2. Peter Lombard: Life and Works
NOTES TO PAGES 29 — 34
Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 13 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1987), 203.
For a list of passages Peter Lombard borrowed from the Theologia Scholarium," see 264—65.
75. Theologia "Scholanum," capitula 1, p.317, 11. 1—376. See ibid., liber 1.1, p.318, 11. 1—2.
77. See Grabmann, Geschichte der scholastischen Methode, 2:221—29.
78. The following biographical sketch is based upon the Esquisse biographique" to be found in (Euvres de Robert de Melun, ed. Raymond M.
Martin, O.P., vol. 1, Quaestiones de divina pagina, Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense 13 (Louvain: Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense, 1932), vi-xii.
79. Raymond M. Martin, O.P., "Introduction," in (Euvres de Robert de Melun, vol. 3.1, ed. Raymond M. Martin, O.P., Spicilegium Sacrum Lovan iense 21 (Louvain: Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense, 1947), v-xxi, at xiv.
80. Robert of Melun, Sententie, prefatio, in (Euvres de Robert de Melun, vol. 3.1, p. 49, 11. 16-20. Also see ibid., p. 45, 11. nff.
81. Peter Abelard sometimes includes hope (spes) in his schema of faithcharity-sacraments.
82. See Robert of Melun, Sententie, prefatio, p. 49, 1. 26-p. 56, 1. 20.
83. Colish, Peter Lombard, 73.
84. See Robert of Melun, Sententie, prefatio, p. 47, 1. 16-p. 48, 1. 27.
85. See ibid., 59-156 (table of contents), together with Martin's introduc tion, ix—x.
86. "Capitula secunde partis principalis enumerationis," ibid., 106.
87. Namely, the work done by Marcia Colish in her two-volume study, Peter Lombard.
2. PETER LOMBARD: LIFE AND WORKS
1. The manuscript is Florence, Biblioteca laurenziana (olim S. Crucis), Plutei XXV, dext. 1, fob ir. My account of Peter Lombard's life and works is indebted to the research of Ignatius Brady, O.F.M., summarized in the in troduction to his edition of the Boo/{ of Sentences'. Magistri Petri Lombardi,
Sententiae in IV libris distinctae, vol. 1, part 1: Prolegomena, Spicilegium Bonaventurianum 4 (Grottaferrata: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae Ad Claras
Aquas, 1971). Additions in vol. 2 of the same edition: Sententiae in IV libris distinctae, vol. 2, Spicilegium Bonaventurianum 5 (Grottaferrata: Editiones
Collegii S. Bonaventurae Ad Claras Aquas, 1981), 7*—ioo#. Joseph de Ghellinck's older work can still be consulted with profit, although certain aspects are out of date; in particular, see his "La carriere de Pierre Lombard: Quelques precisions chronologiques," Revue d'histoire ecclesiastique 27 (1931):
NOTES TO PAGES 34 — 38
792-830, and "La carriere de Pierre Lombard: Nouvelle precision chronologique," Revue d'histoire ecclesiastique 30 (1934): 95—100.
2. See Ignatius Brady, O.F.M., "Pierre Lombard," in Dictionnaire de spir ituals 12 (1986), cols. 1604-12, at 1605.
3. Epistola CDX, in St. Bernardi Opera, vol. 8, ed. J. Leclercq, O.S.B., and H. Rochais (Rome: Editiones Cistercienses, 1977), 391. All translations from Latin texts in this chapter are my own.
4. See Patricia Stirnemann, "Histoire tripartite: Un inventaire des livres de Pierre Lombard, un exemplaire de ses Sentences et le destinataire du
Psautier de Copenhague," in Du copiste au collectionneur: Melanges d'histoire des textes et des bibliotheques en Vhonneur d'Andre Vernet, ed. Donatella
Nebbiai-Dalla Guarda and Jean-Frangois Genest, Bibliologia 18 (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1998), 301-33, esp. 307. I owe this reference to Constant
Mews.
5. See John R. Williams, "The Cathedral School of Reims in the Eleventh Century," Speculum 29 (1954)* 661—77> and idem, The Cathedral School of Reims in the Time of Master Alberic, 1118-1136," Traditio 20 (1964): 93-114.
6. See de Ghellinck, "La carriere de Pierre Lombard: Quelques preci sions," 800; and Brady, Prolegomena, 9*.
7. Father Brady doubts that Peter Lombard ever formally followed Peter Abelard's lectures; see Prolegomena, 17*.
8. Quoted in Ignatius Brady, O.F.M., "Peter Lombard: Canon of Notre Dame," Recherches de theologie ancienne et medievale 32 (1965): 277-95, at 280.
9. See ibid., esp. 288.
10. Quoted in Brady, Prolegomena, 28*.
11. See Franz Pelster, S.J., "Petrus Lombardus und die Verhandlungen liber die Streitfrage des Gilbertus Porreta in Paris (1147) und Reims (1148)," in Miscellanea lombardiana, 65—73.
12. See Brady, Prolegomena, 121*.
13. Quoted ibid., 33*, from Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores VI, 509-10. For background on the episcopal elections in France under Louis
VII, see Marcel Pacaut, Louis VII et les elections episcopales dans le royaume de France, Bibliotheque de la Societe d'histoire ecclesiastique de la France
(Paris: Vrin, 1957). Peter Lombard is mentioned only in passing.
14. See Paul Glorieux, "Le Contra Quatuor Labyrinthos Franciae de Gau thier de Saint-Victor: Edition critique," Archives d'histoire doctnnale et litteraire du moyen age 19 (1952): i87-335The "four labyrinths of France" are Peter
Abelard, Peter Lombard, Peter of Poitiers, and Gilbert de la Porree. The invectives against Peter Lombard start in the very first line of the prologue and continue throughout the work.
NOTES TO PAGES 39 —41
15. Only one serious modern scholar has argued that Walter of St. Victor may have been right in suspecting "irregularities" in Peter Lombard's elec tion; see R. Seeberg, "Lombardus," in Realencyclopadie fur protestantische
Theologie und Kirche, ed. Albert Hauck, vol. n (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1902), 630—42, at 632.
16. On the controversies surrounding the Boo/{ of Sentences, see Joseph de Ghellinck, S.J., "Pierre Lombard," Dictionnaire de theologie catholique XII/2
(1935): 1941—2019, at 2003—11; as well as idem, Le mouvement theologique du XIIc siecle. Sa preparation lointaine avant et autour de Pierre Lombard. Ses rapports avec les initiatives des canonistes. Etudes, recherches et documents, 2d ed., Museum Lessianum, Section historique 10 (Bruges: Editions de Tempel;
Brussels: L'Edition universelle; Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 1948), 250—67.
17. Quoted by Brady, Prolegomena, 43*. August 13 in the Julian calendar corresponds to July 20 according to the Gregorian reckoning.
18. See Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050—1200, Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 19 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, i987)- 19. Quoted in Brady, Prolegomena, i9*f. A statio is either a procession or a meal/distribution of food paid for by a public figure (such as a bishop).
According to this text, the anniversary of Peter Lombard's death was com memorated by a procession or meal paid from an endowment that was funded by the rent of Peter's former house, which he had bequeathed to the chapter of Notre Dame. For help in interpreting this passage, I am grateful to my colleague Dr. Francis Swietek and to Madame Caroline Heid, of the Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes, Paris.
20. For the history of the church of St. Christopher, see Emile Raunie, Epitaphier du vieux Paris, vol. 3, Histoire generale de Paris (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1901), 107—16. Page 107 has a drawing of the church and its sur roundings on the lie de la Cite, and p. 115 contains a map of the immediate vicinity of the edifice. Both the drawing and the map, however, reflect the situation after the construction of the new cathedral of Notre Dame.
21. On the cathedral schools in the twelfth century, see Philippe Delhaye, "L'organisation scolaire au XII' siecle," Traditio 5 (1947): 211—49.
22. Quoted in Ignatius Brady, O.F.M., "Peter Manducator and the Oral Teachings of Peter Lombard," Antonianum 41 (1966): 454-90, at 472.
23. Ibid., 473.
24. See Artur Michael Landgraf, "Schwankungen in der Lehre des Petrus Lombardus," Scholastic 31 (1956): 533-44, at 534. On the subject of oral teachings of the Lombard, also see Landgraf, "Die Stellungnahme der Fruhscholastik zur wissenschaftlichen Methode des Petrus Lombardus," Collec tanea franciscana 4 (1934): 513-21, esp. 519-21.
NOTES TO PAGES 4 I—4 5
25. Brady, "Peter Manducator and the Oral Teachings of Peter Lombard,"
476.
26. Ibid., 478.
27. Ibid., 473. The quotation is from John of Cornwall's treatise Eulogium ad Alexandrum papam tertium, edited by N. M. Haring, S.A.C., "The Eulo gium ad Alexandrum papam tertium of John of Cornwall," Mediaeval Studies
13 (1951): 253-300, at 265.
28. For the following discussion, see Stirnemann, "Histoire tripartite," esp. 307-13.
29. A fact of which Peter Lombard was very much aware; see his glosses on the First Letter to the Corinthians, PL 191: i56oCff.
30. See Sententiae, ed. Brady, 2:19*—52*. Some fragments from Peter's lost glosses are printed in Beryl Smalley and George Lacombe, "The Lombard's
Commentary on Isaias and Other Fragments," The New Scholasticism 5 (1931): 123—62.
31. The text printed in PL 191: 55—1296 is based upon an edition that Richard of Mans, O.F.M., originally published in 1541. This latter edition and, hence, the text that appears in the Patrologia latina are unreliable, con taining additions by Richard of Mans as well as other errors. (See Brady,
"Pierre Lombard," 1606.) 32. Quoted in H. H. Glunz, History of the Vulgate in England from Alcuin to Roger Bacon: Being an Inquiry into the Text of Some English Manuscripts of the Vulgate Gospels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), 343, with commentary on pp. 219—21 and 226. Also see de Ghellinck, "La carriere de
Pierre Lombard: Nouvelle precision chronologique," 98. There is disagree ment among the commentators as to whether Bosham's passage applies only to the Gloss on the Psalms, or to that on the Epistles of St. Paul as well.
The passage occurs in a preface that Bosham composed for his edition of the Lombard's Gloss on the Psalms, yet he refers to Peter Lombard's works in the plural: hec opera/dicta opera. I have translated these phrases in the singular because the characterization that Bosham offers of "these works" does not fit what we know about the Gloss on the Epistles.
33. Brady, Prolegomena, 57*.
34. Colish, Peter Lombard, 188.
35. The Collectanea is printed in PL 191: 1297-1696 and 192: 9-520.
36. See Brady, Prolegomena, 85*—88*. Marcia Colish (Peter Lombard, 23) has recently suggested a date of 1139-1141 for the first redaction of the Collectanea, but Brady's reasoning remains compelling. Colish offers the most thorough discussion to date of Peter Lombard's Gloss on the Pauline Epistles
(see Peter Lombard, 192—225).
37. On the Expositio epistolarum beati Pauli, see Celestin Charlier, La
NOTES TO PAGES 46 —49
compilation augustinienne de Florus sur 1 Apotre: Sources et authenticity, Revue benedictine 57 (1947): 132—67.
38. See Brady, Prolegomena, 90*—93; and Sententiae, 2:53*—87*.
39. See Brady, Prolegomena, 90*-93*.
40. In the original version of the Gloss on the Letter to the Romans, the treatise occurred between the words lucet Tnnitas and Nam propter hoc naturam; see PL 191: 1495C. Colish points out that "however long an excursus he may make, Peter always guides the reader firmly back to Paul s argument
(Peter Lombard, 224). I would suggest that the shortening and elimination of some of the treatises served precisely this goal.
41. On this point, de Ghellinck wrote: "on est amene de se demander si l'enseignement theologique de Pierre Lombard a pris d abord comme matiere le texte de la Bible . . ., avant de commencer l'espece de synthese contenue dans les Livres des Sentences" (de Ghellinck, Pierre Lombard, DTC, col.
1958).
42. Edited in Sententiae, ed. Brady, 2:54*—77*.
43. "Ambrosius in libro Quaestionum veteris et novi testamenti, qui ab ignorantibus praetitulatur Augustini" (ibid., 56*).
44. Ibid., 57* 45. Ibid., 63*.
46. The steps just described are found ibid., 62#f.
47. For a discussion of evidence that Peter himself engaged in disputa tions, see Artur Landgraf, "Notes de critique textuelle sur les Sentences de
Pierre Lombard," Recherches de theologie ancienne et medievale 2 (1930): 8099, esp. 96-98. On this point, also see de Ghellinck, "Pierre Lombard," DTC, col. 1958.
48. Sententiae, ed. Brady, 2:68*.
49. See the list in Brady, Prolegomena, 99*-ii2*, with the additions in Sententiae, ed. Brady, 2'-33*-35*- Twenty-six of Peter's sermons are printed in PL 171, where they are falsely attributed to Flildebert of Lavardin. On the chronology of the sermons, see also Damien Van den Eynde, O.F.M.,
"Essai chronologique sur l'ceuvre litteraire de Pierre Lombard," in Miscellanea lombardiana, 45—63, esp. 58—60.
50. See Felix Protois, Pierre Lombard, eveque de Paris, dit le Maitre des Sentences: Son epoque, sa vie, ses ecrits, son influence (Paris: Societe generate de librairie catholique, 1881), 123-48, esp. I24f.
51. Ibid., 125. Jean Longere, author of a more recent comparative study of the oratorical works of the twelfth-century masters, agrees with this judg ment. In his sermons, Longere writes, Peter "appears as a man of doctrine, rather than as a pastor. One cannot reproach him for appealing more to reason than to the emotions, yet his preaching lacks some warmth" (Jean