The Historical Jesus of the Gospels
Craig S. Keener
Bible Study
Chapters 404
- Table of Contents ≈ 6 min
- Acknowledgements ≈ 1 min
- Preface ≈ 2 min
- Dedication ≈ 3 min
- This Book’s Genesis ≈ 5 min
- Introduction ≈ 3 min
- Limitations of This Book ≈ 6 min
- The Book’s Objective ≈ 7 min
- Jesus and Judaism ≈ 6 min
- Notes about Style ≈ 2 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- SECTION I - DISPARATE VIEWS ABOUT JESUS ≈ 3 min
- CHAPTER 1 - The Development of Jesus Scholarship ≈ 2 min
- Earlier Modern “Historical Jesus” Studies ≈ 4 min
- An Example: Adolf von Harnack’s Civilized Jesus ≈ 4 min
- The Apocalyptic Jesus of Weiss and Schweitzer ≈ 5 min
- Bultmann ≈ 2 min
- The Existential Jesus ≈ 3 min
- De-Judaizing Jesus? ≈ 4 min
- Jesus the Revolutionary? ≈ 2 min
- Was Jesus a Revolutionary? ≈ 4 min
- Popular Views about Jesus ≈ 2 min
- Jesus on Nonresistance ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 2 - Jesus the Cynic Sage? ≈ 2 min
- Marketable Relevance ≈ 5 min
- The End for the End-Times? ≈ 3 min
- Ignoring Jewish Environment ≈ 3 min
- Crossan’s “Peasant Cynic” ≈ 3 min
- Peasants in the Ancient Mediterranean World ≈ 4 min
- Was Jesus a Peasant? ≈ 5 min
- Was Jesus a Cynic? ≈ 16 min
- What Kind of Sage? ≈ 3 min
- Either Sage or? ≈ 5 min
- A Cynic Kingdom? ≈ 4 min
- Jesus’ Gentile Movement Became Jewish? ≈ 4 min
- Pagan Origins Again ≈ 4 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 3 - Jesus and Judaism ≈ 3 min
- Some Third Quest Views ≈ 6 min
- Jesus as Charismatic Healer, Prophet and Sage ≈ 11 min
- Jesus as Jewish Charismatic Healer ≈ 2 min
- Jesus as Charismatic Sage ≈ 3 min
- Honi and Hanina ≈ 4 min
- Elijah’s Model ≈ 5 min
- Jesus in Context ≈ 3 min
- Forced Choices? ≈ 3 min
- Repentance and Conflict ≈ 6 min
- Jesus and Eschatology ≈ 2 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 4 - Other Gospels? ≈ 3 min
- Constantine’s Canon? ≈ 4 min
- The Genre of the Apocryphal Gospels ≈ 5 min
- Examples from the Apocryphal Gospels ≈ 4 min
- Gnostic Gospels ≈ 3 min
- A Sign of Lateness ≈ 4 min
- The Gospel of Thomas ≈ 12 min
- Mixing Types of Gospels ≈ 6 min
- Still Later Gospels ≈ 2 min
- A Twentieth-Century Forgery ≈ 3 min
- “Q” as a Lost Gospel? ≈ 4 min
- Are Wise Sayings Incompatible with Everything Else? ≈ 3 min
- A Non-eschatological Wisdom Source? ≈ 3 min
- Arguments from Silence ≈ 4 min
- Forced-Choice Logic ≈ 5 min
- More Dependable “Noncanonical” Sources ≈ 5 min
- Why We Must Look Elsewhere ≈ 4 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- SECTION II - THE CHARACTER OF THE GOSPELS ≈ 6 min
- CHAPTER 5 - The Gospels as Biographies ≈ 1 min
- Premeditated Literary Works ≈ 3 min
- Suggestions about Gospel Genre ≈ 1 min
- Unique Genre? ≈ 2 min
- Folk Literature? ≈ 1 min
- Memoirs? ≈ 1 min
- Drama or Mythography? ≈ 2 min
- Novels? ≈ 5 min
- Biographies ≈ 3 min
- Greco-Roman Biography and History ≈ 9 min
- Different from Modern Biography ≈ 7 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 6 - Luke-Acts as History ≈ 3 min
- Luke-Acts as History ≈ 2 min
- Luke’s Preface ≈ 8 min
- Luke’s Claim of “thorough knowledge” (Lk 1:3) ≈ 3 min
- Did Luke Travel? ≈ 6 min
- More on “thorough familiarity” ≈ 3 min
- Confirmation (Lk 1:4) ≈ 3 min
- Apologetic Historiography ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 7 - Ancient Historiography as History ≈ 2 min
- Concerns for Historical Information ≈ 1 min
- Historians’ Concern for Accuracy? ≈ 9 min
- Historians and Critical Thinking ≈ 5 min
- Polybius’ High Ideal Standard ≈ 6 min
- Earlier Versus Later Sources ≈ 12 min
- Limited Analogies with Josephus ≈ 10 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 8 - Ancient Historiography as Rhetoric ≈ 1 min
- Modern Versus Ancient Historiography ≈ 5 min
- Ancient Expectations ≈ 5 min
- Historians and Rhetoric ≈ 9 min
- Gospels Distorted by Rhetoric? ≈ 7 min
- Historical Perspectives, Tendenz, and Purpose ≈ 1 min
- History and Agendas ≈ 14 min
- Historians’ “Theology” ≈ 4 min
- Is Theological Tendenz Compatible with “True” History? ≈ 2 min
- Ancient History as Non-history? ≈ 5 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 9 - The Gospels’ Written Sources ≈ 4 min
- Using Sources ≈ 1 min
- Ancient Historical Writers’ Use of Sources ≈ 6 min
- Luke’s Relation to Earlier Sources ≈ 5 min
- Gospel Sources ≈ 11 min
- Expanding and Condensing Sources ≈ 8 min
- Redaction Criticism ≈ 8 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 10 - The Gospels’ Oral Sources ≈ 3 min
- Orality ≈ 3 min
- Oral Traditions Besides Written Sources ≈ 4 min
- Sayings Traditions ≈ 8 min
- Memorization in Antiquity ≈ 1 min
- Memory Studies More Generally ≈ 2 min
- Skilled Memory in Antiquity ≈ 6 min
- Disciples and Teachers ≈ 4 min
- Note-Taking ≈ 4 min
- Jewish Academic Memory ≈ 2 min
- Limited Adaptation ≈ 8 min
- Early Christian Creativity? ≈ 6 min
- Traditional Form Criticism ≈ 4 min
- The Criteria of Multiple Attestation and Coherence ≈ 4 min
- The Criteria of “Dissimilarity” (Uniqueness) and Embarrassment ≈ 2 min
- Palestinian Environment ≈ 4 min
- Aramaisms ≈ 6 min
- Narratives about Jesus ≈ 5 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- Jesus’ Story in the Gospels ≈ 4 min
- CHAPTER 11 - John the Baptist ≈ 4 min
- John in Josephus ≈ 3 min
- John’s Mission in the Wilderness ≈ 6 min
- Announcing the Coming One? ≈ 4 min
- John’s Doubts, Jesus’ Praise (Matt 11:2-11//Lk 7:19-28) ≈ 7 min
- Jesus’ Repudiation of John? ≈ 8 min
- John’s Execution ≈ 7 min
- Jesus’ Baptism by John ≈ 2 min
- John as the Source of Baptism for the Jesus Movement ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 12 - Jesus the Galilean Jew ≈ 1 min
- Jesus from Jewish Galilee ≈ 5 min
- Galileans and the Law ≈ 2 min
- Galileans and Jesus vs. Pharisees? ≈ 1 min
- Galileans and the Zealot Jesus? ≈ 1 min
- Life in Galilee ≈ 1 min
- Jesus Was from Nazareth ≈ 1 min
- Jesus Ministered among Fishing Villages ≈ 5 min
- Jesus Called Fishermen ≈ 4 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 13 - Jesus the Teacher ≈ 2 min
- Jesus as a Sage ≈ 3 min
- Jesus and Sages’ Style ≈ 3 min
- The Teller of Jewish Parables ≈ 1 min
- Story Parables as a Jewish Form ≈ 5 min
- Limited Adaptation, not Wholesale Creation ≈ 2 min
- Parable Settings in the Gospels ≈ 2 min
- Parable Interpretations in the Gospels ≈ 3 min
- “Allegorical” Interpretations ≈ 3 min
- Galilean Imagery in Jesus’ Parables ≈ 5 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 14 - Kingdom Discipleship ≈ 1 min
- Preaching the Kingdom ≈ 1 min
- Background for Jesus’ Kingdom Preaching ≈ 2 min
- Present or Future? ≈ 6 min
- Balancing Present and Future Aspects ≈ 2 min
- Jesus’ Community for the Kingdom ≈ 4 min
- Son of Man ≈ 8 min
- Radical Demands of Discipleship ≈ 1 min
- Jesus Summons Disciples ≈ 3 min
- Relinquishing Family Ties ≈ 5 min
- Let the Dead Bury Their Dead ≈ 6 min
- Relinquishing Belongings ≈ 2 min
- A Needle’s Eye ≈ 2 min
- Taking Up the Cross ≈ 3 min
- Eschatological Inversion ≈ 6 min
- Welcoming Tax-collectors ≈ 4 min
- Supping with Sinners ≈ 5 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 15 - Jesus’ Jewish Ethics ≈ 1 min
- Jesus on Possessions ≈ 4 min
- The Love Command (Mk 12:29-31) ≈ 5 min
- Divorce ≈ 2 min
- Korban Teaching ≈ 2 min
- Beatitudes ≈ 1 min
- Some Other Sayings Supported by the Jewish Environment Criterion ≈ 8 min
- Purity Practices ≈ 4 min
- CHAPTER 16 - Conflicts with Other Teachers ≈ 1 min
- Doubting Conflict with Pharisees ≈ 4 min
- Authenticity of the Conflict Accounts ≈ 7 min
- Coherence of the Conflict Tradition ≈ 4 min
- Differing Interpretations of the Sabbath ≈ 3 min
- Conflicts about the Sabbath ≈ 7 min
- Why Conflicts with Pharisees? ≈ 5 min
- Impure Purists ≈ 1 min
- A Hyperbolic Pharisee ≈ 4 min
- Unwashed Hearts ≈ 2 min
- Corpse-impurity ≈ 2 min
- Relationship to Jesus’ Kingdom Message ≈ 2 min
- Killing the Prophets ≈ 3 min
- Jesus the Wounded Prophet ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- CHAPTER 17 - Jesus the Prophet ≈ 5 min
- Sign-prophets ≈ 4 min
- Jesus as Healer and Exorcist ≈ 7 min
- Limited Parallels with “Charismatic Sages” ≈ 3 min
- Elijah-like Signs ≈ 1 min
- The Model of Moses ≈ 3 min
- Prophetic Acts ≈ 1 min
- Challenging the Temple ≈ 2 min
- Section 219 ≈ 4 min
- Jesus’ Community on the Rock? ≈ 9 min
- Judging the Twelve Tribes (Matt 19:28//Lk 22:30) ≈ 1 min
- Judgment on Israel ≈ 1 min
- Prophetic Sayings, Especially Regarding the Temple ≈ 12 min
- End-time Sayings ≈ 6 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 18 - Jesus as Messiah? ≈ 1 min
- Jesus’ Self-Identity ≈ 2 min
- Early Belief in Jesus as Messiah ≈ 2 min
- “King of the Jews” and the Disciples’ Perspective ≈ 6 min
- Qualifying “Messiahship”: The Triumphal Entry ≈ 10 min
- Why a Messianic Secret? ≈ 7 min
- Views of Messiahship in Antiquity ≈ 9 min
- Conclusion: Jesus as a King ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 19 - More Than an Earthly Messiah? ≈ 2 min
- The Eschatological Judge in “Q” ≈ 4 min
- David’s Lord in Mk 12:35-37 ≈ 4 min
- Jesus’ Special Relation to God ≈ 1 min
- God as Father 28 ≈ 3 min
- “Abba, Father” ≈ 3 min
- The Son’s Knowledge Limited ≈ 2 min
- The Son’s Special Relation to the Father ≈ 5 min
- “Son of God” in Judaism ≈ 5 min
- Who Did Jesus’ Movement Think He Was? ≈ 1 min
- Who Did Mark Think Jesus Was? ≈ 5 min
- Who Did Matthew Think Jesus Was? ≈ 4 min
- Who Did Luke Think Jesus Was? ≈ 2 min
- Who Did Paul Think Jesus Was? ≈ 6 min
- Exalted Figures in Early Jewish Thought ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 20 - Confronting and Provoking the Elite ≈ 2 min
- The Parable’s Authenticity ≈ 3 min
- The Hallel and Authenticity (Mk 12:10-11) ≈ 3 min
- Threatening Judgment on the Elite ≈ 6 min
- Challenging Israel’s Guardians ≈ 2 min
- Did Jesus Foreknow His Death? ≈ 7 min
- Provoking Martyrdom ≈ 4 min
- Describing Jesus’ Action ≈ 2 min
- Why Jesus Challenged the Temple ≈ 12 min
- Jesus and Politics ≈ 4 min
- The Last Supper ≈ 1 min
- Suggested Comparisons for the Last Supper ≈ 5 min
- A Passover Seder ≈ 1 min
- Jesus’ Words (Mk 14:22-25; 1 Cor 11:23-25) ≈ 2 min
- The Sacrificial Purpose for Jesus’ Death ≈ 6 min
- Martyrdom and Atonement in Early Judaism ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- CHAPTER 21 - Jesus’ Arrest and Execution ≈ 2 min
- Historical Tradition in the Passion Narratives ≈ 1 min
- Genre of Passion Narratives ≈ 5 min
- The Historical Foundation for the Passion Narratives ≈ 8 min
- The Abandonment of Jesus’ Disciples ≈ 3 min
- The Betrayers ≈ 3 min
- The Heinousness of Betrayal ≈ 2 min
- Peter’s Denials ≈ 1 min
- The High Priests and Jerusalem’s Elite ≈ 6 min
- Annas and Caiaphas in the Passion Narrative ≈ 4 min
- Historical Tradition in the Trial Narrative? ≈ 1 min
- Violation of Legal Procedures? ≈ 9 min
- Speculation or Source? ≈ 2 min
- Involvement from the Jewish Elite? ≈ 4 min
- The Plausibility of Pilate’s Role ≈ 3 min
- Pilate’s Reticence ≈ 5 min
- How Did Pilate View Jesus? ≈ 4 min
- Jesus’ Scourging ≈ 4 min
- Simon of Cyrene ≈ 2 min
- The Certainty of Jesus’ Execution ≈ 5 min
- Jesus’ Cry of Abandonment ≈ 1 min
- Women Followers at the Cross ≈ 2 min
- Jesus’ Burial ≈ 1 min
- Historical Support for Jesus’ Burial ≈ 4 min
- Burial Preparations (Mk 15:42-47) ≈ 2 min
- The Site of the Tomb ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 3 min
- CHAPTER 22 - The Resurrection ≈ 2 min
- The Traditions ≈ 7 min
- Pagan Origins for the Christian Resurrection Doctrine? ≈ 5 min
- Mystery Cults as Background? ≈ 6 min
- Dying-and-Rising Deities? ≈ 7 min
- Jewish Teaching about Resurrection ≈ 6 min
- Historical Support for the Resurrection Tradition? ≈ 2 min
- The Missing Body ≈ 8 min
- Resurrection Appearances ≈ 9 min
- Early Christian Faith ≈ 9 min
- Jesus’ Mission and the Resurrection ≈ 5 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- Conclusion ≈ 2 min
- APPENDIX 1 - Zealots and Revolutionaries ≈ 4 min
- APPENDIX 2 - Mack’s Case for aWisdom Q ≈ 13 min
- APPENDIX 3 - Jewish Biographical Conventions ≈ 1 min
- Some Palestinian Jewish Literature ≈ 3 min
- Degrees of Adaptation in Palestinian Works ≈ 6 min
- Differences from the Gospels ≈ 3 min
- APPENDIX 4 - Jesus’ Sayings about the End ≈ 1 min
- Other Lists of Eschatological Sufferings ≈ 3 min
- Birth Pangs (Mk 13:7-8) ≈ 2 min
- A Comparison with an Early Christian Source ≈ 8 min
- The Common Source ≈ 3 min
- Conclusion ≈ 1 min
- APPENDIX 5 - John and the Synoptics on Passover Chronology ≈ 9 min
- APPENDIX 6 - Roman Participation in Jesus’ Arrest? ≈ 4 min
- APPENDIX 7 - Capital Authority ≈ 6 min
- APPENDIX 8 - What Really Happened at the Tomb? ≈ 2 min
- Must One Rule Out the Possibility of Divine Activity? ≈ 9 min
- A Legitimate Question? ≈ 7 min
- My Own Journey ≈ 5 min
- Concluding “Unscientific Postscript” to Appendix 8 ≈ 9 min
- APPENDIX 9 - Some Postresurrection Teachings ≈ 2 min
- A Gentile Mission ≈ 3 min
- Jesus’ Galilean Teachings ≈ 4 min
- Movement Beyond These Sayings ≈ 2 min
- Postresurrection Teaching about a Gentile Mission ≈ 4 min
- God’s Spirit ≈ 2 min
- Notes to the Preface ≈ 2 min
- Notes to the Introduction ≈ 8 min
- Notes to Section I ≈ 3 min
- Notes to Chapter 1 ≈ 31 min
- Notes to Chapter 2 ≈ 47 min
- Notes to Chapter 3 ≈ 24 min
- Notes to Chapter 4 ≈ 53 min
- Notes to Section II ≈ 1 min
- Notes to Chapter 5 ≈ 37 min
- Notes to Chapter 6 ≈ 15 min
- 62 Polyb. 3.33.17-18 (citing here a bronze tablet of Hannibal). ≈ 14 min
- Notes to Chapter 7 ≈ 43 min
- Notes to Chapter 8 ≈ 44 min
- Notes to Chapter 9 ≈ 45 min
- Notes to Chapter 10 ≈ 71 min
- Notes to Section III ≈ 1 min
- Notes to Chapter 11 ≈ 5 min
- 25 See Webb, Baptizer, 87-88, helpfully. ≈ 35 min
- Notes to Chapter 12 ≈ 18 min
- Notes to Chapter 13 ≈ 36 min
- Notes to Chapter 14 ≈ 57 min
- Notes to Chapter 15 ≈ 30 min
- Notes to Chapter 16 ≈ 48 min
- Notes to Chapter 17 ≈ 17 min
- 78 Eve, Miracles, 274. ≈ 48 min
- Notes to Chapter 18 ≈ 27 min
- Notes to Chapter 19 ≈ 52 min
- Notes to Chapter 20 ≈ 70 min
- Notes to Chapter 21 ≈ 44 min
- 164 Ant. 20.181. ≈ 49 min
- Notes to Chapter 22 ≈ 59 min
- Notes to Appendix 1 ≈ 5 min
- Notes to Appendix 2 ≈ 3 min
- Notes to Appendix 3 ≈ 14 min
- Notes to Appendix 4 ≈ 15 min
- Notes to Appendix 5 ≈ 6 min
- Notes to Appendix 6 ≈ 3 min
- Notes to Appendix 7 ≈ 3 min
- Notes to Appendix 8 ≈ 7 min
- Notes to Appendix 9 ≈ 9 min
- Bibliography of Sources Cited ≈ 114 min
- Evans, “Messianism.” • Evans, Craig A. “Messianism.” 698-707 in DNTB. ≈ 110 min
- Keener, “Marriage.” • Keener, Craig S. “Marriage.” 680-93 in DNTB. ≈ 111 min
- Porton, “Sadducees.” • Porton, Gary G. “Sadducees.” 1050-52 in DNTB. ≈ 109 min
- Section 377 ≈ 11 min
- Aalders, G. C. ≈ 1 min
- Bagatti, B. ≈ 3 min
- Cadbury, H. J. ≈ 2 min
- Dahood, M. ≈ 1 min
- Fabry, H.-J. ≈ 1 min
- Gafni, I. M. ≈ 2 min
- Haacker, K. ≈ 2 min
- Kaesser, C. ≈ 1 min
- Lach, J. ≈ 1 min
- McArthur, H. ≈ 3 min
- Packer, J. W. ≈ 1 min
- Rabello, A. M. ≈ 2 min
- Safrai, S. ≈ 3 min
- Tabor, J. D. ≈ 1 min
- Wacholder, B. Z. ≈ 2 min
- Palestinian environment. See Jewish environment; Galilean context ≈ 1 min
- Rabbi, Jesus as ≈ 1 min
- Sabbath ≈ 1 min
- HEBREW BIBLE ≈ 14 min
- APOCRYPHA ≈ 3 min
- NEW TESTAMENT ≈ 30 min
- JEWISH SOURCES ≈ 30 min
- RABBINIC LITERATURE ≈ 13 min
- AMORAIC AND LATER RABBINIC SOURCES ≈ 12 min
- EARLY CHRISTIAN AND GNOSTIC SOURCES ≈ 3 min
- OTHER GRECO-ROMAN SOURCES ≈ 22 min
- Isocrates ≈ 30 min
- INSCRIPTIONS AND PAPYRI ≈ 2 min
| Author | Craig S. Keener |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Era | Contemporary |
| Categories | Bible Study |
| Length | 404 chapters · ≈ 50 h 42 min read |
| Formats | Web Book · EPUB |
