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The Historical Jesus of the Gospels

Craig S. Keener

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The Historical Jesus of the Gospels — Craig S. Keener.

Author: Craig S. Keener

  • 404 chapters
  • 404 PDF pages
  • 396,118 words
  • ≈ 3047 min read
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    Table of Contents

    1Table of Contents
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    2Acknowledgements
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    3Preface
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    4Dedication
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    5This Book’s Genesis
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    6Introduction
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    7Limitations of This Book
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    8The Book’s Objective
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    9Jesus and Judaism
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    10Notes about Style
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    11Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    12Section I - Disparate Views About Jesus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    13CHAPTER 1 - The Development of Jesus Scholarship
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    14Earlier Modern “Historical Jesus” Studies
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    15An Example: Adolf von Harnack’s Civilized Jesus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    16The Apocalyptic Jesus of Weiss and Schweitzer
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    17Bultmann
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    18The Existential Jesus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    19De-Judaizing Jesus?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    20Jesus the Revolutionary?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    21Was Jesus a Revolutionary?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    22Popular Views about Jesus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    23Jesus on Nonresistance
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    24Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    25CHAPTER 2 - Jesus the Cynic Sage?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    26Marketable Relevance
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    27The End for the End-Times?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    28Ignoring Jewish Environment
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    29Crossan’s “Peasant Cynic”
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    30Peasants in the Ancient Mediterranean World
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    31Was Jesus a Peasant?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    32Was Jesus a Cynic?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 16 min    33What Kind of Sage?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    34Either Sage or?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    35A Cynic Kingdom?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    36Jesus’ Gentile Movement Became Jewish?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    37Pagan Origins Again
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    38Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    39CHAPTER 3 - Jesus and Judaism
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    40Some Third Quest Views
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    41Jesus as Charismatic Healer, Prophet and Sage
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 11 min    42Jesus as Jewish Charismatic Healer
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    43Jesus as Charismatic Sage
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    44Honi and Hanina
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    45Elijah’s Model
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    46Jesus in Context
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    47Forced Choices?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    48Repentance and Conflict
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    49Jesus and Eschatology
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    50Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    51CHAPTER 4 - Other Gospels?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    52Constantine’s Canon?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    53The Genre of the Apocryphal Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    54Examples from the Apocryphal Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    55Gnostic Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    56A Sign of Lateness
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    57The Gospel of Thomas
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 12 min    58Mixing Types of Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    59Still Later Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    60A Twentieth-Century Forgery
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    61“Q” as a Lost Gospel?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    62Are Wise Sayings Incompatible with Everything Else?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    63A Non-eschatological Wisdom Source?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    64Arguments from Silence
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    65Forced-Choice Logic
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    66More Dependable “Noncanonical” Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    67Why We Must Look Elsewhere
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    68Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    69Section Ii - The Character Of The Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    70CHAPTER 5 - The Gospels as Biographies
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    71Premeditated Literary Works
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    72Suggestions about Gospel Genre
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    73Unique Genre?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    74Folk Literature?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    75Memoirs?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    76Drama or Mythography?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    77Novels?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    78Biographies
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    79Greco-Roman Biography and History
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    80Different from Modern Biography
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    81Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    82CHAPTER 6 - Luke-Acts as History
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    83Luke-Acts as History
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    84Luke’s Preface
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    85Luke’s Claim of “thorough knowledge” (Lk 1:3)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    86Did Luke Travel?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    87More on “thorough familiarity”
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    88Confirmation (Lk 1:4)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    89Apologetic Historiography
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    90Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    91CHAPTER 7 - Ancient Historiography as History
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    92Concerns for Historical Information
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    93Historians’ Concern for Accuracy?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    94Historians and Critical Thinking
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    95Polybius’ High Ideal Standard
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    96Earlier Versus Later Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 12 min    97Limited Analogies with Josephus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 10 min    98Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    99CHAPTER 8 - Ancient Historiography as Rhetoric
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    100Modern Versus Ancient Historiography
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    101Ancient Expectations
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    102Historians and Rhetoric
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    103Gospels Distorted by Rhetoric?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    104Historical Perspectives, Tendenz, and Purpose
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    105History and Agendas
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 14 min    106Historians’ “Theology”
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    107Is Theological Tendenz Compatible with “True” History?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    108Ancient History as Non-history?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    109Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    110CHAPTER 9 - The Gospels’ Written Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    111Using Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    112Ancient Historical Writers’ Use of Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    113Luke’s Relation to Earlier Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    114Gospel Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 11 min    115Expanding and Condensing Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    116Redaction Criticism
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    117Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    118CHAPTER 10 - The Gospels’ Oral Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    119Orality
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    120Oral Traditions Besides Written Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    121Sayings Traditions
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    122Memorization in Antiquity
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    123Memory Studies More Generally
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    124Skilled Memory in Antiquity
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    125Disciples and Teachers
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    126Note-Taking
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    127Jewish Academic Memory
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    128Limited Adaptation
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    129Early Christian Creativity?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    130Traditional Form Criticism
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    131The Criteria of Multiple Attestation and Coherence
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    132The Criteria of “Dissimilarity” (Uniqueness) and Embarrassment
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    133Palestinian Environment
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    134Aramaisms
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    135Narratives about Jesus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    136Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    137Jesus’ Story in the Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    138CHAPTER 11 - John the Baptist
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    139John in Josephus
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    140John’s Mission in the Wilderness
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    141Announcing the Coming One?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    142John’s Doubts, Jesus’ Praise (Matt 11:2-11//Lk 7:19-28)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    143Jesus’ Repudiation of John?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    144John’s Execution
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    145Jesus’ Baptism by John
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    146John as the Source of Baptism for the Jesus Movement
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    147Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    148CHAPTER 12 - Jesus the Galilean Jew
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    149Jesus from Jewish Galilee
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    150Galileans and the Law
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    151Galileans and Jesus vs. Pharisees?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    152Galileans and the Zealot Jesus?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    153Life in Galilee
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    154Jesus Was from Nazareth
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    155Jesus Ministered among Fishing Villages
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    156Jesus Called Fishermen
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    157Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    158CHAPTER 13 - Jesus the Teacher
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    159Jesus as a Sage
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    160Jesus and Sages’ Style
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    161The Teller of Jewish Parables
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    162Story Parables as a Jewish Form
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    163Limited Adaptation, not Wholesale Creation
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    164Parable Settings in the Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    165Parable Interpretations in the Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    166“Allegorical” Interpretations
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    167Galilean Imagery in Jesus’ Parables
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    168Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    169CHAPTER 14 - Kingdom Discipleship
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    170Preaching the Kingdom
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    171Background for Jesus’ Kingdom Preaching
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    172Present or Future?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    173Balancing Present and Future Aspects
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    174Jesus’ Community for the Kingdom
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    175Son of Man
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    176Radical Demands of Discipleship
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    177Jesus Summons Disciples
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    178Relinquishing Family Ties
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    179Let the Dead Bury Their Dead
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    180Relinquishing Belongings
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    181A Needle’s Eye
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    182Taking Up the Cross
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    183Eschatological Inversion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    184Welcoming Tax-collectors
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    185Supping with Sinners
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    186Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    187CHAPTER 15 - Jesus’ Jewish Ethics
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    188Jesus on Possessions
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    189The Love Command (Mk 12:29-31)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    190Divorce
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    191Korban Teaching
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    192Beatitudes
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    193Some Other Sayings Supported by the Jewish Environment Criterion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    194Purity Practices
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    195CHAPTER 16 - Conflicts with Other Teachers
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    196Doubting Conflict with Pharisees
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    197Authenticity of the Conflict Accounts
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    198Coherence of the Conflict Tradition
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    199Differing Interpretations of the Sabbath
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    200Conflicts about the Sabbath
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    201Why Conflicts with Pharisees?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    202Impure Purists
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    203A Hyperbolic Pharisee
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    204Unwashed Hearts
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    205Corpse-impurity
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    206Relationship to Jesus’ Kingdom Message
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    207Killing the Prophets
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    208Jesus the Wounded Prophet
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    209Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    210CHAPTER 17 - Jesus the Prophet
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    211Sign-prophets
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    212Jesus as Healer and Exorcist
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    213Limited Parallels with “Charismatic Sages”
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    214Elijah-like Signs
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    215The Model of Moses
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    216Prophetic Acts
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    217Challenging the Temple
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    218Section 219
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    219Jesus’ Community on the Rock?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    220Judging the Twelve Tribes (Matt 19:28//Lk 22:30)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    221Judgment on Israel
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    222Prophetic Sayings, Especially Regarding the Temple
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 12 min    223End-time Sayings
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    224Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    225CHAPTER 18 - Jesus as Messiah?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    226Jesus’ Self-Identity
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    227Early Belief in Jesus as Messiah
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    228“King of the Jews” and the Disciples’ Perspective
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    229Qualifying “Messiahship”: The Triumphal Entry
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 10 min    230Why a Messianic Secret?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    231Views of Messiahship in Antiquity
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    232Conclusion: Jesus as a King
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    233CHAPTER 19 - More Than an Earthly Messiah?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    234The Eschatological Judge in “Q”
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    235David’s Lord in Mk 12:35-37
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    236Jesus’ Special Relation to God
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    237God as Father 28
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    238“Abba, Father”
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    239The Son’s Knowledge Limited
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    240The Son’s Special Relation to the Father
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    241“Son of God” in Judaism
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    242Who Did Jesus’ Movement Think He Was?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    243Who Did Mark Think Jesus Was?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    244Who Did Matthew Think Jesus Was?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    245Who Did Luke Think Jesus Was?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    246Who Did Paul Think Jesus Was?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    247Exalted Figures in Early Jewish Thought
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    248Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    249CHAPTER 20 - Confronting and Provoking the Elite
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    250The Parable’s Authenticity
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    251The Hallel and Authenticity (Mk 12:10-11)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    252Threatening Judgment on the Elite
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    253Challenging Israel’s Guardians
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    254Did Jesus Foreknow His Death?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    255Provoking Martyrdom
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    256Describing Jesus’ Action
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    257Why Jesus Challenged the Temple
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 12 min    258Jesus and Politics
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    259The Last Supper
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    260Suggested Comparisons for the Last Supper
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    261A Passover Seder
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    262Jesus’ Words (Mk 14:22-25; 1 Cor 11:23-25)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    263The Sacrificial Purpose for Jesus’ Death
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    264Martyrdom and Atonement in Early Judaism
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    265Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    266CHAPTER 21 - Jesus’ Arrest and Execution
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    267Historical Tradition in the Passion Narratives
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    268Genre of Passion Narratives
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    269The Historical Foundation for the Passion Narratives
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    270The Abandonment of Jesus’ Disciples
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    271The Betrayers
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    272The Heinousness of Betrayal
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    273Peter’s Denials
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    274The High Priests and Jerusalem’s Elite
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    275Annas and Caiaphas in the Passion Narrative
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    276Historical Tradition in the Trial Narrative?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    277Violation of Legal Procedures?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    278Speculation or Source?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    279Involvement from the Jewish Elite?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    280The Plausibility of Pilate’s Role
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    281Pilate’s Reticence
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    282How Did Pilate View Jesus?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    283Jesus’ Scourging
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    284Simon of Cyrene
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    285The Certainty of Jesus’ Execution
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    286Jesus’ Cry of Abandonment
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    287Women Followers at the Cross
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    288Jesus’ Burial
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    289Historical Support for Jesus’ Burial
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    290Burial Preparations (Mk 15:42-47)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    291The Site of the Tomb
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    292Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    293CHAPTER 22 - The Resurrection
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    294The Traditions
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    295Pagan Origins for the Christian Resurrection Doctrine?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    296Mystery Cults as Background?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    297Dying-and-Rising Deities?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    298Jewish Teaching about Resurrection
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    299Historical Support for the Resurrection Tradition?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    300The Missing Body
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    301Resurrection Appearances
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    302Early Christian Faith
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    303Jesus’ Mission and the Resurrection
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    304Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    305Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    306APPENDIX 1 - Zealots and Revolutionaries
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    307APPENDIX 2 - Mack’s Case for aWisdom Q
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 13 min    308APPENDIX 3 - Jewish Biographical Conventions
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    309Some Palestinian Jewish Literature
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    310Degrees of Adaptation in Palestinian Works
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    311Differences from the Gospels
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    312APPENDIX 4 - Jesus’ Sayings about the End
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    313Other Lists of Eschatological Sufferings
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    314Birth Pangs (Mk 13:7-8)
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    315A Comparison with an Early Christian Source
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    316The Common Source
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    317Conclusion
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    318APPENDIX 5 - John and the Synoptics on Passover Chronology
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    319APPENDIX 6 - Roman Participation in Jesus’ Arrest?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    320APPENDIX 7 - Capital Authority
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    321APPENDIX 8 - What Really Happened at the Tomb?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    322Must One Rule Out the Possibility of Divine Activity?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    323A Legitimate Question?
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    324My Own Journey
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    325Concluding “Unscientific Postscript” to Appendix 8
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    326APPENDIX 9 - Some Postresurrection Teachings
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    327A Gentile Mission
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    328Jesus’ Galilean Teachings
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    329Movement Beyond These Sayings
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    330Postresurrection Teaching about a Gentile Mission
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 4 min    331God’s Spirit
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    332Notes to the Preface
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    333Notes to the Introduction
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 8 min    334Notes to Section I
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    335Notes to Chapter 1
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 31 min    336Notes to Chapter 2
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 47 min    337Notes to Chapter 3
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 24 min    338Notes to Chapter 4
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 53 min    339Notes to Section II
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    340Notes to Chapter 5
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 37 min    341Notes to Chapter 6
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 15 min    34262 Polyb. 3.33.17-18 (citing here a bronze tablet of Hannibal).
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 14 min    343Notes to Chapter 7
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 43 min    344Notes to Chapter 8
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 44 min    345Notes to Chapter 9
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 45 min    346Notes to Chapter 10
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 71 min    347Notes to Section III
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    348Notes to Chapter 11
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    34925 See Webb, Baptizer, 87-88, helpfully.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 35 min    350Notes to Chapter 12
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 18 min    351Notes to Chapter 13
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 36 min    352Notes to Chapter 14
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 57 min    353Notes to Chapter 15
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 30 min    354Notes to Chapter 16
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 48 min    355Notes to Chapter 17
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 17 min    35678 Eve, Miracles, 274.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 48 min    357Notes to Chapter 18
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 27 min    358Notes to Chapter 19
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 52 min    359Notes to Chapter 20
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 70 min    360Notes to Chapter 21
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 44 min    361164 Ant. 20.181.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 49 min    362Notes to Chapter 22
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 59 min    363Notes to Appendix 1
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 5 min    364Notes to Appendix 2
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    365Notes to Appendix 3
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 14 min    366Notes to Appendix 4
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 15 min    367Notes to Appendix 5
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 6 min    368Notes to Appendix 6
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    369Notes to Appendix 7
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    370Notes to Appendix 8
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 7 min    371Notes to Appendix 9
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 9 min    372Bibliography of Sources Cited
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 114 min    373Evans, “Messianism.” • Evans, Craig A. “Messianism.” 698-707 in DNTB.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 110 min    374Keener, “Marriage.” • Keener, Craig S. “Marriage.” 680-93 in DNTB.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 111 min    375Porton, “Sadducees.” • Porton, Gary G. “Sadducees.” 1050-52 in DNTB.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 109 min    376Section 377
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 11 min    377Aalders, G. C.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    378Bagatti, B.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    379Cadbury, H. J.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    380Dahood, M.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    381Fabry, H.-J.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    382Gafni, I. M.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    383Haacker, K.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    384Kaesser, C.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    385Lach, J.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    386McArthur, H.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    387Packer, J. W.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    388Rabello, A. M.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    389Safrai, S.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    390Tabor, J. D.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    391Wacholder, B. Z.
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min    392Palestinian environment. See Jewish environment; Galilean context
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    393Rabbi, Jesus as
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    394Sabbath
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 1 min    395HEBREW BIBLE
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 14 min    396APOCRYPHA
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    397New Testament
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 30 min    398Jewish Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 30 min    399Rabbinic Literature
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 13 min    400Amoraic And Later Rabbinic Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 12 min    401Early Christian And Gnostic Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 3 min    402Other Greco-Roman Sources
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 22 min    403Isocrates
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 30 min    404Inscriptions And Papyri
    pp. 1–1 · ≈ 2 min

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