Footnotes
Footnotes
I.It is possible, however, that "what you saw” refers to all the visions of Revelation, which contain both "what is” and "what will follow” (see Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation, NICNT [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977], pp. 81-82), or that there is no relationship between the phrases and the parts of the book (Jan Lambrecht, "A Structuration of Revelation 4,1-22,5,” in L’Apocalypse johannique et l’apocalyptique dans le Nouveau Testament, ed. J. Lambrecht, BETL 53 [Louvain: Louvain University Press, 1980], pp. 79-80).
2.Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, 3d ed. (London: Macmillan, 1911), pp. xxxvii-xliv.
3.John Wick Bowman, "Book of Revelation,” in IDB 4:64-65.
4.Elisabeth SchQssler Fiorenza, The Book of Revelation: Justice and Judgment (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), pp. 174-77.
5.For this outline, with minor modifications, see Leon Morris, The Revelation of St.
John, TNTC, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), pp. 43-44.
6.See esp. Gerhard Maier, Die Johannesoffenbarung und die Kirche, WUNT 25 (TQbingen: Mohr, 1981), pp. 1-69.
7.Ibid., p. 107.
8.See ibid., pp. 96-107, and esp. p. 107, where Maier notes that Dionysius’s judgment was motivated by church politics and dogmatics. See also Ned B. Stonehouse, The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church (Goes: Oosterbaan & Le Cointre, 1929).
9.Guthrie, p. 936.
10.So, inter alios, R. H. Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, 2 vols., ICC (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1920), 1:xliii-xliv.
II.E.g., Kummel, p. 472.
12.See esp. F. Godet, Commentary on the Gospel of St. John, 3 vols. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1899-1900), 1:182-90.
13.Charles, Revelation 1:xliv.
14.See Charles’s extensive discussion in Revelation 1:cxvii-clix. Note also Swete, Apocalypse, pp. cxx-cxxx.
15.Stephen Thompson, The Apocalypse and Semitic Syntax, SNTSMS 52 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). It must be emphasized, however, that Thompson has greatly overplayed the evidence; see Stanley E. Porter, Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood, SBG 1 (Berne: Peter Lang, 1989), pp. 111-56 and the literature there cited.
16.Or, more commonly, Semitic enhancements. See n. 14 in chap. 2 above.
17.Charles outlines the differences clearly (Revelation 1:xxix-xxxii).
18.E.g., ibid. 1:xxix and G. R. Beasley-Murray, The Book of Revelation, NCB (London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1974), pp. 35-36.
19.F. J. A. Hort, The Apocalypse of St. John I-III (London: Macmillan, 1908), p. xii; B. F. Westcott, The Gospel According to St. John (reprint, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1971), p. lxxxvi.
20.George Eldon Ladd, A Commentary on the Revelation of John (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), pp. 7-8; Morris, Revelation, p. 39.
21.Zahn 3:432-33; Ibson T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John: Studies in Introduction (New York: Macmillan, 1919), p. 355.
22.Adela Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1984), p. 47.
23.G. B. Caird, A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. 5.
24.See Charles, Revelation 1:xxix-xxxvii, for a list.
25.Apostolic authorship is hesitantly accepted by, among others, Guthrie, pp. 932-48; Mounce, Revelation, pp. 25-31; John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago: Moody, 1966), pp. 11-14.
26.J. N. Sanders, however, appears to defend the idea ("St. John on Patmos,” NTS 9 [1962-63]: 75-85).
27.The solution was quite popular at the turn of the century but has lately fallen out of favor. See, however, John J. Gunther, "The Elder John, Author of Revelation,” JSNT
11 (1981): 3-20.
28.J. Massyngberde Ford, Revelation, AB (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975), pp. 3
37.
29.Charles, Revelation 1:xxxviii-xxxix.
30.An early advocate of the idea was Johannes Weiss, Offenbarung des Johannes, FRLANT 3 (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1904), pp. 146-64.
31. Collins, Crisis and Catharsis. p. 33; see also Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 85113.
32.E.g., Kummel, pp. 469-72; Wikenhauser, pp. 648-53; Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, p. 33. Charles called him "John the Prophet” (Revelation 1:xxxviii-l).
33.Guthrie, p. 946.
34.See Sanders, "St. John on Patmos,” p. 76.
35.The most important advocates of the early date are Hort, Apocalypse I-III, pp. xii-xxxiii, and J. A. T. Robinson, Redating the New Testament (Philadelphia:
Westminster, 1976), pp. 221-53. See also Albert A. Bell, Jr., "The Date of John’s
Apocalypse: The Evidence of Some Roman Historians Reconsidered,” NTS 25 (1979): 93-102; Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr., Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation (Tyler, Tex.: ICE, 1989).
36.E.g., Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, pp. 69-73.
37.See Dio Cassius, Hist. Rom. 68.14. Note the survey of the situation in M. R. Charlesworth, "The Flavian Dynasty,” CAH 11 (1936): 41-42.
38.We should mention that we are not here presuming a so-called preterist interpretation of Revelation, in which everything in the book applies only to John’s day. Some of these texts could be genuinely prophetic, envisaging a situation that did not prevail in the first century. Nevertheless, some of the texts suggest that the problem was real for John’s readers (cf. Mounce, Revelation, p. 33).
39.Cf. Suetonius, Domitian 13; Charlesworth, "Flavian Dynasty,” pp. 41-42.
40.Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, JSNTSupp 11 (Sheffield: JSOT, 1986), pp. 7-12.
41.See Robinson for a rebuttal (Redating, pp. 229-31).
42.Hemer, Letters to the Seven Churches, pp. 2-11.
43.E.g., Robinson, Redating, pp. 238-42.
44.E.g., Hort, Apocalypse I-III, p. xxvi; Robinson, Redating, pp. 242-48.
45.For the last alternative, see A. Strobel, "Abfassung und Geschichtstheologie des Apokalypse nach Kp. 17, 9-12,” NTS 10 (1963-64): 433-45.
46.See the discussion in Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, pp. 58-64.
47.E.g., Charles (Revelation 1:xlvi-l) and others have argued that early traditions indicate that John was martyred between A.D. 64 and 70. But this tradition is very much inferior to the one that has John ministering in Ephesus to a ripe old age (Leon Morris, Studies in the Fourth Gospel [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969], pp. 280-83; Beckwith, Apocalypse, pp. 362-93).
48.William Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1904), pp. 171-96. See also Hemer, Letters to the Seven Churches, pp. 14-15; Barry J. Beitzel, The Moody Atlas of Bible Lands (Chicago: Moody, 1985), p. 185.
49.See the lists of parallels in Charles, Revelation 1:lxviii-lxxxiii; Swete, Apocalypse, pp. cxxxix-clii; and esp. G. K. Beale, The Use of Daniel in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature and in the Revelation of St John (Lanham, Md.: UPA, 1984).
50.Charles, Revelation 1:lxxxiii-lxxxvi.
51.Ibid., pp. lxii-lxv.
52.Ibid., pp. l-lv.
53.M. E. Boismard, "The Apocalypse,” in Robert/Feuillet, pp. 701-7.
54.Ford, Revelation, pp. 3-37. A useful survey of source and compilation hypotheses can be found in Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 159-80.
55.Beasley-Murray, Revelation, p. 12.
56.Christopher Rowland judges this to be the key to apocalyptic (The Open Heaven [London: SPCK, 1982], pp. 14, 21, 356-57).
57.A collection of apocalypses in English translation can be found in J. H.
Charlesworth, ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983). Some of the key treatments of apocalyptic include H. H. Rowley, The Relevance of Apocalyptic, 2d ed. (London: Lutterworth, 1947); D. S. Russell, The
Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic (London: SCM, 1964); Klaus Koch, The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic (London: sCm, 1972); Paul D. Hanson, The Dawn of Apocalyptic, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979); and Leon Morris, Apocalyptic (London: Tyndale, 1973). Three collections of important essays are Semeia 14 (1979); Paul D. Hanson, ed., Visionaries and Their Apocalypses (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983); and D. Helmbold, ed., Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East (TQbingen: Mohr, 1983).
58.See, e.g., Bruce W. Jones, "More About the Apocalypse as Apocalyptic,” JBL 87 (1968): 325-27. Also doubting the appropriateness of the apocalyptic classification is James Kallas, "The Apocalypse: An Apocalyptic Book?” JBL 86 (1967): 69-80.
59.Kummel claims that Revelation represents "a total recasting of the apocalyptic view of history out of the Jewish into the Christian mold” (p. 461).
60.See, e.g., John J. Collins, "Pseudonymity, Historical Reviews, and the Genre of the Revelation of John,” CBQ 39 (1977): 329-43; Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 133
58.
61.See esp. George Eldon Ladd, "Why Not Prophetic-Apocalyptic?” JBL 76 (1957): 192-200.
62.See esp. the discussion and conclusions in Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 16470.
63.Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989), p. 246.
64.See Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford, 1968), pp. 99-100.
65.Charles, Revelation 1:clx-clxvi; Aland and Aland, Text, p. 247.
66.J. Delobel, "Le text de l’Apocalypse: Probl&aage;mes de methode,” in L’Apocalypse johannique, pp. 151-66. The two major studies of the text of Revelation are H. C. Hoskier, Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse, 2 vols. (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1929), and J. Schmid, Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Apokalypsetextes, 3 vols. (Munich: Kaiser, 1955-56).
67.Guthrie, pp. 929-30.
68.See the discussion in the section Author chap. 5 above, and in Maier, Johannesoffenbarung, pp. 79-85.
69.Maier, Johannesoffenbarung, passim.
70.From the preface to Luther’s 1522 Bible.
71.See Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 20-21. Her essay "Research Perspectives on the Book of Revelation” (pp. 12-32) gives a helpful overview of the terrain. See also U. Vanni, "L’Apocalypse johannique: Etat de la question,” in L’Apocalypse johannique, pp. 21-46, and Jon Paulien, "Recent Developments in the Study of the Book of Revelation,” AUSS 26 (1988): 159-70.
72.John T. Kirby, "The Rhetorical Situations of Revelation 1-3,” NTS 34 (1988): 197207; D. E. Aune, "The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the Seven Churches (Revelation 2-3),” NTS 36 (1990): 182-204.
73.E.g., Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 159-80; Lambrecht, "Structuration,” pp. 77104.
74.See David E. Aune, "The Social Matrix of the Apocalypse of John,” BR 26 (1981): 16-32; idem, "The Prophetic Circle of John of Patmos and the Exegesis of Revelation 22:16,” JSNT 37 (1989): 103-16; Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, pp. 133-56.
75.Collins, Crisis and Catharsis.
76.See, e.g., Helmbold, Apocalypticism.
77.G. Mussies, The Morphology of Koine Greek As Used in the Apocalypse of John, SuppNovT 27 (Leiden: Brill, 1971); Thompson, Semitic Syntax.
78.Alan James Beagley, The “Sitz im Leben” of the Apocalypse, with Particular Reference to the Role of the Church’s Enemies, BZNW 50 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1987).
79.Hemer, Letters to the Seven Churches.
80.Maier, Johannesoffenbarung.
81.Ibid., p. 622.
82.See, e.g., Merrill Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1957), pp. 135-46. R. H. Charles has a fine history of interpretation up to the early twentieth century in Studies in the Apocalypse, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1915), pp. 778.
83.William Milligan, The Revelation of St. John, 2d ed. (London: Macmillan, 1887), p. 153.
84.E.g., Morris, Revelation, pp. 15-22; Mounce, Revelation, pp. 41-45; Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, pp. 145-46.
85.Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, p. 46.
86.See particularly Ladd, Revelation, pp. 10-14, for this approach.
87.Beasley-Murray, Revelation, p. 24.
88.See Childs, pp. 311-12.
89.Beasley-Murray, Revelation, p. 43.