Chapter 368 of 404

Notes to Appendix 6

1 Many see a Roman “cohort” in John (e.g., Rensberger, Faith, 90; O’Day, “John,” 801-2; Kaufman, “Anti-Semitism”), and argue that John correctly preserves the tradition that only (Cohn, Trial, 78) or, more commonly, additionally (e.g., Anderson, Mark, 327; Stauffer, Jesus, 119) Romans were involved in the arrest.

2 E.g., Winter, Trial, 44; Bruce, “Trial,” 9.

3 Stambaugh and Balch, Environment, 34. Many scholars see the temple police rather than Romans here (e.g., Ridderbos, John, 575).

4 E.g., Jos. Life 242. See further Catchpole, Trial, 149; Blinzler, Trial, 64-65; Bammel, “Trial,” 439- 40; cf. Wilkinson, Jerusalem, 126-27. For knowledge of Gentile military imagery in 1QM, see (favoring Greek imagery) Avi-Yonah, “War,” 1-3; Delcor, “Guerre,” 380; Atkinson, “Setting,” 294; (favoring Roman) Yadin, Scroll of War, 138, 161; Vermes, Scrolls, 123.

5 Catchpole, Trial, 149, cites here Jdt 14:11; 2 Macc 8:23; 12:20, 22; Jos. Ant. 17.215. Greek often used more general terms to translate Roman military ones (see e.g., Tully, “??????????”).

6 In the LXX, 25-30 times (e.g., Ex 18:21, 25; Num 1:16; 31:14, 48-54; Deut 1:15; Josh 22:14, 21; 1 Chron 13:1; 15:25). Catchpole, Trial, 149, notes here 1 Macc. 3:55; Jos. War 2.578; Ant. 17.215; Mk 6:21. Cf. also Bammel, “Trial,” 439-40.

7 Even when Josephus refers to a Roman speira on the temple roof — the sense of which ought to be obvious — he must limit it with Romaik? (War 2.224; 5.244; Catchpole, Trial, 149).

8 Blinzler, Trial, 64-65.

9 Cf. e.g., Hunter, John, 166; Hurtado, Mark, 233.

10 Pace, e.g., Bernard, John, 2:584.

11 The governor normally arrived with extra troops to control the Passover crowds if necessary (cf. War 2.224-26; Ant. 20.109-10); the crowds grew most restless at the pilgrimage festivals (Jos. War 1.88; cf. War 2.42, 254-56).

12 Trial, 149-50.

13 Cf. Brown, Death, 250. Cullmann, State, 43-44, assigns legal responsibility to the Romans but moral responsibility (perhaps too much) to the Jerusalem authorities.

14 Brown, Death, 250-51.

15 See fuller discussion in Keener, John, 1080-81.

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