Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
In the following listings, PL (Patrologia latina) stands for J. P.
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Aristotle. Opera, ed. Academia Regia Borussica, 5 vols. in 6 (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1831-70).
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Augustine, St.
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Aquinas's Shorter Summa De doctrina christiana (PL, XXXIV).
Epistolae (PL, XXXIII).
De Genesi ad litteram (PL, XXXIV).
De haeresibus (PL, XLII).
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Busse, A. (ed.). Porphyrius, Isagoge et in Categorias commentarium (in Commentaria in Aristotelem graeca, 23 vols. [Berlin:
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Bibliography Diels, H. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 vols. (Berlin:
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Empedocles. Fragment 126. See Diels.
Gilbert de la Porrée.
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Gregory the Great, St.
Dialogi (PL, LXXVII).
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In epistolam primam ad Corinthios (PG, LX]).
In Matthaeum (PG, LVII).
John Damascene, St. De fide orthodoxa (PG, XCIV).
Julian of Toledo. Prognosticon (PL, XCVI).
Aquinas's Shorter Summa Lactantius. Divinae institutiones (PL, V1).
Leo the Great, St.
Epistolae (PL, LIV).
Sermones (PL, LIV).
Leo II, St. Epistolae (PL, XCVI).
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Mansi, J. D. Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 53 vols. in 60 (Paris, Arnhem, and Leipzig: Welter,
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Origen. Peri archon (PG, XI). Also known as De principiis.
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Ex typographia Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1916).
Plato. Opera, ed. J. Burnet, 5 vols. in 6 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900-1907 and later reprintings).
Porphyry. Isagoge: De specie. See Busse.
Pseudo-Chrysostom. In evangelium Matthaei (PG, LVI).
Pseudo-Dionysius. See Dionysius, the Pseudo-Areopagite.
Pseudo-Origen. See Hippolytus.
Scotus, John Duns. Opera omnia, 26 vols. (Paris: Vivés, 1891-95).
Strabo, Walafrid. Glossa ordinaria (PL, CXIII and CXIV).
Tertullian.
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De anima (PL, II).
Theodore of Mopsuestia. Fragmentum de Incarnatione (PG, LXVI).
Bibliography Theophylact. In evangelium Marci (PG, CXXIII).
Thomas Aquinas, St.
Opera omnia, ed. E. Fretté and P. Maré, 34 vols. (Paris:
Vivés, 1871-80).
Opera omnia, iussu edita Leonis XIII, Vols. -XV (Rome:
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INDEX
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Index Accident, composition of subject with, Christ's body derived from, 268 25-26 merit and repentance of, 227 Accidents necessity of dying incurred by, 223,
absent in God, 25 incompatible with infinite preexistence in, 269 perfection, 25 unable to restore nature, 227, 229 Act Adoration of the Holy Spirit, 43-44 Agent intellect, the first, 31 and note, 65 God as first, 64-65 God as pure, 14, 16, 22 Averroists on unicity of, 85 function of, 77-78, 85, 88 limited by potency, 21 inherent in essence of the soul, 86 meaning of, 76 note of love, 42 multiplied according to number of relation of potency to, 31, 64, 87 men, 85 second, 31 and note necessity of, 77-78 two ways of reducing potency to, 115 powerless to actuate intellect for Action beatitude, 115-116 defect in voluntary, 124-125, 130 relation of possible intellect to, evil in, 130 meaning of voluntary, 130 77-78, 85, 87 united to man as form, 85 morality of, 127 Agility of the glorified body, 189 principle of violent, 130 Alteration absent in heavenly bodies, theandric, 250 10-11 Ambrose (St.) on the power of prayer, Activity defectibility of creatures', 124 341-342 Analogy between God and creatures, 28 Anaxagoras on intelligence liberated of rational creatures aided by grace,
in risen man, 183 from matter, 20-21 two kinds in Christ, 250 Angels twofold principle of, 124 Adam. See also First Man capable of sinning, 210
Aquinas's Shorter Summa on beatitude, 355 Christ as head of, 258 on fate, 156 the divine essence seen by, 141 "evening knowledge" of, 265 on Heaven, 360 on imaginary vision, 47 glory of the good, 210 on knowing God, 348 government by, 137 on the Lord's Prayer, 350 guardian, 140 hierarchy among, 138-141 on prayer in common, 342 on the Resurrection, 310 incapable of restoring man, 229 "morning knowledge" of, 265 on saints, 345 on the theological virtues, 4 natural light of, 144 punishment of the bad, 210 Averroes on form, 173 and note, 174 rank and order among, 138-141 Averroists on the unicity of the agent intellect, superior to man in intelligence, 144
ways of understanding among, on the unity of the possible intel138-141 Apollinarian error on the Incarnation, lect, 82 and note Avicenna on multiplicity, 112 235-236 Archangels, 140 Beatific Vision, the. See also Beatitude;
Arian error on the Incarnation, 233-235 Vision of God banishment of evil in, 363 Aristotle on the action of the intellect as life,
in Christ, 261-262, 264, 266-267,
on the four elements, 14 on good and evil as contraries, 127 confirmation in good in, 186, 201 on intelligible species, 40 degrees of perfection of, 119, 141, on possibility and potentiality, 106
on the relation of phantasm to everlasting, 364-365 intellect, 82 fruition of natural desire in, 118-119 fullness of joy in, 362 on virtue, 197 Articles of Faith immutability of intellect and will in,
on Christ's conception and birth, 273-274 the Incarnation as ideal of, 230 on divine perfections, 33-34 union with God in, 357-359 on effects of divine government, Beatitude. See also Beatific Vision; Vision
165-166 of God on eternal reward, 211 attained by virtue, 197-198, 228 on the Incarnation, 233 knowledge necessary for salvation Augustine on, 355-356 essentially in intellectual act, in, 3 119-120 the number of, 328 flowing from soul to body, 189, 203,
on the Resurrection, 183 on the Son as consubstantial with found only in the Beatific Vision, the Father, 38-39 121, 357-359 Ascension of Christ, 312 of God, 119 Augustine, St. incompatible with sin, 228 aI
Index of intellect and will, 199 cause of formation of, 270-271, 274-275 man's consummation in, 168 natural desire for, 116 error of Valentinus about, 239-240,
prior to the Resurrection, 205 ultimate end called, 119 formation of, 269, 271 impassible and immortal after the through union with God, 355, 357-359 Resurrection, 306 Beauty of the glorified body, 189 incorrupt in the grave, 302 Manichaean error about, 238, 273 Belief. See Faith Blessed Virgin Mary, the the matter of, 268-269 conformed to her Son, 278-279 the Passion as regards, 295-296 reality of, 239-240 free from concupiscence, 274-275,
Boethius eternity defined by, 13-14 free from sin, 274-275, 278-281 fullness of spiritual gifts in, 274-275, on fate, 155 278-281 Burial of Christ, the, 302 grace of, 280-281 Cause mother of Christ, 275 mother of God, 275, 277 of diversity in things, 66-67, 111-113 God as first, 63-64 and Original Sin, 279 and note, 280-281 particular, 65 of plurality in things, 66-67, 111-113 perpetual virginity of, 274, 281-283 purity of, 278, 280-281 universal, 65 redeemed by Christ, 279 Body Chance, 154 Change, nature of, 104-106 Charity. See also Love composition in, 20 God not a, 20 God not a form or force in a, 20-21 of Christ, 290 necessity of, 4 order of, 347 incapable of moving unless moved, in souls in Purgatory, 209
incorruptibility of the risen, 187 union with God through, 255, 357 loss of supernatural disposition by Cherubim, 139 Christ. See also Humanity of Christ; human, 171 Son of God; Word of God original disposition conferred on human, 170-171, 217 as comprehensor, 296, 307 ascension of, 312-313 originally subjected to the soul, 217 qualities of the glorified, 188-189 Beatific Vision of, 262, 264-267, 295 born of a virgin, 274-275 reunion with the soul, 169-170 burial of, 302 separation from the soul, 170-171 causality of death and resurrection the soul as form of, 84, 188, 353 of, 311 the soul's resumption of the same, charity of, 290 171-172 controversy on filiation in, 251-253 subjected to the soul, 187, 353 dead three days, 292-293, 304-306 union between soul and, 84 Body of Christ, the death of, 289-293 B93
Aquinas's Shorter Summa patience of, 291 defects assumed by, 283-287, perfection of grace and wisdom in, 295-296, 302 253-254 descent into hell, 303 one person in, 245-248 distinction of natures in, 236, prayer of, 301-302 245-248, 277-278 qualities of the risen, 306 divinity of, 241, 246, 249 reasons for death of, 289-291 exaltation of, 312-313 remission of sins by death of, 311 one existence in, 249 experimental knowledge in, 266-267 reparation of human nature by, 228, 289, 296 the firstborn of the risen, 311 resurrection of. See Resurrection of fortitude of, 290 Christ fullness of grace in, 254-259 reward of humiliation of, 312-313 fullness of wisdom in, 261-262, salvation taught by, 3 264-267 two generations of, 249 seated at the Father's right hand, SHS, Sef the grace of headship in, 258,
singular grace of, 256, 258, 261 sorrow of, 298-300 the grace of union in, 256, 258 one suppositum in, 245-248 habitual grace in, 256-257 as teacher, 3-4, 349 head of the angels, 258 head of the Church, 258 theandric action of, 250 Holy Spirit is not the father of, three substances united in, 241, 246,
277-278 hope through, 342 threefold grace in, 258 union of two natures in one person, humiliation of, 312 245, 247-248, 256 infinite value of sufferings of, 297 infinitude of grace in, 259-261 unity in, 249-250 infused knowledge of, 266 as viator, 296 two intellects in, 249 vicarious satisfaction offered by, as judge, 315-317, 321 283-284, 289, 291 kinds of knowledge in, 261-262, virtue of, 290-291 264-267 voluntary character of death of, two kinds of activity in, 250 293-295 Cherubim, 141 the last day known by, 319-320 man's twofold life restored by, two wills in, 249 309-311 twofold wisdom in, 261 merit of, 296-297, 306, 311 the mother of, 275-277. See also Church, the Blessed Virgin Mary Christ as head of, 258 multiplicity in, 249-250 congregation of the faithful, 166 mysteries known. by, 266-267 Clarity of the glorified body, 189 Communication two natures in, 245, 249, 261 obedience of, 291 of divine goodness to creatures, 67, passibility of soul of, 297-300 112, 136 Passion of, 295-301 of existence by God, 63, 146
Index Comprehension defectibility in activity of, 124 Beatific Vision as, 185, 361 dependent on the Creator, 106 end of intellectual, 115-117, 120 of God by creatures, 119, 185, 264 Conception happiness not in, 121, 353, 355 of Christ, 273, 278-279 insecurity of goodness of, 123-124 lower ruled by higher, 136 intellectual, 36-37 Concupiscence participated goodness of, 122-123 relation of God to, 106, 146-147 Mary free from, 274-275, 280-281 renovation limited to some, 190-192 nature of, 281 ultimate end of, 110-111, 122, 136 resulting from the first sin, 222 Confidence in God, 338 Cross, death of Christ on the, 291-292 Culpa, 131 Conservation by God, 146-147 Contemplation of all things by God, 149 Contingency Cyprian, St. on the Lord's Prayer, 351 on public prayer, 341 compatible with Divine Providence, 157-158 Death of some effects, 156 Contingent futures known by God, 151, of Christ, 289-293 corruption of the body in, 172
Contraries, good and evil as, 127 first man's freedom from, 217-218 Contrariety, corruption through, 79 incurred by the first man, 223, 306 Corporeity, meaning of, 175 natural and not natural, 170-171 Corruptibility, of composite beings, 79 twofold in man, 309-310 Death of Christ Corruption causality of, 311 absent in heavenly bodies, 10 on the Cross, 291 per accidens, 79 lasting three days, 293, 305 Creation end of, 66-67, 110-111, 122 reasons for, 289-291 voluntary, 293-295 finality in, 109-110 Defect God's freedom in act of, 100-101 in activity of creatures, 124-125, 130 immediate, 99-100, 112 in voluntary action, 125 for man, 167 Defects assumed by Christ, 283-287, nature of, 65, 106 295-296, 302 from nothing, 64-65, 99-100 Definition of God impossible, 27 possible for God alone, 65 Degree power required for, 65 diversity according to, 67-68 of the soul, 276, 278 among intellectual beings, 73 through God's Son, 101 in intellectual operation, 73 in time, 103 in perfection of the Beatific Vision, Creator, the 119, 141, 263 belief in, 65, 100 dependence of creatures on, 106 Delight accompanying attainment of last Creatures end, 120 assimilated to divine goodness, in apprehension of suitable good, 186 110-111, 113-114
Aquinas's Shorter Summa Divine persons, the. See also Trinity Desire, natural. See Natural desire distinction among, 49 Deus derived from Theos, 33 nature of relations among, 49 Devil, the notions of, 54-55 number of, 51-52 number of properties attributed to, Eve seduced by, 220 lying promises of, 220-221 man's allegiance to, 223
Difference. See Specific difference Divine properties Dionysius (Pseudo-Areopagite) dependence of hypostases on, 58 on acquisition of knowledge, 141 distinction between notional acts on angels, 139-140 on beatific knowledge, 359 and, 60 on knowledge from senses, 265 not externally affixed, 62 identical with the divine essence, 61 on theandric action, 251 meaning of, 54-55 number of personal, 57 Disposition for attainment of truth, 118 originally conferred on human body, personal acts and, 59-60, 222 Divine properties, 53-62 170-171, 217 Divinity of Christ, 241, 246, 249 Distinction between essence and existence, Dominations (angels), 139 15-16, 64 among intellectual beings, 73 Ebionite error about the Incarnation, 23 e273: of natures in Christ, 236-237, 246-248, 277 Effects Distinction in God contingent, 156 between notional acts and of the first sin, 222 properties, 60 God's contact with His, 151 produced by God, 63 through relations, 46-50 Diversity Elements, the cause of, 66-67, 111-113 generation of, 21 in degree and order, 67-68 incorruptibility of, 192 in forms, 68 produced by creation, 99 Divine essence. See Essence of God renovation of, 190 Empedocles on the resurrection of man, Divine goodness, the appropriated to Holy Spirit, 166 172 and note assimilation of creatures to, 111, End. See also Purpose 113-114 communication of, 67, 112, 136 achieved by activity, 124 of action and movement in as end of action in creatures, 113-115 creatures, 113-115 essential, 122, 136 of creation, 110, 122, 136 and the permission of evil, 159-160 eternal life as ultimate, 168, 197 in restoring man, 228-229 extrinsic to creatures, 122 represented in creatures, 67, 111 final perfection in attainment of, 169 as ultimate end, 110, 122, 136 of intellectual creatures, 115-117, Divine perfections imitated by creatures,
67, 111 of man, 168, 348
Index of material nature, 167 Eternity natural desire for last, 116 obtained through grace, 162 consummation of man in, 168 in contact with time, 150 defined by Boethius, 13-14 source of goodness in, 122 Equivocal generation, 39 and note of God, 11 Equivocation, 28 of matter controverted, 104-107 Essence of motion controverted, 102-104 distinct from existence in creatures, Eutychian error on union of Christ's 15-16, 64 natures, 236-238 not distinct from existence in God, Eve 15-16 seduced by the devil, 220-221 God's existence in all things by, 151 sin of, 221 God's infinity according to, 21-22 Everlasting existence of God, 12-13 signified by definition, 174 Evil. See also Sin vision of God in His, 185, 358. in actions, 130 See also Vision of God banished from heaven, 363-365 the cause of, 158-160 Essence of God corruptive of good, 128 comprehended by God alone, 119, 185, 361 Divine Providence and, 158 founded in good, 128-129, 158 direct object of divine intelligence, God's goodness and the permission
of, 159-160 identical with God, 15 impossibility of essential, 128-129 identical with God's existence, 16 identical with God's intelligence, meaning of, 125, 130 nonexistence as, 126 31-32 not a first principle, 129 identical with God's will and willnot a nature, 126 ing, 33, 36 obstinacy in, 201-202, 209-210 identical with relative properties, 61 of punishment, 131. See also individuated by itself, 18 Punishment infinitely knowable, 119, 264, 361 of sin, 131. See also Sin joined to intellect in Beatific Vision, as specific difference, 127 117-118, 185, 358-359 knowable by created intellect, two kinds of, 130 Existence 117-118 cause of, 63-64, 146 last end in vision of, 116, 120 principle of all knowledge, 118 continuously conferred by God, 146-147 simplicity of, 44 distinct from essence in creatures, as species in God's understanding, 30 15-16, 64 unity of, 44 unknowable through species, not distinct from essence in God, 16 everlasting, 68 117-118, 356-357 as object of desire, 16 Eternal life one in Christ, 249 attained by virtue, 197-198 produced in creatures by God, 63 consummation of man in, 168, 197 temporal, 68 fruition of, 211
Aquinas's Shorter Summa First man, the. See also Adam Existence of God commands laid on, 220 in all things, 151 death and suffering incurred by, 223, everlasting, 12
harmony among faculties of, 217-218 faith in the, 9 identical with God's essence, 16 immortality and impassibility of, knowable by reason, 9 217-218 necessity of, 11-12 originally subject to God, 217 proofs of, 9 peccability of, 218, 220 sin of, 221-222 Faculties, human First mover, the influenced by bodily modifications, act without potency in, 21
not a form or a force in a body, 20 original subjection of the lower, 217-218 God as, 9 immobility of, 10-11 radicated in the essence of the soul, 89, 298 intelligence of, 29 First philosophy, 24 rebellion of, 222 varied knowledge in, 24-25 First principle Faith. See also Articles of Faith evil not a, 129 Beatific Vision anticipated in, 4-5 natural understanding of, 41 Form in Christ's humanity, 4-5, 215 active power of, 22 content of, 4-5 in God's existence, 9 Averroes on, 173 and note composition of matter with, 48 in the Incarnation, 268 difference between substantial and nature of, 4-5, 333 necessity of, 4 accidental, 89 diversity in, 68 in the Trinity, 4-5 Fatalism, error of, 343 as end of generation, 110 Fate existence of matter received from, 66, 68 Augustine on, 156 the erroneous notion of, 155 incorporeal substances not nature of, 155 composed of matter and, 68-69 Fatherhood, essence of, 277 intelligible. See Intelligible species Fatum derived from fari, 155 limited by matter, 21 Fault multiplication of, 19, 66 in evil action, 130, 224 nature of accidental, 89 in voluntary action, 130 nature of substantial, 89 Filiation perfection derived from, 22 in Christ, 251-253 perfections conferred by substantial, as property of the Son of God, 53, 60 92-94 First act, 31 and note the soul as ultimate and complete, 95 First cause, the subject of substantial, 175 dependence of second causes on, 146 subsistent, 47-48 natural desire for knowledge of, unity of substantial, 81, 89-90, 175 116-117 Fortitude of Christ, 290
Index corrupted by evil, 128 Fortuitous events, 154 Freedom of choice deficiency in particular, 186 in intellectual substances, 72 definition of, 352 judgment required for, 72 delight in apprehension of, 186 desired by all intellectual beings, 72 object of, 200 requisite for obedience, 161 evil founded in, 129 existence as, 126 Generation of intellectual nature, 199-200 absent in heavenly bodies, 10 as lovable, 41-42 active, 60 meaning of, 125, 352 in animals, 46-47 as object of the will, 124 Goodness. See also Perfection cessation after the resurrection, 177 among elements, 21 in act, 126 end of natural, 120 as cause of love, 186 equivocal, 39 and note essential, 122, 136 God the essence of, 362-363 form as end of, 110 in God, 37-38 participated by, 122-123, 136 in potency, 126 influenced by heavenly bodies, 39 and note as substratum of evil, 128-129 Goodness of God. See Divine goodness Government passive, 60 process of, 94 by higher creatures, 136-137 twofold in Christ, 249 ultimate end of, 194 of the world by God, 135-136, 147 Grace univocal, 42 Genus activity of rational creatures derivation of, 92 God not a, 17-18 God not under, 16-17 aided by, 161 of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 279-281 cause of, 229 Gilbert de la Porrée Christ's habitual, 256, 259-261 on divine properties, 62 conveyed from Christ to men, 257 Glorified body, qualities of the, 188-189 divine adoption conferred by, 339-340 Glory of God, the fullness in Christ, 254-259 prayer for, 351-352 God the Father God's Providence over man by, 161-163 properties of, 53, 60 pratuity of, 162, 227, 254-255 relation of the Word to, 37 habitual, 256-257 Son equal to, 38, 41 God the Holy Spirit. See Holy Spirit God the Son: properties of, 53, 60. of headship in Christ, 258, 261 the Holy Spirit author of, 271 See also Christ; Son of God; Word of God incompatible with sin, 163-164 infinity of Christ's, 259-261 knowledge of God through, 348 Good light of, 162 as specific difference, 127 Original Justice a gift of, 227-228 confirmed in Beatific Vision, 186, perfect in Christ, 253
Aquinas's Shorter Summa indirect influence on intellect, 143 reasons for name of, 162, 254 influence on generation, 39 and note remission of sins through, 163-164 perpetual existence of, 191 singular in Christ, 256, 258, 261 produced by creation, 99 supernatural, 162 threefold in Christ, 258 purpose of motion of, 194 Hell two kinds of, 254-255 two meanings of, 162, 254 Christ's descent into, 303 passions ungratified in, 202 of union, 258 spiritual and corporal punishment the will attached to God by, 253 in, 205 Gregory of Nyssa, St. on good example, 350 the sufferings in, 199, 203, 205 Hellfire on the need of detachment, 340 action of, 204, 206 Gregory the Great, St.
Gregory the Great on, 207 on angels, 139 the soul and corporeal, 206-207 on Christ's resurrection, 305 Helvidius, error about Mary's virginity, on Hellfire, 207
Hierarchy Habits moral, 127 among angels, 138-141 of ends, 166-167 permanence of, 201 Holiness Habitual intellect, 78 Happiness. See also Beatific Vision; concept of, 43 Beatitude of the Spirit in God, 43 attained by virtue, 197-198, 228 Holy Spirit, the not found in creatures, 353-354 adoration of, 43-44 natural desire for, 352-353 opposed to wretchedness, 198 author of grace, 271 not Christ's Father, 278 in reunion of soul with body, divine goodness appropriated to, 166 formation of Christ's body attributed 169-170 in the vision of God, 186 Heaven. See also Beatific Vision; Vision to, 270-271 as lifegiver, 165 of God Augustine on, 360 procession of, 44, 51, 166 property of, 53, 60 Hope evil absent in, 363 perfect peace in, 364 Heavenly bodies through Christ, 342 of eternal inheritance, 339 fostered by the Lord's Prayer, 337 cessation of motion in, 192-194 change of place in, 69 nature of, 346 circulatory motion of, 75, 193 necessity of, 4, 333, 338 objects of, 346-347 control of lower bodies by, 142, 145 function in moving lower bodies, 10, prayer and, 334-336, 338-339
virtue of, 347 Humanity of Christ generation absent in, 10 immutability of, 123-124 excellence of, 253 incorruptibility of, 10, 69, 79 faith in the, 4-5, 215
Index instrument of divinity, 250, 253 and the perfection of the universe, 68-69 produced by creation, 100 kinds of knowledge in the, 261-262, 264-267 passibility of the, 285-287, 289, 295 the supremacy of, 71 Humiliation of Christ, 312 Incorruptibility Hypostasis, meaning of, 45, 50, 243-245, of the bodies of the damned, 203
of the elements, 192 of heavenly bodies, 10, 69, 79 Immaterial substances. See Incorporeal of the human soul, 79, 191 substances Immensity of God, 22 of incorporeal substances, 68-69 of the intellect, 79 of the risen body, 188 Immobility of God, 10, 347 Immortality of risen man, 176 Inferiority of man's intellectual nature, of the first man, 217-218 recovered through Christ, 304 73-74, 76 Infinity after the Resurrection, 176, 218 Immutability of God's activity, 101 of Christ's grace, 259-261 Impassibility of the glorified body, 189 of God, 21-22, 114-115 of God's power, 22, 65 Imperfection absent in God's infinity, 22, 347 negative, 21 by privation, 21 of infinity in quantities, 22 of natural knowledge, 349 in quantities, 21-22 of rational nature, 114 relation of perfection to, 23, 63 Impossibility of defining God, 27 of sin, 209 Innascibility as property of the Father,
Imputation of free acts, 161 53, 60 Incarnation, the. See also Christ Intellect of God Ebionite error about, 231, 273 erroneously explained by accidental identical with the divine will, 32 perfection of, 149-150 union, 241-242, 247 error of Apollinaris about, 235 Intellect, the. See also Agent intellect; error of Arius about, 233-235 Possible intellect in act, 71, 78 error of Eutyches about, 236 beatitude essentially in the act of, error of Nestorius about, 232-233, 119-120 242-243 cause of its own judgment, 72 error of Photinus about, 231, 274 darkened by sin, 223 ideal of the Beatific Vision, 230 man restored through, 229 different kinds of, 75, 144 divine essence knowable by created, man's need of, 229-230 117-118 purpose of, 3, 229-230, 253 habitual, 78 refutation of errors about, 231-240 salvation through belief in, 268 immutable in the Beatific Vision,
teaching of Faith about, 233, incorruptibility of, 79 241-242 independent of bodily organ, 47, 74, Incorporeal substances
intellectual nature of, 71
Aquinas's Shorter Summa freedom from matter as cause of, 29 indirectly influenced by heavenly through species, 30 bodies, 143 Intelligence of God joined to divine essence in beatiactual, 29-30, 149 tude, 117-118, 185, 357-359 demonstration of, 28-29 natural potency of, 115, 266 direct object of, 30 nature of human, 22, 73-74, 144-145 not discursive, 30 not directly controlled by heavenly through divine essence, 30, 149 bodies, 142, 145 identical with the divine essence, perfected by the light of glory, 118 31-32 perfectibility of, 74, 144 reduced from potency to act, 75, 144 Intelligible in act, the, 71 Intelligible species relation of phantasm to, 82, 87-88, abstracted from phantasm, 82, 87-88
as actual concept in possible as species of species, 114-115 as substance, 79 and note intellect, 82 superior to matter, 79, 167 intelligence and, 73 possible intellect perfected by, 78 superior to sense, 73-74 as potential concept in phantasm, truth as form of, 117-118 82, 87-88 twofold in Christ, 249 received in the possible intellect, 76 universals comprehended by, 74 Intellectual abstraction Intentio intellecta, 48 divine properties removed by, 58 two kinds of, 58 Jesus. See Christ John Chrysostom, St.
Intellectual conception, 36 on elevation of mind in prayer, 343 Intellectual likeness, 48 and note on the Lord's Prayer, 351 Intellectual nature, inferiority of man's,
73-74, 76 John Damascene, St. on defects assumed by Christ, 287 Intellectual operation, order and degree prayer defined by, 346 in, 73 Intellectual substances. See also Angels;
Joseph, St., 281-282 Soul, the Judge, Christ as, 315-317, 321 Judgment distinction among, 73 by Christ during present life, 317 eminence of, 73, 142 free from matter, 71 general, 318, 321 freedom of choice in, 72 government by, 137 given to the Son, 317-319, 321 the Last, 318-319, 321 order and degree among, 73 man's ignorance of the time of, 319, Intellectus agens, 76 note. See also Agent
intellect place of the, 325-326 Intellectus in habitu, 78 procedure of the, 324-326 Intellectus possibilis, 76 note. See also role of the saints in, 326-328 Possible intellect three phases in process of, 322-324 Intelligence. See also Understanding universality of the, 321-324 angels superior to man in, 144 Justice, divine discursive, 30 and eternal punishment, 209-210
Index satisfaction for sin demanded by, goods and ills of present, 199 229, 283, 285 restored by Christ, 309-310 Justice, Original. See Original Justice resurrection to new, 176 Justification attributed to Christ's twofold in man, 309-310 Light of glory, 118 resurrection, 311 Light of grace, 162 Kingdom of God Likeness to God attained through grace, 352 attainment of, 118 participated by creatures, 68, 71, 136 desire of the, 352, 365 possibility of attaining the, 352, 366 Knower, relation of object known to, Lord's Prayer, the Augustine on, 350 Chrysostom on, 351 41-42, 356-357 Knowledge Cyprian on, 351 first petition of, 347-349, 351 Christ's experimental, 266-267 Christ's infused, 266 hope fostered by, 337 reason for saying "our Father" in, 341 of contingent futures by God, 151,
second petition of, 352-353, 355-365 of contingent things by God, 150 Loss, punishment of, 199 Love. See also Charity of details by God, 149 act of, 42 of the divine essence by creatures, 117-118 of Christ for men, 290 of the divine mysteries, 266 for God, 347 elevated by grace, 162 of God for rational creatures, 162,
in various faculties, 24 goodness as cause of, 186 about God through nature, 348 about God through revelation, the Holy Spirit as, 42 348-349 necessity of, 4 union with God through, 253, 255, kinds in Christ, 261-262, 264-267 of the last day by Christ, 319-320 Sy venial sin expiated by, 208 limitations of human, 147, 149, 349 "morning" and "evening," 265 in the vision of God, 186, 357, 362 Love in God natural desire for perfect, 116 as Spirit, 42 obstacles to, 143 substantial, 43 perfection of God's, 149-150, 157 Love of God process of intellectual, 36, 71, 143 for Himself, 41-42 promulgation of revealed, 349 for man in the Incarnation, 230 the simultaneousness of God's, for rational creatures, 162 29-30, 150 universality of the, 341 through species, 117 tree of, 220 Man. See also Mankind activity in risen, 183-184 Lactantius, on the day of judgment, adoptive son of God through grace, 324-325
consummation of, 168 Life eternal, 168, 197, 211
Aquinas's Shorter Summa subject of generation and all creation for, 166-167 corruption, 79 first. See Adam; First Man governed by angels, 137 Merit of Christ, 296, 306, 311 integrity of risen, 178-179 gifts exceeding, 255 natural light of, 144 for good actions, 161-162 nature of, 174 nature not reparable by man's, 227 original constitution of, 217-218 Miracles renovation of risen, 189 restored through the Incarnation, 3, not contrary to nature, 153
demonstrative force of, 140, 153 meaning of, 152-153 not satisfied by finite goods, 353 worked through angels, 140 wrought by God alone, 152-153 subject to death, 171 twofold appetite in, 353 Misery twofold life restored by Christ, flowing from punishment of loss, 309-310 199-200 ultimate end of, 168, 348 nature of ultimate, 199-201 unicity of soul in, 89-91 opposed to happiness, 199 unsatisfied by finite goods, 353-354 Manichaean error about Christ's body, Monsters, cause of, 130 238, 273 Mankind. See also Man Moral habits, 127 Morality of actions, 127 deprived of Original Justice, 223 Mortal sin Original Justice for, 219, 223 not forgiven in the next world, 202 unity of, 225 Mary. See Blessed Virgin Mary nature of, 202 punishment in Purgatory for Material goods unable to confer unexpiated, 208 Mortality, conquest of, 176 Mother of God. See Blessed Virgin Mary happiness, 353-354 Matter not the cause of diversity, 66, 112 Motherhood, essence of, 275, 277 Motion. See also Movement of Christ's body, 268-269 composition of form with, 48 cessation of, 168, 192-194 controversy on eternity of, 104-107 definition of, 16, 104 end of local, 120 created from nothing, 64-65, 105 existence received from form, 66 natural, 119 form limited by, 21 origin of, 10 imperfection of infinity in, 22 purpose of, 192, 194 incorporeal substances not question of eternity of, 102-104 composed of form and, 68-69 subject required for, 104 numerical identity in, 173 time caused by, 168 as principle of being in potency, Motive. See End; Purpose Movement. See also Motion 64-65 as principle of individuation, 173 God's existence proved from, 9 receptive power of prime, 22 intellectual, 120 reply to arguments for eternity of, of man to God, 230 106-107 of man's will by God, 144-145
Index against multiplicity of the possible Multiplicity of gods impossible, 18-19 Mysteries, divine intellect, 80-81 against Trinitarian doctrine, 45 known by Christ, 266-267 supernatural knowledge of, 266-267 against unicity of the human soul, 90-91 Objects of hope, 346-347 Order Names of God, 26-28, 33 Natural desire among the angels, 138-141 cessation of, 116, 352-353 diversity according to, 67-68 among intellectual beings, 73 for existence, 16 fruition in the Beatific Vision, 118-119 in intellectual operation, 73 for happiness, 352-353 restored by punishment, 131, 198 Origen, error on the redemption of of knowing God, 116, 348 for reunion of soul with body, 169 Nature devils, 273 Original Justice action of, 172 conferred on human race, 219, 223 gift of grace, 227 corrupted by sin, 225-226 gratuity of, 227 dignity of human, 230 integrity of, 281 evil not a, 126 fault in activity of, 130 sin as privation of, 224-225 God's Providence in keeping with, state of, 219 159, 161 transmission of, 219, 223, 269 Original Sin inferiority of man's intellectual, 73-74, 76 absent in Christ, 269 infinity of rational, 114 knowledge of God through, 348 the Blessed Virgin and, 279 and note, 280 as principle of activity, 124 nature of, 224-226 renovation of material, 189, 194 remission of, 279-280 repaired by Christ, 228 transmission of, 225, 269, 279 sin of. See Original Sin voluntariness of, 224-225 the Son equal to the Father in, 41 Passion of Christ twofold in Christ, 245, 249, 261 in His body, 295-296 Nazarenes, heresy of the, 273 in His soul, 297-300 Necessity of God's existence, 11-12 Passions Nestorius first man's freedom from inordinate, error about the Incarnation,
232-233, 242-243 influence of, 143, 201 error about the Mother of God, 275 Notional acts and notional properties, 60 unleashed by first sin, 222-223 Paternity as property of God the Father,
Notions of the divine persons, 54-55 53, 60 Patience of Christ, 291 Obedience of Christ, 291-292 Peccatum, 131. See also Sin Objections Perfection. See also Goodness against God's particular Providence, derived from form, 22 148-149
Aquinas's Shorter Summa Plurality, cause of, 66-67, 111-113 eminent in God, 23 Porphyry, on the unity of man, 225 evil as privation of, 125 Possible intellect, the final, 169 Averroists on the unity of, 82 in finite beings, 67-68 function of, 76, 78, 85 of God, 23 impossibility of separate existence of God's knowledge, 149-150, 157 of immobility in eternal life, 168 of, 81-82 inherent in the soul's essence, 86 meaning of, 75-76 and note of man's first state, 217-218 original, 169 by participation, 64 multiplied according to the number of men, 81-83 relation of imperfection to, 23, 63, objections against multiplicity of, 91-92 80-81 sought by all beings, 125 perfected by intelligible species, 78 of the universe, 68-69 in potency to intelligibles, 77 of various beings, 91-93 reception of intelligible forms in, 76 in the vision of God, 186 Perfections relation of agent intellect to, 77-78, 85, 87-88 descending from God to creatures, 28 solution of objections against unified in God, 24 multiplicity of, 81-84 Person meaning of, 45, 243, 245 united to man as form, 85-86 Potency (passive) one in Christ, 245-248 act limited by, 21 Persons, divine. See Divine persons; Trinity, the actualized by higher agent, 115-116 Petitions of the Lord's Prayer impossible in God, 14, 347 matter as the principle of being in, the first, 347-349, 351 64-65 the second, 352-365 Petitions, God's power to grant, 342-345
Phantasm natural, 115 receptive power of, 22 reduced to act in two ways, 115 intelligible species derived from, 82, 87-88 relation of act to, 31, 64, 87 Power relation of intellect to, 82, 87-88,
active, 22 Philosopher, the. See Aristotle of God, 22, 65-66 Philosophers, defective knowledge about God's existence in all things by, 151 God among, 35 Philosophy passive, 22 required to create, 65 Power of God first, 24 knowledge about God in, 35 to grant our petitions, 342-343, 345 Photinian error about the Incarnation, infinite, 22, 65 231, 274 Resurrection effected by the, 172, Place
as end of local motion, 120 Powers (angels), 140 presence in, 69 Prayer Plato, on knowledge, 77 of Christ, 301-302
Index for the coming of God's kingdom, meaning of, 135 objections against particular, 148-149
particular, 147-148 conditions for efficacy of, 343 Cyprian on, 341 perfection of, 147 and the permission of evil, 159-160 defined by St. John Damascene, 346 reparation of nature in the plan of, and hope, 334-335, 338-339
for knowledge of God, 347 the Lord's, 337. See also Lord's Prayer in assigning reward and punishment,
necessity of, 334, 338-339 solution of objections against perseverance in, 336 particular, 149-150 power of, 341-342 Predication special over rational beings, 161, 339 about Christ, 248, 292-293 universality of, 135-136 Punishment about God, 27-28 Presence according to works, 197-198, 344-345 God's existence in all things by, degrees of, 132 151-152 eternal, 203-204, 209-210 in place, 69 evil of, 131 Presence of God of the first sin, 222-225 in the action of second causes, 146 in the Beatific Vision, 361-362 of loss, 199-201, 284 medicinal, 131, 198 in all things, 147, 151 Principalities (angels), 139-140 positive, 204, 206, 285 prior to the Resurrection, 205 Principle, God as first, 64-65 in Purgatory, 208 Principles, understanding of first, 41 reason for eternal, 209-210 Privation evil as, 125 retributive, 131, 198 of good as punishment, 131 spiritual and corporal in Hell, 205 as reason for imperfection, 22 variously opposed to the will, 132 Purgatory the substratum of, 129 existence of, 208 Procession punishments of, 208-209 of the Holy Spirit, 44, 166 Purpose. See also End as a property of the Holy Spirit, of creation, 109-111, 122, 136 53-54 of goods and ills of present life, 199 Properties of the Incarnation, 3, 229-230, 253 of the bodies of the damned, 203 of the divine persons. See Divine of motion, 192, 194 Pythagoras on good and evil as genera, persons
Providence compatible with contingency of Qualities things, 157 of the glorified body, 188-189 and evil, 158 of the risen Christ, 306 executed by intermediate causes, Quality of Christ's humanity, 253 136-137, 142, 147 Quantities, imperfection of infinity in, 22 over man by grace, 161-162
Aquinas's Shorter Summa Rank among the angels, 138-141 proofs of, 307-309 reasons for, 304-306 Reason. See also Intellect reward of the Passion, 312-313 original subjection of faculties to, Resurrection, the 217-218 absence of defects in, 179 rebellion of lower faculties against, adjustment of deficiencies, 180, 182 222, 281 Redemption anticipated by Christ, 304, 307 of the Blessed Virgin by Christ, 279 as article of Faith, 183 Augustine on, 310 through Christ's death, 297, 311 beatitude prior to, 205 universality of, 279 of all bodily members, 178 Relation cessation of nutrition and reproof act to potency, 31, 64, 87 of agent intellect to possible duction after, 177-178, 218-219 of Christ. See Resurrection of Christ intellect, 77-78, 85, 87-88 of creatures to God, 106, 146-147 immortality after, 176, 218 integrity of members and quantity of God and creatures to goodness, in, 178, 180
miraculous nature of, 172-175 of higher to lower creatures, 136-137 of object known to knower, 42, 357 to new life, 176 punishment prior to, 205 of perfection to imperfection, 23, 63 of phantasm to intellect, 82, 87-88, restrictions in, 179-180
solution of objections against, 181-182 of soul to body, 84, 188, 353 of the Word to the Father, 37 subjection of body to soul after, 187 Relations in God, 46-50 twofold in man, 310 not accidental, 50 Revelation knowledge of God through, 348-349 Reward names of, 55 number of, 56-58 personal distinction through, 50 according to works, 344-345 subsistent, 50 postponed to the next world, 198 Remission of sin by God alone, 165 Sacraments, faith perfected by the, 337 through grace, 163-164 Sadness of Christ, 299-300 Remorse of conscience, 202 Saints, role in the judgment, 326-328 Renovation Salvation. See also Beatific Vision; of man and material nature, 189, 194 Beatitude through belief in the Incarnation, restricted to certain creatures,
190-192 Restoration Christ a sign of, 304 of life by Christ, 309-311 through Christ's death, 289, as purpose of the Incarnation, 3 291-292, 296 Resurrection of Christ, the Christ's grace sufficient for, 261 causality of, 311 goal of, 283 knowledge necessary for, 3 man's life restored by, 309-311 man's resurrection attributed to, 311 nature of, 253
Index Satisfaction for sin equal to the Father, 38, 41 all judgment is given to, 317-319, demanded by divine justice, 229, 283
man's inability to offer, 227, 229, 284 rendered through the Incarnation, the Word as, 37-38 229, 284 Soul and corporeal fire, 206-207 vicarious, 283-284, 289, 291 not composed of matter and form, Sciences, multiplicity of, 24 Second act, 31 and note 79, 95 creation of the, 276, 278 Second causes, 146-147, 152-153 not derived from God's substance, 96 Sense faculties different from separate spiritual needed for understanding, 77, 143 particular forms in, 77 substance, 84 not directly controlled by heavenly Seraphim, 139 Simplicity of God, 14-15 bodies, 143 Sin. See also Mortal sin; Original Sin; eminence of the rational, 94 Venial sin faculties radicated in essence of the,
analysis of the first, 221 defect in voluntary action as, 130 as form of the body, 84, 188, 353 as form of man, 81, 169-170 effects of the first, 222-223 identity of the rational with the effects on the intellect and will, 223 evil of, 130-131. See also Evil sensitive, 94, 175-176 incorruptibility of the, 79-80, 191 of the first man, 221-222 operation of vegetative, 47-48 the first man's power to commit, original eminence over the body, 218, 220 of the first woman, 221 217-218 passibility of Christ's, 297-300 forgiven by God alone, 165 incompatible with beatitude, 228 possible intellect and agent intellect incompatible with grace, 163-164 in essence of the, 86-88 infinity of, 209 power of the rational, 93 Mary's freedom from, 274-275, power of the sensitive, 47 power of the vegetative, 46-48 278-281 production of the rational, 95-96, nature of, 163, 202, 224-225
obstinacy in, 201, 209-210 privation of Original Justice as, reply to objections against unicity of the, 91-94 224-225 punishment for. See Punishment resumption of the same body by the, remitted by Christ's death, 311 171-172 reunion with body requisite for remitted through grace, 163 happiness, 169-170 satisfaction for. See Satisfaction for separation from the body, 170-171 sin subjection of the body to the, 187 not unforgivable, 164 Son of God, the. See also Christ; Word of survival of the, 170 ultimate and complete form, 95 God unicity of the, 89-94 author of salvation, 268-269 union between body and, 84 creation by, 101
Aquinas's Shorter Summa Suppositum Species meaning of, 243-245, 247 constituted by specific difference, one in Christ, 245-248 17-18 God not a, 18 Terms, analogous, 27-28 immaterial existence in the Thrones, 139 intellect, 37, 47, 74 the intellect as species of, 114-115 Time caused by motion, 168 intelligible; See Intelligible species multiplication of individuals in the creation in, 105-107 eternity in contact with, 150 same, 48 measure of actions, 103 object of definition, 27 produced by God, 103 sensible, 73 the Son equal to the Father in, 39, the Son is equal to the Father in,
39-4] Transmission variation in, 73, 91 Specific difference of effects of first man's sin, 223 of Original Justice, 219, 223 derivation of, 92 of Original Sin, 225, 269, 279 good and evil as, 127 Tree of knowledge, 220 species constituted by, 17-18 Trinity, the. See also Divine persons variation in species by, 73 faith in, 4-5 known from Revelation alone, 35 seeming contradiction in, 45 Spiration common, 53-57, 60 as property of the Father and the Son, 53, 60 solution of difficulties raised against,
Spirit in God, the. See also Holy Spirit 46-49 holiness of, 43 and unity of the divine essence, 44-45 as love, 42 Substances Truth goodness of, 122 God as first, 145 necessary for salvation, 3 immutability of simple, 123 incorporeal, 68-69. See also Incorporeal substances Ubi, 69 Understanding. See also Intellect; intellectual, 71. See also Intellectual substances Intelligence mutability of composite, 123-124 of the angels, 138-141, 144 united in Christ, 241, 246, 292 different ways of, 75 Substantial form. See Form process of, 42, 47-48, 74 Substratum of evil, 129, 158 proper to man, 74 Subtility of the glorified body, 189 sense faculties needed for, 77 Succession impossible in God, 13 Unicity Suffering of God, 18-19 flowing from soul to body, 203, 205 of substantial form, 89-90 in Hell, 199-200, 203 of the soul, 89-95 Union Sun, generation influenced by the, 39 and note grace of, 258
Index of person and natures in Christ, Voluntariness 245-248, 256 Union with God of God's activity, 100-101 of Original Sin, 224-225 Will of God beatitude through, 355, 357-359 identical with divine intellect, 32 through love, 253, 255, 357 Unity identical with divine willing, 33 Will, the of the divine essence, 44-45 of perfections in God, 24 act of, 144-145 Universals, comprehended by the cessation of variability in Beatific intellect, 74 Vision, 168 Universe, the defect in activity of, 124-125, 131 essential parts of, 192 free, 72, 161, 200 influenced by grace, 161-162 renovation of, 189, 194 Univocal generation, 42 influenced by sense appetite, 143 moved by God, 144-145 Valentinian error about Christ's body, object of, 124 239, 275 as principle of action, 124 Venial sin process in operation of, 42, 47-48,
punishment variously opposed to, expiated by love, 208 forgiven in the next world, 202
nature of, 202, 208 punishment in purgatory for, 208 superior to passions, 143 twofold in Christ, 249 Virginity of Christ's mother, 274, 281-283
Virtue weakened by sin, 223 Wisdom Aristotle on, 197 fullness in Christ, 261-267 of Christ, 290-292 perfect in Christ, 253 eternal life attained by, 197 happiness achieved by practice of, twofold in Christ, 261 Wisdom, divine 197-199, 228 in forcing evil to promote good, 160 occasions for practicing, 199 Virtues (angels), 139 mirrored in creation, 112 restoration of man devised by, Virtues (theological) Augustine on, 3-4 229-230 Word of God, the. See also Christ; Son of necessity of, 4 God perfection in practice of, 3-4 as conception, 36-37 Vision of God, the. See also Beatific Vision; Beatitude creation through, 101 beatitude found only in, 120 as God of God, 39 as Light of Light, 40 in His essence, 185, 358 impossibility-of sadness in, 186 mission of, 349 natural generation of, 41 love in, 186, 357, 362 necessity of, 36 man's consummation in, 168 procession of, 41, 51 natural desire for, 116 perfection and happiness in, 186 reasons for Incarnation of, 3, 229-230, 253 Volition of God, 32
Aquinas's Shorter Summa resemblance of human word to, 271 salvation taught by, 3-4, 349 as Son, 37-38 Works, reward or punishment according to, 197-198, 344-345 World, the controversy on eternity of, 104-107 governed by God, 135-136, 146-147 possible before actual, 106
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the preatent beachier oe eae has ever Fier wad ou -.. asked by his assistant, Brother Reginald, to write a simple summary of the Faith of the Catholic Church for those who lacked the time or the stamina to tackle his massive Summa Theologica.
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Divine Providence, the Incarnation of Christ, the Last Judgment, and much more.
Here, then, is not only St. Thomas's concise statement of the key elements of his thought, but a handy reference source for the essential truths of the Catholic Faith.
St. Thomas will show you:
/¥ What life after resurrection will be like / Why faith is reasonable, not blind ¥ Three ways in which God is in all things
/ Why evil can never be as powerful as good Y Solid arguments for Christ's Resurrection
Y Eternal life: what it is; how to understand it Y How you can know God through reason Y Powerful arguments for God's existence
¥ Hell-fire: whether it's real or symbolic / Why angels are necessary in creation Y Why God became man Y How Adam's sin differed from Eve's Y Why Jesus descended into Hell Y¥ Why God allows evil Y Why we must suffer for Adam's sin Y How Jesus "grew in wisdom"
Y How Christ can have existed for ¥ Why the truths that you can know only through Revelation are nevertheless rational all eternity and yet be God's Son ¥ The sin that can be forgiven after death
¥ The Beatific Vision: what it really is ¥ Why God's knowledge of the ¥ Facts about the punishment of the damned: both spiritual and bodily future doesn't deny man's free will Y How a soul's damnation can be ¥Y How the Holy Trinity is three distinct Persons, yet one God compatible with God's goodness ¥Y Much more that will help you know and love God with greater understanding!
/¥ What Christians should think about "fate" and "chance"
"An invaluable introduction to all of St. Thomas's wisdom and insight."
Edward Cardinal Egan
ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was a Dominican priest and scholar. He devoted his life to comprehending Divine Revelation — through reason, contemplation, and prayer — and to living in true conformity with that Revelation. So sublime was his holiness and his wisdom
_ that he was canonized in 1323 and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1567. Among his works are beautiful devotions (contained in The Aquinas Prayer Book) and simple expositions of the Creed, Commandments, and basic prayers (found in The Aquinas Catechism).
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ISBN: 978-1-928832-43-0
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