Footnotes
Footnotes
1.H. Conzelmann, "Korinth und die Madchen der Aphrodite: Zur Religionsgeschichte der
Stadt Korinth,” NAG 8 (1967-68): 247-61; Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, St. Paul’s Corinth:
Texts and Archaeology (Wilmington, Del.: Glazier, 1983), pp. 55-57.
2.See C. K. Barrett, "Cephas and Corinth,” in Abraham unser Vater: Juden und Christen im Gesprach Ober die Bibel, Fs. Otto Michel, ed. O. Betz, M. Hengel, and P. Schmidt, AGSU 5 (Leiden: Brill, 1963), pp. 1-12.
3.The term "Judaizer” is problematic. In modern usage, the overwhelming majority of scholars apply it to Jews who in some sense accept Jesus as the Messiah but who insist that Gentiles convert to Judaism before (or at least as part of) coming to faith in Jesus (see also chap. 10, on Galatians). But in the first century, "to Judaize” meant "to live like a Jew (even though one wasn’t a Jew),” and in this sense a "Judaizer” would be a Gentile trying to live like a Jew. In deference to modern usage, however, we have retained the term in the contemporary sense.
4.This is much more likely than that the "severe letter” is in fact 1 Corinthians and that the person in question was the man guilty of incest (1 Cor. 5:1ff.), pace Philip E. Hughes, Paul’s Second Epistle to the Corinthians, NICNT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962), pp. xxviii-xxx. The passages in 2 Corinthians referring to Paul’s demand for the discipline of the ringleader betray no hint of sexual immorality in the individual concerned. The offense was against Paul, and the critical question revolved around whether or not the church would rally to the apostle (7:12). Moreover, 1 Corinthians does not sound intense enough to be the letter described in 2 Cor. 2:4. For the view that Corinthians C is in reality 2 Cor. 10-13, see discussion below 9. 1 and 2 Corinthians, OCCASION, The Integrity of 1 and 2 Corinthians.
5.So, e.g., A. Plummer, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians, ICC (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1915), pp. xxvii-xxxvi; R. H. Strachan, The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, MNTC (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935), p. xix; R. Bultmann, The Second Letter to the Corinthians (ET Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985), p. 18; H. D. Wendland, Die Briefe an die Korinther, NTD 7 (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965), p. 8; W. Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth: An Investigation of the Letters to the Corinthians (ET Nashville: Abingdon, 1971), p. 96.
6.E.g., E. B. Allo, Saint Paul: Seconde epftre aux Corinthiens (Paris: Gabalda, 1956), pp. lii-liii; H. Lietzmann, supplemented by W. G. Kummel, An die Korinther I, II, HNT 9 (TQbingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1969), pp. 139-40; R. V. G. Tasker, The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, TNTC (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1958), pp. 30-35; Hughes, Second Corinthians, pp. xxiii-xxxv; Kummel, pp. 287-93; W. H. Bates, "The Integrity of II Corinthians,” NTS 12 (1965-66): 56-59.
7.Hughes, Second Corinthians, xxxi-xxxv.
8.Murray J. Harris, "2 Corinthians,” in EBC 10:305-6. However, in a private communication, Dr. Harris indicates that in his forthcoming NIGTC commentary on 2 Corinthians he has changed his mind and followed much the same line adopted in this Introduction.
9.50 F. F. Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians (London: Oliphants, 1971), pp. 166-70; Victor Paul Furnish, II Corinthians, AB 32A (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984), pp. 30-41; Ralph P. Martin, 2 Corinthians, WBC 40 (Waco, Tex.: Word, 1986), p. xl; Colin G. Kruse, The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, TNTC (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), pp. 29-35.
10.C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, BNTC/HNTC (London: Black, 1973), p. 17.
11.50 J. Weiss, Earliest Christianity: A History of the Period A.D. 30-150, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), 1:349; Bultmann, Second Corinthians, p. 18.
12.Wendland, Briefe an die Korinther, p. 9; Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth, pp. 98100; G. Bornkamm, "The History of the So-called Second Letter to the Corinthians,” NTS 8 (1961-62): 259-60.
13.E.g., Plummer, Second Corinthians, p. 67; Kummel, p. 291; Harris, "2 Corinthians,” pp. 303, 331; Allo, Saint Paul, p. 45.
14.P. Bachmann, Der zweite Brief des Paulus an die Korinther (Leipzig: Deichert,
1922), pp. 126-27.
15.With various emphases, Zahn 3:343 n. 1; Hughes, Second Corinthians, pp. 76-77.
16.Margaret E. Thrall, "A Second Thanksgiving Period in II Corinthians,” JSNT 16 (1982): 111-19.
17.Kruse, Second Corinthians, p. 37.
18.By the majority of contemporary scholars, including Wendland, Briefe an die Korinther, p. 212; and Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth, pp. 94-95.
19.By a minority of contemporary scholars, including Bultmann, Second Corinthians, p. 180 and n. 202; and J. Gnilka, "2 Cor 6:14-7:1 in Light of the Qumran Texts and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs,” in Paul and Qumran, ed. J. Murphy-O’Connor (London: Chapman, 1968), pp. 48-68.
20.Namely, ετεροζυγουντες (heterozygountes, from έτέρoζυγέω, G2282), μετοχή (metoche, G3580), συμφώνήσις (symphonesis, G5245), Βελιαρ (Beliar, G1016), συγκαταθεσις (sugkatathesis, G5161), and μολυσμός (molysmos, G3663).
21.Martin, p. 192.
22.Hughes, Second Corinthians, p. 242.
23.Gordon D. Fee, "II Corinthians vi.14-vii.1 and Food Offered to Idols,” NTS 23 (1977): 144-45.
24.H. D. Betz, "2 Cor.6:14-7:1: An Anti-Pauline Fragment?” JBL 92 (1973): 88-108.
25.J. A. Fitzmyer, "Qumran and the Interpolated Paragraph in 2 Cor 6:14-7:1,” in Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament (London: Chapman, 1971), pp. 205-17.
26.See Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians, p. 214, who notes that such dualisms are not exclusive to Qumran.
27.E.g., Wendland, Briefe an die Korinther, p. 212; Strachan, Second Corinthians, pp. xv, 3-5; Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth, pp. 94-95.
28.E.g., Plummer, Second Corinthians, pp. xxiii-xxvi, 208; Lietzmann, An die Korinther, p. 129; Allo, Saint Paul, pp. liii, 193-94; Hughes, Second Corinthians, pp. 241-44; Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians, p. 214; Barrett, Second Corinthians, p. 194, Harris, "2 Corinthians,” p. 303.
29.Lietzmann, An die Korinther, p. 129; cautiously, Harris, "2 Corinthians,” p. 303.
30.Barrett, Second Corinthians, p. 194.
31.N. A. Dahl, "A Fragment and Its Context: 2 Corinthians 6:14-7:1,” in Studies in Paul (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972), pp. 62-69.
32.Hughes, Second Corinthians, p. 244.
33.Fee, "II Corinthians vi.14-vii.1.”
34.The suggestion of J.-F. Collange, Enigmes de la deuxi&aage;me epftre de Paul aux Corinthiens, SNTSMS 18 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 28284, 302-17, that Paul wrote two editions of a letter that began at 2 Cor. 2:14, one ending with 6:13 (to the Corinthians) and the other running to 6:2 and then adding 6:14-7:4 (to other Christians in Achaia) is completely unverifiable and has not been adopted by anyone else.
35.Esp. Weiss 1:353.
36.So Bornkamm, p. 260; Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth, pp. 97-98.
37.Hans Dieter Betz, 2 Corinthians 8 and 9, Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985).
38.Weiss 1:353.
39.Barrett, Second Corinthians, p. 20.
40.Betz, 2 Corinthians 8 and 9, p. 90.
41.Ibid.; see also Hans Windisch, Der zweite Korintherbrief, KEK 6 (1924; reprint, Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970), pp. 286ff.
42.Barrett, Second Corinthians, p. 232.
43.H. L. Goudge, The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, WC (London: Methuen, 1927), p. 86.
44.So, e.g., Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth, p. 258.
45.See further D. A. Carson, Showing the Spirit: A Theological Exposition of 1 Corinthians 12-14 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987), pp. 131-34.
46.See discussion in C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, BNTC/HNTC, 2d ed. (London: Black, 1971); and Kummel, pp. 275-78. Perhaps the most widely discussed of the recent theories is that of J. C. Hurd, The Origin of I Corinthians, 2d ed. (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1983).
47.John J. Collins, "Chiasmus, the ‘ABA’ Pattern, and the Text of Paul,” in Studiorum Paulinorum Congressus Internationalis Catholicus 1961, 2 vols., AnBib 17-18 (Rome: BIP, 1963), 2.575-84.
48.Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, NICNT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), pp. 16-17.
49.E.g., (1) A : 1 Cor. 8:1-13, B : 9:1-27, C : 10:1-22; (2) A : 1:10-2:5, B : 2:6-16, C : 3:1-23; (3) A : ch. 12, B : ch. 13, C : ch. 14.
50.Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth ; idem, Paul and the Gnostics (New York: Abingdon, 1972).
51.E.g., U. Wilckens, Weisheit und Torheit (TQbingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1959); R. Jewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms: A Study of Their Use in Conflict Settings, (AGJU 10 (Leiden: Brill, 1971).
52.E.g., R. M. Wilson, "How Gnostic Were the Corinthians?” NTS 19 (1972-73): 65-74;
B. A. Pearson, The Pneumatikos-Psychikos Terminology in 1 Corinthians: A Study in the Theology of the Corinthian Opponents of Paul and Its Relation to Gnosticism, SBLDS 12 (Missoula, Mont.: SP, 1973), especially pp. 51-81; Edwin M. Yamauchi, Pre-Christian Gnosticism: A Survey of the Proposed Evidences, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983); L. D. McCrary, "Paul’s Opponents in Corinth: An Examination of Walter Schmithals’ Thesis on Gnosticism in Corinth” (Ph.D. diss., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1985).
53.Martin Hengel, Crucifixion (ET London: SCM, 1977), p. 18 n. 10.
54.Fee, First Corinthians, esp. pp. 5ff. In this he is largely returning to the stance of A. Robertson and A. Plummer, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians, ICC (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1914).
55.See esp. A. C. Thiselton, "Realized Eschatology at Corinth,” NTS 24 (1977-78): 510-26.
56.E.g., Pearson, Terminology. R. A. Horsley, in a number of articles, has argued in favor of the personified wisdom found in Philo; see esp. his "Wisdom of Word and Words of Wisdom in Corinth,” CBQ 39 (1977): 224-39; "Pneumatikos vs. Psychikos: Distinctions of Spiritual Status Among the Corinthians,” HTR 69 (1976): 269-88. By contrast, J. A. Davis finds the closest parallels in the "Torah Wisdom” at Qumran and in Sirach. See his Wisdom and Spirit: An Investigation of 1 Corinthians 1.18-3.20 Against the Background of Jewish Sapiential Traditions in the Greco-Roman Period (Lanham, Md.: UPA, 1984).
57.Fee, First Corinthians, pp. 13-14.
58.Davis, Wisdom and Spirit, p. 189 n. 26.
59.Fee, First Corinthians, p. 14.
60.B. W. Winter, "Are Philo and Paul Among the Sophists? A Hellenistic Jewish and a Christian Response to a First Century Movement” (Ph.D. diss., Macquarie University,
1988).
61.See esp. G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).
62.See E. A. Judge, "The Conflict of Aims in NT Thought,” JCE 9 (1966): 32-45; idem, "Paul’s Boasting in Relation to Contemporary Professional Practice,” AusBibRev 16 (1968): 37-50; S. H. Travis, "Paul’s Boasting in 2 Corinthians 10-12,” SE 6:527-32; D. A. Carson, From Triumphalism to Maturity: An Exposition of 2 Corinthians 10-13 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984), pp. 16-27.
63.See E. M. Smallwood, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Gaius, Claudius, and Nero (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 105 no. 376.
64. CIL 3.476; 6.1256.
65.For the bearing of this evidence on Pauline chronology generally, see chap. 7 above.
66.It is also possible that Gallio served a second year as proconsul, but this is unlikely.
67.Fee, First Corinthians, pp. 699-708.
68.See D. A. Carson, "‘Silent in the Churches’: On the Role of Women in I Cor. 14:33b--36,” in Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, ed. Wayne Grudem and John Piper (Westchester: Crossway, 1990), pp. 140-153, 487-90.
69.See esp. Furnish, II Corinthians, pp. 29-30.
70.See 1 Clement. 5:5-6 (2 Cor. 11:25); 38:2 (2 Cor. 9:12; but cf. 1 Cor. 16:17). See Donald A. Hagner, The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome, SuppNovT 34 (Leiden: Brill, 1973), esp. pp. 212-13.
71.E.g., Abraham Malherbe, Social Aspects of Early Christianity (Philadelphia:
Fortress, 1983); Bruce J. Malina, Christian Origins and Cultural Anthropology: Practical Models for Biblical Interpretation (Atlanta: John Knox, 1986). Cf. Murphy-O’Connor, St. Paul’s Corinth.
72.E.g., Gerd Theissen, The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth (ET Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982).
73.See the bibliographies in David E. Aune, Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983); Wayne Grudem, The Gift of Prophecy in 1 Corinthians (Lanham, Md.: UPA, 1982); Carson, Showing the Spirit.
74.See bibliography in Grudem and Piper, Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood.