AN INTRODUCTION to the NEW TESTAMENT
AN INTRODUCTION to the NEW TESTAMENT
D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo, Leon Morris
Zondervan Publishing House
Grand Rapids, Michigan
A Division of HarperCollins Publishers
PREFACE 13
ABBREVIATIONS 15
1. THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS 22
INTRODUCTION 22
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS 23
The Stage of Oral Traditions: Form Criticism 24
Description 24
Evaluation 26
The Stage of Written Sources: Source Criticism (the Synoptic Problem) 28
Introduction 28
The Main Solutions 31
Theories of Interdependence 32
Markan Priority 35
Proto-Gospel Theories 39
Conclusion 40
The Stage of Final Composition: Redaction Criticism 40
Description 41
Origins 43
Evaluation 44
THE GOSPELS AS WORKS OF LITERATURE 47
The Genre of the Gospels 47
The New Literary Criticism 49
Description 49
Evaluation 49
JESUS AND THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS 50
The Question of the “Historical” Jesus 50
The Possibility of a Historical Outline 52
Gospel Chronology 54
Jesus’ Birth 54
The Beginning of Jesus’ Ministry 54
The Length of Jesus’ Ministry 55
The Death of Jesus 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY 56
FOOTNOTES 64
2. Matthew 74
CONTENTS 74
AUTHOR 79
PROVENANCE 87
DATE 88
DESTINATION 92
PURPOSE 92
TEXT 93
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 94
MATTHEW IN RECENT STUDIES 94
THE CONTRIBUTION OF MATTHEW 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY 97
FOOTNOTES 101
3. Mark 107
CONTENTS 107
AUTHOR 109
PROVENANCE 112
DATE 113
A Date in the Forties 113
A Date in the Fifties 114
A Date in the Sixties 114
A Date in the Seventies 114
Conclusion 115
AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE 115
Audience 115
Purpose 115
SOURCES 117
TEXT 118
RECENT STUDY 119
THE CONTRIBUTION OF MARK 120
BIBLIOGRAPHY 122
Footnotes 125
4. Luke 131
CONTENTS 131
AUTHOR 133
PROVENANCE 135
DATE 136
ADDRESSEE(S) 137
THE COMPOSITION OF LUKE’S GOSPEL 138
TEXT 140
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 141
LUKE IN RECENT STUDY 142
THE CONTRIBUTION OF LUKE 145
BIBLIOGRAPHY 151
Footnotes 154
5. John 160
CONTENTS 160
AUTHOR 163
External Evidence 163
Stylistic Unity and the Johannine “Community” 176
PROVENANCE 181
Geographic Provenance 181
Conceptual Provenance 182
John’s Religious World 182
John’s Relation to the Synoptics 184
DATE 189
DESTINATION 191
PURPOSE 191
TEXT 194
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 195
JOHN IN RECENT STUDY 196
THE CONTRIBUTION OF JOHN 196
BIBLIOGRAPHY 198
Footnotes 205
6. Acts 213
CONTENTS 213
AUTHOR 217
The Traditional Case 217
Conclusion 222
DATE 222
A Second-Century Date 222
A Date of 80-95 223
A Date Before 70 223
GENRE, ADDRESSEES, AND PURPOSE 225
Genre 225
Addressees and Purpose 226
Conciliation 226
Evangelism/Apologetics 227
Theological Polemics 228
Edification 229
SOURCES 229
Acts 1-15 230
Acts 16-28 231
TEXT 231
ACTS IN RECENT STUDY 232
Survey of Research 232
Recent Contributions 233
Literary Approaches 233
Theological Themes 234
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ACTS 236
Historical 236
Ancient Historical Standards 236
The Speeches of Acts 238
Theological and Pastoral 239
BIBLIOGRAPHY 240
Footnotes 245
7. Paul 252
The Man and His Letters 252
PAUL’S BACKGROUND 252
“Born in Tarsus of Cilicia” (Acts 22:3) 252
“Brought up in this city” (Acts 22:3) 253
“Thoroughly trained in the law of our Fathers...zealous for God” (Acts 22:3) 254
“As I came near Damascus” (Acts 22:6) 254
PAUL’S AUTHORITY AND THE SOURCES FOR HIS THOUGHT 255
Paul’s Authority 255
The Sources of Paul’s Teaching 256
Revelation Versus Tradition 256
Early Christian Traditions 257
The Earthly Jesus 257
The Old Testament 258
The Greek World 258
Judaism 258
PAUL’S MISSIONARY CAREER AND ITS CHRONOLOGY 259
The Problem of Sources 259
An Outline of Paul’s Missionary Career 260
From Paul’s Conversion to the First Missionary Journey 260
From Paul’s First Missionary Journey to His Death 262
The Chronology of Paul’s Missionary Career 264
PAUL’S LETTERS (AND NEW TESTAMENT LETTERS GENERALLY) 266
New Testament Letters Against Their Greco-Roman Background 267
The Use of Amanuenses 268
The Collection of Paul’s Letters 268
Theories of a sudden collection 269
Theories of a gradual growth 269
BIBLIOGRAPHY 270
Footnotes 274
8. Romans 280
CONTENTS 280
AUTHOR 282
PROVENANCE AND DATE 282
ADDRESSEES 283
INTEGRITY, LITERARY HISTORY, AND TEXT 286
NATURE AND GENRE 288
PURPOSE 289
Corinth/Galatia 290
Jerusalem 290
ROMANS IN RECENT STUDY 291
THEME AND CONTRIBUTION 292
BIBLIOGRAPHY 294
Footnotes 298
9. 1 and 2 Corinthians 304
CONTENTS 304
1 Corinthians 304
2 Corinthians 306
AUTHOR 307
DESTINATION 308
OCCASION 308
Historical Reconstruction 308
The Integrity of 1 and 2 Corinthians 312
Other Alleged Interpolations in 2 Corinthians 317
The Integrity of 1 Corinthians 321
The Character of Paul’s Opponents in 1 and 2 Corinthians 322
DATE 325
TEXT 326
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 326
1 AND 2 CORINTHIANS IN RECENT STUDY 327
THE CONTRIBUTION OF 1 AND 2 CORINTHIANS 327
BIBLIOGRAPHY 328
Footnotes 332
10. Galatians 338
CONTENTS 338
AUTHOR 339
DESTINATION 339
DATE 342
OCCASION 343
TEXT 345
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 346
GALATIANS IN RECENT STUDY 346
THE CONTRIBUTION OF GALATIANS 348
BIBLIOGRAPHY 349
Footnotes 353
11. Ephesians 357
CONTENTS 357
AUTHOR 357
PROVENANCE 361
DATE 361
DESTINATION 361
PURPOSE 363
TEXT 363
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 363
EPHESIANS IN RECENT STUDIES 364
THE CONTRIBUTION OF EPHESIANS 365
BIBLIOGRAPHY 366
Footnotes 368
12. Philippians 371
CONTENTS 371
AUTHOR 371
PROVENANCE 372
DATE 375
OCCASION 375
TEXT 376
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 376
PHILIPPIANS IN RECENT STUDY 376
The Hymn in Phil. 2:6-11 377
The Location of Paul’s Imprisonment 378
The Unity of the Letter 378
Paul’s Opponents 379
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PHILIPPIANS 380
BIBLIOGRAPHY 381
Footnotes 383
13. Colossians 386
CONTENTS 386
AUTHOR 386
Language and Style 387
Theology 387
Relation to Ephesians 388
PROVENANCE 388
DATE 389
OCCASION 389
TEXT 391
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 391
COLOSSIANS IN RECENT STUDY 391
THE CONTRIBUTION OF COLOSSIANS 393
BIBLIOGRAPHY 394
Footnotes 396
14. 1 and 2 Thessalonians 399
CONTENTS 399
1 Thessalonians 399
2 Thessalonians 400
AUTHOR 400
PROVENANCE 402
DATE 402
RELATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2 THESSALONIANS 403
A Division Between Jewish and Gentile Christians 403
Co-Authorship 405
Reversal of Order 405
OCCASION 406
TEXT 407
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 407
THESSALONIANS IN RECENT STUDY 408
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESSALONIAN EPISTLES 410
BIBLIOGRAPHY 411
Footnotes 413
15. The Pastoral Epistles 418
THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PAULINE EPISTLES 418
Vocabulary 419
Style 420
Historical Problems 421
The False Teachers 421
The Ecclesiastical Organization 422
Theology 423
PSEUDONYMITY 424
1 TIMOTHY 429
Contents 429
Provenance 429
Date 429
Destination 430
Text 431
Adoption into the Canon 431
The Contribution of 1 Timothy 431
2 TIMOTHY 434
Contents 434
Provenance 434
Date 435
Destination 435
Text 436
Adoption into the Canon 436
The Contribution of 2 Timothy 436
15. TITUS 438
Contents 438
Provenance 438
Date 438
Destination 439
Adoption into the Canon 439
The Contribution of Titus 439
BIBLIOGRAPHY 440
Footnotes 443
16. Philemon 448
CONTENTS 448
AUTHOR 448
PROVENANCE AND DATE 448
ADDRESSEE(S) 449
OCCASION 449
TEXT 449
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 450
PHILEMON IN RECENT STUDY 450
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PHILEMON 450
BIBLIOGRAPHY 451
Footnotes 452
17. Hebrews 452
CONTENTS 452
AUTHOR 455
PROVENANCE 458
DATE 458
DESTINATION 461
PURPOSE 461
TEXT 464
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 464
HEBREWS IN RECENT STUDY 464
THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEBREWS 465
BIBLIOGRAPHY 465
Footnotes 469
18. James 473
CONTENTS 473
AUTHOR 474
PROVENANCE 477
DATE 478
DESTINATION/ADDRESSEES 478
NATURE/GENRE 479
JAMES IN RECENT STUDY 481
THE CONTRIBUTION OF JAMES 482
BIBLIOGRAPHY 482
Footnotes 484
19. Peter 487
CONTENTS 487
AUTHOR 487
PROVENANCE 489
DATE 490
DESTINATION 490
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 491
1 PETER IN RECENT STUDY 491
THE CONTRIBUTION OF 1 PETER 493
BIBLIOGRAPHY 495
Footnotes 497
20. 2 Peter 500
CONTENTS 500
AUTHOR 501
External Attestation 501
Allusions to Peter 502
Church Tradition 502
Paul and the “Other Scriptures” 502
The Fathers 503
The Use of Jude 503
The False Teaching 503
Motive 504
RELATION OF 2 PETER TO JUDE 504
PROVENANCE 505
DATE 505
DESTINATION 506
TEXT 506
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 507
2 PETER IN RECENT STUDY 507
THE CONTRIBUTION OF 2 PETER 508
BIBLIOGRAPHY 510
Footnotes 510
21. 1, 2, 3 John 512
CONTENT AND STRUCTURE 512
1 John 512
2 and 3 John 513
AUTHOR 513
PROVENANCE 517
DATE 517
DESTINATION 518
PURPOSE 518
TEXT 521
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 522
THE JOHANNINE EPISTLES IN RECENT STUDY 523
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JOHANNINE EPISTLES 523
BIBLIOGRAPHY 524
Footnotes 525
22. Jude 528
CONTENTS 528
AUTHOR 528
DATE 528
DESTINATION 529
TEXT 529
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 529
JUDE IN RECENT STUDY 530
THE CONTRIBUTION OF JUDE 531
BIBLIOGRAPHY 532
Footnotes 533
23. Revelation 534
CONTENTS 534
AUTHOR 536
Early Christian Testimony 536
Contemporary Discussion 538
Internal Evidence 538
Arguments Against Apostolic Authorship 538
Conclusion 540
PROVENANCE 541
DATE 541
Early Christian Testimony 541
Contemporary Discussion 542
Conclusion 544
DESTINATION 544
COMPOSITION AND GENRE 544
Sources and Theories of Composition 544
Genre 545
TEXT 547
ADOPTION INTO THE CANON 547
REVELATION IN RECENT STUDY 548
THE CONTRIBUTION OF REVELATION 549
Methods of Interpretation 549
The Contribution of Revelation 550
BIBLIOGRAPHY 551
Footnotes 555
24. The New Testament Canon 561
INTRODUCTION 561
THE RELEVANCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON 561
THE FORMATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON 565
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON 568
BIBLIOGRAPHY 572
Footnotes 574
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