What were the significant characteristics of a manorial
society?
2
3.
What is said to justify the institution of private
property?
4
4.
What is competition in modern industrial life?
4
5.
Why has the name “capitalistic production” been applied
to modern industry?
6
6.
Compare the domestic system of industry with the
factory system.
7
7.
What are the fundamental conditions of our economic
life?
8
The Agricultural Resources of the United States.
1.
What has been the policy of the Government in its
disposition of the public domain? Illustrate.
9
2.
What has been the unique and characteristic feature
of the land policy of the United States?
9
3.
What has been the result of the land policy of the
United States?
10
4.
What was the first effort toward the solution of farming
in the arid soils of the West?
10
5.
Explain what is meant by dry-farming.
11
6.
How do the farms of the United States compare in
size with those of European countries? To what is
this difference due?
11
7.
What does the movement of the population from the
farm to the city indicate?
13
8.
What change in method is agriculture undergoing in
the United States? Give the reason for this change.
14
9.
Discuss the cereal production of the United States.
15
10.
Upon what question does the future of the cotton
production depend?
17
11.
What movement is now put forth to aid in the preservation
of our forests?
18
The Mineral Resources of the United States.
1.
Into what groups may the natural resources of a country
be divided? Illustrate.
19
2.
What two answers are given to the problem of the
conservation of a limited supply of resources?
20
3.
What steps have been taken towards stopping the
devastation of our resources?
21
4.
What estimates are given as to the amount of coal
in the United States and as to how long this supply
will last?
22
5.
What is the most favorable situation for iron deposits?
State reasons.
24
6.
Where is the most wonderful iron-mining region in
the United States? What makes it such a remarkable
region?
24
7.
Of what importance are the precious metals? What
is the practical problem confronting American gold-mining
companies at present?
25
8.
To what use was copper put in Homeric times? What
has caused it to rise to the front rank in recent years?
26
9.
How does the present-day application of water power
to machinery differ from its application prior to 1890?
28
Capitalistic Production.
1.
What five causes does the census report give for the
rapid industrial development in the United States?
30
2.
Give Carroll D. Wright’s definition of a factory.
31
3.
Illustrate the two meanings which “division of labor”
may indicate.
32
4.
Show how the subdivision of labor brings about the
extension of labor-saving machinery.
33
5.
Name the economies of a large-scale production.
36
6.
What improvements have made large-scale production
possible?
36
7.
In what lines of business is there little or no development
toward large-scale methods? State the reasons.
37
8.
What is meant by standardization? What are the
advantages of such a system?
38
Trusts and Monopolies.
1.
Enumerate the phases through which combinations for
the purpose of fixing prices, have passed.
40
2.
What is the advantage of the corporation?
41
3.
Give a brief history of the trust movement.
42
4.
What economies are secured by a combined or federated
industry?
43
5.
Name some of the savings which are peculiar to
trusts.
44
6.
Give an illustration showing the profits of a successful
trust promoter.
45
7.
What is the effect of industrial combinations upon
competitors? Upon producers of raw material?
46
8.
Explain the two phases of the relation between trusts
and labor.
47
9.
What conclusion as to the power of the combination
over prices, does the Industrial Commission reach?
48
10.
From what two sources do the evils of combination
come? What remedies have been suggested to meet
both classes of evils?
50
Speculation and Crises.
1.
How does the speculator reduce for the merchant the
speculative risk attaching to price fluctuations? Illustrate.
52
2.
What social value lies in the service of the speculator?
Illustrate.
53
3.
Explain the difference between legitimate speculation
and illegitimate speculation (gambling).
54
4.
What is a crisis?
55
5.
Discuss the immediate occasion of a crisis.
56
6.
What is W. S. Jevons’ theory as to the causes of
crises?
58
7.
Explain the over-production theory which is given
as a cause for crises.
58
8.
What is the credit theory of the cause of a crisis?
59
9.
Where is the true explanation of a crisis to be found?
60
10.
Is it possible to prevent the recurrence of crises?
60
The Modern Wage System.
1.
Give some beneficial results and some abuses of the
factory system.
61
2.
Name five points which Mr. Hobson gives to show that,
in the transition to the factory system, the position
of the laborer has been one of increasing dependence.
62
3.
How does President Hadley define wages?
63
4.
Describe the systems of labor which preceded the
modern wage system.
64
5.
How has the extreme individualism of Adam Smith’s
theory been modified?
65
6.
What are the three peculiarities of the sale of labor?
66
Labor Organizations and Collective Bargaining.
1.
Why have labor organizations grown more rapidly in
the United States and England than on the Continent
of Europe?
69
2.
What are the two types of trade unions in the United
States?
69
3.
Describe the two most important national organizations
which have been in this country.
70
4.
What are the methods by which labor organizations
monopolize the labor market?
71
5.
Why do labor leaders object to piece work?
72
6.
What are the two arguments in favor of shorter
hours put forth by the trade unionist?
73
7.
What is the economic justification of the shorter
working day?
74
8.
Give illustrations where unions have directly limited
the amount of output.
75
9.
What is the attitude of the majority of the employers
in the United States toward collective bargaining?
77
10.
What erroneous ideas exist as to the purpose of labor
organizations?
78
11.
Describe the method of settling an industrial dispute
by conciliation. Why is the principle of arbitration
fast going out of favor?
79
Women and Children at Work.
1.
Describe the evils of the early factory system in England.
80
2.
Are the women crowding the men out of their occupations
and taking their places?
81
3.
What is the most important reason for the low economic
position which woman occupies in the industrial
world?
83
4.
How does George L. Bolen justify the employment
of women?
86
5.
How can the evil arising from child labor be cured?
87
6.
What obstacles have been in the way of efforts to
improve labor conditions by legislation?
88
7.
Name, and give examples of, the two classes into
which the factory acts may be divided.
88
8.
What has been accomplished in the United States in
the way of labor legislation?
89
Unemployment and Insurance.
1.
Classify the unemployed.
91
2.
What are personal causes of unemployment?
92
3.
Name some industrial causes of unemployment.
93
4.
In what does the remedy for the normal unemployment
in modern industry lie?
95
5.
Suggest some methods of alleviation of the evils of
unemployment.
96
6.
State briefly the common law doctrine regarding liability
for accident.
98
7.
What have foreign countries done toward placing the
burden of industrial accidents upon the industry itself
and not upon the laborer?
99
8.
Describe the establishment of compulsory insurance
against sickness and old age in Germany; in Great
Britain.
100
Machinery and Industrial Efficiency.
1.
What three evils are charged against machinery?
101
2.
How does the reabsorption of labor displaced by machinery
depend upon the demand for an article?
102
3.
How may machine methods cause irregularities in
wages and employment?
104
4.
Show the need of a system of industrial education
in the United States.
107
5.
Describe the system of industrial education which exists
in Germany.
107
6.
How does the English system of industrial education
differ from the German?
108
7.
What is the character of the industrial schools of the
United States?
108
8.
How have the people of the United States been aided
in their industrial development?
109
9.
What two obstacles have been met by the movement
for better industrial education in the United States?
109
Profit-Sharing and Co-Operation.
1.
Name the three principal methods of profit-sharing.
110
2.
What is the economic theory of profit-sharing?
111
3.
What are the objections against the profit-sharing
system?
112
4.
Why is the system of profit-sharing comparatively
limited?
113
5.
According to President Hadley, where is there more
chance for the success of profit-sharing?
113
6.
How does co-operation differ from profit-sharing?
114
7.
What are the reasons for the lack of success of co-operation
in this country?
115
8.
Describe the methods of the Rochdale Society.
115
9.
How does producers’ co-operation differ from consumers’
co-operation?
116
10.
Give three examples of successful productive co-operation
in the United States.
116
11.
Enumerate the advantages of co-operation.
116
12.
What is the ultimate ideal of enthusiastic co-operators?
117
13.
Discuss the defects of co-operation.
117
Problems of Distribution.
1.
What are the three great problems of economic society?
119
2.
Define functional distribution; personal distribution.
119
3.
What views are given as to whether functional distribution
is actually governed by natural law?
121
4.
Discuss briefly the distribution of rent.
122
5.
What is the socialists’ idea as to the profits which a
business manager receives for his services?
123
6.
State three theories which have been developed to
explain the distribution of wages.
124
7.
How was the wealth of the United States distributed
in 1893?
125
8.
Are the poor becoming poorer?
127
Saving and Spending.
1.
What is the relation between saving and spending?
129
2.
What is the real goal of all rational economic endeavor?
130
3.
Give the arguments which are put forth condemning
luxury.
132
4.
What arguments are put forth to show that luxury
is an indispensable stimulus to progress?
133
5.
What is the attitude toward luxury taken by economists?
133
6.
What is meant by “a socialization of luxury”?
135
7.
Give an illustration of a waste in consumption due
to lack of knowledge and training.
135
Money and Banking.
1.
What determines the value of money?
137
2.
Give the attempts made in the United States to create
a slow, steady inflation.
139
3.
State three arguments in favor of bimetallism.
139
4.
Where can we find a sufficient answer to the arguments
in favor of government paper money? State
the answer.
141
5.
Of what does the money of the United States consist?
141
6.
What essential quality of good bank money do bank
notes lack? Explain.
143
7.
Enumerate the suggestions which have been made as
to a new basis for the issue of bank notes.
143
8.
Name two other problems connected with the banking
system of the United States.
144
Transportation and Communication.
1.
Describe the three kinds of discrimination.
147
2.
How do the state commissions differ in power?
148
3.
Explain the monopoly character of express companies.
149
4.
Show the importance of the internal natural waterways
of the United States.
151
5.
What problem is offered by our canal system?
151
6.
Show why the causes for the decline in tonnage of
American vessels are economic rather than political.
152
Taxation and Tariff.
1.
What is John Fiske’s definition of taxes?
154
2.
What rules of taxation were laid down by Adam
Smith?
154
3.
What is the benefit theory of taxation? How does
this theory fail?
155
4.
What is the faculty principle of taxation?
155
5.
What measures have been suggested as to how to
measure ability? Give the objection to each.
155
6.
What are the arguments supporting progressive taxation?
156
7.
Where does the Federal Treasury derive its revenue?
157
8.
What tax is the main reliance of the state and local
governments?
158
9.
Describe an ideal system of taxation for the United
States. What is the advantage of such a system?
159
10.
What is the character of the considerations in determining
tariff policies?
160
11.
Explain the home market argument in support of
protection; the wages argument.
161
12.
What is the doctrine of comparative costs?
162
13.
How do free traders answer the home market argument?
The infant industries argument?
162
The Functions of the Government.
1.
Name the economic functions of the Government.
163
2.
What is the theory of anarchism?
165
3.
Explain Herbert Spencer’s theory of extreme individualism.
165
4.
What is the theory of government most generally held
by economists and writers in the United States?
166
5.
In what country is the culture state theory very generally
held? Explain the theory.
167
6.
What does the view known as state socialism advocate?
167
7.
Give Professor Ely’s definition of socialism.
167
8.
Explain the cardinal and distinctive element of socialism.
168
9.
Enumerate the socialists’ criticisms of our present
methods of production.
168
10.
What do socialists urge as bases of distribution?
What basis do socialists of today agree is the best one
to meet the requirements of justice?
170
11.
What were Henry George’s arguments against private
ownership of lands?
171
12.
What is the real issue as to the municipalization of
local public utilities?
172
Economic Progress.
1.
What improvement has been made in the condition of
the working class in the United States? In Great
Britain?
173
2.
What factors have aided in the enormous expansion
of production?
174
3.
Give two reasons why labor has not profited more
by the great increase of wealth.
175
4.
State some lines along which reform is needed.
176
Manufacturing.
1.
How does the word “manufactures” as it is ordinarily
used today differ from its original meaning?
180
2.
What conditions have made western Europe and the
eastern part of the United States great manufacturing
sections?
183
Modern Manufacturing Systems.
1.
What new occupations did the factory system develop?
186
2.
How did the use of steam affect the location of factories?
187
3.
What factors made the price of silk so high before
the nineteenth century?
188
4.
Why is Gary, Indiana, an advantageous location for
a manufacturing center?
189
5.
How is it possible to operate by water power, a factory
located a hundred miles from a waterfall? Give
two examples.
190
6.
Illustrate the use of electricity in a typical modern
factory.
192
Use of Machinery in Manufacturing.
1.
Describe the first machine used in the making of yarn.
193
2.
Enumerate some of the machines invented in the
eighteenth century.
195
3.
How did the invention of machinery affect the importation
of cotton?
196
4.
Show the need of machinery in the iron and steel industry.
197
5.
Describe the earliest process of making pig iron.
198
6.
What is the Bessemer process of making steel?
201
7.
What have been the causes of the great development
of the iron and steel industry?
201
8.
What is the difference between English and American
steel works?
202
Development of the Factory System.
1.
State reasons for the early development of the factory
system in England.
204
2.
Why was the United States slow about developing
manufacturing industries?
205
3.
Why is any comparison of the value of the manufactures
of the United States with that of other countries
defective?
210
4.
Name an article which is the product of one factory
but which becomes the manufacturing material of another.
211
5.
What factors have contributed toward making the
United States the world’s greatest manufacturing nation?
212
6.
How can it be judged as to whether the value of manufactures
of a country is in excess of the consuming
capacity?
214
Capital in Manufacturing.
1.
Show the part capital plays in building up a company.
214
2.
What are the advantages gained by having a business
in the hands of a company or corporation?
215
3.
Compare the durability of gold with that of other
products.
217
4.
What was the amount of capital employed in manufacturing
industries in 1850? In 1905?
218
5.
How did the Census of 1905 differ from previous censuses
in the matter of manufacturing establishments?
219
6.
How does the growth in capitalization rank with that
of the other important branches of manufacturing?
220
Trusts and Combinations.
1.
What principle was the cause of the origin of the modern
company or corporation?
222
2.
Explain the provisions of a pool.
223
3.
How were the defects of the pool overcome?
224
4.
What are the advantages of a trust or combination?
225
5.
What has been the effect of trusts on prices? On
wages?
226
6.
Name and classify according to product the companies
of which the United States Steel Corporation was
formed.
228
The Iron and Steel Industry.
1.
What was the number of establishments for the iron
and steel industry in the United States in 1880? In
1905? What does this show?
233
2.
What method was used by the early Germans for
extracting the iron from the ore? By the English
in 1700? By the early American colonists?
236
3.
Why was coke used in the smelting of iron ore in
England much earlier than in America?
238
4.
How did the development of railways aid in the preservation
of our forests?
239
5.
What is the puddling process? Why is it necessary?
240
6.
What process took the place of the puddling process?
241
7.
What is steel? How is iron obtained by the Bessemer
process made into steel?
245
The Textile Industry.
1.
What is the most important of the textile industries?
247
2.
Compare the value of textile manufactures in the principal
countries of Europe during the period from 1800
to 1896, inclusive, with that of the United States during
the same period.
247
3.
Define textiles. How are they made?
251
4.
What were the so-called “Manchester cottons”?
254
5.
Who invented the spinning jenny? What was its use?
255
6.
Up until the invention of the water frame, why was
the making of cloth entirely from cotton impracticable?
256
7.
What was the spinning mule? By whom was it invented?
257
8.
What is the purpose of the cotton gin?
257
9.
What factors have made cotton the most important
textile?
258
10.
Why is the cotton industry moving toward the South?
262
Manufacturing Industries of the United States.
1.
Why was manufacturing neglected by the early settlers
of the United States?
263
2.
What manufactories sprang up in the nineteenth
century?
266
3.
Name the four greatest producers of manufactures for
exportation.
270
4.
When was the largest growth of agricultural exports
in the United States? Of exports of manufactures?
272
5.
What articles are the chief requisites of manufacturing?
272
6.
How do you account for the rapid growth of copper
as an export of manufacture?
277
7.
Illustrate the fact that the United States does not
need to invade foreign markets with its manufactures.
278
8.
Distinguish between the gross value of the factory
product of manufactures and the net value of the same.
284
9.
Compare the growth of the exportation of manufactures
with that of the production.
286
10.
Under what head does the Bureau of Statistics classify
boots and shoes; flour; salted meats; illuminating
oil; pig iron.
287
Concrete and Steel.
1.
How do concrete and steel supplement each other?
322
2.
Of what is the standardization of concrete applications
indicative?
323
3.
What is a corrugated bar?
324
4.
Give an example showing the durability of the Hennibique
construction.
326
5.
What advantages over the wooden bearing pile has
the concrete bearing pile?
327
6.
How may the resistivity of usual concretes be reinforced?
329
7.
Explain the use of wales in reinforcing a water front.
331
8.
How are the bearing piles of a wharf in the tropics
made?
332
9.
Enumerate various uses to which concrete has been
put in construction. Pages 333, 334.
10.
What is the problem of the concrete telegraph pole?
How may this be overcome?
336
11.
How is the Corell tie made? The Percival tie?
337
12.
What part does steel play in the construction of the
Gatun Locks of the Panama Canal?
337
13.
Give an illustration of the use of steel for molding
concrete.
339
Chemistry and the Industries.
1.
Why has it been necessary to put industry on a scientific
basis?
342
2.
Why is chemistry so closely related to the industries?
343
3.
Tell in your own words the story of the development
of the soda industry.
344
4.
Name three important industries which grew out of
the soda industry.
346
5.
348
6.
What are the great achievements before the chemistry
of the future?
350
The Producer-Gas Power Plant.
1.
What was the drawback to the early development of
the gas engine?
353
2.
Why was the suction producer not practical?
354
3.
What led to the introduction of the pressure producer?
355
4.
What is the advantage of the down-draft producer?
355
5.
What is the ideal relative efficiency of the producer-gas
plant and the steam plant? The actual relative
efficiency?
360
6.
What defects in producer-gas plants were learned
from the inspection in 1908?
364
7.
Where are the producer-gas plants of England located?
366
8.
How can the price of power developed from fuel be
kept down?
369
Efficiency in Shop Operations.
1.
What is the reason for the failure of many cost systems?
371
2.
Upon what does the efficiency of a workman depend?
372
3.
What should be used as a standard for the measurement
of time?
373
4.
When should a bonus begin?
375
5.
What effect does the giving of bonuses have on the
efficiency of the foreman?
375
6.
What advantages are gained from having proper time
cards for the workmen of a concern?
377
7.
To be successful, how should efficiency methods be
introduced?
379
The Bridge between Labor and Capital.
1.
What is the chief cause at the bottom of all labor
disputes?
380
2.
When and how was the labor problem brought about?
381
3.
What three methods of solution are proposed for the
present problem of distribution?
382
4.
In your opinion which method is the best?
The Unemployed.
1.
What is the central cause of the want of employment?
385
2.
Show the evil effect of ill-advised charity upon the
unemployed.
387
3.
What does the practice of giving old-age pensions indicate
as to the fairness of the distribution of the returns
of production?
387
4.
Name three ways in which the problem of the unemployed
can be reduced.
389
5.
What are the effects of ignorance and indolence upon
society?
391
6.
If employment were remunerative, what would be the
results?
393
7.
What lines of industry should society court?
396
8.
What are the evils connected with industrial corporations?
397
9.
Summarize the remedies for the want of employment.
401
INDEX
BUSINESS ECONOMICS
ACTS—
factory, , .
AGRICULTURE—
character of, in U. S., .
most important branch of, .
reorganization of, .
ANARCHISM—
theory of, .
AREA—
land, of U. S., .
BANKING, -145.
BAR—
corrugated, .
BARGAINING—
collective, .
BESSEMER—
process, , -246.
BIMETALLISM—
arguments in favor of, , .
BOARD—
of arbitration, .
of conciliation, .
BONUS—
use of, .
BRIDGES—
construction of, -326.
CAPITAL—
and labor, bridge between (article), -383.
in manufacturing, -222.
CEMENT—
Portland, .
CEREALS—
production of, in U. S., .
CHEMISTRY—
and the industries (article), -351.
a utilitarian science, .
how it creates industries, .
how it influences industries, .
CHILDREN—
at work, -89.
CLASS—
wage-earning, .
COAL—
waste of, .
COMBINATION—
advantages of, , .
causes of, illustrated, -230.
effects of, -49, .
upon competitors, .
upon consumers, , .
upon labor, .
upon opportunity, .
upon wages, .
forms of, -225.
in the railroad world, .
methods of, illustrated, -230.
phases of, , .
COMMISSION—
mandatory, .
supervisory, .
COMPANIES—
express, monopoly character of, .
COMPETITION—
defined, .
in modern industrial life, , .
CONCRETE—
and steel (article), -340.
applications of, -339.
as material of construction, .
chimneys of, .
effect of water on, , .
rapidity of construction of, .
resistivity of, .
CONSUMPTION—
economy in, , .
CO-OPERATION—
advantages of, , , , .
consumers’, .
defects of, , .
producers’, .
CORN—
production of, in U. S., .
CORPORATION—
advantages of, to industry, , .
industrial, .
United States Steel, , -230.
COTTON—
gin, .
manufacturing of, -262.
production of, in U. S., , .
world’s production of, .
CRISES—
credit theory of, .
defined, .
immediate cause of, .
must be regarded as unpreventable, .
over-production theory of, .
periodicity of, , .
DISCRIMINATION—
kinds of, .
DISTRIBUTION—
of interest, , .
of profits, .
of rent, .
of wages, , .
of wealth, functional, -121.
of wealth, personal, , -127.
DOMAIN—
public, .
DRY-FARMING, .
ECONOMICS—
practical (article), -178.
progress in, -178.
EDUCATION—
industrial, -110.
EFFICIENCY—
application of, to department heads, -377.
defined, .
increased, illustrated, .
in shop operation (article), -379.
ELECTRICITY—
applied to manufacturing, -192.
ENGINE—
gas, development of, -356.
EXCHANGES—
of natural products, .
EXPORTS—
from U. S., -288.
FACTORY—
acts, , .
described, .
system. (See System.)
town, rise of, .
FARMS—
number and size of, .
FISHERIES—
wasteful use of, , .
FREE TRADERS—
arguments of, .
GOLD—
production of, , .
GOVERNMENT—
functions of, -172.
HOMESTEAD—
defined, , .
INDIVIDUALISM—
extreme, , .
modified, .
INDUSTRY—
causes of rapid development in, .
cotton, -262.
how carried on, .
iron and steel, growth of, -202, -246.
localization of, .
manufacturing. (See Manufacturing.)
relation between chemistry and, -351.
soda, -346.
specialization of, , .
textile, -262.
INSURANCE—
against sickness and old age, .
compulsory accident, , .
IRON—
processes of making, -201, -246.
IRRIGATION, , .
LABOR—
American Federation of, .
and capital, bridge between (article), -383.
child, , -89.
division of, , .
Knights of, .
legislation, purpose of, .
organizations, -77.
previous systems of, compared with modern wage system, .
sale of, peculiarities of, , .
woman, -86.
LEGISLATION—
factory, .
labor, purpose of, .
of child labor, -89.
LIBERTY—
industrial, .
natural, theory of, .
LIVE STOCK—
production of, in U. S., .
LUXURY—
attitudes toward, -134.
socialization of, .
MACHINERY—
evils of, -106.
in iron and steel industry, -201.
in textile industry, .
MACHINES—
carding, .
early forms of, -196.
MANOR—
English, -3.
characteristics of, , .
MANUFACTURES—
census of, -211.
why misleading in U. S., , , .
concentration of, , .
exported from U. S., -272.
growth of, , -214.
growth of investment in, -222.
statistics of, -321.
MANUFACTURING—
application of electricity to, -192.
application of steam to, -189.
areas of the world, .
(article), -320.
capital in, -222.
cotton, -262.
establishments, -222, .
growth of, -214.
growth of investment in, -222.
industries of the U. S., -288.
machinery in, -203.
statistics of, -321.
systems of the world, -192.
MARINE—
merchant, -154.
MONEY—
government paper, , .
kinds of, in U. S., , .
value of, how determined, , .
MOVEMENT—
trust, .
OPERATIONS—
change in, opposition to, .
shop, efficiency in, (article), -379.
ORGANIZATIONS—
forms of, -225.
labor, -77.
growth of, .
objects and methods of, -77.
PARTNERSHIP, .
PENSIONS—
old-age, danger in, .
PILES—
bearing, .
sheet, .
POLICY—
land, of U. S., , .
POOLS, , .
POPULATION—
agricultural, decline in, , .
POWER—
water, of U. S., , .
POWER PLANT—
producer-gas, -369.
conditions favorable to, in U. S., , .
location of European, -368.
number and class of, .
relation of, to conservation of fuel resources, -369.
relative results of steam plant and, -363.
PRODUCTION—
capitalistic, , -39.
concentration of, .
large-scale, -37.
economics of, , .
peculiar to trusts, .
industrial effects of, .
in manufacturing, .
in retail trade, .
social effects of, .
of cotton, .
of cotton in U. S., , .
pig-iron, , .
PROFITS—
of promoters, .
PROFIT SHARING—
defined, .
economic theory of, .
methods of, , .
objections against, , .
origin of, .
purpose of, .
PROPERTY—
private, , .
PROTECTION—
arguments in support of, -162.
RAILROADS—
public nature of, .
public ownership of, .
rates, .
RATES—
railroad, .
REGULATION—
legislative, of trust evils, , .
RESOURCES—
agricultural, of U. S., -19.
forest, destruction of, .
mineral, of U. S., -29.
alarming condition of, -22.
REVENUE—
sources of, -159.
REVOLUTION—
industrial, , .
ROTATION—
three-year, .
SAVING—
relation of, to spending, , .
why necessary, .
SERVICE—
Forest, work of, .
SOCIALISM—
as a scheme of distribution, .
defined, , .
difficulties of establishing, .
state, .
SOCIETY—
industrial, -8.
Rochdale, .
SPECULATION, -55.
SPECULATOR—
social value of, .
SPENDING—
relation of, to saving, , .
SPINNING JENNY, , .
STANDARDIZATION—
system of, .
STANDARD OIL TRUST—
when formed, .
STATE—
as a regulator of industry, , .
culture, theory, .
ownership, , .
STATISTICS—
accidents in German industries traceable to different causes, .
cause of idleness, members of trade unions (1900), .
cause of poverty, .
course of wages during 19th century, .
expenditures for different purposes in different places, .
growth of manufactures in 19th century, .
hand and machine methods compared, .
industrial and commercial gas trusts in U. S., (1860-1900), , .
of commerce in U. S., , .
of manufactures, -321.
annual value of, .
capital invested, , .
exportation of, .
importation of, .
summary of, in U. S., .
value of products of, -321.
wage-earners employed (1900), .
of population engaged in manufacturing in U. S., .
STEEL—
and concrete (article), -340.
as material of construction, .
re-inforcement, styles of, -326.
STRIKE—
defined, .
losses from, in U. S., .
SYSTEM—
canal, , .
domestic, .
factory,
beneficial results of, , .
development of, -214.
in England, .
in U. S., , .
evils of early, , -106.
origin of, .
independent treasury, .
industrial, modern, -8.
characteristics of, .
of interchangeable parts, , .
of standardization, .
three-field, .
wage, modern, -68.
TAX—
defined, .
general property, .
inheritance, .
TAXATION—
powers of, .
problems of, , .
rules of, , .
TEXTILES—
described, , .
manufacturing of, -262.
TRADE UNIONS—
local, .
national, .
object and methods of, -77.
TRANSPORTATION, -154.
inland water, .
ocean water, .
TRUSTS—
advantages of, .
and combinations, -230.
defined, .
economics of production peculiar to, .
effects of,
upon competitors, .
upon consumers, , .
upon labor, .
upon opportunity, .
upon wages, .
evils of, remedied by legislative regulation, , .
industrial and gas, organized in U. S. (1860-1900), , .
reasons for growth of, , , .
UNEMPLOYED—
classified, .
the (article), -402.
UNEMPLOYMENT—
a permanent problem, .
cause of, -95, -386.
extent of, .
remedies for, , -390, -401.
WAGES—
iron law of, .
WATER FRAME, .
WEALTH—
functional distribution of, -121.
personal distribution of, , -127.
WOMEN—
at work, -86.
economic position of, .
Transcriber’s Note
Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or
partially printed letters, were corrected. The last two lines of the
Table of Contents, printed in reverse order, were corrected. Final
stops unprinted at the end of sentences were added.
Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged.
Pittsburgh (PA) is spelled without the final “h” throughout the book.
Omitted words were not added to the text.
Footnotes in the text were renumbered sequentially and moved to the
end of the article in which the anchor occurs. Footnotes within tables
were changed to letters and were moved to follow the table in which
the anchor occurs. In some tables, a footnote may have more than one
anchor; consequently, no link is provided from table footnotes to any anchor.
Wide tables were split for easier viewing on small screens.
The following items were changed:
Bimettalism to
Added space between Ph. D. for Ernest Ludlow Bogard byline
whch to
1880 to
hamp to
million to
manfactures to
guns to
ultilitarianism to
guns to
grinding to
lead to
notions to
lead to
added comma to index entry: STRIKES losses from, in U. S., 78.
