2 St. Jerome
ST. JEROME
6. For from what I have not read I could not know the ones 'who are hiding their own writings, and what was perhaps known to others remained unknown to me in this corner of the earth.!?
Certainly when they become illustrious by their writings they 'will not heave any deep sighs because of [any] losses through my silence.
7. Let Celsus, then, learn, and Porphyry and Julian,!* those rabid dogs barking'® against Christ; let their followers learn— those who think that the church has had no philosophers, no orators, no men of learning;'® let them learn the number and quality of the men who founded, built, and adomed the church, and let them stop accusing our faith of such rustic simplicity,'" and recognize instead their own ignorance. Salutations to you in the Lord Jesus Christ.
NOTES 1. For Dexter, see Q 4, 135; PLRE 1, 251; Stefan Rebenich, Hieronymus und sein Kreis: prosopographische und sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1992), 214f. Dexter (DVI 1§2) was a son of Padan, bishop of Barcelona (DVI 106). For possible literary activity of Dexter, cf.
W. Berschin, Greek Letters and the Latin Middle Ages: from Jerome to Nicholas of Cusa, trans. J. C. Frakes (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1988), go2 n. 25 and 29§ n. 41, citing in the latter reference G. Morin, "L'opuscule de soi-disant Hégesippe sur les Machabées,"
RevBén 31 (1914-19): 83—-91. See also John Matthews, Westam Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364425 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), 183,
1490.
2. C. Sudoni Tranquilli, Prader Caesarum Libros Reliquiae, Pars Prior De Grammaticis &t Rhetoribus, ed. G. Brugnoli (Leipzig, 1960); Suétone, Grammarien & rhéteur; ed. M.-C. Vacher (Paris, 1993); Sugonius: De grammagicis e rhetoribus, ed. and trans. with notes by R. A. Kaster (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1995); R. A. Kaster, Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); A. Wallace-Hadrill, Sustonéus (London, 1983); W. Steidle, Suston und die antike Biographie (Munich, 1951), 142f; Augusto Rostagni, Sueonio, De Poetis
¢ Biografi Minori, Restituzione ¢ Commento (Turin, 1944), VIII-XVIIL; C. Suetonius Tranqudlus, ed. Ceresa-Gastaldo, 21; ]J. W. Duff, A Litaary History of Rome in the Silver Age (London, 1967), 631ff., esp. 633.
8. S. Williams and G. Friell, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1994}, for contemporary setting.
P. Courcelle, Late Latin Writers and their Greck Sources, trans. H. E, Wedeck (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 79, a litde too severely, says: "He probably borrowed these names from the lost pref-
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
ace of Suetonius's De viris éllustribus." At least he shows in Adv. Jovinianum 2.14 some familiarity with Satyrus as biographer, with colorful details about the philosopher Diogenes; see NPNF 6, ser. 2, 398. For Hermippus see A.
Lesky, Geschichte der griechischen Literatur (Bern, 1971), 592, 642, 742; for Antigonus of Carystos see A. Lesky, op. at., 835, IoTopudw, wapads&uwy, cuvdyon; Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Philologische Untersuchungen
(1881), 4; for Satyrus, PWRE, Series 2, II, I, 228, in the reign of Ptolemy Philopator; for Aristoxenus, musicus, L. Pearson, Aristoxenus Elementa Rhythmica, (Oxford, 199o), xxvii; also A. Barker, ed., Greek Musical Writings, Vol.
II: Harmonic and Acoustic Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1995), chap.
7, "Elementa harmonica," 11gff.; and M. L. West, Ancient Greeh Music (Oxford, 1992).
5. Varro (116—27 B.c.) did a series of cameo studies of 700 important personages; cf. A. Dihle, Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empiére: From Augustus to Justinian, trans. Manfred Malzahn (London and New York:
Routledge, 1994), 24: "possibly the most versatile scholar Rome ever produced"; G. M. A. Grube, The Grezk and Roman Critics (London, 1g6%), 160f.;
V. Brown, "Varro, Marcus Terentius," in Catalogus Translationum et Gommentariorum, Vol. 4, ed. F. E. Cranz and P. O. Kristeller (Washington, D.C.,
1980), 451-500; G. B. Conte, Latin Lieraiure:
A History, trans.
J. B. Solodow (Balimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 50-51, 210—20.
6. For Santra the grammarian, f. J. W. Duff, A Literary History of Rome Jrom the Origins o the Close of the Golden Age, Vol. 5 (London, 1967), 148,
149, 253.
#. On Cornelius Nepos, a contemporary of Cicero, cf. Dihle, Gresk and Latin, 66. Elsewhere (PL 23: 365) Jerome pronounces the published version of Cicero's Pre Miloneidentical with the delivered original.
8. On C. Julius Hyginus, the Spaniard, librarian of Augustus, cf. Duff, 4 Literary History of Rome from the Origins te the Close of the Golden Age, Vol. 2,
4579. deingents praio: One of Suetonius's works was actually called Praia. The image here doubtless comes from Eusebius, also exaggerating the pioneering aspect of his own work, in A.¢. 1.1.4: "brought together appropriate passages from the utterances of the ancient writers, culling, so to speak, the flowers of intellectual meadows."
10. nullum pracvium: cf. Eus., h.¢ 1.1: "a deserted and untrodden road."
11. Cicero (Brutus) and Seneca, he admits elsewhere (Adv. Rufinum 3.39. FOTC 53, 208), had been his vademecum, a sort of Roget's Thesaurus for citations from Pythagoras, Plato, and Empedocles. For Bruius see G. V.
Sumner, The Orators in Cuearo's 'Brutus"; Prosopography and Chronology (Toronto, 1973). See also N. Adkin, "Cicero's Orator and Jerome," VigChr
51 (1997): 25-39.
12. "qui usque hodie scriptitant a me praetermissi sunt" cf. DVI 124:
"[Ambrose] usque in praesentem diem scribit .
. meum iudidum subtraham." Is Jerome already thinking with malicious glee of getting even with Ambrose?
13. #n hoc tarrarum angule: TLL 2, 37, s.v., cites Jerome, gp. 64.16, ¢b. 11,
ST. JEROME
&. 17.8, gb. 21.30; Prop. 4.9.65: "Angulus hic mundi." Cf. A. La Penna, "Angulus e arces nell'ode di Orazio a Settimio (Carm. II, 6): due simboli filosofici?" Studs Ialiani di Filologia Classica, XC Annate, ser. 3, Vol. 13,
(1997), 85—go; Horace: Odes, Book II, ed. R. G. M. Nisbet and M. Hubbard (Oxford); Jerome, Pref. to Galatians (NPNF 6, ser. 2, 408): "How few there are who now read Aristotle! How many are there who lmow the books, or even the name, of Plato? You may find here and there a few old men who have nothing else to do, who study them in a corner (in angulis)"; idem,
Pref 1o Book of Hebrew Questions (NPNF 6, ser. 2, 486): "I am in a corner, remote from the city and the forum and the wranglings of crowded courts."
14. CL. ¢p. 70.3 (CSEL k4, 703): "Scripserunt contra nos Celsus atque Porphyrius: priori Origenes, alteri Methodius, Eusebius et Apollinaris vigini quinque et triginta volumina responderunt." Celsus, Porphyry, and Julian are also linked in ¢p. 7 (NPNF 6, ser. 2, 116). Celsus wrote his polemic,
True Doctrine, c. 178 A.D., refuted 70 years later by Origen, Contra Celsum: Q 2, ¥2; cf. Robert M. Grant, Greek Apolagists of the Second Century (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1988), 133-39; R. J. Hoffmann, trans., Celsus,
On the True Doctrine: A Discourse Against the Christians (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); H. Chadwick, Origen, Contra Celsum (Cambridge, 1953; repr. 1965); M. Borret, "L'Ecriture d'aprés le paien Celse," in Le monde grec
& la Bible, ed. C. Mondésert (Paris, 1g84), 171—9§. Porphyrius's Conira Christianos was apparently well known to Jerome; cf. Courcelle, LLW, 74 n.
116. See also R. L. Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (New Haven, 1984), 187—47. On Julian, cf. ¢. 70.3 (CSEL 54, 703—4): "Iulianus
Augustus septem libros . .. adversum Christum evomuit, et iuxta fabulas poetarum suo se ense laceravit"; see also Dihle, Greck and Latin, 453-56; W.
J. Malley, "Hellenism and Christianity. The Conflict between Hellenic and Christian Wisdom in the Contra Galdlaeos of Julian and the Contra fulianum of St. Cyril of Alexandria," AnGr (Rome, 1978); G. W. Bowersock, julian the Apostate (Cambridge, Mass., 1978); Robert Browning, The Emperor fulian
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); P. Athanasakkis-Fowden, Julian and Hellenism. An Intellectual Biography (Oxford, 1981).
15. rabidae canes: a recurring image in Jerome; see gb. 33.4 (NPNF 6, ser.
2, 46), speaking of Origen's condemnation: "Imperial Rome consents to his condemnation, and even convenes a senate to censure him, not—as the rabid hounds who now pursue him ay—because of the novelty or heterodoxy of his doctrines ..."; g. 50.1 (CSEL g4, 388): "libros quos contra
Iovinianum scripsi, canino dente rodere, lacerare, convellere"; Adv.
Rufinum 3.42 (FOTC 53, 215): "Dogs bark in defense of their masters; and do you not want me to bark in defense of Christ?"; Prolog to Book g of his
Comm. on Jeremiah: "Although silent himself, he [the devil?] does his barking through an Alpine [Apinum/Albinum?] dog, huge and corpulent [Pelagius?] who can rave more with his claws than his teeth."
16. "no philosophers, no orators, no men of learning": He is obviously thmlung of the categories in Suetonius, described by Dihle, Gresk and Latin,
2%9: "a collection of short biographies of famous Romans: its individual sections dealt separately with orators, g'rammanans philosophers, poets, and other groups of distinguished intellectnals." Cf. Jerome, Pref. 20 Comm.
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
on Job (NPNF 6, ser. 2, 401): "as regards Latin, my life, almost from the cradle, has been spent in the company of grammarians, rhetoricians, and philosophers."
14. Initially, Augustine had similar problems with the Bible: see Conf $.5.0-
I. SIMON PETER
% IMON PETER, THE SON OF JOHN,! from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee,? brother of Angl drew the apostle,® and himself chief of the apostles, after havmg been bishop of the church of Antioch* and having preached to the ones who are scattered, the believers from the circumcision, in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia," pushed on to Rome in the second year of Claudius to overthrow Simon Magus® and held the sacerdotal chair there for twenty-five years, until the last, that is, the fourteenth, year of Nero."
2. At Nero's hands he received the crown of martyrdom, being nailed to the cross with his head towards the ground and his feet raised on high, asserting that he was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner as his Lord.?
3. He wrote two epistles which are called Catholic,® the second of which, on account of its difference from the first in style, is considered by many'® not to be his.
4. Then, too, the Gospel according to Mark, who was his disciple and interpreter, is ascribed to him.!
5. On the other hand, the books of which one is entitled his Acts,12 another, his Gospel, a third, his Preaching,'* a fourth, his Revelation,'® a fifth, his Judgment,'® are rejected as apocryphal.'?
6. Buried at Rome in the Vatican near the Triumphal Way,* he is venerated by the whole world.
ST. JEROME
NOTES 1.Jn 142 and 21.15-14.
2.Jn 1.48-44 8.Jn 1.40—41.
4. Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica 3.36.2.
5. 1Pt1.;cf Eus,, h.e 3.1, 6. On Simon Magus cf. h.e. 2.13-14.
1. Eusebius, Chron., A.D. 67-68. Text in Chronik, ed. R. Helm, Eusebtus Werke7 = GCS 24 (1913; 3d ed., with intro. by U. Treu, Berlin, 1984), 185.
8. h.e 2.25.2, 8.1.2, 3.31.1. See R. ]J. Bauckham, "The Martyrdom of Peter in Early Christian Literature," ANRW II, 26,
1 (Berlin, 1992), §39-05.
0. h.e. 3.3.1; E. Cothenet, "La Premiére de Pierre: bilan de g5 ans de recherches," ANRW II, 25, 5, 3685-3712; P. ]. Achtemeier, I Paer: A Commentary on First Paer (Minneapolis, 19g6). For the Catholic Epistles, see
Eus., h.e. 6.14.1.
10. h.e. §.3.1; for the ongoing debate about the Second Epistle, cf. R. J.
Bauckham, "2 Peter: An Account of Research," ANRW II, 25, 5, 3713-52; D. Farkasfalvy, "The Ecclesial Setting of Pseudepigraphy in Second Peter and its Role in the Formation of the Canon," SecCent 5,
1 (1985-86): 3—20; W. R Farmer, "Some Critical Reflections on Second Peter: a Response to a Paper on Second Peter by Denis Farkasfalvy," loc. c&., 30—46.
11. h.e. 2.1%; cf. DVI8.1. Cf. M. Guarducdi, "L'apostolo Pietro e I'evangelista Marco," RAL VI (1995}, 71-75.
12. W. Schneemelcher, NTA
(1991). 271-g821; C.
R. Matthews, "Nicephorus Callistus' physical description of Peter: An original component of the Acts of Peter?" in Apocrypha 7 (1996): 135—45.
18. Gospedl of Pater: see Eus., h.e. 6.12, and Jerome, DVI 41 (Serapion of Antioch); Vielhauer, Geschichte, 641-48; Evangile de Pierre, SC 201
(Paris, 1973), ed. M. G, Mara; C. Maurer and W. Schneemelcher, NTA 2, 216-22; D. F. Wright, "Papyrus Egerton 2 (the Unknown Gospel)—Part of the Gospel of Paer?" SecCent (1985—86), 120-50; M. K. Stillman, "The Gospel of Peter: A Case for Oral-Only Dependency?" EphTheolLov 473,
(1997):
114—20.
» 14. Kerygma Pari: he 2.3; cf. Origen, Pragf. 8 to De princ.
1, ed.
Koetschau, GCS 22 (Leipzig, 1913), 14-15.
15. Revelaiion, or Apocalypse: R. ]. Bauckham, "The Apocalypse of Paer: An Account of Research," ANRW II, 25, 6 (Berlin, 1988), 4712-50; NIA 2,
620-38.
16. "Judgment" (Judicium): presumably a transdlation from Eus., h.e.
2.25.7, of kpipa, which should have been kfipvypa. For Kerygma Per, see
NTA 2, 34-41.
17. h.e. 3.8, 6.14.6—7, 6.25.4-5.
18. h.e. 2.25.7: "For if you are willing to go to the Vatican or to the Ostian Way, you will find the trophies
[ #opaia, cited in PGL, 1412B, 'memorials, monuments'] of those who founded the Church"; M. Guarducci, Fpigrafia Greca, Vol. 4 (Rome, 1978), k5256 [554 n. 1: Tpdmarov = sgpolore glortose].
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
REFERENCES
Q 1, 42, 133-85, 303 — Cath 11, 318-33, Sr. M-F. Lamau — DSp 12, 1452-86, E. Cothenet — EEC 27, go2—6, D. P. Senior and F. W. Nortis —.
EECh e, 69577, V. Saxer — LThK 8, 334-37, K. Hofmann — NCE 11, 200-205, J. J. Castelot — TRE 26, 263—73, O. Bocher — Vielhauer,
Geschichte, 58089 (1 Pt), 504—99 (2 Pt) — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 208 —:
Kelly, ODE 5
II. JAMES, THE BROTHER OF THE LORD
Peay] AMES, WHO IS GALLED the brother of the Lord,! sur- % % named the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as ge 7z some think,2but, as appears to me, the son of Mary, the sister of the mother of the Lord of whom John makes mention in his book,? was after the Lord's passion at once ordained bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles.t
2. He wrote a single epistle, which is reckoned among the seven Catholic Epistles,® and even this is claimed by some to have been published by someone else under his name,® and gradually as time went on to have gained authority.
3. Hegesippus, who lived near the apostolic age,' in the fifth book of his Commentaries, writing of James, says:®
"After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, was made head of the Church at Jerusalem. Many indeed were called James.
4. "I'his one was holy from his mother's womb. He drank neither wine nor strong drink, ate no meat, never shaved or anointed himself with ointment or bathed.
5. "He alone had the privilege of entering the Holy of Holies, since indeed he did not use woolen vestments, but linen, and went alone into the temple and prayed on bended knees on behalf of the people, so much so that his knees were supposed to have acquired the hardness of camels' knees."
He says also many other things, too numerous to narrate.
6. But Josephus also, in his Antiquities, Book 20,° and Clement
ST. JEROME
in his'YmoTumdocwv, Outlines, Book #7,!° mention that on the death of Festus, who reigned over Judea, Albinus was sent by Nero as his successor.!!
7. Before he had reached his province, Ananus the high priest, the youthful son of Ananus of the priestly class, taking advantage of the state of anarchy,'? assembled a council and publicly tried to force James to deny that Christ is the Son of God. When he refused, Ananus ordered him to be stoned.'®
8. Cast down from a pinnacle of the temple, his legs broken, but still half alive, raising his hands to heaven, he said, "Lord forgive them for they know not what they do."* Then, struck on the head by a club, of a kind with which fullers are accustomed to wring out garments, he died.!® 9. This same Josephus records the tradition that James was of such great sanctity and reputation among the people that the downfall of Jerusalem was believed to be a result of his death.
10. He it is of whom the apostle Paul writes to the Galatians, "No one else of the apostles did I see except James the brother of the Lord,"® and shortly after the event the Acts of the Apostles bear witness to the matter.
11. Also the gospel which is called the Gospd according to the Hebraws,)" and which I have recently translated into Greek and Latin, and of which also Origen frequently makes use,'® after the account of the resurrection of the Savior says,'?
12. "The Lord, however, after he had given his grave clothes to the servant of the priest, appeared to James, for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour in which he drank the cup of the Lord until he should see him rising again from among those that sleep"; 13. and again, a little later, it says,® "'Bring a table and bread," said the Lord." And immediately it is added, "He brought bread and blessed and broke it and gave to James the Just and said to him, 'My brother, eat your bread, for the Son of Man is risen from among those that sleep.'"
14. And so he ruled the church of Jerusalem for thirty years, that is, until the seventh year of Nero, and was buried near the temple from which he had been cast down. His [tombstone
'with its] inscription was well known until the siege of Titus and
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
the end of Hadrian's reign.?! Some of our writers think he was buried on Mount Olivet,?? but they are mistaken.
NOTES 1. Gal 1.19; cf. Eus., h.e. 1.13, 2.1.2. Cf. Zuckschwerdt, "Das Naziraat des
Herrenbruders Jakobus nach Hegesipp, Eus. h.e.
2, 38, 5-6," ZNW 68
(1977), 276-87; S. Lyonnet, "Les témoignages de 8. Jean Chrysostome et de S. Jéréme sur Jacques, le frére du Seigneur," RechSR 29 (1939): §85-51«
2. he 2.1.2.
8.Jn 19.25; h.e 2.23.4-6.
4. h.e 3.5.2, 8.7, 8.23.1,7.10.
5. h.e. 2.28.24-25, §.25.8; P. H. Davids, "The Epistle of James in Modern Discussion," ANRW II, 25, 5. 8621—45; H.J. Neudorfer, "Ist Sachkritik nétig: Ammerkungen zu einem Thema der biblischen Hermeneutik am
Beispiel des Jakobsbriefs," KuD 43 (1997): 279-302.
E Hahn and P. Muller, "Der Jakobsbrief," TheolRundschau 63,
(1998): 1-73.
7. he 2.23.3.
8. h.e. 2.28.4-8; cf. also h.e. 4.22.4.
9. Josephus, Ant. 20.19% and 200; Eus., h.e. 2.23.21.
10. Cf. C. Duckworth and E. F. Osborn, "Clement of Alexandria's Hypotyposess," JThS 36 (1985): 67-83; E. F. Osborn, "Clement's Hypotyposeis:
Macarius Revisited," SecCent 7, 4 (1989-90): 238-8511. h.e 2.23.21 (SC 81, 8g and n. §1).
12. anarchy: dvapxla.
18. Josephus, Ant. 20. 200-201; h.e. 2.28.20-22.
14. Lk 23.34; Acts 7.50-60; h.c. 2.23.16 (SC 31, 88 and n. 25).
15. h.e. 2.1, 2.23.
16. Gal 1.1qg.
17. Cf. Jerome, C. Pelag. 3.2,
FOTC 53, 349
0. 10; NTA 1 (1991}, 178; C.
B. Amphoux, "L'Evangfle selon les Hébreux, source de I' Evangj.le de Luc,"
Apocrypha 6 (1905): 67-77; A E. ]. Klijn, "Das Hebraerund das Nazoraerevangelium," ANRW II, 25, . For the complex questions concerning the Gospel Acconding to the Hebrews, cf. NTA 1 (1991), 145—46, 172-48.
18. For testimoniag of Origen, cf. NTA 1 (1991): 17%.
19. Evang. Heb.: cf. Eus., h.e. 3.25.5—7 (among vdfoL); g.27.4 (SC g1, 187), 4.22.8, citing Hegesippus.
20. Eucharistic terminology synthesized from Mt 26.26, Mk 14.12, Lk 22.19.
23 On his burial, see Eus., h.¢. 2.23.18 (SC 31, 88 and n. 28).
22, This is Jerome's own verdict.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 121, 28586 — Cath 6, 25259, J. Cartinat — DHGE 26, 604—8 — EEC 1%, 603-5, G. A. Koch — EECh 1, 429-30, E. Perotto — LThK 5,
ST. JEROME
86163, J. Blinzler — LThK §?*, 720, L. Oberlinner
— TRE 16, 485-88, E.
Ruckstuhl; 48895, H. Paulsen — NCE 4, 805-6, J. A. Lefrancois — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 56%7-80
III. MATTHEW, SURNAMED LEVI
S]ATTHEW, SURNAMED LEVI, first publican, then aposJ%é}\ tle,! composed a gospel of Christ at first published in ' Judea in Hebrew for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed, but this was afterwards translated into Greek, though by what author is uncertain.?
2. Moreover, the Hebrew itself has been preserved until the present day in the library at Caesarea which Pamphilus the martyr so diligently gathered.® I have also had the opportunity of having the volume described to me by the Nazarenes of Beroea,* a city of Syria, who use it.
8. In this it is to be noted that wherever the Evangelist, whether on his own account or in the person of our Lord the Savior, quotes the testimonies of the Old Testament, he does not follow the authority of the translators of the Septuagint, but the Hebrew.® 4. Wherefore these two forms exist: "Out of Egypt have
called my son," and "for he shall be called a Nazarene.""
NOTES 1. Lk 5.2%7; Mt 9.9. This is repeated in his Preface to Comm. on Matthew (398 A.p.), NPNF 6, ser. 2, 405.
2. Eus., h.e. 3.24.6, 3.39.16, 5.8.2 (quoting Irenaeus). See B. T. Viviano, "Where was the Gospel according to St. Matthew written®" CBQ
41 (1979):
5383—-46; A. J. Bellinzoni, "The Gospel of Matthew in the Second Century,"
SecCent 9, 4 (1992): 197-258; A. Stock, The Method and Message of Matthew (Collegeville, Minn., 1994).
3. For Pamphilus cf. DVI 75. For the library, cf. F. J. Witty, "Libraries, Ancient," NCE 8, 71g.
4. For Nazoreans of Beroea, cf. Bellinzoni, arz. cit., 220—22; T. D. Barnes, Constantine and FEusebius (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 139 and g52 nn. 108-12. Coelosyrian Beroea near Aleppo was a
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
center of the Nazoreans; cf. Epiphanius, Pan. 29.7, §0.2.7, in The Panarion of St. Epsphanius, Bishop of Salamis: Selected Passages, trans. P. R. Amidon
{New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 92—03.
5. See A. Ceresa-Gastaldo, Il latino dell 'antichi versioni bibliche, 23—28.
6. Hos 11.1, quoted in Mt 2.15.
7.1s 11.1, quoted in Mt 2.23.
REFERENCES
Q 1,83, 11112, 306 — Cath 8, go2—2g, E. Cothenet — DSp 10, 779~917. ] Radermakers — EEC 22, 738-39, D. P. Senior — EECh 1, 343, E. Romero
Pose — LThK 4, 1476-79, ]. Schmid — LThK 6°, 1477-82, A. Sand — NCE 0. 4983502, J. Quinlan — ANRWTII, 25, 3 (1984), 188g-19%1 [Scholarship from 1945 to 1980], G. Stanton — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 355-65 — Dihle,
Greek and Latin, 208-10
IV. JUDE, THE BROTHER OF JAMES
JUDE, THE BROTHER OF JAMESs,! left a short epistle ' which is reckoned among the seven Catholic Epistles,? b | and because in it he quotes from the apocryphal book of Enoch,® it is rejected by many.* 2. Nevertheless, by age and use® it has gained authority and is reckoned among the Holy Scriptures.
NOTES 1. Eus,, k.e. 3.19, 3.82; R. J. Bauckham, "The Letter of Jude: An Account of Research," ANRW II, 25, 5, 3791-3826; idem, fude and the Relatives of Jesus
#n the Early Church (Edinburgh, 19go).
2. h.e. 2.23.
8.Jude 1.14-15.
4. h.e 3.25
5. h.e. 2.23.25, 3.10, 3.32.5:
REFERENCES
Cath 6, 11497-52, J. Cartinat — EEC 12, 638, F. W. Norris — LThK §, 1154-56, J. Blinzler — LThK g% 1026-24, C.-P. Mirz — NCE 8, 16-17,
J-A. Lefrancois; 17-18, T. W. Leahy — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 580-04
ST. JEROME
V. PAUL, FORMERLY CALLED SAUL
SlAUL, FORMERLY CALLED SAUL, anapostle1 over and above the number of the twelve apostles, was of the ] tribe of Benjamin and the town of Giscalis in Judea.?
When this was captured by the Romans he moved with his parents to Tarsus [in Cilicia].?
2. Sent by them to Jerusalem to study law, he was educated by Gamaliel, a most learned man, whom Luke mentions.*
3. But after he had been present at the death of the martyr Stephen, and had received letters from the high priest of the temple for the persecution of those who believed in Christ, he proceeded to Damascus, where, constrained to faith by a revelation, as it is written in the Acts of the Apostles,® he was transformed from a persecutor into a vessel of election.®
4. As Sergius Paulus, proconsul of Cyprus, was the first to believe in his preaching, he took his name from him' because he had subdued him to faith in Christ, and having been joined by Barnabas, after traversing many cities,® he returned to Jerusalem, and was ordained apostle to the Gentiles by Peter,
James, and John.® 5. And because a full account of his life is given in the Acts of the Apostles, I only say this: that the twentyfifth year after our
Lord's passion, that is, the second of Nero, at the time when Festus, Procurator of Judea, succeeded Felix,'" he was sent bound to Rome, and, remaining for two years in free custody, disputed daily with the Jews concerning the coming of Christ.!!
6. It ought to be understood that at his first defense,'? the power of Nero having not yet been consolidated, nor his wickedness erupted to such a degree as the histories relate concerning him,!® Paul was liberated by Nero, that the gospel of Christ might be preached also in the West, as he himself writes in the Second Epistle to Timothy, at the time when he was about to be put to death and dictated his epistle while in chains:!
7. "At my first defense no one took my part, but all forsook me: may it not be laid to their account. But the Lord stood by
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
me and strengthened me; that through me the message might be fully proclaimed and that all the Gentiles might hear, and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion"—clearly indicating
Nero as lion on account of his cruelty. And in the following he says, "I'he Lord delivered me from the mouth of the lion," and again shortly, "The Lord delivered me from every evil work and will save me unto his heavenly kingdom," for indeed he felt within himself that his martyrdom was near at hand;
8. for in the same epistle he announced, "for I am already being offered and the time of my departure is at hand."** He then, in the fourteenth year of Nero on the same day as Peter, was beheaded at Rome for Christ's sake!® and was buried in the Ostian
Way, the thirtyseventh year after our Lord's passion.!'
9. He wrote nine epistles to seven churches:1
To the Romans, one, To the Corinthians, two, To the Galatians, one, To the Ephesians, one, To the Plalipprians, one, To the Colossians, one, To the Thessalonians, two; and besides, these to his disciples, To Timothy two, To Titus, one, To Philemon, one.
10. The epistle which is called the Epistle to the Hebraws'® is not considered to belong to him, on account of its difference from the others in style and language, but it is reckoned either, according to Tertullian,? to be the work of Barnabas, or, according to others," to be by Luke the evangelist or by Clement afterwards bishop of the church at Rome,? who, they say, arranged and adomned the ideas of Paul in his own language, though, to be sure, since Paul was writing to Hebrews and was in disrepute among them, he may have omitted his name from the salutation on this account.?® He being a Hebrew wrote Hebrew, that is, his own tongue and most fluently, 11. while the things which were eloquently written in He-
ST. JEROME
brew were more eloquently turned into Greek, and this is the reason why it seems to differ from other epistles of Paul. Some read also a letter To the Laodiceans, but it is rejected by everyone.*
NOTES 1.Rom 1.1;1 Cor 1.1.
2. Giscalis: in Galilee, not Judea; it was conquered by Titus in 64; cf. Josephus, Bell. Tud. 4.2.1 and Anchor
Bible Dictionary, s.v.
8. Acts 21.39, 22.3.
4. Acts 22.3.
5. Acts 9.1.
6. Acts g.15.
7. Acts 18.7.
8. Acts 13.14, 14.1.
0. Acts 15.22.
10. Acts 24.27-28.1; Eus., h.c. 2.22.1.
11. h.e. 2.22.1.
12. h.e, 2.22.2.
18. On Nero's persecution cf. k.e. 2.25.1-4, quoting Tertullian, Apol. .
14. 2 Tm 4.16-18.
15. 2 Tm 4.6.
16. Cf. DVI 1.6, and Eus., h.e. 2.25.8, quoting Dionysius of Corinth.
17. h.e. 2.25.9.
18. For surveys of recent scholarship on the various Epistles, cf. ANRW II, 2, 4. On Colossians, see M. Wolter, LThK 6° 202—3.
19. Hebrews: Eus., h.e. 3.3.5; 3.25.5; 6.20.3; 6.25.11, quoting Origen, Homilies on Hebrews, now lost. See also H.-F. Weiss, Der Brigf an die Hebrier
(Gottingen, 19g1).
20. Tertullian, De pudicitia 20.2.
21. h.e. 3.38.2.
22. h.e. 3.38.2-3.
23. h.e. 6.14.1-3, quoting Clement, Hypotyposeis; cf. also h.e. 6.25.11-14.
24. Q 1, 154, 271; ad Laod.: CPG gos; TRE 3, 349; H. ]. Findeis, LThK 6°, 648-49; W. Schneemelcher and R. McL. Wilson, NTA 1 (1991), 42—46.
REFERENCES
Dr, g — Cath 10, 866—910, M. Hubaut — DSp 12, 1, 487-522, X. Jacques and L. F. Ladaria — EEC 2¢, 881-85, R. Jewett — EECh 2, 657—58, E. Dassmann — LThK 8, 216-28, J. Schmid, R Schnackenburg — LThK #%®,
1404fL., J. Eckert, H. Merklein, E. Dassmann, A. De Santos Otero — NCE 11, 112, E Schroeder — TRE 28, 286-307, K. Kertelge — Dihle, Grezk and Latin, 203—7 — J. Murphy-O'Connor, Paul: A Gritical Life (Oxford,
1996)
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
VI. BARNABAS, SURNAMED JOSEPH
church, which is reckoned among the apocryphal writings.* 2. Afterwards he separated from Paul on account of John, a disciple also called Mark,® but nonetheless exercised the work of preaching the Gospel laid upon him, NOTES 1. Acts 4.36.
2. Acts 15.22.
3. A Lindemann and H. Paulsen, Die apostolischen Viter (Tibingen, 1992), 23—75; P. Prigent and R. A. Kraft, edd., SC 172 (Paris, 1971);]J. C.
Paget, The Epistle of Barnabas: Outlook and Background (Tabingen, 1994), 1-27, dating itin Nerva's principate.
4. Eus., h.e. §.25.4.
5Acts 15.36—40.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 8592 — Dr, 2030 — Cath 1, 1256, G. Bardy — DSp 1, 1245—47.].
Lebreton — EEC 12, 167-68, E. Ferguson — EECh 1, 111-12, F. Scorza Barcellona — LThK 1, 1256-57, B. Kraft — LThK 2%, 18, F. R. Prostmeier
— NCE 2, 103,
]. P. Audet — RAC 1, 1212-1%, J. Schmid
— ANRW II, 27,
1, 159—20%, L. W. Barnard — TRE 5, 23841, K Wengst — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 500612
VII. LUKE THE EVANGELIST
cate, was not unskilled in the Greek language.? An adherent of the apostle Paul and companion of all his journeying, he wrote a Gospel, concerning whom the same Paul
UKE, A PHYSICIAN of Antioch,! as his writings indi-
ST. JEROME
says, "We send with him a brother whose praise in the gospel is among all the churches,"® and to the Colossians, "Luke, the dearly beloved physician, salutes you," and to Timothy, "Luke only is with me."® 2. He also wrote another excellent volume to which he prefixed the tite, Acts, mpdfewv, of the Apostles® a history which extends to the second year of Paul's sojourn at Rome, that is, to the fourth year of Nero, from which we learn that the book was composed in that same city."
3. Therefore, the Acts of Paul and Thecla® and the whole fable about the lion having been baptized by him we reckon among the apocryphal writings,® for how is it possible that the inseparable companion of the Apostle in his other affairs should have been ignorant of this thing alone. Moreover, Tertullian, who lived close to those times, mentions a certain presbyter in Asia, an adherent' of the apostle Paul, who was convicted by John of having been the author of the book, and who, having confessed that he had done this for love of Paul, resigned his office of presbyter.!!
4. Some suppose that whenever Paul in his epistle says, "according to my gospel,"!2 he means the book of Luke and that Luke not only had learned the gospel from the apostle Paul, who had not been with the Lord in the flesh, but also from the other apostles.
5. He declares this also at the beginning of his work, saying,® "Even as they delivered unto us, who from the beginning were eye-witnesses and ministers of the word." So he wrote the Gospel as he had heard it, but composed the Acts of the Apostles as he himself had seen.
6. He was buried at Constantinople, to which city, in the twentieth year of Constantius, his bones, together with the remains of Andrew the apostle, were transferred.!*
NOTES 1. Eus,, A.e. $.4.6; Luke is similarly described in Jerome's Preface to Comm. on Matthew, with the added detail that he composed his Gospel in Achaia and Boeotia: see NPNF 6, ser. 2, 495.
2. W. C. van Unnik, "Luke-Acts, a Storm Center in Contemporary Schol-
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
arship," in Studies in Luke-Acts, ed. L. E. Keck and J. L. Martyn (Nashville, 1966), 15-32.
3.2 Cor 8.18.
4. Col 4.14.
5.2 Tm 4.11.
6. On Acts, cf. LThK 1%, 861-63, A. Weiser.
4. Eus., Chron., A.D. 35'7. For the 2-year period, cf. Acts 28.30-31.
8. Periodoi Pauli &t Theclae = the Greek Acta Pauli & Theclae, reading Praxeis instead of Periodor. See NTA 2 (1991), 239—46; <f. B. M. Metzger, "St. Paul and the Baptized Lion," Princeion Seminary Bulletin 39, 2 (1945): 11-21.
9. Cf.
Q 1, 131; Dr, 26-28. For the lioness episode, see NTA 2 (1991), 221f.
10. owovdacTy: Liddell, Scott, and Jones, s.v., "well-wisher, supporter, partisan."
11. Tertullian, De Baptismo 1'7.5, CCL 1, 291-92.
12. Eus,, h.e. 3.4.7; cf. Rom 2.16, 16.25; 2 Tm 2.8.
13. Lk 1.2.
14. Chron., A.D. 357, ed. Helm, 240-41, trans. M. D. Donalson, A Translation of Jerome's Chronicon with Historical Commentary (Lewiston, New York:
Mellen Press, 1996), 48 (where a Constantinopolitanis is mistranslated, "from the people of Constantinople"). The information was probably verified during Jerome's stay in Constantinople in 381.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 269, 298, 306 — Cath 7, 1212-33, A. George, J. Duplacy — DSp o, 1103-21, A. George — EEC 22, 698—99, ]J. Painter — EECh 1, 50911, E.
Peretto — LThK 6, 120%7-11, J. Schmid — LThK 6%, 1109-14, J. Kremer — NCE 8, 1066—73, R.
T. A. Murphy — ANRW II, 25, 3, 2258-2328 [Forschungsberichi], M. Rese — Vielhauer,
Geschichte, 366—409 — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 211-12
VIII. MARK THE EVANGELIST
ARK, THE DISCIPLE and interpreter of Peter, wrote a short gospel at the request of the brethren at Rome, embodying what he had heard Peter tell.! When Peter had heard it, he approved it and issued it to the churches to be read by his authority, as Clement, in the sixth book of his "YoTumwoels, and Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, record.?
ST. JEROME
2. Peter also mentions this Mark in his First Epistle, figuratively indicating Rome under the name of Babylon: "She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, salutes you; and so does my son Mark."® 8. So, taking the Gospel which he himself had composed, he went to Egypt, and, first preaching Christ at Alexandria, he formed a church with such great continence in doctrine and life that he constrained all followers of Christ to his example.*
4. Philo, then, most eloquent of the Jews, seeing the first church at Alexandria still following Jewish customs, wrote a book on their manner of life® as something creditable to his nation, and, as Luke says that "the believers at Jerusalem had all things in common," so he recorded what he saw was done at Alexandria, under the learned Mark."
5. He died in the eighth year of Nero and was buried at Alexandria, leaving Annianus as his successor.®
NOTES 1. The opening phrase is from Irenaeus, Adv. hae: 8.1.1, quoted in Eus., h.e. 5.8.3. See also h.e. 2.15.
2. h.e 2.15.2 and 2.16.1; Clement, Hypotyp.
6, Frag. 9, GCS series, Clemens Alexandrinus, Band g, ed. Stahlin, xvi; cf. Papias, quoted in Eus., A.e.
3-39-158. 1Pt .18, quoted in Eus., h.e. 2.15.2.
4. h.e. 2.16, stressing asceticism, which supposedly appealed to Philo; H.M. Schenke, "The Mystery of the Gospel of St. Mark," SecCent 4, 2 (1984):
65—82. On the "Secret Gospel of Mark," not even hinted at here, cf. S.
Levin, ANRWII, 25, 6, 4270—02.
5. Cf. h.e. 2.1%.1-6, for excerpts from Philo, On the Contemplative Life.
6. Acts 4.2, 34-385, quoted in h.e. 2.17.6.
7. Eusebius wrongly identified Philo's account of the Therapeuta: with the Alexandrian primitive Christian community.
8. h.e. 2.24. The year was 62; cf. Chron., ed. Helm, 183.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 83, 306 — TLGoog1, 0oz — Cath 8, 36888, S. Légasse — DSp 10, 244-55, P. Lamarche — EEC 2%, 71g—20, D. P. Senior — EECh 1, 526-2%,
R. Trevijans — LThK ¥4, 12-13, J. Blinzler — LThK 6° 1395-1403. K.
Kertelge & al. — NCE g, 233—40, C. P. Ceroke — NTA 1, 106—9, "Secret Gospel," H. Merkel — TRE 10, 623-26, W. Schmithals — ANRW II, 25,
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
3, 1969-2045, "Das Markus-Evangelium. Literarische und theologische Einleitung mit Forschungsbericht,"
P. Pokorny — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 32955
IX. JOHN, THE APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST
3| OHN, THE APOSTLE whom Jesus loved most,' the son
of Zebedee, and brother of the apostle James, whom Herod, after our Lord's passion, beheaded,? most recently of all, at the request of the bishops of Asia, wrote a Gospel® against Cerinthus and other heretics,* and especially against the then-arising doctrine of the Ebionites, who assert that Christ did not exist prior to Mary.® On this account he was compelled to maintain His divine birth.
2. But there is said to be yet another reason for this work, in that, when he had read the volumes of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, he approved, indeed, the substance of the history and declared that the things they said were true, but that they had given the history of only one year, the one, that is, which follows the imprisonment of John and in which he was put to death.®
3. So, skipping this year, the events of which had been set forth by these, he related the events of the earlier period before John was shut up in prison, so that it might be manifest to those who should diligently read the volumes of the four Evangelists."
This also takes away the Sadwvia, the discrepancy,?® which seems to exist between John and the others.
4. He wrote also one Epistle which begins as follows: "What was from the beginning, what we have heard and seen with our eyes, what we have explored and (what) our hands have touched concerning the word of life," which is esteemed by all who are men of the church or of learning.
5. The other two, of which the first is, "The elder to the lady who is elect and to her children,"'® and the other, "The elder to Gaius, the beloved whom I truly love,""! are said to be the work
ST. JEROME
of John the presbyter in whose memory another sepulchre is shown at Ephesus to the present day,'? though some think that the two memorials belong to this same John the evangelist. We shall treat of this matter in due course when we come to Papias, his disciple.!® 6. In the fourteenth year, then, after Nero, Domitian having raised a second persecution,' he was banished to the island of Patmos, and wrote there the Apocalypse,® on which Justin Martyr'® and Irenaeus!" wrote commentaries.
7. But after Domitian had been put to death, and his decrees, on account of his excessive cruelty, had been annulled by the senate,!® John returned to Ephesus under Nerva,'® and, continuing there until the time of the emperor Trajan, founded and built churches throughout all of Asia, and, worn out by old age, died in the sixty-eighth year after our Lord's passion and was buried in the same city.?
NOTES 1. Based on Jn 18.23, and 21.20 {"reposed on Christ's breast"), quoted in Eus., k.. 5.24.3. and 7.25.12.
2. Acts 12.2; Eus,, h.e. 2.1.5 and 3.5.2.
8. h.e. 6.14.7.
4. On Cerinthus: Q 1, 128, 28g; LThK 5°, 1402-3, ]. Frickel; EECh 1, 15859, A. F. ]. Klijn, citing Fpistula Apostolorum 1 [12], 7 [18]; Irenaeus,
Adv. haer 1.26.1 and 3.3.4; Eus., h.e. 3.28.6; Hippolytus, Philos. 17.33.1—2; Ps.-Tertullian, Adv. omn. haer. 3; Epiphanius, Pan. 28.5.1; B. G. Wright III,
"Cerinthus gpud Hippolytus:
An Inquiry into the Traditons about Cerinthus's Provenance," SecCent 4, 2 (1984): 103-15. NTA (1991), 397, corrects Q 1, 128, for the entry "A Gospel of Cerinthus" as follows: "the Gospel used by Cerinthus, and also by Carpocrates, was in fact identical with that of the Ebionites, and apparently only a truncated Gospel of Matthew." On Cerinthus as author of John's Apocalypse cf. Eus., h.e %7.25.10, quoting Dionysius.
5. h.e. 3.27.1. On Ebionites see Epiphanius, Pan. 30, and G. A. Koch, "A Critical Investigation of Epiphanius's Knowledge of the Ebionites. A Translation and Critical Discussion of Panarion 30" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1976), xxv-xlix. On Gospel of Ebionites, see NTA (1991), 166—71, P.
Vielhauer and G. Strecker; ANRW II, 25, 5, 4034-53. G. Howard.
6. h.e. §.24.7-13.
7. h.e 83.24.9-13.
8. Suadwrla: disharmony. See also DVI 63.3 and 81.2 (De Evangeliorum Suadwrig).
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
1 Jn 1.1; ke 3.24.17 and 7.25.10; R. E. Brown, "John, Epistles of,"
NCE 4, 1078-80;
J. Beutler, "Die Johannesbriefe in der neuesten Literatur
(1978-1085)," ANRW I, 25, 5, 3773-90.
10.2Jn 1; he. 3.25.3.
11.3]Jn1.
12. On presbyter (mpéofus) John, cf. k.e. 3.39 and 7.25.11 and DVI18.3
(on Papias). On two tombs, see h.e. 3.39 and 7.25.
13. DVI18.
14. Eus., h.e. 3.1%7; cf. Chron., sub anno A.D. 94, ed. Helm, 192.
15. he 3.18.1 and 5.8.30. On the Apocalypse, cf. h.e. 3.24.17-18 and 25.
15 6. Incorrect; cf. Courcelle, LLW, g6.
17. An erroneous reading of h.e. 3.39.12-13.
18. h.e. 3.20.
19. Chron., A.D. g6, ed. Helm, 193.
20. h.e. 3.31.3 and 5.24.3.
REFERENCES
TLG o031, oo4 — Cath 6, 377-82, J. De Mahuet; 382—409, A. Feuillet — DHGE 26, 114451, R. Aubert — DSp 8, 192—247, D. Mollat — EEC 12,
61%7—21, J. Painter — EECh 1, 158409, A. F. ]. Klijn — LThK &°, 86166, ].
Beutler — NCE 4, 1080-88 (Gospel), 10%78-80 (Epistles), R. E. Brown — TRE 174, 186-200, "Johannesbriefe," H. Thyen; 200-225, "Johannesevangelium," H. Thyen — ANRW I, 25, 3, 2506-68, "The Fourth Gospel. A Report on Recent Research," R. Kysar — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 41084
— J.
Beutler, Literarische Gattungen im Johannesevangelium. Ein Forschungsbericht 1919-1980
X. HERMAS
ERMAS,! whom the apostle Paul mentions in writing to the Romans, "Greetings to Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, g 2| Hermas, and the brethren that are with them," is reputed to be the author of the book which is called The Pastor® and which is also read publicly in some churches of Greece.* It is in fact a useful book, and many® of the ancient writers quote from it as authority,® but among the Latins' it is almost unknown.
ST. JEROME
NOTES 1. Eus., h.e. 3.3.6, in a context on Scriptural canonidty, is our chief source of information on the Shepherd.
2. The salutation is from Rom 16.14.
3. Editions: R. Joly, Hermas Le Pasteur, SC 13 (Paris, 1068); M. Whittaker, Der Hirt des Hermas, GCS 48, 2 (1967), 1—98; NTA 2 (1991), 592—602;
J. J.
Ayan Calvo, Hermas, El Pastor; with intro., trans., and notes, Fuentes Patristscas 6. See also L. W. Barnard, "The Shepherd of Hermas in Recent Study,"
HeyJ 9 (1968): 29-36; C. Osiek, "The Second Century Through the Eyes of Hermas: Continuity and Change," BibiThBull 20 (1990): 116—22;
A, Carlini and G. Luigi, Papyrus Bodmer XXXVIII. Erma: il Pastore (1a-Illa visione) (Cologne-Geneva, 1991).
4. h.e. 3.3.6. Courcelle, LLW, g4-g5, concludes that Jerome did not himself read the Shephend, and that he criticized it severely under Origen's influence (n. 29), just as he praised it, following Eusebius. Courcelle says,
"Although he mentions it or quotes it in three other passages, there is no assurance that he read it in the original text."
5. Eusebius actually says (h.e. 3.3.6): "some [Twes, not mul] ancient 'writers have drawn on it"; at h.e. 3.25.4 the Shephard is placed among the véBor, "not genuine."
6. Probably based on h.£. 5.8.7: "And not only does he [Irenaeus] know, but he also accepts [i.e., as Scripture] the writing of the Shepherd, saying:
'Well, then, does Scripture speak which says, ..." The quotation is Shepherd 2.1. See P. Henne, "Canonicité du Pasteur d''Hermas," RewThom go
(1990): 81-100; C. J. Wilson, "Toward a Reassessment of the Milieu of the Shepherd of Hermas: Its Date and its Pneumatology" (Ph.D. diss., Duke University,
1977), abstract in Dissertation Absiracts International 39 (19478):
32627, 4. See Courcelle, LLW, g4—g5 and n. 25. Tertullian is a big exception: see D¢ or@. 16.1, De pudic. 10 and 20.2.
REFERENGES
Q1,92-105 —Dr, 32-34 — TLG 1419 — CPG 1052 — Cath 5, 66769, P-Th. Camelot — DHGE 24, 8687 — DSp 7/1, 32032, "Hermas. Doctrine
Spirituelle," P. Adnés — DSp 4/1, 316—=0, 332-34. "Hermas. Questions d'histoire littéraire,"
]. Paramelle — EEC 1%, 521-22, D. E. Aune — EECh 1, 377, P. Nautin — LThK 5, 255, J. Kraus — LThK 4°, 1448—49, N. Brox —
NCE 6, 1074 — NTA 2, 502-602, P. Vielhauer and G. Strecker — RAC 14, 682—+01, A. Hilhorst — TRE 1§, 100108, R. Staats — ANRW II, 27,
1, 524-51, R, Joly — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 513—23 — Dihle, Gresk and Latin, 205, 207-98
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
XI. PHILO THE JEW
S HILO THE JEW, bomn in Alexandria® of a priestly stock,? and for that reason included by us among ecclesiastical writers, because, writing a book on the first church in Alexandria of Mark the evangelist, he engaged in praise of us Christians, recalling that they existed, not just
there, but in many provinces, and calling their dwellings monasteries.?
2. From this it is apparent that the first church of believers in Christ was such as the monks now imitate and emulate, so that nothing is held in private by anyone, not one among them is rich, not one poor, their patrimonies are divided among the needy, they spend their time in prayer and the psalms, in doctrine and continence, just as Luke describes how believers lived at the beginning in Jerusalem.* 3. They say that Philo came at great risk to Rome in the reign of Gaius, to whom he had been sent as an ambassador of his people,® and that he came a second time in the reign of Claudius and spoke with the apostle Peter in the same city [of Rome] and that he became his friend® and that for this reason he embellished with his praises the followers of Mark, a disciple of Peter, at Alexandria.
4. Countless and distinguished works" of his survive on the Pentateuch:
On the Confusion of Tongues, one book;?
On Nature and Discovery, one book;® On Things Which are Naturally Desired and Execrated, one book;° On Instruction, one book;!!
On the Heir of Divine Things, one book; On the Distinction between Odd and Even, one book;2
On the Three Virtues, one book;!?
On Those Whose Names were Changed in the Scriptures and Why, one book;!*
ST. JEROME
BOn Covenants, one book;!® On the Life of the Wise Man, one book;® On Giants, one book:!"
On the Divine Origin of Dreams, five books;'® Questions and Answers on Exodus, five books;'®
On the Tabernacle and On the Decalogue, four books;® also On Sacrificial Victims and Promises or Curses;®
On Providencg® On the Jews;™ On the Conduct of Lifg™ On Alexander, and That Irrational Animals Have Reason,® and That Every Foolish Man is a Slave.® 6. And the book of which we have spoken already, about our life, that is, about men of the apostolic age, which he also called,
Iepl Biov BewpnTkod ikeTdV, On the Contemplative Life of Supphants," obviously because they contemplate heavenly things, and always pray to God, and in other categories, On Agriculture, two books; On Drunkenness, two books.
7. There are also other monuments of his genius® which have not come into our hands. Concerning him it is commmonly said by the Greeks, "H ITAdTwy $rdwviler fj ®idwv matwvile,,? that is, "Either Plato follows Philo, or Philo Plato." So great is the similarity of their thought and eloquence.
NOTES 1. Eus,, h.e. 2.4.2. Cf. Courcelle, LLW, 81 and n. 164: "Actually Jerome's remarks . . . are pure plagiarism from Eusebius." See also h.e. 2.16.1.
2. "Of a priestly stock" is unsupported in Eusebius or elsewhere. Eus., h.e. 2.4.2, merely says, "inferior to none of the magnates in authority."
8. Eusebius, h.e. 2.17.8-14, describing the Therapeutae and, in h.e 2.147.19, their female counterparts, the Therapeutridae, a misreading unquestioned by Jerome; povacTiplov occurs at h.e. 2.17.9.
4. Eusebius, in quoting De vita cont. 7078 (in h.c. 2.17.16-18), feels he
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
has provided irrefutable proofs (dvavtippfitovs Mées) of the Christian identification; cf. Barnes, C. and E., 130.
B. h.e. 2.5.1, 45, and 2.18.8. Cf. E. M. Smallwood, Philonis Alexandrini Legatio ad Gasum (Leiden, 1961). Eusebius in h.e. 2.5.6-7 cites Legatio
24.38, and in h.e. 2.6.2. quotes Legatio 43. See C. Kraus Reggiani, ANRWII, 21, 1, 554-86.
6. h.e. 2.17.1. That he met with Peter is repeated in Photius, Béb. cod.
10§, but is unlikely, and Photius's added detail that Philo converted to Christianity is even more unlikely.
4. What follows is an abbreviated version of h.e. 2.18.1-8. Roman nu- 'merals in brackets give the volume number in the Loeb Classical Library
10-vol. series Philo. See also R. Radice and D. T. Runia, edd., Philo of Alexandria. An Anndiated Bibliography 1937-1986
= Supplements to VigChr 8 (1988); D. T. Runia, R. Radice, and D. Satran, "Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography,
1986-1987," in Studies i Hellenistic fudaism 2, 141-75; R. Amnaldez, "La Bible de Philon d'Alexandrie," in Le monde grec & la Bible, ed. C. Mondésert (Paris, 1984), 8'7-54; D. T. Runia, Exegesis and Philosophy. Studies in Philo of Alexandria (Aldershot, 1991); J. Daniélou,
Philon d'Alexandrie (1958); P. Heinisch, "Der EinfluB Philos auf die alteste christliche Exegese (Barnabas, Justin und Clemens von Alexandria). Ein
Beitrag zur Geschichte der allegorisch-mystischen Schriftauslegung im christlichen Altertum," ATA 1/2 (1908); ]. P. Martin, Filén de Algandria y la génesis de lg cultura occidental (Buenos Aires, 1986); P. Borgen, Fhilo, John and Paul: New Perspectives on fudaism and Early Christianity (Atlanta, 1987); J.
Ménard, La gnose de Philon d'Alexandrie (Paris, 1987); H. Burkhardt, Die Insparation heiliger Schrifien bei Philo von Alexandrien (Basel, 1988); R. Radice,
Platonismo ¢ creazionisme in Filone di Alessandria (1989).
8. On the Con fusion of Tongues, one book [IV].
9. [V]; a slip on Jerome's part: the title is not On Naturz, but On Flight {(mepl duytis, not wepl Plicews).
10. On Things Which are Naturally Destred and Execrated by the Senses, one book = De sobrictate [111].
11. On [Grouping for] Instruction, one book [IV].
12. On the Hewr of Divine Things, one book, and On the Distinction batween Odd and Even, one book [IV]: Jerome mistakenly divides a single item into two. Cf. h.e. 2.18.2.
18. On the Three Virtues, one book [VIII]: cf. h.c. 2.18.2.
14. On Those Whose Names were Changed and Why, one book [V].
15. On Covenants, one book: not known.
16. Life of the Wise Man, one book: this seems to be a fusion of De migra-tioneand De vita sapientis; cf. h.e. 2.18.4.
1%7. On Giants, one book = On the Immutability of God.
18. On the Dévine Origin of Dreams, five books: only two survive.
19. On Questions and Solutions in Exodus, five books: cf. h.e. 2.18.5. See also art.,, "Erotapokriseis," RAC 6, 344.
20. Cf. h.e. 2.18.5: On the Tabenacle and On the Decalogue, four books [VII].
21. Cf. h.e. 2.18.5 for full title, On Vactims and Promises or Curses.
ST. JEROME
22. Cf. h.e. 2.18.6: On Providence, cited in Eus., Pragp. Fvang. 7.20 and 8.18.
28. On the Jews, cited in Eus., Pragp. Fvang. 8.11.
24. On the Conduct of Life: Eus., h.c. 2.18.6, 'O TToMTwkés, The Life of the Ciizen, or On Joseph.
25. CL. h.e. 2.18.6: On Alexander ot On the Proposition that Frrational Animals Have Reason.
26. On the Proposition that Every Foolish Man is a Slave: h.e. 2.18.7.
2. On the Contemplative Life of Suppliants: h.e. 2.18.7 = De vita contemplativa [IX]; Phion d'Alexandrie, De vita contemplativa, ed. F. Daumas, trans. P.
Miguel (Pasis, 1963). For relevant bibliography, E. Hilgert, ANRW I, 21, 1 (1984), 62, 63, '70-83.
28. "other monuments of his genius": Eus., k.. 2.18.7, adds On the Inter praation of Hebrew Names in the Law and Prophets.
29. "Either Plato Philonizes, or Philo Platonizes": the phrase recurs in Isidore of Pelusium, gp. 3.81, PG 78: 788C. Elsewhere (gp. 70.3, CSEL 54,
704) Jerome says much the same: "Quid loquar de Philone quem vel alterum vel Judaeum Platonem critici pronuntiant?"
REFERENCES
Q 2, 1-2 — Dr, 1067 — TLG 0018 — Cath 11, 202-8, J. E. Ménard — DSp 12/1, 1852—74, V. Nikiprowetsky and A. Solignac — EEC 22, g12-14,
R. B. Berchman — EECh 2, 682-83, H. Crouzel — LThK 8, 470-71, C.
Mondésert — NCE 11, 287—91, R. Arnaldez — TRE 26, 523-31, M. Mach
— ANRW II, 21,
1, several articles, esp.: H. Savon, "Ambroise et Jérdme lecteurs de Philon," ANRWII, 21, 1, 2—¢46; E. Hilgert, "Bibliographia Philoniana, 1935-1981,> ANRW II, 21,
1, 47—97 — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 161-64 Opera: L. Cohn and P. Wendland, Phélonis Alexandrini Opera quae supersuni, 8 vols. (1896-1930); R. Arnaldez, C. Mondésert, and J. Pouillou, edd., Oeuvres de Philon d'Alexandrie, 36 vols. (Paris, 1961-88); Eng. trans.,
Philo of Alexandria, Loeb Classical Library. Biblia Patristica Supplément (1982) is dedicated to Philo.
XII. LUCIUS ANNAEUS SENECA
the Stoic Sotion,? and paternal uncle of the poet Lucan? was a man of very temperate life whom I would
Al UCIUS ANNAEUS SENEGA of Cordova,! a disciple of
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
not place in a catalogue of saints, were it not that I was prompted to do so by those Letters from Paul to Seneca and from Seneca to Paul* which are very widely read.
2. In these, when Seneca was Nero's teacher and the most influential person of the period,® he said that he wished to have the same position among his own [i.e., the pagans] which Paul had among the Christians.® 3. Two years before Peter and Paul were crowned with martyrdom, he was put to death by Nero."
NOTES 1. Cordova in Spain.
2. Sotion is in Eus., Chren., A.D. 18, ed. Helm, 191; cf. Dihle, Greck and Latin, 88.
8. Lucan: cf. Dihle, Gresk and Latin, 1183-10.
4. F. Corsaro, "Seneca nel 'Catalogo dei Santi' di Gerolamo," Orpheus 8 (1987): 264—82; Gamberale, "L. Seneca in catalogo sanctorum: considerazioni su Hier. vir 4. 12," InvLuc XI (1989): 208-17%; Jannaccone,
"S. S.
Girolamo e Seneca," GiornltalFil 16 (1963): 326—338. Editions: C. W. Barlow, Papers of American Acad. in Rome (Rome, 1988) = PLS 1, 673-6+709; L.
Bocciolini Palagi, "Il carteggio apocrifo di Seneca e San Paolo," BP 5 (Florence, 1985).
5. Dihle, Greek and Latin, 8g.
6. Cf. Tertullian, De gnima 20.1: "Seneca saepe noster." See J. N. Sevenster, Paul und Seneca (Leiden, 1g61).
7. Eus., Chron., A.D. 66: "L. Ann. Seneca incisione venarum et veneni. haustu perit."
REFERENCES
Q 1, 155-156 — Dr, 28 — TLG 2431 —PLS 1: 673678 [Paulus + Seneca] — CAnt 306 — Cath 13, 107883, M. Spanneut
— DACL 15/1, 119808,
H. Leclercq — DSp 14, 5t70-98, M. Spanneut — EEC 2%, 104, L. M. White — EECh 2, 76%f., A. Hamman — I ThK g, 66465, E. Elorduy
— NCE 13,
80-81, M. Spanneut — NTA 2, 4170, Schneemelcher — ANRWII, 36, g (Berlin, 198g), 1596—07. 1599-1600, F. R. Chaumartin — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 88-104, 113-19
ST. JEROME
XIII. JOSEPHUS, SON OF MATTHEW
S prisoner by Vespasian, was released by Vespasian's son,
Titus.2 Coming to Rome, he offered to the emperors, father and son, his seven books On the Captivity of the Jews? which were deposited in the public library, and by the fame of his genius he merited a statue in Rome.*
2. He also composed twenty other volumes, On Antiquities,® from the beginning of the world to the fourteenth year of Domitian Caesar,® and two books dpxaétnTos, of antiquities,
Against Apion, an Alexandrian grammarian," who in the reign of Caligula, sent as legate on the part of the pagans, had written a book against Philo® which contained calumny of the Jewish race.'
3. Another book of his, entitled, ITepl avToxpdTopos Aoyopod, On the Supremacy of Reason,' is regarded as very elegant; it also contains a description of the martyrdom of the Maccabees.!!
4. Josephus in the eighteenth book of his Antiquities'?> most clearly states that Christ was put to death by the Pharisees because of the greatness of his miracles, and that John the Baptist was a true prophet, and that Jerusalem was subjected to destruction because James the apostle had been put to death.'®
5. He wrote about the Lord, however, as follows:* "About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who wrought surprising feats and was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over to his side many of the Jews and many of the Geniiles, and he was believed to be the Anointed.
6. "When Pilate, because of the envy of the higheststanding among us, had condemned him to be crucified, those who had in the first place come to love him maintained their affections for him. On the third day he appeared to them restored to life, for the prophecies of the prophets had foretold these and
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
countless other marvelous things about him. And the tribe of the Christians, named after him, has down to this day not disappeared."
NOTES 1. Eus,, h.e §.9.1
= Josephus, Bellum Iudzicum 1.5. Courcelle, LLW, 81-86, credits Jerome with reading Josephus's complete works.
2. Titus succeeded Vespasian, June 24, 79, and was succeeded in turn by his brother, Domitian, two years and two months later, Dec.
1 8.81; cf. h.e.
8.5.1 and 13.1. See Josephus, Bell. ud. 4.653-654.
3. h.e. 3.0.3 = Bell. Tud. (BI) 1.3. Cf. h.e. 3.10.9. See also H. Lichtenberger, "Pagans and Christians in Rome in the time of Nero: Josephus and Paul in Rome," ANRWII, 26, 8, 2142-46.
4. h.e 3.9.2.
8. h.e. 3.9.3; H. W. Attridge, The Interpretasion of Biblical History in the "Antiquitates fudaicae" of Flavius Josephus (Missoula, Montana, 19%76).
6. Domitian's reign: Dec. 13, 81, through Sept. 18, g6.
4. A. Dihle, Greck and Latin, 168-69, describes Apion as a grammarian from Alexandria whom the Greeks of his native city had sent to Rome in 40
A.D. as the leader of an antiJewish delegation and a prolific author on subjects such as the Latin language, Homeric vocabulary, and andent Egypt.
Apion was long dead when Josephus wrote the work, a post mortem exercise similar to Origen's Contra Celsum. Jerome was especially impressed by it: cf. ep. 70 (CSEL g4, 705): "losephus antiquitatem approbans Iudaici populi duos libros scripsit contra Appionem, Alexandrinum grammaticum et tanta saecularium profert tesimonia ut mihi miraculum subeat quomodo vir
Hebraeus et ab infantia sacris litteris eruditus cunctam Graecorum bibliothecam evoluerit." The phrase antiquitatem
. .. Iudaic populi explains dpxawérnros in the present passage. On Josephus's "secular" learning, cf. R.
M. Grant, Greek Apologists, 16-18, 153.
8. h.e 2.5.4.
9. Philo's Legatio (h.e. 2.5.6) and Virtues (h.e. 2.6.3) detailed the atrocities perpetrated on the Jews.
10. h.e. 3.10.6.
11. h.e. 3.10.6.
12. h.e. 2.5.2.
1§. h.e. 1.11.2-6.
14. h.e 1.11.7-8. This is the well-known Testimonium Flavianum (text:
Ant. 18.63-64). Eusebius explicitly says, 6 Xpotds oliros fiv. For a status quaestionis on this much-discussed text, cf. Feldman, ANRW II, 21, 2, 822; W. A. Bienert, "Test. Flav.," NTA (1991), 489-91; D. S. WallaceHadrill, "Eusebius of Caesarea and the Testimonium Flavianum ( Josephus,
Antiquaties XVIII, 63£.)," JEH 25 (1974): 353-62; P. Garnet, "If the Testimonium Flavianum contains alterations, who originated them?" StudPat
(1989). 57-
ST. JEROME
REFERENCES
Q1, 2 — Dg, 3940 — TLG 0526 — Cath 6, 102627, G. Bizaré — DSp 2,
1, 962-63 — EEC
12, 630—32, H. W. Auridge — EECh 2, 682-83, H.
Crouzel — LThK 5, 1141—43, ]. Blinzler — LThK 5%, 1005—7, H. Schreckenberg — NCE 7, 1120-23,
J. Strugwell — RAC, Lief. 141 (199%), 761-80 — TRE 1%, 258-64, G. Mayer — ANRW II, 21, 2, 763-862, L. H. Feldman — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 167—71 — Vielhauer, Geschichie, 520-40 — L. H.
Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980) (Berlin and New York, 1984) — L. H. Feldman and G. Hata, edd., josephus, fudaism and Christianaty (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987)
XIV. JUSTUS OF TIBERIAS
A USTUS OF TIBERIAS,
of the province of Galilee,! attempted also to compose A History of Jewish Events® and certain short commentaries on the Scriptures.®
2. Josephus, however, accused him of falsity.* 3. And it is well known that he and Josephus wrote at the same time.® NOTES 1. Evs., h.e 3.10.8; T. Rajak, "Justus of Tiberias," ClassQ 23 (1973):
345—68. Tiberias, on the Sea of Galilee, was founded by Herod Antipas and named after his friend, the emperor Tiberius.
2. Known from Josephus, Life 336—360 and Against Apion 34, 36—42, 65, 88, both in Loeb Classical Library Vol. 1 of Josephus, trans. H. St.
J. Thackeray, (London and Cambridge, Mass., 1926; repr., 1976); C. R. Holladay, Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Auihors, Vol.
(Chico, Calif.: Historians, 1983). o 3?"commentaries": of dubious existence.
4. h.e. 3.10.8.
5. Jerome's personal statement, which "is valueless," according to Courcelle, LLW, g5 n. go0.
REFERENCES
TLG 2497 — LThK 3, 1230, J. Schmid — NCE 8, 101-2, R. Krizsky — ANRW I, 20, 1, 337-58, esp. 347f., A. Barzané
— ANRW ]I, 21, 2, 78788,
L. Feldman — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 169
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
XV. CLEMENT THE BISHOP
LEMENT,' OF WHOM THE APOSTLE Paul in his Epistle to the Philippians wrote, "with Clement and my other fellow-workers whose names are written in the book of life," was the fourth bishop of Rome after Peter, in that Linus was second and Anacletus, third,® although the greater part of the Latins! think that Clement was second after the apostle.
2. He wrote in the name of the Roman church a most useful Letter to the Church of Corinth,® which in some places is even read publicly,® which seems to me to correspond to the style of the Epistle to the Hebrews ascribed to the authorship of Paul," and uses many expressions from that same epistle which not merely agree in sense but even in word order, and there is an altogether great similarity between the two.
3. A second Epistle is also ascribed to his name, which has not been accepted by the ancients,? and a Disputation. of Peter and Apion,® written in a prolix style, which Eusebius rejects in the third book of his Ecclesiastical Histmy.lO
4. He died in the third year of Trajan's reign,!! and a church built in Rome preserves to this day the memory of his name.
NOTES 1. J. Colson, Clément de Rome (Eglise d'hier et d'aujourd'hus) (Paris, 1960).
2. Phil 4.3, quoted in Eus., h.e 3.15.1.
3. h.e 3.4.9, 3.15.1, 8.21.1, 5.6.1-2; Irenacus, Adv. haer 3.3.3. This makes Clement the Bishop of Rome in the years g2—101. On Linus see k.e.
3.2, 3.4.8, 3.18.1, 5.6.1; Kelly, ODP, 6—7; B. Dumler, LTAK 6%, 946. See also M. Guerra Gomes, "El obispo de Roma y la regula fidei en los tres primeros siglos de la Iglesia," Burgense 30 (1989): 355—432.
4.See Q1, 42.
5. h.e. 3.16.1, 5.6.3. Textin SC 31, ed. G. Bardy. See B. E. Bowe, A church in crisis. Ecclesiology and paraenesis in Clement of Rome, Harvard Dissertations in Religion 23 (Minneapolis, 1988); E. Peretto, "Clemente Romano ai Corind.
Sfida alla violenza,"
VetChr 26 (1989):
89-114; K Erlemann, "Die Datierung des ersten Klemensbriefes—Anfragen an eine Communis Opinio," NTS
44 (1998): 501-607; Q 1, 42—43.
ST. JEROME
6. h.e. 3.16.1, 4.23.11.
4. Epistle to the Hebrews: h.e. 3.3.5, 3.38.1-3; H.-F. Weiss, Der Brief an die Hebréer (Gottingen, 1991).
8. h.e. 3.38.4.
9. h.e. 3.38.5, rejecting them on two counts: not referred to by the ancients and not preserving orthodoxy.
10. A belated acknowledgment by Jerome of his sole source. But he seems nonetheless to have read Clement; cf. Courcelle, LLW, 93.
11. h.e. 3.34; 5.6.4, quoting Irenaeus, Adv. kaer. 3.3.3.
REFERENCES
Q1, 42-53 — D1, 39—40 — TLG12%1 — CPG 1, 1001; Spuria, 1003-1022 — Cath 2, 1183-85, G. Bardy — DSp 2, 1, g62-63 — EEC 12, 26465, G. F.
Snyder — EECh 1, 181, P. F. Beatrice — LThK 2, 1222-23, A. Stuiber — NCE g, 926—28, H. Dressler — LThK 2%, 1227-28, V. Saxer; 1229-31, G.
Schollgen — RAC g, 188—97, A. Stuiber — TRE 8, 113-20, D. Powell — Kelly, ODP, 7-8 — Vielhauer, Geschichie, 29—40 — Dihle, Greek and Latin,
296, 308
XVI. IGNATIUS THE BISHOP
7 GNATIUS, THE THIRD BISHOP of the church of Antioch after the apostle Peter,! condemned to the beasts in the persecution begun by Trajan,? was bound in chains and sent to Rome.?
2. When on his voyage he came to Smyrna, where Polycarp, disciple of John, was bishop,* he wrote a Letter to the Ephesians,' a second, To the Magnesians,® a third, o the Trallians,' a fourth, 7o the Romans,® and after he left Smyrna he wrote To the Philadelphians® and Tb the Smyrnaeans,*® and, personally, 7o Polycarp,! commending to him the church of Antioch.
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
3. In this letter he offers a testimony on the person of Christ concerning the Gospel'? which has recently been translated by me.
4. "Iindeed both saw him in the flesh after the resurrection and believe that he is, and when he came to Peter and to those who were with Peter, he said to them, 'Behold, touch me and see that I am not a phantom without a body." And immediately they touched him and believed."?® 5. It seems worthwhile, however, that we make mention of such a great man and that we make a few remarks on his Epistle which he wrote To the Romans:
6. "From Syria to Rome I fight with wild beasts by land and by sea, night and day, chained to ten leopards, that is, a company of soldiers, who guard me; and they become worse with kind endearment.
7. "Now I become the more a disciple for theirill deeds, but I am not on that account justified. Would that I could enjoy the beasts which have been prepared for me, and I pray that they may be prompt for me, and I will even entice them to devour me promptly, not as has happened to some other martyrs whom they have not touched from fears. Even if they be unwilling of themselves to come, I will force them to devour me. Pardon me, sons, I know it is expedient for me.
8. "Now I begin to be a disciple, desirous of nothing of visible things, so that I may find Jesus Christ. Fire, cross, beasts, mangling of bones, tearing asunder of limbs, grinding of my whole body, tortures of the devil, let them come upon me, may I but attain the enjoyment of Christ."¢ 9And when he had been condemned to the beasts and in the ardor of his suffering heard the lions roaring, he said, "I am the Lord's fodder. May I be ground by the teeth of the lions so that I may become pure bread."® 10. He suffered martyrdom in the eleventh year of Trajan; his bodily remains lie in Antioch in the cemetery outside the gate of Daphne.1®
ST. JEROME
NOTES 1. Eus., h.c. §.36.2; h.e. 3.22 mentions Evodius as Ignatius's predecessor.
2. On persecution under Trajan, cf. Eus., b.e. 3.33 (the Pliny-Trajan correspondence); Grant, Gresk Apologists, 28—33.
3. h.e. 3.36.3; C. Lucca, "Ignazio di Antiochia e il Martirio, Un'analisi di Romani 2," Salesianum 59 (199%7): 621—-45.
4. h.e.3.36.5.
5. Letter to the Ephesians: trans. William R. Schoedel, Ignatius of Antioch: A Commentary on the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (Philadelphia: Fortress Press,
1985), 38—100; cf. h.e. 3.36.5.
6. To the Magnesians: trans. Schoedel, 101-83; cf. h.e. 3.36.5.
4. To the Trallians: trans. Schoedel, 135-61; cf. h.e. 3.36.5.
8. To the Romans: trans. Schoedel, 165-91; cf. h.¢. 3.36.6.
9. To the Philadelphians: rans. Schoedel, 193-215.
10. To the Smymasans: trans. Schoedel, 217-53.
11. To Polycarp: trans. Schoedel, 255—81; see also idem, "Polycarp's Witness to Ignatius of Antioch," VigChr
41 (1987): 1-10.
12. "the Gospel": The Gospel to the Hebrews; trans. Schoedel, 226—24. Cf.
Eus., h.e. 3.36.10, and Chron., ed. Helm, 194. Jerome probably knew it by autopsy.
13. Jerome's translation is defective; it should read, "I indeed both know and believe that he was in the flesh"; f. Schoedel, op. cit.,, 225. The testmony, which is quoted in 4. 3.36.11, comes not from Ad Poly., but from Ad Smyrmn. 3.1-2.
14. Cf. h.e. 3.36.7—0, quoting Ad Rom. 5; cf. Schoedel, op. at., 178-80.
15. Ignatius, Ad Rom. 4.1; Schoedel, op. cit., 175; cf. h.e. 3.36 and Iren., Adyv. haer. §.28.4. The language may be eucharistic, pace Schoedel, ap. ci.,
146.
16. Jerome probably knew the tomb in Daphne from his own sojourn in Antioch. Cf. Chron., ed. Helm, 203.
REFERENGES
Q 1, 6376 — Dr, 4043 — CPG, 1025-36 — Cath 5, 1190—-92, C. Ollivier — DHGE 25, 68486, R. Aubert — DSp 4, 2, 125066, P-Th. Camelot —
EEC 1%, 359-60, G. F. Snyder — EECh 1, 404~5, P. Nautin — LThK 5, 611-12, O. Perler — LThK g%, 40%7—g, F. and R Prostmeier — NCE 4,
858-54., F. X. Murphy — NTA 1, 148—45 — TRE 16, 40—45, W. R Schoedel — ANRWII, 24, 1, 386—g2 (Polycarp and Ignatius), W. R. Schoedel — H.
O. Paulsen, Gestalien I, 38-50 — Vielhauer, Geschichte, §40—-52 — Dihle, Greek and Lain, 297 — H. Y. Gamble, Bocks, 109-12 — J. L. Sumney,
"Those who 'Ignorantly Deny Him': The Opponents of Ignatius of Antioch," JECS 1, 4 (1993): 345-65
; For bibliographical survey, see G. Trentin, "Rassegna di studi su Ignazio di Antiochia," Studia Patavina, Rivista di Scienze Religiose 19 (1972): 75-87.
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
XVII. POLYCARP THE BISHOP
5] OLYCARP,
A DISCIPLE
of John the apostle,' and ordained by him as bishop of Smyrna, was the leader of all of Asia,? in that he had seen and had as teachers some of the apostles and of those who had seen the Lord.?
2. In the reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius, on account of some questions concerning the day of the Pasch, he came to Rome, where Anicetus was bishop,* and he brought back to the faith very many of those believers who had been deceived by the persuasiveness of Marcion® and Valentinus.
3. When Marcion happened to meet him and said, "Recognize us," he replied, "I recognize the first-born of the devil."®
4. Later on, in the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus, during the fourth persecution after Nero,' at Smyma, before the proconsul seated in judgment and the whole people in the amphitheater howling against him, he was burned alive.® 5. He wrote a very useful letter, To the Philippians,® which, down to this day, is read in the assembly of Asia.!
NOTES 1. Eus,, h.e. 3.36.
2. Cf. h.e 4.14.1-2.
3. h.e. 4.14, quoting Iren., Adv. haer. 3.3.4.
4. N. Brox, "Der Konflikt zwischen Aniket und Polykarp," Concilium 8 (1972): 1418, 35—42.
5. Marcion: cf. G. May, "Marcione nel suo tempo," CristStor 14 (1993):
205—20; A. Orbe, "Hacia la doctrina marcionitica de la redencion," Gregorianum 74 (1993): 45-74.
6. h.e. 4.14 (= Iren., Adv. haer 3.3.4); cf. h.e. 3.28.
7. Dates of this imperial reign: 138-161. Cf. h.e 4.14-15.
8. Jerome does not mention the Martyrium Polycarpi (CPG 1045); on this, f.
B. Dehandschutter, "The Martyrium Polycarpi: a Century of Research," ANRWI, 24, 1 (Berlin, 1993), 485—522; V. Saxer, "L'authenticité du Martyre de Polycarpe. Bilan de 25 ans de critique," MAH 94 (1982):
979-1001; H. Musurillo, Acts (Tiibingen, 1992), 258-85; M. L. Gullaumin, "En marge du Marlyre de Polycarpe. Le discernement des allusions scrip-
ST. JEROME
turaires," in Forma Futuri, FS M. Pellegrino (Turin, 1975), 462-69; W. R.
Schoedel, Polycarp, Martyrdom of Polycarp, Fragments of Papias, TAP 5 (London, 1966); and, most recently, G. Buschmann, Martyrium Polycarpi. Eine
Jormkritische Studie, BZNW 70 (Berlin and New York, 1994).
9. CPG 1040. See Die Polykarpbriefe, trans. with notes by J. B. Bauer, Komm. zu Apost. Vitern 5 (Gottingen, 1995); Die apostolischen Vater. Clemens von Rom, Ignatius von Antiochen, Polykarp von Smyrna, trans. with intro. by H.
U. Von Balthasar, Christliche Meister 24 (Einsiedeln, 1984); Ignacio de Antioquia, Cartas. Policarpo de Esmirna, Carta. Carta de la iglesia de Esmirna a la iglesia de Filomelio, trans. with intro. and notes by J. J. Ayan Calvo (Madrid,
1991); Paulsen, HNT 18 (1985): 109—26; L. W. Barnard, "The Problem of Saint Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians," CRQR 163 (1962): 421-30 (= idem, Studies in the Apostolic Fathers (1966), 31—-39], on P. N. Harrison's 1936 hypothesis; H. O. Maier, "Purity and Danger in Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians: The Sin of Valens in Social Perspective," JECS 1, 3 (1993):
220-48.
10. See h.e. 3.36.
REFERENCES
Q1, 7682 — Dr, 43—45, 7880 — TLG1622 — CPG 1, 1040—42 — Cath 11, 595—97, P-Th. Camelot — DSp 12, 1902-8, D. van Damme — EEC 27,
933-34. G. F. Snyder — EECh 2, 701, P. Nautin — LThK 8, 597-98, J. A.
Fischer — NCE 11, 535-36, F. X. Murphy — TRE
16, 4045, W.
Schoedel — ANRW 11, 27, 1, 386-92 (Polycarp and Ignatius), W.
Schoedel — PWRE 21, 2, 1662—93, P. Meinhold — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 552—566 — Dihle, Grek and Latin, 297, 308 — H. Y. Gamble, Books,
110-16 — Paulsen, Handbuch zum Neuen Testament, 18
XVIII. PAPIAS THE BISHOP
APIAS, A DISCIPLE of John and bishop of Hierapolis in Asia,' wrote only five volumes, entitled An Explanation of the Discourses of the Lord? In these, since he is asserting in his preface that he does not follow various opinions but that he has the apostles as witnesses, he says:3
"I examined what Andrew said, what Peter said, what Philip, Thomas, James, John, Matthew, and any other of the disciples of the Lord said, and what Aristion and the elder John,
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
the disciples of the Lord, were saying. ForI did not suppose that books were useful for me to read so much as the living voice surviving in the authors to the present day."
3. It is obvious from this catalogue of names that the John who is listed among the apostles is not the same as the elder
John whom he numbers after Aristion. A further reason for saying this is because of the opinion mentioned earlier,® held by very many, that The Second and Third Epistle of John are the work, not of the Apostle, but of the presbyter.®
4. He is said to have published the Jewish opinion of one thousand years [of reign] at the Sevtépwow," at the Second Coming, a view shared by Irenaeus,® Apollinaris, and others, who claim that after the resurrection the Lord will reign in the flesh with the saints. Tertullian also, in his work On the Hope of the Faithful® Victorinus of Pettau,' and Lactantius!! are attracted by this same view.
NOTES 1. Eus., h.e. 2.1y4; U. H. J. Kortner, Papias ven Hierapolis: Ein Beitrag zur
Geschichte des frithen Christentums (Gottingen, 1983 ); R. M. Grant, "Papiasin Eusebius' Church History," Mélanges d'histoire des religions, FS Henri-Charles
Puech (Paris, 1974), 200-14.
2.]. A. Kleist, The Didache, The Epistle of Barnabas, The Epistles and the Martyrdom of St. Polycarp, The Fragments of Papias, The Fpistle to Diognaus, ACW 6
(1946); W. R. Schoedel, Polycarp. Fragments of Papias, Vol. § in The Apostolic Fathers. A New Translation and Commentary (New York, 1967), 8g-130; V.
Bartlet, "Papias's Exposition: Its Date and Contents," in Amécitiae Corollz, FS J. R. Harris (London, 1938), 15-44.
8. h.e. 3.30; ] -D. Dubois, "Remarques sur le fragment de Papias cité par Irenée [Iren., Adv. haer. 5.33.3-4]." RHPR
71 (1991} 3-10; C. M. Nielsen, "Papias. Polemicist against whom?," TS85 (1974): 520-35.
4.]. Karzinger et al., Papias von Hierapolis und die Evangelien des Neuen Testaments. Gesammelte Aufsdize, Neuausgabe und Ubersdzung der Fragmente, Kommentierte Bibliographie (Regensburg, 1083); A. Adrien Deldaux, "Deux témoignages de Papias sur la composition de Marc?" NTS 24 (1980/81):
401-11; T. Y. Mullins, "Papias on Mark's Gospel,"
VigChr 14 (1960):
216-24; A. Meredith, "The evidence of Papias for the priority of Matthew," in Syneptic Studies: The Ampleforth Conferences of 1982 and 1983, JSNT Supplements 4 (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1984), 187—06.
5. DVIg.5.
6. J. J. Ganther, "Early identification of authorship of the Johannine writings," JEH 31 (1980): 407—2%; R. Bauckham, "Papias and Polycrates on
ST. JEROME
the Origin of the Fourth Gospel,"
ThS 44, 1 (1993): 24-60; J. Munck, "Presbyters and Disciples of the Lord in Papias," HTAR 52 (1959): 223—43;
#dem, "Die Tradition uber das Matthausevangelium bei Papias," Neotestanentica & Patristica, FS Oscar Cullmann (Leiden, 1962), 249-60; C. E. Hill,
"What Papias Said About John (and Luke): A 'New' Papian Fragment,"
JThS 49, 2 (1998): 582-629.
7. On Sevtépwow (= Hebrew mishnah), see PGL, 5.v.: "secondary literature, oral law and its tradition, as opposed to Scripture"; R. G. Déaut, art.,
"Mishnah," EECh 1, 563-64; H. Dietenhard, art., "Deuterosis," RAC g {1957), 842—40. Jerome uses the word in . 18B (cf. ACW 33, 100 and 222 n.
17a), and in gb. 121.10 he defines it. In his Comm. on Ezechiel 86.1-15 (CCL 45, ed. E. Glorie), he defines it more fully: "Neque enim iuxta Iudaicas fabulas, quas illi Sevrepiboers appellant, gemmatum et auream de caelo exspectamus Hierusalem," and goes on to line up the believers in millenarianism in virtually the same terms as here: "quod et mult nostrorum et praecipue Tertulliani liber qui inscribitur De spe fidelium et Lactanti
Institutionum volumen septimum pollicetur et Victorini Pictabionensis episcopi crebrae Expositiones et nuper Severus noster in dialogo cui Gallo nomen imposuit et, ut Graecos nominem et primum extremumgque coniungam, Irenaeus et Apollinaris'; H. J. de Jonge, "BOTPY2Z BOHXEI. The Age of Kronos and the Millennium in Papias of Hierapolis," in M. J. Vermaseren, ed., Studies in Hellenistic Religions, EPRO 98 (Leiden, 1979):
8'7-40; S. Heid, Chiliasmus und Antichrist-Mythos. Eine frithchristliche Kontroverse und das Heilige Land (Bonm, 1903).
8. Irenaeus, Adv. haer. §, SC 153, ed. A. Rousseau.
9. C. Tibiletti, "Inizi del millenarismo di Tertulliano," Annali della Facolia di lestere e filosofia dell'Unsversita di Macerata 1 (1968): 195-213.
10. See Q 2, 411-13; DVI74.
11, Lactantius, Inst. div. 7.24.
REFERENGES
Q 1,82-85 —Dr, 38, 45 — TLG 1558 — CPG 1047 — CAnt, 208 — Cath 10, §63-65, J. Liébaert — EEC 22, 866, E. Ferguson — EECh 2, 647, L.
Vanys — LThK 8, 34-36 — LThK %° 132526, P. Bruns — NCE 10, 979-80, F. X. Murphy — NTA 1, 137-30; 2. 23—24
— TRE 15, 641-44, H.
J. Kortner — ANRWII, 24, 1, 23570, W. R, Schoedel
— PRE18/2 (1940),
96676 — ThWNT 6, 65183, G. Bornkamm — Vielhauer, Geschichte, 75765
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
XIX. QUADRATUS THE BISHOP
UADRATUS,
A DISCIPLE of the apostles, was named bishop of Athens as successor to Publius,! when the latter was crowned with martyrdom for Christ. By his faith and zeal he reunited the church, which was in terror and disarray.
2. When Hadrian spent the winter in Athens, and visited Eleusis? and, initiated into almost all the Greek mysteries,® presented an opportunity to those who hated the Christians to harass the believers without a decree of the emperor,* Quadratus presented a treatise to him composed In defense of our religion, very useful, and full of reasoning and of faith, worthy of the teaching of the apostles.® 3. In it he also revealed his own venerable old age, in saying that many had been seen by him in the time of the Lord in Judea who were oppressed by various infirmities, and who had been cured, and others who were raised from the dead.®
NOTES 1. "bishop of Athens": Eus., k.e. 4.23.3. Possibly a different Quadratus, "with a prophetic gift," is mentioned in Eus., A.c. 3.37.
2. Hadrian succeeded Trajan in 117. Cf. R. M. Grant, Gresk Apologists, Chap. 4; D. Kienast, "Hadrian, Augustus und die eleusinischen Mysterien,"
JNG 10 (1959-1960): 61-69.
8. K Clinton, "The Eleusinian Mysteries: Roman Initiates and Benefactors, Second Century B.C. to A.D. 267, ANRW II,
18, 2 (Berlin, 1989), 1516-25.
54. Eui., h.e. 4.8.6; P. Keresztes, "The Imperial Roman Government and the Christian Church; I. From Nero to the Severi; III. Hadrian's Rescript on the Christians," ANRW I, 23, 1, 284f.
5. h.e. 4.3.1-2, with a quotation from the Apology; this may be a third Quadratus (cf. n.
1 above); R. M. Grant, "Quadratus, the first Christian Apologist," in R. H. Fischer, ed., A Tribute to A. Védbus (1977), 152-64 [= idem, Greek Apologists, 35-36, 184].
6. h.e 4.3.2.
ST. JEROME
REFERENCES
1, 19091 — Dr, 38, 5 — TLG, 1652 — CPG
1, 1060 — Cath 12, 832-33, P-Th. Camelot — EEC 2%, 767, D. M. Scholer — EECh 2, 727, V.
Zangara— NCE 12, 1—2, F. X. Murphy — ANRW II, 24, 2, P. F. Barton
XX. ARISTIDES THE PHILOSOPHER
JIRISTIDES OF ATHENS,! a most eloquent philosopher
' who became a disciple of Christ without relinquishing pe® ¥ his philosopher's gown, was a contemporary of Quadratus.?
Like Quadratus, he presented to the emperor Hadrian a volume containing an account of our teaching, namely, the Apolog for Christians,® which, surviving down to the present day, is a proof of his talent among philologists.*
NOTES 1.=Eus, h.e. 4.3.3, expanded.
2. There are three different people named Quadratus in Eusebius; cf.
DVl 19,nn.
1 and 5.
8. h.e. 4.3.3; cf. R. M. Grant, Gresk Apologists, 35-30, and, on the text, 195. For a recent edition, cf. Aristide di Atene, Apologia, ed. C. Alpigiano, BP
11 (Florence, 1988); BAC 116 (Madrid, 1954); L. Alfonsi, "La teologia del1a storia nell' Apologia di Aristids," AugR 16 (1976): 37—40; K-G. Essig, "Erwagungen zum geschichtlichen Ort der Apologie des Aristides," ZKG g%
(1986): 163-188; G. C. O'Ceallaigh, ""Marcianus' Aristides, on the Worship of God," HTkR
51 (1958): 227-54.
4. philologot, scholars : OLD, s.v., cites Suet., Gram. 10, Referscheid ed.
(Leipzig, 1860), 108.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 19195 — Dr, 3g-40 — TLG 1184 — CPG 1062-6% — Cath 1, 822, G. Bardy — DHGE 4, 18%—91, P. de Labriolle — DSp 2, 1, g62-65 — EEC
1%, 111-12, E. Ferguson — EECh 1, 72-%3, P. Siniscalco — LThK 1, 852-g3, H. Rahner — LThK 1%, 973, G. Scholten
— NCE 1, 798, F. X. Murphy — RAC 1, 652-54, B. Altaner — Der Neue Pauly 1, 1100 — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 300-go1
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
XXI. AGRIPPA CASTOR
=] GRIPPA, SURNAMED CASTOR,! a very learned man, refuted with great effectiveness the twenty-four vol umes of the heretic Basilides,? which the latter had composed against the Gospel, 2. in which he disclosed all his mysteries and named his prophets, Bar Cochebas and Bar Coph,® and other barbarous names, which cause terror to his hearers, and Abraxas,* his supreme deity, a name which occupies about the space of a year in the numerical system of the Greeks.
3. Now Basilides, from whom the Gnostics had their origin, lived in Alexandria in the time of Hadrian,® at the very time that Bar Kochba,® the leader of the Jewish faction, slaughtered the Christians with various punishments, NOTES 1.=Eus,, k.e. 4.7.6; Jerome's Castorisis an epexegetic genitive.
2. On Basilides (c. 100-160): Q 1, 257-50; Dr, 88-89; CPG 112%; F. W.
Norris, EEC 1%, 176-77; A. Monaci Castagno, EECh 1, 113; W. A. Léhr, LThK 2% 59; Scholer, NHB, 50; J. H. Waszink, RAC 1 (1950), 1217-25;
Muhlenberg, TRE 5, 296-g01; B. Layton, GS, 417-44; W. A. Lohr, Basilides und seine Schule. Eine Studie zur Theologie und Kirchengeschichte des zweiten
Jahrhunderts, WUNT 8g (Tiibingen, 1996); R. M. Grant, "Place de Basilide dans la théologie chrétienne ancienne," REAug 25 (1979): 201-16; M.
Jufresa, "Basilides, a path to Plotinus," VaigChr 35 (1981): 1-18; idem, "Jewish Christianity at Antioch in the Second Century," RechSeRel 60 (1972): g7-108.
3. Otherwise unknown.
4On Abrasax, cf. Irenaeus, Adv. haer. 1.24.7: "The ruler of these [heavens] they claim, is Abrasax, and because of this he possesses three hundred and sixty-five numbers in himself," ACW g5, 87, trans. D. J. Unger and ]. J.
Dillon, and loc. cit., 238, n. 24: "So Abrasax was the name of the ruler of the highest heavens. And Irenaeus is saying the same as Hippolytus, who writes that the ruler of the Ogdoad had this name (Adv. haer. 7.26.6 [GCS 26,
205]). The numeric value of the name in Greek letters is 365, namely,
plus 2 plus 100 plus 1 plus 200 plus 1 plus 60." See also Hippolytus, Ref.
5.3; Epiphanius, Pan. 24.7.2—4. See further Courcelle, LLW, g7 and n. 49.
5. On Hadrian and Gnosticism, cf. Grant, Greek Apologists, 36.
6. P. Schafer, Der Bar Kokhba—Aufstand: Studien zum zweiten jidischen Krieg
ST. JEROME
gegen Rom. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum, Bd. I (TlGbingen, 1981); H. Mantel, "The Causes of the Bar Kokba Revolt," JewQRev 58 (1967-68):
224—42, 274—96.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 284 — DHGE
1, 1029-30, V. Ermoni — EEC 1%, 9, F. W. Norris — EECh 1, 18, G. Ladocsi — LThK 1, 209, H. Rahner — LThK 13, 251, C.
Scholten
XXII. HEGESIPPUS THE HISTORIAN
JEGESIPPUS,
A NEAR CONTEMPORARY of the apostles,! compiled an account of ecclesiastical events, from the Passion of the Lord down to his own time,? and assembled much data useful for his readers. He composed five books in a simple style® calculated to express also the colloquial speech of the followers of the Christian life.
2. He said that he came to Rome in the time of Anicetus, who was the tenth bishop after Peter,* and that he remained there down to the episcopacy of Eleutherus, who was formerly a deacon of Anicetus.® . Furthermore, in disputations against the idols® he composed a history from the time when they first increased with their error, indicating by this the age in which he flourished."
4. For he says, "To their dead they raised cenotaphs and shrines as we see until the present day, and among them is Antnous, a slave of Hadrian Caesar, in whose honor the Antinoan
Games are held, and he also built a city called after Antinous, and instituted prophets for him in the temple."®
5. Records show that Hadrian Caesar numbered Antinous among his favorites.® NOTES 1. Eus., h.e 2.23.3:¢m Tiis mpdTNS TAY dmooTéhwv yevdpevos Suadoxiis; h.e. 4.8.1-2, 4.8.22. See L. Abramowski, "Stadox und 6p8os Adyos bei He-
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
gesipp," ZKG 87 (1976): 321-27; T. Halton, "Hegesippus in Eusebius,"
StudPat 19, 2 (Oxford, 1982), 688—gg; N. Hyldahl, "Hegesipps Hypomnemata," STh 14 (1960): 70-113§.
2. Not in Eusebius.
8. h.e 4.8.2:&v mévre & olv ovyypdppaow.
. amovoTdrn cwrdfe Ypadiis vmopimparwoapevos; cf. M. Durst, "Hegesipps Hypomnemaia: Titel oder Gattungsbezeichnung? Untersuchungen zum literarischen Gebrauch von Hypomnema-Hypomnemata," RQ 84 (1989): 299-330. Cf. h.e. 4.22.1:
&V mévte Tols .
. Umowjpacw.
4. h.e. 4.11., 4.22.3; for Anicetus, see Kelly, ODP, 157-68; Chron., a.D.
157, ed. Helm, 203.
5. h.e. 4.22.3. For Eleutherus, see Kelly, ODF, 177-g3; Chron., A.D. 177, ed. Helm, 207.
6. h.e g.32.
#. This is not a separate treatise.
8. h.e. 4.8. On the death of Antinous, see Chron., A.D. 129, ed. Helm, 200.
9. See R. Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous (London, 1984).
REFERENGES
1, 28485 — TLG 1398 — CPG
1, 1302 — Cath §, 56869, P-Th.
Camelot — EEC 1%, g1y, T. Halton — EECh 1, §71, F. Scorza Barcellona — LThK 5, 60-61, J. Lenzenweger — LThK 4°, 1244, F. Mali — NCE 6, 994,
H. Dressler — TRE 14, 56062, T. Halton
XXIII. JUSTIN THE PHILOSOPHER
USTIN THE PHILOSOPHER,' who continued to wear the philosopher's garb, was born in Neapolis, a city of Palestine; his father was Priscus, son of Bacchius.?2 He accomplished great feats for the religion of Christ, to the point of presenting to Antoninus Pius and his sons and the senate a book entitled, Against the Pagans,® without being ashamed of the ignominy of the cross.* He presented another book to the successors of the same Antoninus, Marcus Antoninus Verus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus.® 2. A third book of his survives, Against the Pagans,® where he discourses about the nature of demons;
ST. JEROME
and a fourth, Against the Pagans, to which he gave the title, "BEXe'yxos, A Confutation;" another one, called On the Monarchy of God;® and another book, entitled by him, the WdiArny, the Psalmist;? another, On the Soull® and a Dialog against the Jews, which he had with Trypho,!'a Jewish leader.
He also composed important volumes, Against Marcion, of which Irenaeus makes mention in the fifth book of his Against.
Heresies, > and another book, Against All Heresies,'® of which he makes mention in the Apology presented to Antoninus Pius.
3. After he had held SiatpiBai, debates,!* in the city of Rome and had reprimanded the Cynic Crescens,'®* who had uttered many calumnies against the Christians, for being gluttonous, and afraid of death, and given to luxury and pleasures, finally by the efforts and deviousness of Crescens he was accused of being a Christian and poured out his blood for Christ.'®
NOTES 1. Recent studies include the following: L. W. Barnard, fustin Martyr. His
Life and Thought (Cambridge, 1967); #dem, "Justin Martyr in Recent Study,"
SJTh 22 (1969): 152—64; E. F. Osborn, fustin Martyr, BHTh 44 (Tubingen, 1973); E. Robillard, fustin. L'tinéraire phidesophique (Montreal and Paris,
1989); M.
]J. Edward, "On the Platonic Schooling of Justin Martyr," JThS, ns., 42 (1991): 17-34; G. Girgenti, Géustine Martére. I primo cristiano platon- #co (Milan, 1993); B. Wildermuth, BBKL 3 (1992): 888—gs; R. M. Grant,
Greek Apologists, chaps. 6, 7, 8; R. Joly, Chistianisme & philosophie. Etudes sur
Justin et les Apologistes grecs du deuxiéme siécle (Briges, 1973); A. Davids, Justinus phiosophus e martyr. Bibliographiz 1923-1973 (Nijmegen, 1983); J.
Morales, "La investigacién sobre San Justino y sus escritos," SaTh
(1984): 869—-g6.
2. Eus,, h.e. 4.11.8, 4.8.3. For Neapolis see "Nablus" ("Schechem") in J.
Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land (Oxford Univ. Press, 1998), 372—73. On Priscus and Bacchius, cf. r Apol. 1.1.
8. h.e. 4.17.1. For text: A. Wartelle, ed., Saint fustin Martyr Apologies (Paris, 1087); M. Marcovich, ed., Tustini Martyris Apologiae pro Christianis
(Berlin and New York, 1994). For translation: fustin Martyr. The First and Second Apologies, trans. L. W. Barnard, ACW 36 (Mahwah, N.J., 1996). See
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
also A. J. Guerra, "The Conversion of Marcus Aurelius and Justin Martyr.
The purpose, genre and content of the First Apology," SecCent g (1992):
171-879.
4. "Ignominy of the cross" seems to be related to Eus., h.e. 4.16.3: "I expect to be stretched out on the cross (¢m EVAy)."
5. Second Apology. FOTC 6, 115-8. Cf. P. Keresztes, "The So-called Second Apology of Justin," Latomus 24 (1965): 858-69. See further CPG
1, 1073, notes.
6. Justin speaks of demonsin 1 Apol. 26, quoted in h.e. 4.11. On demons cf. E. Ferguson, "The Demons According to Justin Martyr," in The Man of the Messianic Reign and Other Essays, FS Elza Huffard (Wichita Falls, 1980),
103-12.
7. "Breyxos: CPG 1082. See also C. Riedweg, "A Christian Middle-Platonic Document: Ps.-Justin's Ad Graecos de vera religione, hitherto known as Cohortatio ad Graecos," StudPat 26 (Leuven, 1993): 177ff.; idem, Ps.-fustin
(Markell von Ankyra?), "Ad Graecos de vera religione" (bisher "Cohoriatio ad Graec0s"): Einletung und Kommentar, 2 vols. (Basel, 1994).
8. CPG 1084; h.c. 4.18.4; FOTC6, 437-55.
9. Lost work; {jodXmns: PGL, s.v., "one who sings praises in church, cantor."
10. Lost work.
11. CPG 10%6. Text: M. Marcovich, PTS 47 (1997). N. Hyldahl, "Philosophie und Christentum. Eine Interpretation der Einleitung zum Dialog
Justins," ATAD g (Arhus, 1966); J. C. M. van Winden, An Early Christian Philosopher. Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho, Chapters One io Ning, Philosophia Patrum 1 (Leiden, 1g71); ]J. Nilson, "To Whom Is Justin's Dialogue with Tryphe Addressed?"
TS 38 (197): 538—46.
12. h.e. 4.18.9. Justin's work has not survived, although a fragment of it is quoted in Irenaeus, Adv. haer 4.6.2, and a possible second fragment in Adv. haer. §.26.2; see CPG 1078.
18. h.e. 4.11.10, otherwise unknown.
14. SuatpiBal, hinted atin 2z Apol. 3.
15. Crescens: h.e. 4.16.1—g (quoting Justin, 2 Apol. 8, which paints a merciless portrait); see FOTC 19, 243ff. and n. §). Cf. Tatian, Apel. 19; also, A.
G. Hamman, "Essai de chronologie de la vie et des ceuvres de Justin," AugR 35 (1995): 231-39.
16. See Acts of Justin, in H. Musurillo, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs (Oxford, 1972), 42-61; G. Lazzati, "Gli atti di S. Giustino martire," Aevum
27 (1953): 473-97; G. A. Bisbee, "The Ads of Justin Martyr: A Form-Critical Study," SecCent 3 (1983): 120-57.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 196-219 — Dr, 55-56, 58-64, 74~76 — TLG 0645 — CPG 1078-8g — Cath 6, 1325-28, P-Th. Camelot — DSp 8, 1640—47, C. Kannengiesser,
A. Solignac — EEC 1%, 64%7-50, T. Stylianopoulos — EECh 1, 462-64, R. ].
ST. JEROME
De Simone — LThK 5, 1225-26, K Gross — LThK 5% 1112-13, S. Heid — NCE 8, 94-95, H. Chadwick — TRE 1%, 4718, O. Skarsaune — Gestalien
1, 51-68, C. P. Bammel — Dihle, Gregk and Latin, 300-303
XXIV. MELITO THE BISHOP
B ELITO of the province of Asia, bishop of Sardis,' presented to the emperor Marcus Antoninus Verus,? who 4| was a disciple of the orator Fronto,? a volume in defense of Christian dogma.* 2. He also wrote other volumes,® among which were the following:
On the Pasch,® two books; On the Life of the Prophets," one book; On the Church, one book; On Sunday, one book; On Faith, one book; On Creation, one book; On the Senses, one book; On the Soul and the Body, one book; On Baptism,?® one book; On Truth, one book; On the Birth of Christ, one book; On His Prophecy, one book; On duokeviq, Hospitality, one book, and another book entitled, The Key; On the Devil, one book; On the Apocalypse of John, one book, and TV mepl évowpdTov Oeol, On the Incarnation of God, one book, and six books of Extracts.'
3. Tertullian, in the seven books which he wrote against the church in favor of Montanus, ' derides his elegant and declama-
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
tory style, saying that he was thought of as a prophet by most of us Christians.
NOTES 1. See Eus., h.e. 4.26. For Sardis, cf. G. M. A. Hanfmann, Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times. Archacological Exploration, 1958-1975 (Cambridge,
Mass., 1983).
2. Usually called Marcus Aurelius; cf. h.e. 4.13.8.
8. Cornelius Fronto, consul in 148, and teacher of rhetoric to Marcus Aurelius. He denounced Christian morality (cf. Minucius Felix, Oct. 9.6,
81.2). See P. Frassinetti, "L'orazione di Frontone contro i cristiani," Géorn RalFil 2 (1049): 258-54.
4. Defense: CPG 1093 (1-2). Cf. W. Schneemelcher, "Histoire du salut et empire romain. Méliton de Sardes et 'Etat," BLE 75 (1974): 81-g8; K.
Aland, "The Relation between Church and State in Early Times. A Reinterpretation," JTAS 19 (1968): 115-21.
5. Jerome merely reproduces the list in Eus., h.e. 4.26.2, missing one.
6. CPG 1093 (4); h.¢. 4.26.2 mentions Td Tlepl Tod Ildoxa 8bo, a work known to Clement of Alexandria, according to A.e. 6.13.9. For text and trans.: Méito of Sandis. "On Pascha" and Fragments, ed. and trans. S. G. Hall,
OECT (Oxford, 1979). See also B. Pseutogka, " 'H els 16 dyov wdoxa ople Tod WeudoummodiTou €lvar TO wpdTor BAlor Tod Ilepl Tldoxa
Supepols €pyou Tol Mehitawos?" Kler 3 (1971): 26-65. For bibliographical surveys, cf. H. Drobner, "15 Jahre Forschung zu Melito von Sardes
(1965-1980)," VigChr 36 (1982): 313-38 (93 titles); M. Frenschkowski, BBKL 5 (1993): 1219-28; R. M. Mainka, "Melito von Sardes. Eine bibliographische Ubersicht," Cleretianum 5 (1965): 22555 (101 titles to 1964);
F. Mendoza Ruis, "Estato actual de la investigacion sobre la Homilia acerca de la Pascua, atribuida a Meliton de Sardes," Scripta Theol
(1969):
475-82. See also C. Bonner, The Homily on the Passion by Melito, Bishop of Sardis, SD 12 (London, 1940; Ann Arbor Microfilms, 1981); Mélion de
Sardes, "Sur la Pique" a fragments, ed. O. Perler, SC 123 (1966); M. Testuz, Papyrus Bodmer XIII. Méliton de Sardes, Homélie sur la Pdque (Geneva, 1960).
4. De vita prophaarum abbreviates h.e. 4.26.2: Tlepl molTelas kal wpodtiTww, On Christian Life and the Prophds.
8. R. M. Grant, "Melito of Sardis on Baptism," VagChr 4 (1950): 33—36.
9. Extracts: Quoted in h.e. 4.26.12. See CPG 1093(3).
10. De exstasi, CPL g1b.
REFERENCES
Q 1, 242-48 — Dr, 70472 — TLG 1495 — CPG
1, 1092-98 — CPL: cf.
202; 1658 — Cath 8, 112629, J. Liébaert — DHGE 24, 86-87 — DSp 10, 979-g0, O. Perler — EEC 2%, 745-46, D. M. Scholer — EECh 1, 551, A.
ST. JEROME
Hamman — LThK %, 258-59, J. Quasten — LThK 7°, 86-87, S. G. Hall — NCE g, 631-32, G. Racle — Dihle, Greek and Laiin, 302
XXV. THEOPHILUS THE BISHOP
2. Also ascribed to him are
y""wid HEOPHILUS, THE SIXTH BISHOP of the church of '\L%'
Antioch,! in the reign of the emperor Marcus AntoniLWl nus Verus,? composed a book, Against Marcion, which survives down to the present day. three volumes, To Autolycus,? one volume, Against the Heresy of Hermogenes,* and other short, elegant tracts which pertain to the edification of the church.®
I also have read Commentaries on the Gospel® and on The Proverbs of Solomon" ascribed to his authorship, which do not seem to me to match the elegance and style of the previous volumes.
NOTES 1. Eus., h.e. 4.20, and Chron., a.D. 169. For works of Theophilus, see h.e.
4.24; also R. M. Grant, "Theophilus Antiochenus," in Catalogus translationum & commentariorum: Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries. Annolated Lists and Guides, Vol. 2, ed. P. Kristeller and F. E. Cranz
{Washington, D.C., 1971), 285-387.
2. On the date, see R. M. Grant, Gresk Apologists, 143.
8. Ad Autolyeum: CPG 1104. Edidons: G. Bardy (trans. ]. Sender, from Maran), Théophile d'Antioche: Trois livves
& Autolycus, SC 20 (Paris, 1948). See also Theophdus of Antioch. Ad Autolycum, ed. and trans. R. M. Grant, OECT
{Oxford, 1970); M. Marcovich, Tatians Oratio ad Graecos. Theophili Antiochens ad Autolycum, PTS 43—44 (Berlin and New York, 1905).
4. Against Hermogenes: F. Bolgiani, "Sullo scritto perduto di Teofilo d* Antiochia Contro Ermogene," Paradoxos Politeis, FS G. Lazzati (1979), 77-118.
5. Eus., h.e. 4.24, says, Bifla kamnxriTuca.
6. CPG 1108: Fragmenta ¢ Commentarits (apud Hieronymum, Epist. 121) =
CSEL 56, 25—26.
4. Prov. Salom.: Quoted at h.e. 1.2.2.
ON ILLUSTRIOUS MEN
REFERENCES
Q 1, 236—42 — Dr, §5-56 — TLG 17725 — EEC 22, 1122, F. W. Norris — CPG 110%7—-9 — Cath 14, 111318, P. M. Humbaert
— EECh ¢, 831—32, P.
Nautin — LThK 10, 88-89, R. Gogler — NCE 14, 72, M. Whittaker — C.
Burini, Gi apologeti Greei, CTP 5o (Rome) — Dihle, Greek and Latin, 3023
XXVI. APOLLINARIS THE BISHOP
1 POLLINARIS, BISHOP of Hierapolis in Asia,! lived during the reign of the emperor Marcus Antoninus Verus? and presented to him an excellent work, In Defense of the Faith of the Christians.?
2. There are also extant of his, Against the Pagans,* five books, and On Truth,® two books, and Against the Cataphrygians® [one volume], from the time when Montanus was beginning his error, with his crazy prophetesses, Prisca and Maximilla."
NOTES 1. Eus,, h.e. 4.21, 4.26.1, and 4.2%.
2.i.e., Marcus Aurelius, 161-180.
3. h.e 4.26.1, 4.27.1. Its date is 176 or 1%7. See also h.e. 5.5.4 and Barnes, C. and E., 137.
4. h.e. 4.27.1; Grant, Greek Apologists, go.
5. h.e 4.27.1, which adds, "Books One and Two, Against the Jews"; f.
Grant, Greek Apologists, 86-8+.
6. Cataphrygas. h.e. 4.2'7.1. On Montanism see D.
E. Groh, EEC 22, +778-80, and Williams, "The Origins of the Montanist Movement: A Sociological Analysis," Religion 19 (1989): 331-51.
7. he. 4.277.1, where they are merely "false prophetesses." Cf. Jerome, Comm. in Naum prophetam, Prol.: "insanis vatibus," PL 25, 1232; also, Comm. in Abacuc, where good sense is contrasted with "nec in morem insanientium feminarum dat sine mente sonum," PL 25, 1274, quoted in R. E.
Heine, ed., The Montanist Oracles and Testimonia, PatMS 14 (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1989), 156. See M. Y. MacDonald, Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (Cambridge University Press, 1996).