of Israel and refusing to pay the tribute to the Romans, they broke out into open rebellion under the lead of Judas, but were soon dispersed, and, while afterward attempting to maintain themselves by a kind of guerilla-warfare, they gradually sunk into mere bands of robbers and brigands, and -were called Sienrii, from the Latin .s/.-r/, "a dagger."

ZEBADI'AH (fjift of Jehovah). 1, 2, 3. Three Benjamites, sons of Beriah, 1 Chr. 8 : 15, Elpaal, 1 Chr. 8 : 17, and Jeroham of Gedor. 1 Chr. 12 : 7.

4. A Korhite Levite. 1 Chr. 26 : 2.

5. A Levite teaching the Law in the cities of Judah during the reign of Je-hoshaphat. 2 Chr. 17 : 8.

6. A son of Asahel, the brother of Joab. 1 Chr. 27 : 7.

7. A son of Ishmael, of the house of Judah. 2 Chr. 19 : 11.

912

8. One who returned with Ezra. Ezr 8:8.

9. A priest who had married a foreign wife after the return from Babylon. Ezr. 10 : 20.

ZE'BAH {sacrifice), a Midianite king captured and killed by Gideon. Jud. 8 : 5-21; Ps. 83 : 11.

ZEBA'IM {the gazelles). In Ezr. 2 : 57; Neh. 7: 59 we read of a person named " Pochereth of Zebaim," Some, and Grove among them, suppose this name to be identical with " Zeboim." Others translate '" Zebaim " as the plural of the Hebrew word signifying " antelope" or "gazelle," and render it " Po-chereth-zebaim," '• snaring the antelopes," as the name of some mighty hunter.

ZEB'EDEE (Jehovah's gift), the husband of Salome, Matt. 27 : 56 ; Mark 15 : 40, and father of the apostles James the Great and John, Matt. 4 : 21 ; lived as a fisherman in or near Bethsaida. When his two sons left him to follow Jesus, he made no objections. Matt. 4: 21, 22: Mark 1:19, 20, and his wife was one of the women who were in constant attendance on our Saviour, but he himself is not mentioned as being among the disciples, although doubtless friendly to Christ.

ZEBI'lVA {bought), one who had taken a foreign wife after the return from Babylon. Ezr. 10 : 43.

ZEBO'IIVI, AND ZEBOI'IM (roes). 1. One of the ** five cities of the plain ;" grouped with Sodom and Gomorrah. Gen. 10 : 19 ; 14 : 2, 8 ; Deut. 29 : 23 : Hos. 11: 8. The question of the site of these cities is more fully discussed under SiDonr, Sodom, and ZoAR, which see.

2. A place inhabited by the Benjamites after the Captivity. Neh. 11:34. Its site is unknown.

ZEB O' III (valley of hyenas), THE VALLEY OF. It was a gorge or ravine apparently east of Michmash, and mentioned only in 1 Sam. 13 : 18. The "wilderness" is the wild tract between the central hills and the valley of the Jordan. There are two ravines, 4 miles apart, near Jericho, called Shukh ed Duhu, "ravine of the hvfena," which is the equivalent of the Hebrew.

ZEBU'DAH (given, bestowed), wife of Josiah and mother of Jehoiachim. 2 Kgs. 23 : 36.

ZEB

ZEC

ZE'BULi {h((bit<t(i<>n), Abimelech's officer in the city of Sheehem during his contest with the Canaanites. Jud. 9 : 28-41.

ZEB'ULONITE, Jud. 12 : II. ok ZEB'ULUNITES, Num. 26 : 27, the descendants of Zebulun.

ZEB'ULUN {habitation), (^en. 30 : 20; Rev. 7 : 8, the sixth son of Jacob and Leah, Gen. 49 : 13, and the father of three sons who became the heads of large families.

ZEB'ULUX (a habitation), the territory possessed by the tribe of Israel descended from the sixth and last son of Leah and the tenth-born of Jacob, Gen. 30 : 20 ; 35 : 23, lay in the North of Canaan and between those of Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali. At the census of the wilderness Zebulun numbered 57,400. Num. 1: 30, 31. In the encampmenttheir position was to the east of the tabernacle. Num. 2 : 7, 8, and on the march they followed third under the standard of Judah. Num. 10 : 14-16. At the second census their number was 60,500. Num. 26 : 26. Zebulun was one of the six tribes stationed on Ebal to pronounce the curses. Deut. 27 : 13. They joined Barak and Deborah against the army of Jabin. Jud. 5 : 18.

Situation and Extent. —In the propbet-ic blessing upon Zebulun. Jacob declared that "his border should be unto Zidon." Gen. 49 : 3. The boundaries of the tribe are given in Josh. 19 : 10-16, but many of those landmarks cannot be traced, and hence the exact limits of Zebulun are hard to determine. Asher la}^ to the west and north-west. Naphtali to the north-east, the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan on the east, and Issachar on the south. Some writers suppose that Zebulun did not touch the Sea of Galilee at any point, but others are of the opposite opinion, and suppose the borders of Zebulun and Naphtali to have met on the Sea of Galilee, not far from Capernaum. Matt. 4 : 13. 16. The territory included the great plain of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel and the plain of Acre, thus bringing it into imme<liate connection with the trade of Phoenicia and fulfilling the prophecy of Jacob. Gen. 49 : 13. The territory was rich and fertile. It belonged to the hill-country, but the hills are lower and the stri})s of plain more productive than in the district of 58

Naphtali, to thi> uoi tli. The phiiiis and ridges toward the north melt away into the great plain.

I/istiiri/. —Zebulun was one of the four northern tribes which bore little jiart in the great events of Jewish history, being comparatively isolated from Israel, and at the same time thrown into more intimate association with the adjoining heathen nations, especially with the Phoenicians. They did not drive oiit the natives. Jud. 1 : 30. However. Zebulun bore a jtroniinent jiart in the great victory celebrated by Deborah and Barak. Jud. 5:14. 18; assisted Gideon, Jud. 6 : 35. and David. 1 Chr. 12 : 33. 40. This tribe became involved in gross idolatry, and some mocked the messengers of llezekiah, although others united in the penitential services. 2 Chr. 30 : 10-18. The territory of this tribe was depopulated in the captivity of Israel under Tiglath-pileser, 2 Kgs. 15 : 20. and after that had no distinct tribal history. The tribe produced Elon, one of the judges, Jud. 12 : 12, and also Jonah. 2 Kgs. 14 : 25.

In N. T. times the territory once occupied by Zebulun was a part of Galilee and honored by the presence and works of Jesus. Within its limits were Nazareth, Capernaum, Cana, and Tiberias. The great prophecy of Isaiah, 9:1. 2. was fulfilled by Jesus. Matt. 4 : 13-16. The tribe is mentioned in Rev. 7 : 8.

ZEB'ULUN (habitation), a place named in tracing the southern boundary of Asher. Josh. 19 : 27 ; according to Josephus. "city of men." Perhaps the modern Sha'ab.

ZECHARI'AH (Jehovah remembers). 1. The eleventh of the twelve minor prophets, of priestly descent, and a contem])orary of Ilaggai, returning from exile with Zerubbabel and the high priest .Joshua. Ezr. 6:1. He was the son of Berechiah. was born in Babylon, and was both a priest and a ])rophet. Scarcely anything is known of his life. His prophecies may be set down between B. c. 520 and 518.

Thk Book of Zkciiariah consists of two divisions: T. Chs. 1-8 : II. Chs. 9-14. The first division contains visions and prophecies from the second year of the reign of Darius Hystaspes. while the temple was rebuilding, exhortations to turn to Jehovah, and warnings against

ZED

the enemies of the people of God. About the authorship of this part of the book there is no doubt. The second division gives a prophetic description of the future fortunes of the theocracy in conflict Avith the secular powers, the sufferings and death of the Messiah under the figure of the shepherd, the conversion of Israel to him, and the final glorification of the kingdom of God. About the authorship of this part of the book doubts have been raised, some ascribing it to Jeremiah because in Matt. 27 : 9, 10 a passage is quoted under the name of Jeremiah, while others have put it at a much earlier or much later period on account of the peculiarities of the style.

Of all the prophets, Zechariah is the most obscure, owing to the brevity and conciseness of the diction, the predominance of symbolical and figurative language, and the peculiar character of the subject—the suffering Messiah. But he has a profound insight both into the spiritual meaning and object of the Mosaic dispensation as a schoolmaster leading to Christ, and into the character of the Messiah and the universality of his kingdom. The book contains six specific references to Christ: 3:8; 6 : 12; 9:9; 11 : 12; 12 : 10; 13 : 7, representing him as a lowly servant, a priest and king building Jehovah's temple, the meek and peaceful but universal monarch, the shepherd betrayed for the price of a slave (thirty pieces of silver), the leader to repentance, and the Fellow of Jehovah smitten by Jehovah himself, at once the Redeemer and the Pattern of his flock.

Besides the prophet, twenty-seven other persons of the name Zechariah are mentioned in Scripture, among whom are—

2. Seven Levites. 1 Chr. 9 : 21; 15 : 18; 24:25; 26:11; 2 Chr. 20:14; 29: 13; 34:12.

3. Four priests. 2 Chr. 35 : 8 ; Neh. 11 : 12; 12:16,35,41.

4. The son of the high priest Jehoi-ada, stoned in the court of the house of the Lord on the command of Joash, king of Judah. 2 Chr. 24 : 20.

5. Two chiefs who returned with Ezra from Babylon. Ezr. 8 : 3, 11.

6. The father of Iddo, ruler of Ma-nasseh in Gilead. 1 Chr. 27 : 21.

7. The son of Jeberechiah, whom the prophet Isaiah took as one of the faith-

914

ful witnesses when he wrote about Maher-shalal-hash-baz. Isa. 8 : 2.

ZE'DAD (mountainside), a city on the northern boundary of the Israelites, as described by Moses and Ezekiel. Num. 34 : 8 ; Eze. 47 : 15. It has been identified with the modern Sndud, some 70 miles north-east of Damascus, and 35 miles south-south-east of Hums, the ancient Emesa. Sudud is still a large village, though it does not contain any relics of antiquity except a few fragments of columns built into the mud walls of the modern houses. It is surrounded by gardens and cultivated fields. The inhabitants are all members of the Jacobite Church, and constitute the only remnant of that ancient sect in Syria.

ZEDEKI'AH {justice of Jehovah). 1. The last king of Judah, the son of Josi-ah, and the uncle of Jehoiachin. His proper name was ''Mattaniah," but Nebuchadnezzar changed it to " Zedekiah" when raising him to the throne. He commenced his reign at twenty-one, and reigned eleven years, 598-588 b. c. 2 Chr. 36 : 11. He was a weak man, and the people were completely demoralized. He had not courage to vindicate Jeremiah, but allowed the people to be led astray by false prophets ; and the consequence was disastrous. In the ninth year of his reign he revolted against Nebuchadnezzar, in consequence of which the Assyrian monarch marched his army into Judaea and took all the fortified places. In the eleventh year of his reign, on the ninth day of the fourth month (July), Jerusalem was taken. The king and his people endeavored to escape by night, but, the Chaldaean troops pursuing them, they were overtaken in the plain of Jericho. Zedekiah was seized and carried to Nebuchadnezzar, then at Riblah, in Syria, who reproached him with his perfidy, caused all his children to be slain before his face and his own eyes to be put out, and then, loading him with chains of brass, ordered him to be sent to Babylon. 2 Kgs. 25 :1-11; 2 Chr. 36 : 12, 20. Thus the double prophecy concerning him—that he should be carried to Babvlon, but never see it—was literally fulfilled. Jer. 32 : 4, 5; 34 : 3; comp. Eze. 12 : 13.

2. A false prophet in the reign of Ahab. 1 Kgs. 22 : 11, 24, 25; 2 Chr. 18 : 10, 23, 24.

ZEE

ZEP

3. A false prophet who was put to death by Nebuchadnezzar. Jer. 29 : 21 '2'2.

4. One of the ))rinocs at the court of Jehoiakini. Jer. 36 : 12.

ZEEB (u'ol/), a Midianite prince who was slain by the Ephraiinites after the srreat victory of Gideon. Jud. 7 : 25 ; Ps. '83 : 11.

ZEEB, THE WINE-PRESS OF, where Zeeb was slain. Jud. 7 : 25. It was near a ford of the Jordan as one comes down from the mountains of Ephraim.

ZE'LiAH (a rib), a city of Benjamin, Josh. 18 : 28, the site of the family tomb of Kish, the father of Saul, 2 Sam. 21 : 14, and probably Saul's birthplace. Con-der suggests Enmmun as its site. See also Zklzah.

ZE'LEK (fiNsiire), one of David's warriors. 2 Saiii. 23 : 37; 1 Chr. 11 : 39.

ZELO'PHEHAD (frst-bom), a descendant of Manasseh who died in the wilderness and left only daughters. It was then ordained that, in want of male heirs, females should succeed to the inheritance, but not be allowed to marry out of the tribe. Num. 26 : 33; 27 : 1. 7 : 36 : 2, 6. 10, 11 ; Josh. 17 : 3; 1 Chr. 7: 15.

ZELO'TES. See Simon, Zealots.

ZEX.'ZAH {shade front the siin), a place in Benjamin not far from Rachel's tomb. 1 Sam. 10 : 2 ; identified by several writers (although Grove disputes the identification) with the little village of Jieif JnJiu about a mile west of Rachel's tomb and 3 miles south-west of Jerusalem. Perhaps Zelah was the same place.

ZEMARA'IxlI {donhle vwnnt ?), a name of two places.

1. A town in Benjamin. Josh. 18: 22. It has long been identified with e» Snm-rdh, in the Jordan valley, 4 miles north of Jericho. The name is in the plural, and two ruins bearing the name en Siini-rdh have been found close together.

2. Mount Zemaraim, in the highlands of Ephraim, 2 Chr. 13 : 4 ; possibly the name survives in the modern Tal'at e«-Snmrn.

ZEM'ARITES, THE, descendants "f Canaan. Gen. 10 : 18; 1 Chr. 1: 16.

ZEMI'RA (« i^onfj), a descendant of Benjamin. 1 Chr. 7 : 8.

ZE'NAN (place of flocks), a place in the ])lain of Judah, apparently near the western coast, .Tosh. 16 : 37 ; perhaps the same as the " Zaanan" of Micah. 1:11. Among the suggested sites are Jem'n, a little village south-cast of Ascalon ; Zan-(ihra, 2^ miles south-east of Mareshah (Schwartz) ; and Kirhcteii Seiiat, a little north of Beit Jibriu (Knobel).

ZE'NAS, a Christian whom Paul wished Titus to bring along with him. Tit. 3:13.

ZEPHANI'AH {Jehovah hides). 1. The ninth of the minor prophets, was the son of Cushi, and lived in the days of Josiah. His proj)hecy was uttered in the early part of the ministry of Jeremiah, between B. c. 020 and 609. It is mainlj- designed to excite the Jewish nation to re})entance, in view of threatened judgments, and to comfort the people of God with promises of the final triumph of righteousness. The description of the judgment in ch. 1:14, 15, " The great day of Jehovah is near" (in the Latin version Dies iric, dies ilia), has furnished the keynote to the sub-limest hj'mn of the Middle Ages, the Dies Irie of Thomas a Celano (1250) — so often translated, but never equalled —which brings before us, with most thrilling effect, the final judgment as an awful impending reality.

2. A ])riest in the reign of Zedekiah. 2 Kgs. 25 : 18-21 ; Jer. 21 : 1 ; 29 : 25-29; 37 : 3 ; 52 : 24-27.

.3. A Kohathite Levite. 1 Chr. 6 : 36.

4. The father of Josiah. Zech. 6 : 10.

ZE'PHATH {watch-toirer), a city and tower in the mountains of the Amorites, near Kadesh, Jud. 1:17; identified by Palmer and Drake with the ruins of a city called Sehaita, in the midst of a fertile plain. It was the same as IIormah, which see.

ZEPH'ATHAH ( wafeh - tower ), VALLEY OF, near Mareshah. 2 Chr. 14: 10. A deep valley is found near the site of Mareshah, running down to Jhit Jibriu (Eleutheropolis), and thence into the plain of Philistia, which Porter identified with Zepliathah. See Mareshah.

ZE'PHI. 1 Chr. 1 : 36. See Zkpiio.

ZE'PHO {u-ntrh-tower). Gen. 36 : 11, 15, OR ZE'PHI, 1 Chr. 1 : 30, a son of Kliphaz, the son of Esau.

ZE'PHON (« lookiny-out), a son of

ZEP

ZIB

Gad, Num. 26 : 15 ; called Ziphion in Gen. 46 : 16.

ZEPH'ONITES, the descendants of Zephon. Num. 26 : 15.

Z£R (flint), a place in Naphtali; probably near the Lake of Gennesaret. Josh. 19 : :55.

ZE'RAH (a rising of light). 1. An Ethiopian or Cushite king who with an immense army invaded the kingdom of Judah in the reign of Asa, but was completely routed at Mareshah, in the valley of Zephathah, 2 Chr. 14 : 9 ; has by some been identified with Uraken I. or II. of the twenty-second dynasty of Egypt.

2. A son of Reuel, and grandson of Esau. Gen. 36 : 13, 17, 33 ; 1 Chr. 1 : 37, 44.

3. A son of Simeon, Num. 26 : 13;

1 Chr. 4 : 24; called Zohar in Gen. 46 : 10.

4. A Gershonite Levite. 1 Chr. 6 : 21, 41.

ZERAHI'AH [whom Jehovah caused to he born). 1. A priest of the line of Eleazar. 1 Chr. 6:6, 51; Ezr. 7:4.

2. One whose descendants returned from Babylon with Ezra. Ezr. 8 : 4.

ZE'RED {exuberant (jj-oirth — i.e., of trees), VALLEY or BROOK OF, a valley separating Moab from Edora. Deut.

2 : 13, 14 ; called " Zared " in Num. 21 : 12. Robinson identified it with Wd'li/ el-Aksi; others, including Tristram, propose Wadxj Sidiyeh or the Seil Gharabi, a branch of the Sedij'eh, down which runs a fine stream that empties into the south-eastern corner of the Dead Sea. This loddy most likely constituted the boundary between Moab and Edom, as it is now the recognized boundary between Kerak and Petra.

ZER'EDA {coolincff), a place in Ephraim.in the plain of Jordan. 1 Kgs. 11: 26. Possibl}' it is the saoie as Zare-tan. Josh. 3:16; Zererath, Jud. 7:22; Zartanah, 1 Kgs. 4:12; Zeredathah, 2 Chr. 4: 17 ; and Zarthan, 1 Kgs. 7 : 46. There seems to be much confusion about these names, but the Pal. Memoirs suggest as the site of Zereda, Siirdah, 2^ miles north-west of Beitin (Bethel).

ZERED'ATHAH. 2 Chr. 4:17. Conder identifies it with Zartanah and the modern I'ell es Sdrem, 3 miles south of Beisan.

ZER'ERATH. Jud. 7 : 22. This 916

would appear to be the name of a district, and is generally connected with the Zarthan and Zaretan of other passages of the 0. T. Conder formerly placed it below Jezreel and near Beisan, but later investigations have afforded little confirmation of this identification of Zererath. See Zerkda.

ZE'RESH, the wife of Haman, and his counsellor and instigator in iniquity. Esth. 6 : 10.

ZE'RETH (splendor), a descendant of Judah. 1 Chr. 4 : 7.

ZE'Rl (built), a son of Jeduthun. 1 Chr. 25 : 3.

ZE'ROR (a bundle), one of Saul's ancestors. 1 Sam. 9 : 1.

ZERU'AH (le2)rous), the mother of Jeroboam I. 1 Kgs. 9 : 26.

ZERUB'BABEL (begotten in Babylon), 1 Chr. 3 : 19, OR ZOROB'-ABEL, Matt. 1:12. was the leader of the first colony of Jews that returned from the captivity in Babylon, Ezr. 2 : 2, and was of the family of David, a son of Salathiel or Shealtiel, Hag. 1:1; Matt. 1 : 12, but called a son of Pedaiah, the brother or son of Salathiel, in 1 Chr. 3 : 17-19. To him Cyrus committed the sacred vessels that were returned to Jerusalem. He laid the foundations of the temple, Zech. 4: 6-10, and was chiefly instrumental in restoring the religious rites of the nation. The advances of the mixed population of Samaria, who wished to participate in the building of the temple, he refused, and their intrigues at the Persian court caused the work to be stopped, but only for a short time; finally, he succeeded in completing the building. Ezr. 5:2; Hag. 1 : 12, 14; 2: 2, 4; Zech. 4 : 6, 10. He was the governor of Judsea. Neh. 12 : 47.

ZERUI'AH (cle/f, wounded), a sister of David, and the mother of Joab. 1 Sam. 26:6; 1 Chr. 2:16.

ZE'THAM (olive tree), a Levite.

1 Chr. 23 : 8 ; 26 : 22. ZE'THAN, a Benjamite chief. 1

Chr. 7:10.

ZE'THAR (star?), a eunuch of Ahasuerus. Esth. 1 : 10.

ZI'A (motion), a Gadite. 1 Chr. 5: 13.

ZI'BA (statue), a servant of Saul,

2 Sam. 19 : 17, whom David appointed a sort of steward to Mephibosheth. 2 Sam. 9 : 2-12.

ZIB'EON (di/ed), a son of Seir the

ZIB

ZID

Horite, but called a Hivite himself. Gen. 36 : 2, 14, 20, 24, 29 ; 1 Chr. 1 : :\S.

ZIB'IA {a roe), a Benjauiite. 1 Chr. 8 : 9.

ZIB'IAH, the mother of Joash. 2 Kgs. 12: 1 : 2 Chr. 24 : 1.

ZICH'KI {re»ici)ibercd, reitowued). 1. A Levite. Ex. 6: 21.

2, 3, 4. Three Bcnjamite chiefs. 1 Chr. 8 : 19, 23, 27.

5. A Levite, 1 Chr. 9:15; called Zabdi in Neh. 11 : 17.

0. A Levite who descended from Moses. 1 Chr. 26 : 25.

7. A Reubenite. 1 Chr. 27 : 16.

8. The father of one of Jehoshaphat's captains. 2 Chr. 17 : 16.

9. One instrumental in making Joash king. 2 Chr. 23 : 1.

10. An Ephraimite who distingilished himself in the war between Pekah and Ahaz. 2 Chr. 28 : 7.

11. A Benjamite. Neh. 11 : 9.

12. A priest during the reign of Joia-kim. Neh. 12 : 17.

ZID'DIM {(he sides), a place in Naphtali, Josh. 19 : 35 ; perhaps the village of Kefr-Hattin, 5 miles west of Tiberias.

ZIDKI'JAH {justice of Jehovah), one who sealed the covenant with Nehe-miah. Neh. 10 : 1.

ZI'DON {huntimj; Heb. Tnidon). " Sidon," the Greek form, is found in Gen. 10 : 15, 19, in the Apocrypha generally, and in the N. T. Zidon was a rich and ancient Phoenician city.

Situation. — It was situated on the Mediterranean coast, on the northern slope of a small promontory which juts out from a low plain, less than 2 miles broad, between the Lebanon and the sea. The city was 25 miles south of the modern Beirut, 25 miles north of Tyre, and 123 miles in a direct line north-west of Jerusalem. Its latitude is 33° 34' north.

Scripture References. — Zidon is one of the most ancient cities of the world. The person after whom it is named was the '"first-born" of Canaan, the grandson of Noah. Gen. 10 : 15 ; 1 Chr. 1 : 13. This was B. c. 2218. In Joshua's time it was "great Zidon," Josh. 11 : 8 ; 19 : 28, and seems to have been the metropolis of Phoenicia. Zidon was one of the limits of the tribe of Asher, Josh. 19 : 28, but was never possessed by the

Israelites. Jud. 1 : 31 ; 3 : .'.. In fact, the Zidonians oppressed Israel, .lud. 10 : 12, seeming themselves to be secure from all attacks and living "careless." .hid. 18:7.28.

Tyre was one of the colonies—a "virgin daughter." L-a. 23 : 12—of Zidon, but subsequently became the more important town. The two names frequently recur together as denoting not only tlie cities, but the adjacent country'; but the name of Zidon alone was sometimes used to denote the Pha'nicians in general. Jud. 3 : 3. The Zidonians were famous for commerce, manufactures, and arts. Their sailors and workmen were noted. Zidonians assisted in the work of building the temple. 1 Chr. 22 : 4 ; 1 Kgs. 5 : 6 ; Eze. 27 : 8. From Zidon also came idolatrous abominations to corrupt Israel. 1 Kgs. 11:5,33: 2 Kgs. 23:13. The city was mentioned frequently in prophetic threatenings. but with much less severity than Tyre. Isa. 23 : 2. 4,12; Jer. 25 : 22 : 27 : 3 ; 47 : 4 ; Eze. 27 : 8 ; 28 : 21. 22 ; 32 : 30 ; Joel 3:4: Zech. 9 : 2.

In N. T. times Zidon (called "Sidon") was visited by Jesus, Matt. 15 : 21 ; Mark 7:24; Luke 4 : 26, although the " coasts " of Tj're and Sidon denoted the adjacent region as well as the cities themselves, and some think that the Saviour did not enter the cities. Hearers from among those people were drawn to his preaching. Mark 3:8; Luke 6 : 17: comp. Matt. 11 : 22 ; Luke 10 : 14. Herod's dis])leasure with this region is noted. Acts 12 : 20. The apostle Paul touched at Zidon on his way to Rome, and visited the Christians there. Acts 27 : 3.

Seru/ar Jfistori/. —Homer makes special mention of the skill of the Zid(»nian workmen. The embroidered robes of Andromache, the silver bowl given as a ])rize by Achilles at the games in honor of Patrocles. the bowl which Menelaus gave Telemachus, the purple of fierce Achilles, were specimens of Zidonian handicraft. Zidonian ships were present at the siege of Troy, and Herodotus declares that the Zidonian ships in the fleet of Xcr.xes were the best and the most renowned of the famous armada. Xerxes sat in a Zidonian ship, and the king of Zidon sat near to him in council. Zidon flourished under the Chaldiean and Persian dominion. It revolted against the Persians in the time

ZID

ZIM

of Artaxerxes III. Ochus, but was subdued, and 40,000 of its citizens perished in the conflagration of the city, the tire being kindled by the people themselves. The gates of the city were willingly opened to Alexander the Great after the battle of Issus, B. c. 333. During the Roman period it had its own archons, senate, and national council. A bishop of Zidon attended the council of Nic;ea, A. D. 325. After the conquest of Syria by the Muslims, a. d. 636, Zidon surrendered to these new masters. During the crusades it experienced terrible vicissitudes. Baldwin I. took it, after a six weeks' siege, in A. d. 1111 ; Saladin razed the town and its fortifications in 1187; the Crusaders again gained possession of it in 1197, but could not retain the town, which was once more destroyed. It was rebuilt and razed, refortified and again devastated. In 1291 it became the permanent possession of the Muslims, and was destroyed. For several centuries it was neglected, but gradually revived in the seventeenth century, and still continues to exist.

Present Coiulitioit. —The site of ancient Zidon is occupied by the modern Saidn, beautifully situated on a promontory in front of which lies an island. The northern harbor, protected by a ledge of rocks, is now used; the southern one is abandoned. The anchorage is bad, and the trade of the city is unimportant. Around the island are the remains of quays built of large hewn stones. The ruins of the ancient castle are approached by a causeway. The burying-grounds are extensive, and many curious sarcophagi have been discovered. One was the sarcophagus of King Ashmanezer ; it has been placed in the Museum at Paris, and antiquarians fix its date at from B. c. 300 to b. c. 1000. The ancient ruins are few. There are fragments of marble and granite columns, mosaic pavement, pottery, etc.

In its situation and surroundings Zidon is one of the most picturesque cities in Syria. The gardens and orchards environing it are charming and afford a great variety of fruits, such as oranges, lemons, citrons, bananas, and dates. The oranges of Zidon are very j famous and better than those of .Jaffa. The population is estimated at 10,000, of whom about 7000 are Muslims and

[ the rest Greeks, Catholics, Maronites, and Jews. There are nine mosques in the town. The American Presbyterian Board has established a flourishing I'rot-estant mission there.

ZIDO'NIANS, the inhabitants of

Zidon. .lud. 10 : 12.

I ZIF (/-Zoom). 1 Kgs. 6 :1. See xMonth.

ZI'HA (</;-y). 1. One whose dcscend-

! ants returned with Zerubbabel. Ezr. 2 :

j 43 ; Neh. 7 : 46.

I 2. A ruler among the Nethinim. Neh. 11:21.

ZIK.'LAG {outpouring of a fonn-[ tain?), a city in the South of .Judah, Josh. 15 : 31; afterward given to Simeon. 19 : 5. It was at times held by the Philistines. Achish, king of Gath, gave it to David, and it subsequently belonged to Judah. Its chief interest is in connection with the life of David. 1 Sam. 27 : 6; 30 :1, 14, 26; 2 Sam. 1 :1; 4: 10 ; 1 Chr. 4:30; 12 : 1-20. It was also inhabited after the return from the Captivity. Neh. 11 : 28. Wilton suggested its identification with 'Anlnj, or Kdnluj, in a deep valley among the hills of the south country, some 12 miles south of Beer-sheba. Conder suggested its identification with Znheilihdh, 11 miles south of east from Gaza, and 19 miles south-west of licit Jihriti. The site is in the open, rolling plain, some distance from the low, open hills of the Shefalah. The ruins occur on three small hills, in the form of an equilateral triangle, nearly half a mile apart. There is a number of ancient ruined cisterns, of which the stones have been removed and the sites ploughed over. Neither of the above has been accepted as the site of Ziklag.

ZIL'LAH (shade), one of the wives of Laniech. (^en. 4 : 19, 22, 23.

ZIL'PAH {dropping), the handmaid of Leah, and the mother of (j!ad and Asher. Gen. 30 : 9.

ZIL'THAI {shade). 1. A Benjam-ite. 1 Chr. 8 : 20.

2. A chieftain of Manasseh. 1 Chr. 12 : 20.

ZIilI'MAH (mischief), a Gorsbonite

Levitc. 1 Chr. 6 : 20. 42; 2 Chr. 29 : 12.

ZIM'R.AX (rrlehrated), a son of

Abraham by Keturah. Gen. 25 : 2; 1

Chr. 1 : 32.

ZIM'lil (snug). 1. A Siraeonite chief. Num. 25 : 14.

ZIN

ZIO

2. A captain under Elah, and a king of Israel. 1 Kgs. 16 : 9-20.

3. A descendant of Judah, 1 Chr. 2:6; called Zabdi in Josh. 7 :1, 17, 18.

4. A descendant of Saul. 1 Chr. 8 : 36 ; 9 : 42.

ZIN (rt low palm tree). The wilderness of Zin was a part of the Arabian desert south of Palestine. Num. 13 : 21, 22 ; 34 : 3. It joined the territory of Judah, Josh. 15: 1, ''>, and lay west of rdam£ea. Num. 20 : 1: 27 : 14 : 33 : 36. Kadesh is sometimes spoken of as in the wilderness of Zin, Num. 33 : 36, and again as in the wilderness of Paran. Num. 13 : 26. This is explained by the fact that " Paran " was the general name for the whole desert of et-Tih, while Zin was the south-eastern corner of that desert, between the Gulf of Akabah on the south and the head of Wdchj Garaiijeh. It was south and south-west of 'Azazimeh Mountains, and east of the Ghor and Arabah.

Zl'NA. See Zizah.

ZI'ON, AND SI'ON {dry, sunmi mount). '* Zion " is sometimes used to denote the whole of Jerusalem, but in its literal and restricted meaning it was the south-western hill of Jerusalem. This hill was surrounded on every side but the north with deep valleys having precipitous sides. To the east was the valley of the Tyropoeon, separating Zion from Moriah, the temple-mount, and from Ophel. On the south and west was the deep valley of Hinnom, called on the west the ** valley of Gihon." Upon the north only is the boundai-y of Zion indefinite. Some authorities think it extended to the tower of David, near the Damascus-gate, and suppose the Tyropoeon valley to have ended here. Others would extend Zion farther northward toward the .Jaffa-gate. Zion was the higher hill, being 105 feet above Moriah and 2539 feet above the level of the Mediterranean. It was in the shape of a parallelogram. The valleys were originally much deeper than at present, so that Zion was really compassed on three sides by precipices. It was also guarded by a strong wall.

Scripture Histon/. — The hill is first mentioned as a stronghold of the Jebus-ites. Josh. 15 : 63. It remained in their possession until captured by David, who made it " the city of David," the capital 920

of his kingdom. He built there a citadel, his own palace, houses for the people, and a place for the ark of God. 2 Sam. 5:7; 1 Kgs. 8:1; 2 Kgs. 19 : 21, 31 ; 1 Chr. 11 : 5 ; 2 Chr. 5 : 2. The foregoing six passages are all in the historical books of the 0. T. in which the name of Zion appears. But in the prophetical and poetical books it occurs no less than one hundred and forty-eight times—viz., in Psalms, 38 times; Canticles, 1; Isaiah, 47; Jeremiah, 17; Lamentations, 15; Joel, 7; Amos, 2 ; Obadiah, 2; Micah, 9 ; Zephaniah, 2; Zechariah, 8. In the N. T. it occurs seven times as '*Sion," making the total number of times the name occurs one hundred and sixty-one. It was in the later books no longer confined to the south-western hill, but denoted sometimes Jerusalem in general, Ps. 149 : 2; 87 : 2 ; Isa. 33 : 14; Joel 2 : 2, etc.; sometimes God's chosen people, Ps. 51 : 18 ; 87 : 5, etc.; sometimes the Church, Heb. 12 : 22,etc.; and sometimes the heavenly city. Rev. 14: 1, etc. Hence, Zion has passed into its present common use in religious literature to denote the aspirations and hopes of God's children.

Josephus does not use the word " Zion," but speaks of that quarter of the city as the " city of David," "the upper city," and the " upper market-place." Jt was then the aristocratic quarter of the city, and contained the mansions of the great. At the north-west corner stood the magnificent palace erected by Herod the Great and afterward called " Prgetorium," the residence of the Roman procurator. Mark 15 : 16. On the north of this were three famous towers or fortresses, of which one is now the " tower of David."

Present Condition. — Ijcss than one-half of the ancient hill of Zion is enclosed within the wall of modern Jerusalem. In this part are now the Armenian convent with its extensive grounds, synagogues of the Ashkenasim, St. James' church of the Armenians, the English Protestant church and school, the tower of David, etc. The only building outside the walls is the mosque and tomb of David, supposed to contain the tombs of David, Solomon, and other kings of Judah. In the upper part is the traditional " upper room'' in which the Lord's Supper was instituted and the disciples waited for the descent of the Holy Ghost. Upon the slope of the hill are several

ZIO

ZTZ

cemeteries of different Christian denominations and nationalities, includin"; the American and English. A part of tlie hill is cultivated, and thus tiie traveller is frequently reminded of the i)roj)hci\v. " Zion shall be ploughed like a field."' Jer. 26 : 18 ; Mic. 3 : 12. The hill sinks into the valley of Ilinnom in steep terraced slopes covered with grain-fields, vineyards, and olive trees. The excavations of the British Ordnance Survey brought to light many interesting facts in regard to the original levels, the ancient walls, etc., etc. 8ee Jerusalem.

Conder notes the fact that the name ''Zion" has not been recovered, and says : " According to Gesenius, it means ' sunny,' and the proper equivalent in Arabic or Syriae, according to this same authority, is Sdhjidn. It is a remarkable fact that about IJ miles west of the Jaffa-gate there exists a valley having exactly this name, Wddi/ Sahi/iin. . . . This discovery may perhaps lead students to consider the name ' Zion ' .as a name of a district rather than that of a particular mountain, but it would not accord with the scriptural representations of Zion."'

ZI'OR. {sma/hie-sfi), a place in the mountains of Judah, near Hebron. Josh. 15 : 54. Its probable site is at Siair, a ruin on a hill o miles north-north-east of Hebron.

ZIPH (a floioin<i), a descendant of Judah. 1 Chr. 4 : 16.

ZIPH (« /lowing), a name for two places.

1. A city in the South of Judah. Josh. 15 : 24.

2. A town in the highlands of Judah, Josh. 15 : 55 : fortified by Rehoboam. 2 Chr. 11: 8. When pursued" by Saul, David hid himself "in the wilderness of Ziph." 1 Sam. 23 : 14, 15, 24; 26 : 2. The site is 7\U cs Z\/\ about 4 miles south-east of Hebron, on the road to En-gedi. It is a conspicuous mound, and shows at the present day no trace of buildings, but there are large Jewish tombs and a quarry. On a low hill half a mile east are the remains of a town.

As to the *'wood of Ziph," 1 Sam. 23 : 15, Conder asserts that in all probability it never had any real exy istence as a " wood." but was rather a town. " The existence," he says, " at any time, of a wood in this part of the country is geologically almost an im-

possibility. From Hebron to Beer-sheba not a single spring of any importance exists in the eastern liills. . . . The country is emjihatically a dry. land. Looking down on the barren wastes whieh lie above the Dead Sea between Masada and En-gedi, tliere is no moisture capable of supporting vegetable growth. The cistus and the belan bushes grow among the ledges, but not a single tree exists in the whole country." The translation in Joseplius is said to be "in the new place belonging to Ziph," and the Vatican and Alexandrine manuscripts support this. One mile south of Tell Zif is Khuihet

: Khoreiaa, an ancient locality of which Conder says: " We can have little hesitation in identifying with Choresh of Zif a village or hamlet belonging to the larger town of Tell Zif." Tristram, however {Land of Moub, pp. 19, 20),

; says: " How far the forest of Ziph extended it is not easy to say, but there

I are traces of it in an occasional tree,

' and there seems no reason, from the nature of the soil, why the woods may not have stretched nearly to the barren, sandy marl which overlies the limestone for a few miles west of the Dead Sea."

ZI'PIIAII, a descendant of Judah. 1 Chr. 4 : It).

ZIPH'IMS, the inhabitants of Ziph.

I Ps. 54.

' ZIPII'ITES, the inhabitants of Ziph. 1 Sam. 23 : li»; 26 : 1. ZIPII'ROX. See Zrimiov. ZI'PHROX, OR ZIPH'ROX (sircet (idor), a city on the northern frontier of the dominions of Israel. Num. 34 : y. There is a place called Zitfeiiineh on the road from Hnmn (Emesa) to Humnh (Ilamath), and about si.x hours' journey south-southeast of the latter, which may be the ancient Ziphron.

ZIP'POR (« little bird), the father

, of Balak. king (.f Moab. Num. 22 : 2. 4. 10, 16; 23 : 1 S ; Josh. 24 : '•• : .1 ud. 11 : 25.

I ZIPPO'RAH, adaughter of a .Mid-ianite j)riest. who was married to Moses and bore him two sons. Ex. 2 : 21. 22. ZITH'RI (protection of' Jehovah), a

1 Levite. Ex. 6 : 22.

I ZIZ, THE CLIFF OF. 2 Chr. 20 : 16. The paraphrase of this passage is "the going uj) of Ila-Zi/.." and

; Grove suggests the name niav survive

ZIZ

ZOA

in Husasnh. The Pal. Memoirs note a Wadi/ Hnndsfih, 8 miles north o{' A in Jtdij (En-gedi). The similarity of the name is striking, but the site seems too far from En-gedi. Others have identified Ziz with the pass and cliff near En-gedi, a route how taken by Arab marauding-parties. This pass was the ascent through which invaders from the south and east, after doubling the south end of the Dead Sea, entered the hill-country of Judaea. Ziz was the key of the pass.

ZI'ZA {(ibundance). 1. A chieftain of Simeon. 1 Chr. 4 : 37.

2. A son of Rehoboam. 2 Chr. 11 : 20.

ZI'ZAH (ahinidance), a Gershonite Levite, 1 Chr. 23 : 11 ; the same as Zina. 1 Chr. 23:10.

ZO'AN {low region? or place of departure f), a city of Lower Egypt: called by the Greeks Tanis ; now San. Zoan was situated in Lower Egypt, on the east bank of the ancient Tanitic branch of the Nile. It stood in lat. 31° N. and long. 31° 55' E. To the east was a great plain, representing "the field of Zoan."

History. —Zoan was an exceedingly ancient city, built seven years after Hebron. Num. 13 : 22. Manetho gave an account of a city called "Avaris," fortified by the Shepherd-kings and garrisoned by 240,000 men. Avaris and Zoan are supposed to have been identical. Tradition makes it the town in which Moses had his memorable interviews with Pharaoh, recorded in the book of Exodus. The "field of Zoan" was the place of God's wonders. Ps. 78 : 12, 43. "When Isaiah wrote, it would appear to have been one of the chief cities in Egypt, as he speaks of "the princes of Zoan." Isa. 19 : 11, 13; 30 : 4. Ezekiel foretells the fate of the city in the words: "I will set fire in Zoan." Eze. 30 : 14. There are no other Scripture references to Zoan.

Present Condition. —Zoan has been satisfactorily identified with the ancient Avaris and Tanis and the modern San. Very interesting discoveries have been made there within a few years past by Brugsch Bey and others. Among the inscriptions has been found one with the expression Sechet Tanef, which exactly corresponds to the " field of Zoan." Ps. 78 : 43. Several colossal statues of kings of the various dynas-922

ties and a number of sphinxes have been brought to light by excavations. The mounds which mark the site of the town are remarkable for their height and extent, and cover an area a mile in length by three-fourths of a mile in width. The sacred enclosure of the great temple was 1500 feet long and 1250 feet wide. This temple was adorned by Barneses II. There are some dozen obelisks of great size, all fallen and broken, with numerous statues. " The whole constitutes," says Macgregor, "one of the grandest and oldest ruins in the world." The " field of Zoan" was a rich plain extending some 30 miles to the east. It is now almost covered by the great Lake Menzeleh, but some portions exhibit a rich black loam without fences or towns, and with only a few trees in sight. Brugsch-Bey is of the opinion that Zoan was identical with Rameses, but this location was made to fit his theory that the Israelites crossed the Serbonian bog instead of the Red Sea. An English Exploration Society is engaged in making explorations in San. It promises rich historical results in this ancient land.

ZO'AR{8maU7ie88),one of the "cities of the plain," Gen. 13 : 10; originally called "Bela." Gen. 14:2, 8. This " little city" was spared from the destruction which overtook Sodom and the other cities, and made a refuge for Lot. Gen. 'S : 20-30. Zoar was included in the view Moses had from Pisgah. Deut. 34 : 3. The prophets Isaiah, 15 : 5, and Jeremiah, 48 : 34, reckon Zoar among the cities of Moab.

Situation. —The situation of Zoar, like that of the other cities of the plain, has been much discussed. The great majority of scholars, from Ptolemy, Josephus, Eusebius, and Jerome to the present time, have located it near the southeastern shore of the Dead Sea. The shore of the bay, which extends from the Dead Sea into the Lisan Peninsula, has been regarded as a probablesite for Zoar. For the general discussion as to the relative merits of the sites at the northern and at the southern ends of the Dead Sea, see Siddim and Sodom. Tristram was confident that he had discovered the site of Zoar at Ziara, some 3 miles north-west of Nebo and 11 miles

ZOB

ZOP

west of the northern end of the Dead Sea. Among the points he urges for this special identification are the strong resemblance of the names and the fact that this place would be in plain view of Moses from Nebo. Deut. 34 : '^. He cites also several arguments for putting all the cities at the upper end of the Dead Sea. This seems to be among the mountains, and too far from the other to be a likely position for Zoar. Merrill suggests, as the site for Zoar, 7\l( Ektauu, in the Shittim plain, north-east of the Dead Sea, near to the mountains of Moab, although it cannot be reckoned as one of the foot-hills. There are ruins here of great age, and the name EktnuH, which has no meaning in Arabic, appears to be the Hebrew word Kafitii, which means "little," or "the little one." The site would be in the direction Lot would naturally take in hastening to the neighboring city, and its distance from other mounds in the Shittim plain (which Dr. Merrill would identify with the plain in which stood Sodom and Gomorrah) corresponds well with the time allowed the fugitive— namely, from dawn to sunrise. Conder, who would place the lost cities at the north '' end " of the Dead Sea, suggests Tell esh-Sharfhur as the site of Zoar. It is at the foot of the eastern mountains, immediately north of the Dead Sea, and about 6 miles south of Nim-^in.

ZO'BA, AND ZO'BAH {station), a portion of Syria. It was one of the kingdoms of Aram, known as Aram-zobah. See Aram. It embraced the country between the north-east of Palestine and the Euphrates. It was the home of a powerful nation, whose kings were engaged in frequent wars with Israel during the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon. Saul "vexed them." 1 Sam. 14 : 47. David defeated King Ha-dadezer and the Syrians who came to his assistance with great loss. 2 Sam. 8 : 3-8,12; 1 Chr. 18 : .3-8; Ps. 60, title. Again, in David's time, they and the "Syrians beyond the river," their allies, were defeated by Joab. 2 Sam. 10 : 6-13 ;

1 Chr. 19 : 6. One of David's mighty men was " the son of Nathan of Zobah."

2 Sam. 23 : 36. The nation, though severely punished, was not destroyed, and we read of a Hadadezer, king of Zobah,

in Solomon's time, 1 Kgs. 11: 23, and Solomon took Hamath-zobah. 2 Chr. 8 : 3. See Ham ATM. Other towns of Zobah are mentioned—Hetah, Herothai, and perhaps Helam. 2 Sam. 8:8; 10 : (i. Porter suggests it as just ])ossible that the biblical Zi)bah. which was situated between Hamath and Damascus, may be identical with Emesa, the modern Iliuns. The region ])0ssesses a rich soil, abundant water, and a genial climate, but the towns and villages are in ruins and the Bedouins are the ])rinci-pal inhabitants. The cities of Zobah are forsaken.

ZOBE'BAH {Hlou'-moriiii]), a descendant of Judah. 1 Chr. 4 : 8.

ZO'HAR {u-hiteucs8). 1. The father of Ephron. Gen. 23 : 8 ; 25 : 9.

2. See Zerah, 3.

ZO'HELETH {serpent), a stone by " En-rogel," by^ which Adonijah " slew sheep and oxen and fat cattle." 1 Kgs. 1: 9. M. Ganneau found the steep rock-cut steps by which people from the village of Siloam pass down to the "Virgin's Fount," in the Kedron valley, bear among the Arabs the name of Zdhireileh. This he would identify with the stone of Zoheleth. and En-rogel would be the Virgin's Fount instead of the Well of Job {liir Eyitb), as has been usually supposed.

ZO'HETH (derivation unknown), a descendant of Judah. 1 Chr. 4 : 20.

ZO'PHAH (a cntse), an Asherite chief. 1 Chr. 7 : Zf>, 36.

ZO'PHAI (honei/roMh). a Kohathite Levite, ancestor of Samuel. 1 Chr. 6 : 26.

ZOPHAR, one of Job's three friends, Job 2 :11, is called the Naamatliite, ])rob-ably because he belonged to Naamah, Josh. 15 : 41. a town assigneil to Judah.

ZO'PHI.>I {>ratrl,erx). The field of Zophim was the place on the " top of Pisgah" to which Balak brought Balaam that the false proj)het might see the camp of Israel. Num. 23 : 14. (^rove says that if the word rendered "field" be taken in its usual sense, then the " field of Zophim " was a cultivated spot high up on the top of Pisgah. The position of the field must of course depend upon the site assigned for Pisgah. If Jcbel Sid;/fiiih be Pisgah, as supposed by Paine (but not confirmed), then Zophim, or "the top of Pisgah," was the third

ZOK

zuz

summit of Stdghah, running westward from Nebo, which is a little higher than the others and appears to look down upon them. See Pisgah.

ZO'RAH, AND ZORE'AH {hornets' town). AND ZA'REAH, Neh. 11: 29, a town in the low-country of Judah; afterward assigned to Dan, Josh. 15 : 33; 19 : 41; the birthplace and burialplace of Samson. Jud. 13 : 2, 25 ; 16 : 31. From Zorah the Danites sent spies to search the land for a place of inheritance. Jud. 18 : 2. Zorah was fortified by Reho-boam, 2 Chr. 11 : 10, and inhabited after the return from captivity. Neh. 11 : 29. The place still exists as SurnJi, 13 miles west of Jerusalem, 23 miles southeast of Joppa, and 2 miles north of Beth-shemesh. It is situated on the crest of a hill, 1150 feet above the sea. It over-loolis the valley of Sorek. Timnah stands some 2 or 3 miles to the southwest, across the valley.

ZO'RATHITES, a family of the tribe of Judah, probably inhabitants of Zorah. 1 Chr. 4 : 2.

ZO'REAH. Josh. 15 : 33. See Zorah.

ZO'RITES, probably inhabitants of Zorah. 1 Chr. 2 : 54.

ZOROB'ABEL. See Zerubbabel.

ZUAR (stualliiess), father of Neth an-eel. Num. 1:8; 2:5; 7 : 18, 23; 10 : 15.

ZUPH {honeycomh), a Kohathite Levite, an ancestor of Samuel the prophet. 1 Sam. 1 : 1; 1 Chr. 6:35.

ZUPH {flog, sedge). Deut. 1:1, margin. From the Hebrew Suph, signifying a kind of sea-weed, and the Hebrew name for the Red Sea, which see.

ZUPH, THE LAND OF, the farthest point of the journey of Saul, and where he encountered Samuel at a certain city, the name of which is not given. 1 Sam. 9 : 5. 6. The whole of this journey has been a curious puzzle in Scripture topography, " for the start-

ing-point is unknown, the point to which he returned doubtful," and the intermediate places have not been satisfactorily identified. Some resemblance to Zuph was thought to be found in Sola, 7 miles west of Jerusalem and 5 miles southwest of Nehy Samwil. Conder notes that the Targum on the passage connects the name "Zuph" with the root zephah, meaning *'to shine," and hence "to be conspicuous," whence come the words " Zephathah," " Zophim," " Zephir," and ' Mizpeh." In other Targums the words " Zophira" and "Mizpeh" are used indiscriminately in speaking of one place, both words being applicable to a "'watch-tower" or city in an elevated situation. "Zuph" was, however, also the name of a man, and it is not impossible that the land of Zuph may have been named after him. 1 Sam. 1 : 1. In the first case the city in the land of Zuph would possibly be Shu/a: in the second it would be Bethlehem, the home of Zuph. See Mizpeh.

ZUR {rock). 1. A Midianitish prince. Num. 25:15: Josh. 13:21, who was slain, with others, by the Israelites when the Midianites suflTered the judgments of God for their sins. Num. 26 : 18.

2. Son of the founder of Gibeon. 1 Chr. 8 : 30 : 9 : 36.

ZU'RIEL {my rock is God), a chief Levite in the time of the Exodus. Nunv 3 • 35

ZU'RISHAD'DAI (?»y rock is the Almighty), the father of the chief of Simeon at the time of the Exodus. Num.1 : 6: 2 : 12: 7 : 36. 41; 10 : 19.

ZU'ZIMS, the Ammonite name. Gen. 14 : 5, of doubtful derivation, for a tribe of gigantic stature and strength which inhabited the country east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, probably between the Arnon and the Jabbok. They were attacked and routed by Chedorlaomer, and afterward expelled by the Ammonites.

" All scripture is given by inspiratiox of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness : that the man of god may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all GOOD WORKS."—2 Tim. 3 : 16, 17. 924

APPENDIX

COiNTENTS OF APPENDIX.

Chronological Tables: page

1. Of the Old Testament 927-931

2. Between the Testaments 932-933

3. Of the New Testament 934-936

Origin of Nations 936

Herodian Family 937

Weights, Measures, and Money 938

Time and Jewish Year 939

Miracles in the Old Testament 940

Our Lord's Miracles 941

Parables in the Old Testament 941

Our Lord's Parables 942

Names, Titles, and Offices of Christ 942-943

Prophecies Kelating to Christ 943

Special Prayers in the Bible 944

Summary of the Mammalia in the Bible 945

Birds in Palestine 946-947

Reptiles in Scripture 948

Insects in Scripture 949

Fisheries in Palestine 949

Table of Obsolete Words in Scripture 950-954

Books, Chapters, and Verses in the Bible 955

Index of Illustrations in Bible Dictionary 957-960

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

The chronology of the Bible, up to the building of Solomon's temple, is very largely a matter of conjecture. Tlio usual dates, which are hero given, were computed by Arch-bisiiop Ussher and Dr. Hales. The ditference between them arises from their dillt-rent source. Archbishop Usslier took tiie ages of tlie patriarclis at the birth of their eldest sons, as given in tlie Hebrew original text, and adtied tliem togetiier, and thus arrived at the conchision that the Deluge came in the sixteen liundred and fifty-sixtli year after the Creation. Dr. Hales made the Septuagiut Version (see Biiu.K) bis basis, and, adding these ages as given in it, put the Deluge at two tliousaiid two hundnd and tifiy-si.x. years after the Crtation, tlie two texts ditfering by this amount. .Toseplius, it is worthy of note, has the hitter date for the event. The dates from the Dehige to the entrance into Canaan are found and differ in the same way. It is nianifest ihat neither table can be implicitly relied upon. The longer Chronology of Dr. Hales is probably nearer the fact, inasmuch as it allows more time for the spread of population and the development of kingdoms; as, for instance, Egypt.

The tables wo give are those of Mr. J. Gurney, revised in 1878 by the Rev. S. G. Green, D. D., and added to Xhe Bible for Bible-Teachers printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode, Queen's Printers, London. But the table relating to the New Testament times has been again revised and materially altered and enlarged by the editor of this Dictionary on the basis of bis History of the Apostolic Church.

1. THE PRINCIPAL EPOCHS FROM THE CREATION TO THE ENTRANCE

INTO CANAAN, ACCORDING TO THE DATES GIVEN BY

USSHER AND BY HALES.

EVENTS.

Birth of Reu

Dispersion of mankind (//rt/ra)

Birth of Sorug

Birtli of Nahor

Birth of Terah

Death of Noah ( Ussher)

Birth of Abram

Abram arrives in Canaan

Birth of Isaac

Birth of Jacob and Esau

Joseph goes to Egypt..

Jacob and all his family go to Egypt

Death of Jacob

Death of Josei)h

Birth of Moses

The Exodus*

Deatii of Moses; Entrance of Israel into Canaan

HALES.

I Yr. of

B.C.I the Wld.

2624 2787

2554 2857

2492 2919

2362 3049

2283 3128

2153 3258

2078 3333 2053' 3358

I 1993 3418 1885, 3526

1863' a'548 1846 2365 1792 3619 1728 3683 1648 3763

16081 3803

* There are two prominent dates for the Exodus: The old view that it occurred under Thothmes or Tutraes II., who reigned about u. c. 1485. But the best Egyptologists now consider Menephthah I., the son of Rameses II. the (ireat, to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus, and ptit the event in the year b. c. 1317. See Exodus. This change of date of course alters the subsequent dates, but the time thus apparently lost is regained by shortening the period of the Judges; which is allowable, inasmuch as it is not known how many of the Judges were contemporaries.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

Years

I B.C.

892

885

EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OP TIIK ISK AKI.ITKS

CONTEMPORANEOl'S rKUSf>NS

AND EVENTS IN HICATHEN

COUNTRIES.

Jehoram (8 years); having previously niarriL-d Athaliali, daugliter of

Edom revolts.

Ahaziaii (1 year)

fights in alliance

with

A hah. !Prophet E/ishn.

Jorani unsuccessfully

884 Ahaziah and

Athali All's usurpation (t) years).

878 IjEHOASH.'or JOAS1I(40

1 years). I

against.

Hazael of Damascus.

Jorain killed by Jehu,

884 jKiiu (28 years).

856

840 838

809

757 742

Repairing of the tern-;

pie. !

Gath taken, Jerusalem

threatened, j

The Syrians invade] I Judah. I

IAmaziah (29 years). [

I conquers Edom, j is defeated by '

726

The country east of

Jordan contjuered by'Hazael.

Pro))lu't Joiinh. I

iProphet Joe/(?). i

856 Jehoahaz (17 years). I

I I

847 and Israel greatly

i reduced by Hazael.

I Close of the 22d dynasty in

839 Jehoash (16 years) ' Egypt, defeats the Syrians ! three times under... Ben-hadad III. of Damascus.

Azariah, or UzziAH

(52 years), fortifies the Edoraite seaport I^lath. Prophet Amos.

JOTHAM (16 years). Prophets Mlcah aud

Isaiah. Ahaz fl6 years)

obtains against.. .

the help of the.. .

823

782^

772 771

760 758

Jehoash, who enters Jerusalem. 1

Jeroboam II. (41 years); restores the boundary of Israel by war with the Syrians.

Interregnum

(10 years). Prophet Ilosea. Zechariah

(6 months). Siialt.um (1 month). Menahkm (10 years). Israel tributary to the Pekahiah (2 years). Pekah (20 years).

Israel and the —

Prophet Oded. Ahaz is dependent on Assyria.

Hezekiah (29 years) conquers the Philis-tines.

740 730

Many of the peopk transported to

776 The first Olympiad.

Assyrians under Pul.

752'Founding of Rome.

747 Nabonassar in Rabylon. Syrians, under PiK/.lN,

Assyrians under Tuii.ATH' PILKSKU II.

Era of Nabonassar.

Assyria.

Interregnum (9 years). 734 Syracuse founded Ho.sHKA (9 years) trib-j

utary to the \ Assyrians.

attempts to free hira-

self by an alliance

with

So, kingof EK'vpt (Shebek I.), first king of the 25th dynasty.

CHKONOLOGICAL TABLES.

Years B. c.

726

697

642

640 628

609

609 606

598 697 594 589

586

574

561

EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELITES.

! CONTEMPORANEOUS PERSONS AND EVENTS IN HEATHEN COUNTRIES.

723!Samaria besieged by... Shalmaneser IV. of As-

721

I syna.

Samaria taken by 'Sargon.

Israel led captive into Assyria.

The land peopled bv I

Assyrian colonists.

713 iTbe surviving kingdom of Judah invaded by.

712 Destruction of the Assyrian army. Embassy to Hezekiah from

Manasseh (55 years).

More Assyrian colonists are sent into the land of Israel by

Amon (2 years). Prophet Nahum (?).

Josiah (31 years).

Prophets Jeremiah and Zephaniah.

Josiah falls in battle against Necho, king of Egypt.

Jehoahaz (3 months). Jehoiakim (11 years). Judaii made tributary by Nebuchadnezzar. Date

usually fixed for commencement of the seventy

years' subjection to Babylon.

Prophet ITaha'k'kuk.

Jehoiachin (3 months). Jerusalem taken by the Chaldeans. Jehoiachin in exile.

Zedekiaii CMattaniah) reigns, under the Chaldeans fll years).

Ezal-iel appears as prophet at the river Chebar, in Babylonia.

Zedekiah applies for help to

Commencement of the siege of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans.

Jerusalem destroyed; the king taken prisoner; many of the people transported to

Gedaliaii is appointed governor by Nebuchadnezzar, and is killed by Ishmael; the remnant of the .Fews flee to Egypt.

Prophet Obndiahd).

Ezekiel's visions, fifty years after Josiab's reformation.

Jehoiachin's captivity at Babylon relieved by.

. Sennacherib.* ITirhakah (Tearkon) of I Egypt; war with Sen-I nacherib.

. MERODACH-r>ALADAN in

I Babylon.

ESAR-HADDON.

jEgypt sul'ject to Assyria 664 PSAMMETICHUS in Egvpt,

j first king of the 2*61 h

I dynasty. 633 Cyaxares, the Median

I king. 630 Egypt regains independ-

625 Nabopolassar independ-

j ent in Babylon.

I Fall of Nineveh. 610 Necho reigns in Egypt.

610 Eclipse of Thales.

605 Necho defeated at Car j chemish by Nebuchad-I nezzar. 604 Nebuchadnezzar, king

of Babylon. 595 HoPHR.i (Apries), king of

Egypt. 594 Solon at Athens.

the king of Egypt.

Babylon.

Nebuchadnezzar captures Tyre under Ethbaal II.

570 Birth of Pythagoras. 569 Amasis, king of Egypt. 561 Death of Nebuchadnezzar.

Evil-merodach.

559 Neriglissar at Babylon.

* According to Schrader, who is an authority upon Assyriology, the dates of Shal-manezer, Sargon, and Sennacherib should be: Sbalmanezer, B. c, 727-722; Sargon, b. c. 722-705; Sennacherib, b. c. 705-682.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

Years

B.C.

561

EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELITES.

Daniel's prophetic visions.

Palestine, a province of Persia.

536 iReturn of first company I of exiles to Jerusalem ! under Zerubbabel in

! the

Rebuilding of the temple begun.

522

520

517

Building of the temple stopped by

Temple recommenced in the

Prophets Haggai and Zechariak.

The temple completed

1st year of Cyrits.

Cambyses (Ahasuerus of Ezra iv.).

Pseudo-Smerdis (Arta xerxes of Ezra iv.).

Darius Hystaspes (Darius of Ezra iv. 24; v.; vi.).

2d year of Darius.

Darius invades Greece.

Xerxes I. (Ahasuerus of book of Esther)... Invasion of Greece..

457

444

Return of second large company of Jews to Jerusalem, under Ezra, with a commission from

Neheniiah, at Jerusalem, governor for twelve years, till the year 432.

7th year, return from Greece.

Esther made queen...

12th year, Haman's plot and death

Feast of Purim established. Artaxer.xes I. or LoN-

GIMANUS (Artaxerxes

of Ezra vii.)

the king of Persia.

Xerxes II. (45days)....

SOGDIANUS (6 numths). The Prophet i»/a/aeAM>ARius II. (Nothus).... concludes the Old Tes-I tament Scriptures.* I

CONTEMPORANEOUS PERSONS

AND EVENTS IN HEATHEN COUNTRIES.

555 Nahonadius or Lahvnk-TUS, last kiiiK ot Haby-loll; associated with his sou Hklshazzar.

538;Capture of Haby ion by I Cyrus.

Darius (Astynges?) rules in Babylon.

534 Tarquin at Rome.

529

525 Cambyses conquers Egypt.

521

509 Rome's first treaty with

I Carthage. 490 Battle of Marathon. 486 Egypt revolts from Persia, and is reconquered, 484.

486

480Battles of Thermopylae

and Salaniis. 479,Battle of Platea; sea-fight

of Mycale.

478 474

465 461

Pericles at Athens.

Herodotus the historian 4311 Pelopou nesian war begi ns,

425 425

424 Socrates, Xenopbon, and I Thucydides at Athens

* See chronological list of the prophets under Prophets.

CHKONOLOGICAL TABLES.

4. PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF NEW TESTAMENT TIMES.

A. D.

B.C. 5

or 4

SCRIPTURE HISTORY.

A. D.

Birth of Christ (see above). His return from Egypt. (B. c. 3.)

His visit to the Temple at twelve years of age.

For chronological table of the gospel history, see article Christ.

EVENTS in PALESTINE.

Death of Herod.

(B. c. 4.)

Archelaus in Judaea, Samaria, and Idumea; Herod Antipas in Galilee and Persea, and Philip in Auran-itis, Trachoiiitis, Pan-eas, and Batanea.

Archelaus deposed, and Judaea made a Roman province

Cyrenius (Quirinius), Governor of Syria for the second time. The registration, or "taxing." Acts 5: 37.

Revolt of "Judas of Galilee."

CoPONius Procurator of Judaea.

Marcus Ambivius Procurator ,

His Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension.

Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

Martyrdom of Stephen.

Conversion of Saul.

Saul's escape from Damascus, and first visit to Jerusalem. Gal. 1: 18.

Admission of Cornelius into the Church.

James the Elder, the son of Zebedee, beheaded, and Peter delivered. Acts 12 : 2, 23.

Paul's second visit to Jerusalem, with alms from the church at Antioch. Acts 11: 30.

Paul is set apart as an apostle. Acts 13: 2.

Annius Rufus Procurator (about) ,

Valerius Gratus Procurator

Pontius Pilate Procurator

Marcellus Procurator Pilate sent to Rome by

the Prefect of Syria.... Maryllus appointed

Hipparch.

Herod Agrippa I., king of Judaea and Samaria.

contemporaneous

events in the ROMAN EMPIRE.

Augustus Emperor of Rome, B. c. 27-A. d. 14,

Tiberius colleague of Augustus

Augustus dies, Tiberius sole Emperor (14-37;

Herod Agrippa I. at Caesarea

dies

Cuspius Fadus Procurator.

Caligula Emperor (37-41)

Philo at Rome

Claudius Emperor (41-54)

War in Britain, 43-51.

9 12 13 14 U 26

36 36 37

37 40 41

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

53 54 56

58 58

60 61

61-63

63 64

64-67

SCRIPTURE HISTORY.

EVENTS IN PALESTINE.

CONTEMl'OKANKOLS

EVENTS IN THK ROMAN

KMI'IRK.

Paul's first missionary journey, occupying about a vear.

The Epistle of .Tames (?).

Paul's third visit to Jerusalem, respecting the obligations of the Mosaic Law on Gentile converts. The apostolic council of Jerusalem. Peaceful adjustment of the question of circumcision. Acts ch. 15; Gal. 2:1-10.

Paul sets out on liis second missionary journey, occupying rather more than 3 years, and including his fourtli visit to Jerusalem.

He enters Europe.

Paul writes First9.nd Second Epistles to the Thes-salonians from Corinth.

begins his third missionary journey,occupying about four years.

writes to the Gala-tians (?) from Ephesus, or from some part of Greece on his journey to Corinth (57).

Paul writes First Epistle to the Corinthians from Ephesus; Second Epistle from Macedonia.

Paul writes to the Romans from Corinth.

He visits (the fifth time) Jerusalem ; is apprehended,brought before Felix, and imprisoned for two years at Csesa-rea. Acts 21 : 17-26,32.

Paul appears before Fes-tus, and is sent to Italy.

Paul arrives a prisoner at Rome in spring.

Epistle of James the Lord's brother (?). His martyrdom (or 69).

Paul writes to the Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, Philippians from Rome.

Paul is supposed to have been released (?).

Epistle to the Hebrercs. Timothy set free (13: 23).

First Epistle of Peter.

Jude writes his Epistle (?)

Peter writes bis Second Epistle (?).

TiBKRius Alexander Procurator '

Ventidius Cumanus Procurator

Antonius Felix Procurator

The Tetrarchy of Tra-chonitis given to Herod AciRipPA IL (the last of the Hero-dian family).

Revolt of the Sicarii, headed by an Egyptian (Acts 21: 38)

PoRCius Festus Procurator

Embassy from Jerusalem to Rome respecting the wall.

Albinus Procurator.

Gessius Florus Procurator.

lA.D.

I 46 47

Decree of Claudius ban-] isbing the Jews from' Rome I .52

Nero Emperor (54-68).

War with Boadicea in' Britain 61

Apollonius of Tyana at the Olympic games.

Great fire at Romo; first imperial persecution of tliu Christians

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

64-«7

SCRIPTURE HISTORY.

Paul writes First Epistle to Timothy and Epistle to Titus{'!). After visiting Crete and Maoedonia(?)

'Paul writes Second Ep. to Timothy from second Rdiuan captivity (?).*

Paul's and Peter's martyrdom in Rome (?j.

68 The R&velation of John(?).

80-90

John writes his Gospel

and Epistles (?). John writes the Revelation (?). 9&-100'Death of John.

EVENTS IN PALESTINE.

Beginning of the great war between the Romans and Jews

Vespasian General in Palestine

CONTEMPORANEOUS

EVENTS IN THE ROMAN

EMPIRE.

Galea Emperor i

Otho and Vitellius Em-

Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus ,

perors

Vespasian Emperor.,

Titus Emperor

Domitian Emperor

Persecution of Christians.

Nerva Emperor

Death of ApoUonius

Trajan Emperor.

67 68

* Those who deny a second Roman captivity of Paul and put his martyrdom in a. D. 64, assign First Timothy and Titus to the period of his three years' residence in Ephesus, A. D. 54 to 57, and Second Timothy to a. d. 63 or 64. For fuller chronology of Paul's life see Paul. .

ORIGIN OF NATIONS.

NOAH'S SONS.

Sons of Japheth.-f

Gomer

Magog

Madai

Javan

Tubal

Meshech.

Tiras.

Sons of Shem.

Elam

Asshur

Arj)haxad

Lud

Aram

Sons of Ham.

Cush

Misraira

Phut.

Canaan

PRINCIPAL countries

peopled by them.

Asia Minor, Armenia, Caucasus, Europe.

PRINCIPAL nations SPRUNG FROM THEM.

Assyria, Syria, Persia, Arabia, Northern Mesopotamia.

Arabia, Egypt, North coast of Africa.

Russians, Germans, Gauls, Britons.

Scythians— i. e., peoples north of Mt. Caucasus.

Medes.— Josephus.

lonians, and Greeks generally.

Iberians (between Black and Caspian Seas).— Josephus.

Probably Moschi (between Black Sea and Armenia).

Thracians (so classical writers; no biblical clew).

Elamites of Susiana: north of Persian Gulf. Assyrians.

'"Chaldseans are Arphaxadeans."—t/bsfpAus. Lydians.— So Bishop Watson. Syrians (and Northern Mesopotamians: Pada?i-aram).

Ethiopians or Abyssinians.

Egyptians.

Libyans.

Canaanites.

t Gen. 10: 5: " By these were the isles," etc. The word translated " isles " rather means countries, especially those washed by the sea.

936 '

>. > re ^5? '^•• ^ ^ ■• " "T'J^M I

S " S"

«>" I,

S" 2

S 3

O = ?-:.

B- 4 ,^ » a £ =

^ ri 7 are b

B ™ ii

c ;• re

a a

w o

l-t

I—I

H (—I

!z!

937

WEIGHTS, MEASURES, MONEY, AND TIME.

(Ih'om the Oxford Sunday-School Teacher^s Bible, with Additions.)

WEIGHTS.

Avoirdupois.

lbs. oz. drs.

A gerah — — .439

10 gerahs = 1 bekah — — 4.39

2 bekahs = 1 shekel — — 8.9

60 shekels = 1 inaneh 2 0 14.628

SOmauebs = 1 talent 102 13 11.428

D-oi/.

MEASUKES.

Long Measure.

ft.

A digit, or finger rjer. 52 : 21) —

4 digits = 1 palin (Ex. 25 : 25) —

3 palms = 1 span (Ex. 28 : 16) —

2 spans = 1 cubit (Gen. 6 : 15) 1

4 cubits = 1 fathom (Acts 27 : 28) 7

1.5 fathoms = 1 reed (Eze. 40 : 3, 5) 10

13.3 reeds = 1 line (Eze. 40 : 3) 145

Land Measure.

Eug. miles, paces.

A cubit — —

400 cubits = 1 furlong (Luke 24 : 13) — 145

10 furlongs = 1 mile (Matt. 5 : 41) 1 403

15 furlongs = 1 Sabbath-day's journey (John 11:18; Acts

1 :12) 2 132

24 miles = 1 day's journey 33 172

Liquid Measure.

gals.

A caph —

1.3 caph = 1 log (Lev. 14 : 10) —

4 logs = 1 cab —

3 cabs = 1 bin (Ex. 30 : 24) 1

2 bins = 1 seah 2

3 seahs = 1 bath or ephah (1 Kgs. 7 : 26; John 2 : 6) 7

10 ephahs = 1 kor or homer (Isa. 5 : 10; Eze. 45 : 14) 75

Dry Measure.

pecks, gals.

A gachal — —

20gachals = 1 cab (2 Kgs. 6 : 25; Rev. 6 : 6) — —

1.8 cabs = 1 om3r (Ex. 16 : 36) — —

3.3omers = 1 seah (Matt. 13 : 33) 1 0

3 seahs = 1 ephah (Eze. 45 : 11) 3 0

5 ephahs = 1 letech (Hos. 3 : 2) 16 0

2 letechs = 1 kor or homer (Num. 11 : 32; Hos. 3 : 2) 32 0

0.912

3.648

10.944

9.888

3.552

11.328

11.04

ft. 1.824 4.6 1

pts. 0.625 0.833 3.333 2 4

4.5 5.25

pts.

0.1416

2.8333

5.1

MONEY.

ROMAN MONEY.

Amite (Mark 12 : 42) = $0 01.87

2 mites = 1 farthing (Mark 12 : 42) = 0 03.75

4 farthings = 1 pennv (Matt. 22 : 19) = 0 15

100 pence = 1 pound (Matt. 18 : 24) = 15 00

JEWISH MONEY,

Wiffi its value in American money.

A gerah (Ex. 30 : 13) = SO 02.73

10 gerahs = 1 bekah (Ex. 38 : 2r.) = 0 '2iM7

2 bekahs = 1 shekel (Ex. 30 : 13; Isa. 7 : 23 ; Matt. 17 : 27) = 0 54.74

SOshekels = 1 minah* (Luke 19 : 13) = 27 37.o0

60 mlnahs = 1 talent = 1,642 50

A gold shekel = 8 76

A talent of gold = 26,280 00

N. B.—A shekel would probably purchase nearly ten times as much as the same nominal amount will now. Remember tliat one Roman penny (15 cents) was a good day's wages for a laborer.

TIME.

The naiural day was from sunrise to sunset.

The natural night was from sunset to sunrise.

The civU day was from sunset one evening to sunset the next.

Day (Ancient). Morning, till about 10 a. m. Heat of day, till about 2 p. M. Cool of dav, till about 6 p. M.

Night {Ancient).

First watch (Lam. 2 : 19), till midnight. Middle watch (Jud. 7 : 19), till 3 a. m. Morning watch (Ex.14: 24)till 6 A. M.

Night {New Testament).

First watch, evening = 6 to 9 P. m.

Second watch, midnight = 9 to 12 p. M.

Third watch, cocAf/ow = 12 to 3 a.m.

Fourth watch, morning = 3 to 6 a. m.

N B Our Lord's predictions of his resurrection are in accordance with the usual expressions respectingthe civil, not the natural, day. Thus," ♦••'jee days and three nights is in the Greek all one word, which would be more correctly translated, three cnil days."

THE JEWISH YEAR.

Day {New Testament).

Third hour = 6 to 9 a. m. Sixth hour = 9 to 12 midday. Ninth hour = 12 to 3 p. M. Twelfth hour ^ 3 to 6 P. m.

Month of

Sacred Civil year. year.

II. III. IV. V. VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX. X.

XT.

XTI. XIII.

VIT.

VIII.

IX.

XI. XII.

II. III.

IV. V. VI.

Name.

No. of days.

Abib or Nisan (Ex. 12:2; 13:4).

Jyar or ;- ;. Sisan or Sivan.

Thammuz.

Ab (Ezr. 7 :9).

Lhil (Neh. 6 : 15).

Tizri (1 Kgs. 8 : 2).

Bui (1 Kes. 6 : 38). Chisleu (Zech.7: 1). Thebeth(Estli.2:16) Shebat(Zech. 1:7). I Adar (Ezr. 6 : 15). i Ve- Adur, Intercalary

29 30 29 30 29

English months.

March, April.

April and May. May and June.

June. July. Julv, August. August, &ept.

Sept., Oct.

Oct., Nov. Nov., Dec. Dec, Jan. Jan., Feb. Feb., March.

Products.

Barley ripe. Fig in blossom.

Barley harvest.

Wheat harvest.

Early vintage.

Ripe figs.

General vintnge.

Ploughins and sowing.

Latter grapes.

Snow.

Grass after rain.

Winter fig. Almond blossom.

Jewish Festivals.

Passover.

Unleavened

bread.

Pentecost.

, Feast of Trum-I pets. .; ,\tonenient. I Feast of Taber-L nacles.

Dedication. Purini.

* The wirwA or Tnnncfc, according to 1 Kgs. lOj 17 compared with 2 Chr 9; shekels ; but 50. The passac

your maneb." - , . ,

coins in gold, silver, and copper, bearing tlie same name.

16. contained 100

." This is variously interpreted. (\) Ji) + i-'y + la — wi. ^-; i", ^>, ••'

PKINCIPAL MIRACLES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

MIRACLES.

Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah

Lot's wifp turned to a pillar of salt

Biith of Isaac

The burning bush not consumed

Aaron's rod clianged into a serpent

The Plagues of Egypt.—(1.) Waters made blood. (2.) Frogs. (3.) l-ice. (4.) Flies. (5.) Murrain. (6.) Boils. (7.) Thunder, etc. (8.) Locusts. (9.) Darkness. (10.) Death of the first-born

Red Sea divided by E. wind; Israel passes through..Moses

Marah's waters sweetened do.

Manna sent daily—the Sabbath excepted

Water from the rock Moses.

Part of Israel burned lor ungrateful and faithless discontent

Nadab and Abihu consumed for offering " strange fire" Mo.-ies

The earth swallows Korah, eic—fire and plague follow..

Aaron's rod budding shows his choice by God

Water from the rock (smitten by Moses twice) Moses

Brazen serpent; Israel healed do.

Balaam's ass speaks

The river Jordan stopped ; Israel crosses dryshod..Joshua

Walls of Jericho fall down do.

Sun and moon stayed ; hail-storm in aid of Israel, do.

Strength of Samson

Water flows from hollow place " in Lehi." (Heb.) Samson

Dagon falls twice before the ark; emerods on Philistines

WKOUGHT AT

Men of Beth-shemesh smitten for looking into the ark... Tliunder-storm causes a panic in the Philistines' army...

Thunder and rain in harvest Samuel

Sound in tlie mulberry trees— i.e. God goeth before..David

Uzzah struck dead for toucliinu the ark

Jeroboam's hand withered and his new altar destroyed...

Widow of Zarepliath's meal and oil increased Elijah

Widow's son raised from death do.

Drought, fire, and rain at Elijah's prayer ; Elijah fed by

ravens Elijah

Ahaziah'9 captains consumed by fire do.

River Jordan divided by Elijah and Elislia successively..

Elijah carried up into heaven

Waters of Jericho healed with salt Elisha

Bears destroy 42 mocking "young men" (Heb.)... do.

Water foi- Jeliosl):iphai and the allied army do.

The widow's oil multiplied do.

Shunammite'n son given, and raised from the dead do.

The deadly pottage cured with meal do.

Hundred men fed witn twenty loaves do.

Naaman cured of leprosy ; it is inflicted on Gehazi do.

The iron axe-head swims do.

Benhadad's plans discerned; Hazael's thoughts,etc. do.

Syrian army smitten with blindness do.

Syrian army cured of blindness

Elisha's bones revive the dead

Sennacherib's army destroyed by a blast

Sun's shadow goes back 10 degrees on the sun-dial of

Ahaz

Uzziah struck with leprosy

Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego, delivered from the fur-

Daniel saved in the den of lions

Jonah saved by a great fish and safely landed.

940 ~~

End of Dead Sea... End of Dead Sea...

Gerar

Mt. Horeb

Egypt

Egypt.

Egypt

Marah

Wilderness of Sin. Rephidim

Taberah.

EECOEDKD I»

Sinai.

Kadesh

Desert of Zin

On road fromPethor

River Jordan

Jericho

Gibeon

Philistia

En-hakkore

Gen. 19: 24.

19 : 26.

21: 1. Ex. 3: 3. 7: 10-12. 7: 20-25.

8:5-14,16-18,20-24. 9 : 3-6, 8-11, 22-26. 10 : 12-19, 21-23. 12: 29, 30.

14 : 21-31.

15 : 23-25. 16: 14-35. 17 : 5-7.

Num. 11: 1-3.

Lev. 10: Num. 16

.2.

32.

1, etc.

7-11.

8,9.

21-35.

Ashdod ,

Beth-shemesh.

Ebenezer ,

Gilgal

Rephaim

Perez-uzzah

Beth-el

Zarephatn

Zarepliath

Carmel,Cherith,etc.

Near Samaria

Near Jericho

East of Jordan

Jericho

Land of Moab..

Shunem

Gilcal

Gilgal

Samaria

River Jordan.

Dothan... Samaria.

Jerusalem.

Jerusalem, Jerusalem.

Babylon. Babylon..

17 20 21 22

Josh. 3: 14-17. 6: 6-20. 10: 12-14. Jud. 14 to oh. 16. 15: 19, margin,

1 Sam. 5 : 1-12.

6: 19. 7:10-12. 12: 18.

2 Sam. 5 : 23-25.

6:7.

1 Kgs. 13 : 4, 6.

17: 14-16. 17-24.

17 and ch. 18.

2 Kgs. 1 : 10-12,

2 : 7, 8, 14.

11.

21, 22.

24. 3: 16-20. 4: 2-7. 32-37. 38-41. 42-44. 5: 10-27. 6: 5-7.

12, etc.

18.

20. 13: 21. 19: 35.

20: 9-11. 2Chron. 26: 16-21.

Dan. 3: 19-27.

6 : 16-23.

Jonah 2: 1-10.

OUK LOKD'S MIRACLES.

MIRACLES.

I. Narrated only in one Gospel.

Two blind men liealod

A dumb demoniac lieaied

Stater in tlie month of tlie fisli '.

The deaf and dumb man healed

A blind man healed

When Christ passed unseen through the

multitude

Draught of tish

Raising the widow's son

Healing the woman with an infirmity

Healing the man with the dropsy '

Healing the ten lepers

Healing the ear of Malthus, servant of the

high priest

Turning water into wine

Healing the nobleman's son (of fever)

Healing the impotent man at Bethesda

Healing the man born blind

Raising of Lazarus

Draught of fish

II. Narrated in two Gospels.

Healing the daughter of theSyrophcenician

Feeding the four thousand

Cursing the fig tree

Healing the centurion's servant (of palsy).

The blind and dumb demoniac

The demoniac in a synagogue

III. NarralPd in three Gospels.

Stilling the storm

The legions of devils entering the swine...

Healing Jairus' daughter

Healing the woman with an issue of blood.

Healing the man sick of the palsy

Healing the leper

Healing Peter's motber-in-law

Healing the man with a withered hand

Healing demoniac child

Healing blind Bartimajus

Walking on the sea

IV. Narrated in four Gospels. Feeding the five thousand

LOCALITY.

Capernaum. Cajiernauiu. Capernaum. Decapolis.... Bethsaida....

Matt. Mark. iLuKE.'jouN

Nazareth..., Bethsaida..

Nain

Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Samaria....

Gethseniane.

Cana

Jerusalem

Jerusalem....

Bethany

Bethsaida

Tyre

Cennesaret (?) Mount of Olives

Capernaum

Galilee

Capernaum

Sea of Galilee...

Gadara

Capernaum

Gennesaret

Capernaum

Gennesaret

Bethsaida

Capernaum ' 12

15 15 21 8 12

Mount Hermon

Jericho

Sea of Galilee

Bethsaida. (Julias.)

17 20 14

5 5 2 1 1 3 9 10 6

4 5

13 14

8 8 8 8 6 5 4 6 9 18

2 4 5 9

I 11 ! 21

CHIEF PAEABLES IX THE OLD TESTAMENT.

SPOKEN AT

SECOSDED IV

Jb^Aam.—Trees making a king (to men of Shechern) Mount Gerizim Jiul. 9 : 7-l.'5.

Samson.—JiuhUe (to liis rnarri.Tse-gnests*) Timniitli Jud. H: M.

Nathan.—Vonv man'.'; ewe lamb (to t).'ivia) Jeiusak-n) 2Sain. 12!.'>-11.

do.

Jerusalem 2.Siun. 14

6-11. ;»-40.

Woman of Tehoah.—Two brothers' suite, and

avenger of blood

The smitten, proijhet .—The escaped pri.-onei (loAliab) Near Apliek 1 Kps. 20

Jficata/i.—His vi.-ion „ do. Hanuuia I Kps. 22 : 19-2.3

Je/»')a«;i, Jhn.i7o/'/.'^-ae;.—Thelliislleandcedai(toAniaziah) Jerusalem 2 Kps. 14 : 9.

/«atift.—Vinevard viekting wild grapes (lo Israel) Jernsjilem Isn..5: 1-6.

jE:^e^•^eL—l.ion•s whelps do. i Babylonia Eze. 14:2-9.

The great eagles and the vine do. Babylonia Eze. 17 : »-10.

The boiling pot do. | Babylonia | Eze. 24 : 3-5.

—

OUK LOKD'S PAEABLES.

PARABLES.

T. Recorded in one Gospel only.

The tares

The liid treasure

The goodly pearl

The draw net

The unmerciful servant

Tlie laborers in the vineyard.... The two sons in the vineyard... The marriage of the king's son.

The ten virgins

The ten talents

The sheep and goats

The seed growing secretly

The houseliolder

The two debtors

The good Samaritan

The friend at midnight

The rich fool

The wedding-feast

The wise steward

The barren fig tree

The great supper

The piece of money

The prodigal son

The unjust steward

The rich man and Lazarus

The unprofitable servants

The unjust judge

The Pharisee and publican

The pounds

LOCALITY.

II. Recorded in hvo Gospels.

House on rock and sand

The leaven

Gennesaret.. Gennesaret.. I Gennesaret.. 'Gennesaret.. jCapernaum.. Jerusalem.... Jerusalem.... Mt. of Olives, Mt. of Olives, Mt. of Olives, Mt. of Olives. Gennesaret... Gennesaret...

Galilee

Jerusalem

Jerusalem .... Jerusalem....

Jerusalem

Jerusalem.... Jerusalem....

Jerusalem

Jerusalem.... Jerusalem.... Jerusalem.... Jerusalem.... Jerusalem

LESSONS.

Galilee

Gennesaret... The lost sheep Jerusalem....

III. Recorded in three Gospels.

New cloth and old garment

New wine in old bottles

The sower

The mustard-seed

The wicked husbandmen

The tig tree and all the trees....

Good and evil in life and judgment, Value of gospel. iChristlan seeking salvation. [Visible Church of^ Christ. Danger of ingratitude. Call at various epochs. Insincerity and repentance. Need of righteousness. Watchful and careless profession. Use of advantages. Final separation of good and bad. Gradual growth of religion.

Gratitude for pardon. Compassion to suffering. Perseverance in prayer. Worldly-mindedness. Vigilance toward second advent. Conscientiousness in trust. Unprofitableness under grace. Universality of divine call. Joy over penitence. Fatherly love to penitent son. Preparation for eternity. Recompense of future life. God's claim to all our services. Advantage of persevering prayer. Self-righteousness and humility. Diligence rewarded, sloth punished.

6 Consistent and false profession. SiPervading influence of religion. 15|Joy over penitent.

Capernaum... 9; 2 5 New doctrine on old prejudices. Capernaum,..j 9! 2| 5 New spirit in unregenerate heart, Gennesaret... 1.3 4 8 Hearers divided into classes. Gennesaret... 13 4 13 Spread of Gospel.

Jerusalem 21 12 20 Rejection of Christ by Jews.

iMt. of Olives. 24 13 21 Indications of second advent.

N. B.—These miracles and parables in the N. T. are grouped according to their record by the evangelists.

THE NAMES, TITLES, AND OFFICES OF CHKIST.

Adam, The Second. 1 Cor. 15 : 45, 47.

Advocate, An, 1 John 2:1.

Alpha rind Omega, Rev. 1:8; 22 : 13.

Amen, Rev. 3 : 14.

Author and Finisher of our faith, Heb. 12 : 2.

Beginning of the creation of God, Rev. 3 : 14.

Blessed and only Pofentate, \ Tim. 6 : 15.

Branch, Zech. 3:8; 6 : 12.

Captain of salvation, Heb. 2:10.

Corner-stone, 1 Pet. 2 : 6.

David, Jer. 30 : 9; Eze. 34 : 23; 37: 24; Hos.

3 : 5. Day-spring, Luke 1 : 78.

942

Deliverer, Rom. 11: 26.

Desire of all stations. Hag. 2 : 7.

Bmmanvel, Isa. 7:14; Matt. 1 : 23.

Everlastinq Father, Isa. 9 : 6.

Faithful Witness, Rev. 1 : 5 ; 3 : 14.

First and Last, Rev. 1 : 17.

First-begotten of the dead, Rev. 1: 5.

God, Isa. 40 : 9 ; John 20 : 28 ; 1 John 5 : 20.

God blessed for ever, Rom. 9 : 5.

Good Shepherd, John 10 : 11.

Governor, Matt. 2 : (i.

Great High Priest, Heb. 4 : 14.

Holy One, Luke 4: 34; Acts 3 : 14; Rev. 3:7.

PROPHECIES RELATING TO CHRIST.

Horn of salratioity Luke 1 : ()9.

/ AJI,'Kx. 3 : 14. with Jolin 8 : 58.

Image of God, 2 Cor. 4 : 4.

Jehovah, Isa. 26 : 4.

Jesus, Matt. 1 : 21; 1 Thess. 1 : 10.

Just One, Acts 8 : 14; 7 : 52; 22 : 14.

King everlasting, Luke 1 : 33.

Kin(f of Israel, John 1 : 49.

King of the Jews, Matt. 2 : 2.

King of kings. Rev. 17 : 14 ; 19 : 16.

Lanib o/ God, John 1 : 29, 36.

Lawgiver, Isa. 33 : 22.

Lig/it of the world, .John 8 : 12.

Li(/ht, True, John 1: 8, 9 ; 3 : 19 ; 8 : 12; 9:5;

12: So, 46. Li07i of the tribe of Judah, Rev. 5 : 5. Living stone, 1 Pet. 2 : 4. Lord, Matt. 3:3; Mark 11: 3. Lord God Almighty, Rev. 15:3; of holy

prophets, 22: 6. Lord of all. Acts 10:36. Lord of glory, 1 Cor. 2 : 8. Lord of lords. Rev. 17:14; 19 : 16. Lord our righteousness, Jer. 23 : 6. Maker and Preserver of all thinqs, John 1 : 3,

10; 1 Cor. 8:6; Col. 1: 16 ; Heb. 1 : 2, 10;

Rev. 4:11. Mediator, 1 Tim. 2 : 5. Mediator of the new covenaiit, Heb. 12 : 24. Messiah, Dan. 9 : 25 ; John 1 : 41. Mighty One of Jacob, Isa. 60 : 16.

Morning Star, Rev. 22:16.

Nazare'ne, Matt. 2 : 23.

Our Passover, 1 Cor. 5 : 7.

Prince, Acts 5 : 31.

Prince of life, .\rts 3: 15.

Prince if finter, Isa. 9 : 6.

Prince of the kinqs of the earth. Rev. 1 : 5.

Prophet, Deut. 18 : 15; Luke 24 : 19.

Redeemer, Job 19 : 25 : Isa. 59 : 20.

Poot and off'sjiring of David, Rev. 22 : 16.

Root of David, Rev. 5 : 5.

Ruler in Israel, Mic. 5 : 2.

Same yesterday,to-day,and for ever, Heb. 13 :8.

Saviour, Luke 2:11 ; Aclis 5 : 31.

Shepherd and Bishoj) of souls, 1 Pet. 2 : 25.

Shepherd in the land, Zech. 11:16.

Shepherd of the sheep, Great, Heh. 13 : 20.

Shiloh,Cu'h. 49: 10.

Son of David, Matt. 9 : 27; 21 : 9.

Son of God, Matt. 3:17; 8 : 29 ; Luke 1: .35.

Son of man. Matt. 8 : 20 ; John 1: 51; Acts

7:56. Son of the Highest, Luke 1 : 32. Sm, 'Onhx-hegotlen, Jolin 1 : 14, 18; 3 : 16, 18. St<ir and Sceptre, Num. 24 : 17. Triie Vine, John 15 :1. Way, Truth, and Life, John 14 : 6. Wiines.i, Faithful and true. Rev. 3 : 14. Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Isa. 9 : 6. Word, ,tohn 1:1. Word of God. Rev. 19 : 13.

PROPHECIES RELATING TO CHRIST.

Adoration by magi, Ps. 72: 10,15; Isa. 60 : 3, 6. Advent, Gen. 3 : 15 : Deut. 18 : 15 ; Ps. 89 : 20;

Isa.2:2; 9:6; 28:16; 32:1; 35:4; 42 : 6;

49 :1 : 55 : 4 ; Eze. 34 : 24; Dan. 2 : 44 ; Mic.

4:1; Zf'ch. 3:8. Advent, Time of. Gen. 49:10: Num. 24 :17;

Dan. 9 : 24 ; Hap. 2:7; Mai. 3:1. Ascension and exaltation, Ps. 16 : 11; 24 : 7;

68:18; 110:1; 118:19. Betrayal by own friend, Ps. 41 : 9; 55 : 13. Betrayal for thirty pieces, Zech. 11 : 12. Beirayefs death, Ps. 55 : 15, 23; 109 : 17. Bone not to be broken, Ps. 34 : 20. Burial with the rich, Isa. 53 : 9. Casting lots for vesture, Ps. 22 : 18. Conversion of Gentiles, Isa. 11 : 10 ; 42 :1. Crvcifij-ion, Ps. 22 : 14, 17. Deat/'i with malefactors, Isa. 53 : 9, 12. Death in prime of life, Ps. 89 : 45 ; 102 : 24. Death attested by convulsions of nature, Am.

5:20: 8:9; Zech. 14:4, 6. Descent into Egypt, Hos. 11:1. Desertion by discijiles, Zech. 13 : 7. Divinity, Ps. 2 : 11; 45 : 7; 72 : 8 ; 110 :1; Tsa.

9:6; 25 : 9; 40 : 10; Jer. 23 : 6; Mic. 5 : 2 ;

Mai. 3:1. Dominion universal and everlasting, Ps. 72 : 8;

Isa. 9:7; Dan. 7: 14. False accusation, Ps. 27 : 12; 35 : 11 : 109 : 2. Forerunner of Christ, Isa. 40 : 3; Mai. 3:1;

4:5. Galilee, Mini.itry in, Tsa. 9:1,2. Gall and vinegar. Offer of, Ps. CO : 21. Generation, Human, Geii. 12 : 3; IS : IS ; 21 :

12; 22 : 18; 26 : 4 ; 28 : 14 ; 49 : 10 ; Ps. 18 :

: 14; Mic.

Isa.

50; 89 : 4, 29, 36; 132 : 11; Tsa. 11:1; Jer.

23:5; 33:15. Insult, buffetinq, spitting, scourging, Ps. 35 : 15,

21; Isa. 50:'6. Massacre of innocents, Jer. 31 : 15. Miraculous poiver, Tsa. 35 : 5. 3Iission, (Jen. 12 : 3; 49 : 10; Num. 24 : 19;

Deut. 18:18; Ps. 21:1; Isa. 59:20; Jer.

33: 16. Mocking, Ps. 22 : 16; 109 : 25. Nativity from virgin, Gen. 3 : 15; Lsa. '

Jer. :31: 32. Nativity, Place of. Num. 24:17, 19;

5:2. Patience under .luffering, Tsa. 53 : 7, 9. Persecution, Ps. 22 :6; 35: 7, 12 ; 109: 2

49 : 7 ; 53 : 3. Piercing, Ps. 22: 16; Zech. 12 : 10 Prayer for enemies, Ps. 109 : 4. Preacher, Ps. 2 :7 ; Isa. 2 : 3; 61 : 1 Priest like Melchizedik, Ps. 110:4. Prophet like Moses, I)(miI. 18 : 15. Purchase of potter's Jield, Zi-cii. 11 Purification of temple, Ps. 69 : 9. Rejection by jews and Gentiles, Ps. 2 : 1; 22 :

12; 41 :.5. Resurrection, Ps. 16 : 10; .30 : 3 ; 41 : 10 ; 118 :

17; Hos. 6: 2. Silence against accusation, Ps. 38 : 13; Isa.

53 : 7. Spiritual graces, Ps. 45 : 7 ; Isa. 11:2; 42

61 : 1. Ti'iumphal entry into Jerusalem, Ps. 8

Zech. 9 : 9. Vicarious suffering, Isa. 53: 4-6,12; Dan. 9:26

943

13 : 6. Mic. 4:

13.

SPECIAL PEAYERS.

Persons.

Recorded.

Subjects.

Aaron and priests..

Abraham

Abraham ,

Abraham

Abraham's servant.

Asrnr

Apostles

Asa

Daniel

David

P^aiiv Church.

E ijah

Elijah

Elisha

'Num. 6:22-26..

Gen. 15:2

Gen. 17:17, 18...

Gen. 18:2:i

Gen. 24:12

Prov.30: 1

Aetsl :24

2 Chr. 14: 11

Dan. 9:4

2 yam. 7: 18

IPs. 51

!2 Sam. 24:17

1 Chr. 29:10-19.

Acts 4:24

1 Kgs. 17:20

1 Kgs. 18:36

1 Kgs. 19:4

2 Kgs. 6:17

2 Kgs. 6: 18

Jeremiah Jer. 14 : 7

Jeremiah Jer. 15: 15-18...

Jesus... Matt. 11: 25, 26.

Jesus John 11 :41, 42.

Jesus John 12:27

Jesus John 17 ,

Ezekiel 'Ezek. 9: 8.

Ezra Ezra. 9 : 6.

Habakkuk iHab. 3:1-16

Hannah 1 Sam. 1: 11

Hezekiah 2 Kgs. 19: 15; Isa. 37:16.

Hezekiah 2Kg.s. 20:3; Isa. 38: 3

Hezekiah 2 Chr. 30:18

Israel Deut.21:6-8

Israel Dent. 26:5-10

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