CHAPTER 9

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH :

[ } [ | tne purity of the faith landex n Dy U1 p JOY il lity in virtue f God, under the guidance of the Church's definitive act a doctrine pertaining to faith

| | | living Magisterium, "unfailingly adheres to or morals....The infallibility promised to the :

, I y PEL iS 1e > . a a ] this faith" (LG 12: cf. DV 10) Church is also present in the body of bishops Jam 1071, Muslimshadconqueredtwo-thirds ofthe @hbristian world.

The mission of the Magisterium is an os > SuUCCEssOr, they isti G HBO ie wtisanot ts MagateeiN is)| ccaecive tie stonerice Ghristian Gurope was on the brink of annihilation. tis this Maghterlum'stask topesere God's, council: DS 3074). When the Church Phurch unity was also threatenedbygrowing hereticalgroups. people from deviations and defect ris nd through its supreme Magisterium proposes to guarantee them the objective possibility of a doctrine "for belief as being divinely ee —————— - — ———— : j the pastoral duty of the Magisterium is aimed of Christ, the definitions "must be adhered to Christ endowed the Church's shepherds with of divine Revelation itself (cf. LG 25).

' cai har ut 7 infallibility in matters of faith 2051 [he infallibility of the Magisterium | «J aoctrine, including moral doctrine, without | which the saving truths of the faith cannot be

| preserved, expounded, or observed < = : e | | ' oe :

~ Ss | | | _ ; a | ) sgn ~ ar .

\\\a ¥ 7| \ rd r> J : ay 44 a tag 4 : giteanll . a Cae '

J fy as a ; — —, — —% . e | ~— Tae = =~ > SS — a - | a ==> RS —— > ee # ~ ~p or - ee la ee hehe = <r a :

= = r Yd = "ae —= | = _ - - — a fi — Se a_ies Oe es ml | pret ted woode iStle ne reli ited bide * a * & a a | ; t4 a : oo HISTORY OF THE CHURCH % THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION

= | CHAPTER 9 dal wars of the tenth and eleventh centuries were characterized by ferocity, cruelty, and | | Theee Church understood that in order to maintain peace in the Christian lands and thereby

| | ae Christian culture, this violence would have to be reduced. The Church also saw that a Tl | bon | : oeas imbued with Christian principles would not only put the breaks on such incessant

| | ;me | "ape also provide protection for the feudal kingdoms.

| || nea | id et ¢ of the Seljuk Turks during the eleventh century resumed expansion of Islamic forces in |} Ba | | lee At first, this caused Christian pilgrims to be persecuted in the Holy Land, but with the a | rs s al the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, it became clear that the Turks

Wal | J - junch full-scale expansion of Islam into the remainder of the Christian world. Christian ihe aie was on the brink of possible annihilation.

Wied | nqu Ss rTris chapter covering the Crusades, Military Orders, and the Inquisition shows the different ways vi \ H)) a fat the Church sought to unify the Christian world and defend it against internal and external

1 | hae Val reats. Some of these methods may seem cruel and uncompromising today, and indeed there wey | .

| | In no way is the Church to be confused with the political community. ..and it would were many abuses. RoneyBeES ys thie problems ae Medieval people were Sacre coe buses | j ; | | | | be deplorable if individuals and institutions...were tempted to make use of her real and dangerous. Any infighting, Bai aay oe a oeeeSES to spilt wee

: ey | iN} | | | | for their own particular advantage....But, this said, we should not conclude that the word and possibly SerOY pes Peay eee pike acne one ee , : all \h message of salvation entrusted to the Church has nothing to say to the bod

: teresy in the Medieval mindset was ranked as a crime worse than murder since heresy risks the ih Hae || 'nord ; REE ; , Y = Y Politic thof the soul and eternal damnation. The gross excesses of the era and the way in which some ruts i] . n order to enlighten it with the Gospel....It is not a question of undue interferen

| | ina field to which she | b . ie of these matters were mishandled reflect the severity of the dangers confronting the Church at © which she Is a stranger, but of a service offered, for love of Jesus Christ, that time, as well as the failure of some members of Christ's Church to live up to the full message to the whole community, and prompted bya desire to contribute to the common ithe Gospel ( good, encouraged by the Lord's words: "The truth will k us :

; ; Joh ny SS Oe eS oe Toward the end of his pontificate, Pope John Paul II addressed some of the sins and excesses / — John Paul II, Address to the Bishops, Santiago, Chile, April 2, 1987 made during this period. During the Jubilee Year, he presided over what he called a "Service

| Requesting Pardon." Cardinal Ratzinger —the future Pope Benedict XVI—invited everyone to pray | }) | 1 | y Aas Charlemagne's death, the Carolingian empire fragmented into thousands of principalities, with the pope:

Mt | | a Dap alae=ae estates), and an economic system called feudalism arose. Broadly Let us pray that each one of us, looking to the Lord Jesus, meek and humble of heart, will

I | ete sabifirs organization all of Europe's Population fell into three class recognize that even men of the Church, in the name of faith and morals, have sometimes aoe peeioefi Gielen cane Every member of society was beholden to someone used methods not in keeping with the Gospel in the solemn duty of defending the truth. hy \ hurbinS, small landholders served lords, and lords served kings.

("Confession ofSins Committed in the Service of Truth," March 12, 2000) | | | ' system was very effecti i , : expanded. As the populati=aedasSate of the continent, and the population

There were some atrocities committed by Christians in the name of Christ. These methods of Wig Landholders competed for land Sinaia aa: eels

Mea peters ee 2: protection correspond to an eleventh-century worldview that differs greatly from the present Y 'andholders at the time believe day, but i justi i | !

| aeoe had no other means of deciding who would be lord over the other eee cacti y, but it must be remembered that the end never justifies the means in any age.

| | | | | fe4e8 Sack and loot the Pope Bl. Urban I! at Clermont calls { | | in ; on hi I : ve rshJ ba Holy Sepulchre protect pilgrims from Muslim stacks, roti teiene the foundedao?

'cut Crusade 1200-1204 The last Crusaders leave the Holy Land with The Black Death, the Hundred Years' War, and / East and liberate Jerusalem: First Crusade 1095-1099

| Crusaders sack and toot the fall of Acre, the last Latin-held city to be the Inquisition all rock Europe at the same Burning becomes the common } Constantinople recaptured by Muslims time. This Is the era of aberrant behavior by penalty for severe heresy, Crusaders capture Jerusalem Second Crusade 1147-1148 Seventh Crusade 1248 many people seeking a spiritual footing,

Carried out by the stat Seljuk Turks def Ohikeren'

Jews are expelled from France :

Byzantines at Manzi Knights Templar Hospitalers ahisd tease é r e n s Crusade 1212 Council of Vienne, 15th Ecumenical; | ert founded founded 1189-1192 Fifth Crusade 1219-1221 Suppresses Templars mula eheeeect t+ bie | sk Fal | 'ope Benedict Vill 1012-1024 | m=, —T aa A — I) Pope Gregory IX 1227-1241 ie Clement V 1305-1314 'ino pe O05 2 SS A TN |) ESE (he NE

| ) \\¥ [) ) / > . ' ni \ | } ] ; | et r ; | oder literature has applied the word crusade to all wars of a religious character. However, in | i y.'

} | the Middle Ages, the word crusade referred specifically to a series of eight expansive military | expeditions that the Christian people undertook roughly between the years of 1096 and 1270 as a } | i} .

| action in the Holy Land and against continued Muslim expansion. These efforts were not only a. oe.

| directed against the Turks in the Holy Land and the Muslims in Spain, but also against heretics like ~ . the Albigensians, whose teachings violated the most fundamental principles of Christianity, The ne ese a = | ; word crusade itself may be traced to the cross, or crux, made of cloth and worn as a badge on the | | |e #9 < by f =):

| crusading knight's outer garments. After pronouncing a solemn vow, each warrior received a Cross X <4 ee fe f\ ; ) p "as é = from the hands of the pope or his legates. He was thenceforth considered a soldier of the Church

La < Uniting themselves under the popes and the Christian rulers, the Crusaders fought these wars Ay | me elon Reno a fp) .

| against Muslim expansion, which in part avoided infighting among European rulers, and Offered a I} & = iA s chance to embark upon an authentic religious pilgrimage. i . rf \Y ne :

LS we c __ Gee ; } ' a .

| THE FALL OF THE HOLY LAND % oe a *y A'

| | | Within one hundred years of the death of TLL ee E NZ ace | Muhammad, Islam spread throughout much of [je x os — - ¥ , ny ee [ , Nar Man = | \ tH | the Christian world. As discussed previously, x fo x Se wat ue .

| - ) ) | \ a _ * y :

\ " i, this had as much to do with the success of [ZZ oe Jo x.

XK» xen ns | QQ ah we % Se CY .

| | militant Muslim expansion as it did with p | fxs Xs x aOR x :

\ - a 4, - —e on authentic religious conversion. Quickly after ae yf: x we x Re x A y ' ah, ] ft Re | the birth of the religion, Islamic forces seized x § XX ig ali \ f Oa AG | ; Ae | . x / j : l most of the Christian world. Palestine, the Holy

** ga "i Pope B | hed C t, France that would launchthe First Crusade. "A great | > 2 nthe sommer of 1095, Pope Bl. Urban Il preached a momentous sermonin Clermont, France that would launc irst Cru | | Land and home of Jesus; Egypt, the birthplace x x x ~" . a ; spmotion arose through all the regions of France, so that if anyone earnestly wished to follow God with pure heart and mind, and wanted to of monasticism; Asia Minor, where St. Paul X 'Qt y: teat the crossfaithfully after him, he would hastento take the road to the Holy Sepulchre" (extract from the Gesta Francorum). preached and planted the seeds of early x ~ :

| | faliens'eg cara Rites te ints Africa had all ey ] redled. In 1095, Bl. Urban II held a council in Clermont in central France to try to rouse support

| ie finally br orces.

Musiim expansion was fii x ¥ y 4 N wom Westerners to aid the Eastern Christians. At Clermont, Bl. Urban II appealed for help: all | inally Drought to a halt by Charles Martel's

[i , y | Hy | . defense of Western Europe in France and the —-\-. * x ay Bs for your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must lei | Byzantine Empire's defense in the East. With oe a oe - >, , hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as most of you have

| these new borders established, Muslim and cnehact = heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and conquered the territory of Romania

: ristians being executed by their Muslim capt t t Christian lands remained riche eu eeveeatic.. retens soa sein ' 7 es Mieka caters prey

- Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont.

| | | | | Fah 3 )1Oa ak ; ; hey have occupied more and more lands of those Christians and have overcome them in ie epeeee hs mate the Fatimite Muslims in Egypt during the first decades seven battles....On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to | | | | € V } > ] ry e Oa renewe 5.

) a new militant Islamic nation, the Seljuk Te eon. In the second half of the century, publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and | | | Syria, and expanded uate aN sae 2 Sata Christians, especially in Palestine and xnights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians. (quoted in Thatcher and | | : t tO ian eviously PC , :

Battle of Manzikert the Turks annihlieed 1 4 sin Protected by Byzantium. In 1071, in the McNeal, A Source Book for Medieval History, 1905, p. 514)

By chic ais ! wile Byzantine army and were on the verge of taking Pope BL Urb vi v a l é >rantinople. By this time, two-thirds of the Christian world had been taken by Muslim forces,

~*~ > Iban II began the crusades by proclaiming an organized assault in defense of Christian li] | " pee the last vestiges of the Roman Empire were threatened, The Eastern emperor looked

"ope. Rather than a Christian offensive, the crusades were a desperate attempt to fend off | a "st for assistance, in desperation, asking them to aid their brothers and sisters in the East

"pansion, Islam was the strongest power of the Medieval world, and it now threatened to | ) a rhe verrun e in = = :

; F | The Western Christians were concemed with their Eta eee aa | A tA "eTun the entire West. At some point, Christianity had to defend itself or be taken over by Islam.

) | many (including both Pope Bl. Urban I apie Fea ret oy ib espite the see: id be ~~ was born in war and grew the same way. Muslim thought at this time divided the world into | ) . emperor) hoped that the split cou » *Pheres: the abode of Islam and the abode of war. Christianity or any other non-Muslim

— _————- - ————— oe | a a — ——— - | Chapter Nine 327 | mn |) ——— SS T | | ES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSAD Q | | = a = =—=—_—_———__ ————— — religion has no abode. Pope BI. Urban II's crusade was the first of a series of military expeditions

| | . meant to ward off the very probable fall of the Christian world to the Muslims.

WN'S MANUSCRIPT | | | For Christians, the Muslim threat was no better realized than through the plight of pilgrims jn the THE UNKNO | Holy Land. Pilgrims faced an increasingly hard journey to the Holy Land. They were often robbed,

" beaten, or killed. Pope St. Gregory VII (1073-1085) was ready to invade the Holy Land with 50,999 AY 3 Sin & dl, ; faflannel crusaders nearly two decades before Bl. Urban II's call to arms, but the lay investiture Controversy

\ 2 zz eo #1 LN & " v' Pe. "i a | | made his crusade impossible. By 1095 Muslim expansion meant, above all, the hostile Occupation of a f 7 : ss d |as ~ se €SAT | . the Holy Land, the very ground upon which Jesus walked. As Crusaders set out to the east, they

Fg aR Os | Shp WSs A oweig (Ape | '

AS Poa tie il fn ¢ | —— had two objectives: to fend off Turkish (Muslim) expansion into Byzantium and to free the Holy - fp. ; ee: aor > Da ae Kavi on 4 \ ie ee | Land for safe pilgrimage and worship of sacred sites. Both objectives had as an end the avoidance ror Ce y =, y y° ; Wie '

AY, & Ydf Pa Be mary) ae 'yx. qT } TE on et SST NWF ie i >.

Lo Sf GNA 2, Se Eat i] | j { j ane * ee dN x es ; iy, 4 E \ hile SS bet -t +13 i GW | S g; ee @) 6ae | l 8 awa Jord ; Pope BI. Urban || toured France w Tk I Pre J. aw OR sae Ly tS | Te ae | = a . fi 1 BN :

Eo | and Italy with his public appeal for Wf 4 } >) er F ho: p =e r > a . a | ¥ aS my) o! oe Qa ame, Christian warriors to take back 'l Bot B B ) Wel eee bs boo ea aeee J | | | - }4 | ie FoR Weg Jerusalem trom the Musiims. "Fo LISA

/ ~{ aa ee —- | | a = j :

Pope Bl. Urban |! began to deliver ' jay if | (a's 7 VL \ n + Id = es Loe / ; | cals ' i a A eloquent sermons and to preach, io hl Jy R> ae A = = mete — —_ "

. saying that if anyone wished to save | Re =.

ASS WJ 'i K keen J , yt za } :

} : f QE ak i] Oke =) his soul, he should not hesitate to 1, eae : fa) | ee - fea i E > "KS —.

| q xx f undertake with humble spirit the way 4 dar'

| | A =f || a= of the Lord, ...For the lord pope —— = = = ee \ hi 4 'h said, 'Brothers, you must suffer ; i | | | \ — | Y d XN many things in the name of Christ | Alpipiecd many of the soldiers who their own tongue... .By the time all Nie Sr \ We 4, SICKNESS, Munger - :

\ thirst and other things of this ting illiterate, there was one soldier in the already surrounded us on all sides.

Ze = SP a ay, - | : IN | if |USt as the Lord says to his disciples army of Bohemund of Antioch who did They attacked us, slashing, hurling, ) § = ye : i ee melee biene keep a journal of the harsh life crusaders and shooting arrows far and wide, in i | NAL WU Dee, a | ; Paes Gesta Francorum, an anonymous experienced on the road to Jerusalem. a manner strange to behold. Although | | | .

+e > eae CC ee | Went det = "'usader's chronicle) This writer never mentions his name in we could scarcely hold them back or 1} | .

- ————— ——— . the journal, and so he has been dubbed even bear up under the weight of such ) | by historians as "the Unknown." Without a host, nevertheless we all managed | | .

| MOTIVATION FOR THE CRUSADERS his narrative, the Gesta Francorum et to hold our ranks.

| amedae Alesai Deeds Elsewhere, the Unknown talks about the | | | ial eve trate oe te ea ' of the Franks an e er Pilgrims '

; lied There is no doubt that Peugion was a major motivation for soldiers who went on a crusade. The to Jerusalem), knowledge of many of the rps aceel Boeed agai cL:

| | | crusades combined the concept of a defensive war w ~ ; :

\ : g ms the crusaders on the march to Jerusalem:

Hh} | || ae Pais oncep crensive war with religious pilgrimage and were primarily details, events, and battles of the First view as acts of reli yee ePVoOton hy ae yh d z i | | First Crusade ee. stem seeias2ae Soret wWi Pepees in them. Even before the Crusade would have been lost. heen Gane | | '

3 So feet a ~__-b. Was understood in the West that God would reward those who fought The Unknown' or rk 70d ca "eo AF a | - the good cause of defending Christendom. In addition, many of the popes, clerics, and bishops candid view GE ratte a aie : ighana eI on ah who preached the crusades offered religious indulgences tc re = ae pe eae 0 EXO city, they rushed out hurriedly and saw a gs any ot "iglous indulgences to the soldiers. An indulgence is a ment of the Crusades. An excerpt from remission before God of temporal punishment due ae Ree a tee , Pp the standard of Bohemund up on the Sckentionaiie cee oe lent due to sins, the guilt of which has already been his account of the battle of Dorylaeum mount, and with rapid pace all ran | ee the sacrament of Penance. Volunteering for a crusade became a way of earning an captures the mood of the front lines: i ae Bi indulgence and a prolonged time of penance to make reparation f

*rsonal sins astiy anid entered the city, Pney miled | | | :

Ih addifion to -spitinial once pe n for personal sins.

Turks madea violent assault on the Turks and Saracens whom they | lic MUON spintua 10tl vations +1} CF ak ; gues ricestanice oak Oo anions, the Church offered other incéntives including the reduction of Bohemund and his companions. The found there, except those who had fled | esaareseesve payme nts, and the protection of the crusaders' families. Crusaders took

Turks began unceasingly to shout, into the citadel. Others of the Turks | | | word ac : srtcaeashint PEINHENIES of piety, self-sacrifice, and love for God. The Christian babble, and cry in a loud voice, making went out through the gates, and by | ae ek ;sth 6et lor the earliest caliphs, and it would remain so for Muslim leaders for the some devilish sound, | know not how, in fleeing escaped alive.

) | | eel VUodl yCdlo.

Chapter Nine = —— ——— — é —S ge — ——a — = ———s ff | Chapter Nine 329 ___ | jbad , a] ——_C_—— | :

; | r ait DES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION i} M4) | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSA Q | hal = oo ————— an — | .

Pi PREACHING THE CRUSADES :

Til mn | Pope Bl. Urban II's call to arms found enormous appeal among the lower classes. The Dope | Wily ii) | specifically appealed to sinners to join the crusade as a means of reconciliation with God: a ~— .

¥ |} | You, oppressors of orphans and widows; you, murderers and violators of churches; you . a | = | . robbers of the property of others; you, who, like vultures are drawn to the scent of the eC alt P fol ee)

| | |] a battlefield, hasten, as you love your souls, under your Captain Christ to the rescue of _ - ¥ oer el at — _< | HH) | Bil i ; Jerusalem.

All you who are guilty of such sins as exclude you from the kingdom of God, ee =r =¥ ade > 0 ?

~ | | i ransom yourselves at this price, for such is the will of God. (quoted in Laux, Church he . af vA .

A Complete History of the Catholic Church to the Present Day, 1992, Pp. 314) = > Me oye e* A | | | I | oe = a ,@ | {| | Although the popes were primarily instrumental in | . unifying the armies bound for the Holy Land, other of '

_ | i; | clerics preached the Crusades as well. a As Nth & a ¢ A WT | * '

& | ~ wil ah | Bl. Peter the Hermit of Amiens traveled from city to 4) f nt < : ae | . city preaching for a crusade. According to the ,

| chronicler Alber of Aix-la-Chapelle, Bl. Peter led the | rigorous life of a hermit for a number of years before , - > | undertaking a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. During his \ —— = | journey, the hermit was harassed and beaten by the ~ = ' \ Turks. One day when he was asleep in the Basilica of .

~ | . the Holy Sepulchre, Jesus appeared to him and iia a ; y a aul .

= = ordered him to Bo to Europe proclaiming the mis- //) VY al prs .

>» = J eries that had befallen the Christians in Palestine.

) af ad i iF 15, 1099 aT | The Takin Jerusalem bythe Crusaders, July 15, Though many scholars now discount the magnitude

= Sea a of the effect Bl. Peter the Hermit's experience had tJ on inciting the First Crusade. his story is rynical of n icing the Fist Crusade, his stony is typical o | THE FIRST CRUSADE (1095-1099) the dangers that befell pilgrims of that time.

| The spellbinding preaching of St. Bernard of ClairIhe First Crusade was a popular movement that took place without any direct support or ANE dn I ees be Sort eadership from the kings of Europe, since many of the rulers were either excommunicated or in HI | . in the twelfth century. St. Bernard traveled all across

) / | opposition to the papacy at the time. In northern France and the Rhineland, a number of preachers Europe, sometimes convincing entire parishes to set \| \ ook Pope Bl. Urban II's message to the people, motivating and organizing armies to set out for | Out to the east the next day. St. Bernard later frankly the Holy Land. The message was met with enthusiasm throughout all of Europe, and armies

| | affirmed that all but a few of the knights on the . om every comer of the continent set out on various routes towards the east. Regretfully with the | .

| crusades were 'criminals and sinners, ravishers and .

| xcasion of the crusades, some crusaders attacked Jewish communities on their way to the ) the sacrilegious, murderers, perjures, and adulterers"

Holy Land, | | | (quoted in Chambers, et a]. The \Wecrer aee + ae ; , : a, :

} |] lence. 2002p 87) St" area tee Exper- : ie rirst Crusade was considered the best organized. The armies were divided into four groups

Redan or hea ths risks re he the double a =» Seto meet in Constantinople. Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, led the people of ai | I .

MI Ma VITIs Crusaders out of Europe: "Their / | ee a ane ] acl > $ Fabre = | departure makes their on me % urope:

Their / "raine, the Germans, and the northern French. They followed the valley of the Danube, crossed "ir Own people hz Wy koe ' ameae ad A | arrival cheers those whom ae ne and their / ilngary, and arrived in Constantinople in late 1096. Hugh of Vermandois, brother of King Philip I of | nN SERA S U1OSC Whom -Y ar asteénineg to f / Rewwe ie ~ = P Te j help. They aid both groups. not onl aah ning to = ance and Robert Courte-Heuse, the Duke of Normandy and the son of William the Conqueror,

. c a v 1 STOUDS, not only Y protecting The snellh i reachinn nf ¢ aes Clairvauy inspired ed hande -f C. oat eo the one but also by not oppressin +h , eh ting 7 oe Lk eee 9 . Ob Bere Ot Cee meres "¢ bands of French and Normans across the Alps and set sail from Apulia, on the boot heel of .

CO vet aisO DY NOt Oppressing ne other"

The HlOUSANGS to jointhe Second Crusade TIS heme :

| crusades were, in one Wise ns off mete The f yo Dyrrachium, which is in modern day Albania. From there the army continued overland to ) Medieval life. In reality. the rankeohn has eat of draining so much of the violence from -onstantinople where they arrived in May of 1097.

| AS air ecient, Jo OF Muslim soldiers were filled with the same sorts of individuals eee = Hi) | | from their society (conscripts).

"y ea, uum French, under the lead of Raymond of Saint-Filles and the bishop of Puy, Adhemar ] = Kings in Western Eurone oft "Honell, set out overland thre I ste ; where the =t tc esistance from Kings in We stern Europe often participated in leading the Crusades or caenseaeenen Sippott at stk tabiges poe id through the eastern Alps where they me tough resistance fro

| the . the request of the papacy. Most famously.

Rict at peace ehoren 1g finan "¥s, GElaying their arrival in Constantinople until the end of April 1097. The fourth army consisted

| Jerusalem along with Philip II of France in the Thir i ueee of England led an army | 'omans from Southern Italy led by Bohemund and Tancred, who were both related to the .

-Tusade, "cr of Norman Sicily, Robert Guiscard. On their way across Italy and on through the Byzantine 1} | oo = = —— — oe — —s— © Sa | .

330 Chapter Nine ———_ ~ — ———————————————— = ———— eee :

Chapter Nine 331 | ———— Puy Pit S i - | iW i '

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION | | | Beli / Empire, the army picked up many enthusiastic bands of local crusaders, who Joined ranks

W m | } : id WE] | eventually arrived in Constantinople with the Normans in April of 1097. The crusaders came nay : ) te | | | | every comer of Europe, and when they arrived in Constantinople they were a mismatchedgr oi

| \'s rd) le | staged a successful siege of Nicaea, and after that, moved on to Antioch, which they took iite. f iP G iW : NM | L Ay | Jerusalem fell in 1099. Pope Bl. Urban II, whose dream was to recover the Holy Land. died before aw v (it iN :

. i} ill j receiving news of the sacking of Jerusalem. The reconquest of Jerusalem unfortunately resultedin Hy . a brutal massacre of the mostly Muslim population. di | { ! ma c | '| | | | '

Fe - \ | The First Crusade came at a time when Muslims were politically divided. Seljuk Turks had recently ie Sa , al | { risen to power in the Holy Land and they did not yet have firm control over the area. The | i b |

} crusaders took advantage of their disunity and established authority over Palestine. After the ¥ | | reconquest of Jerusalem, the crusaders organized the lands into a number of counties, fiefs, and p ., & = | | principalities based on the Medieval feudal system to build a Christian state in Palestine. r f aa , teVa i <4 as, | As Is still evident today, the organization of a government for a population which included Muslims i a dj iN \" — of '

Jews, Eastern and Western Christians was no easy task. The job fell to Godfrey of Bouillon, and A) seo potion) be a | | | after his death in 1100, his younger brother Baldwin. Baldwin kept direct contro! of Jerusalemand v a qae \ T

| | in crusader-won territories were | 4 .

Leff, A statue of Richard the Lionheart in London. King Richard was a natural leader generally allowed to retain their property and livelihood and, as always, their religion. with great skill as a military strategist and an ability to inspire his warriors to follow

- — — him into battle. His Muslim contemporaries considered him their greatest enemy.

| However, the kingdom of Jerusalem was difficult to maintain, as it shrunk continuously until 129) pesaepaint ins oe=aagoFnean = many Europeans stayed in the Holy rossa and King Philip of France to defend the Christian kingdoms against the Turks, who had now

| | themselves trying to maintain ceca a a peo ect iaae a= wee . the kings found unified under their great military leader Saladin. Saladin, the great unifier, had forged the Muslim sympathies. It is indeed remarkable they were aie <peers y ailrerent faiths, cultures, and Near East into a single entity while preaching jihad against the Christians. In 1187 at the Battle of | n control for nearly 200 years.

Hattin, his forces wiped out the combined armies of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, and they SUCCESSIVE captured the relic of the True Cross. The response was the Third Crusade.

| | CRUSADES laer crusades failed, abounding with mistakes and accidents. The Fourth Crusade (1201-1204) | ne popularity and success of the First Crusade inspired a string of crusades that lasted for= resulted in the sack of Constantinople, the great Christian city, in 1203. Various conditions led the | | | ve centuries. None of these crusades was ever as well organized or effective as the first. In fact musaders to sack the city. The crusaders were signitearii'y Ids a Nese ayo eee nee

[Lee the wars more often resembled a steady stream of people esding favored a Byzantine emperor who would repay the debt for them. The preachers of the crusade

| | | (i east rather than an organized military campaign thought the Constantinopolitans had sided with Saladin and the Muslims during the Third Crusade

+, (* . and had not assisted in the Second.

| é lortly after the end of the First Crusade. the Christian kingdom in F | | bi | Palestine was under attack. In 1144. the Turks recaptured the city of in 1212, children, caught up in the popular crusader movements, set off to mount a "Children's

| | ? ie Edessa in the north. King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad II Wusade" against the Turks. Before they even arrived in the Holy Land, many of the children either

2y/ " » of Germany set out to capture the city of Damascus and establish a starved to death or were killed by disease during the perilously rugged journey east. Those who | m e "ar 4 | defensive front for the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They failed and were

"dnot die along the way were captured and sold into slavery.

~ ¥ forced to retreat. Convinced that God was punishing the West for its These two Crusades, as well as a number of — | | | | | + | ali 'dy piety movements arose throughout Europe to purify unofficial expeditions, diminished enthua

Chelstian society in order to be worthy of future victory in the East. siasm and religious fervor for the Holy Wars.

| ) | iin) vi tr ee eabesace? = background of the Robin Hood stories. Richard ous fal 1361 <a ast of the Latin King- } t 5 *, i = Ni ?

| | | } yi Pm fh i ngiand set out with Emperor Frederick I, Barbakil ia : uslim forces succeeded — —Sea "rr SSa ati A © | BM cvs c c , a lig or ejecting the last of the crusaders, § , = | ) Oe | & \ y wiJuly22, 1099, Godfrey of Bouillon was chosen as rul , C "lus €rasing the crus S me ; ) i — it of a8 Holy Sepulchre."

It was agreed to by the lawsarashen ns one cietaa te ced "Fg andieere ie ma fe : seals: Kingdoms from This late medieval Mlustration depicts Richard the Lionheart and Saladin

, ee oil Century. from horseback at a full gallop '

—_— , MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION , HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES : a s | | t THE FIRST CRUSADE, 1095-1099 THE CRUSADER STATES, 1081-1375 TET . ee Ty} , = ©1997 Lion Huds cae | i] ||| y :

ON ple/ Three's i j j i = * th | | ATLANTIC Boullon x ) li) | | Pope Urban II proclaims thefirst E M yf! a t f We ail | | Ke Dole ml, Ne a a eee | | | | Toulouse g ~% am BLACK SEA | | 1} ' s | Oeome = t a _Nicomed '

PRINCIPALITY OF | | = ,.? aed % Naa KINGDOM OFCYPRUS f ANTIOCH (1098-1268) -r . waa > = * | (1192-1489) : al ' i SOT '

| ; ortos a. a i") | | | a em) cre «Bones 7g ty Krak des Chevaliers teal) oa '

. i Eo;y SEA EARLDOM 'ns >, © Ree et Jerusalem, & q TRIPOLIS (1102-1289) | mex A Alexandria re.

5 © f7Beirut Sr Routes of the crusaders \ a= .

SZ, if) \\ \ {_ KINGDOM OFJERUSALEM | J Pe A.

Mea SaaV ni Palas | ~~ (1099-1187, 1229-1244) | Ee Se i Py)'

| Be /p | o Petra | | | Krakdes Chevaliers was the headquarters of the Knights "Wht iva rT | ) | Hospitaler in Syria during the Crusades. It was the largest eeKA Way ye | !

| Crusader fortress in the Holy Land. The castie is located east f yASS F - eeomg Akaba | of Tripoli atop a high cliff along the only route fromAntioch

A. Hic \ { H Muslim Castle | to Beirut and the Mediterranean Sea. The original fortress had \ Wi \ ; ' es ek cesar seonghold {125 been built in 1031 for the emir of Aleppo. It was captured by ( Cie Ae fi "A 250km | naei IV of Toulouse early in 1099, during the First Crusade , LoSN a ———1____4 The Hospitalers expanded it in 1144. It fell to Sultan B

NOR } 1 > wa | in 1271. The fortress is one of the few sites whereCaen U A } (L% :

| i HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION | | it ——— ao — a — —— aa ——— | ————— rs these initial expeditions, soldiers and princes alike lost the religious passion that fueled the '

|vie After a and desires of the First Crusade. As St. Bernard of Clairvaux said, many of the soldiers | | = a fom pious and from having sensitive consciences. During this time, regretfully, Jews and Saat» é eee ; Muslims living in Europe also became the sub- | — fy ; Zz pr jects of increased violence. Religious men of the | .

—— | — in ~~ my Church soon turned their backs on the idea of | B fy - : beeat was ' wae =the Crusade and lookedfor oth | | € .

> the Crusade and looked for other ways to secure /_ sf S ee os? safety and holiness in the Holy Land.

In 1219, a young St. Francis of Assisi asked the | * ~ + 35) et ke — = , p : an = .

Ta ae j » ZA cardinal overseeing the Fifth Crusade for per- .

. oS i ih ' ys ; e af y vy mission to travel to Palestine and meet with the haw , Y 4 our ~- \y ae ir Muslim leader Sultan Malik-al-Kamil in order

»* ) Se to convert him. The Cardinal refused at first, +:en WP be a ' ve .

\ but eventually gave in to St. Francis' persistence.

Whi , A & When he arrived in the Holy Land with his i fi . friend, Brother Illuminato, the two were cap- | (> Jfm/ 4, vl ; ' +», Jee tured, beaten, and tortured. Their appearance —

< unarmed, unafraid, and dressed in beggar's | ie ~ £ an:

Francisof Assisi met with Sultan Malik-al-Kamil and impressed robes ; piqued the sultan's CUrIOSICy, St. Francis | /' taf 'i a , (e senby agreeing to walk barefoot through fire to prove the strength met with the sultan daily for a month discussing | o| ~ of .

> hs fath and the power of his God religion. Though the sultan never converted, the | vo ¢ = wo became friends, and the sultan granted St. Francis safe travel to and from the Holy Land.

S 5D S Francis' example suggested that there were peaceful and more effective means of establishing Wt | ; = a safety and friendly dialogue in the Holy Land.

| On April 12 1204 the men of the Fourth Crusade spent three Gays sacking and looting Constantinople, a city so filled with treasures and OUTCOM E OF THE CRUSADES my a = it was one of the most destructive and profitable conquests in history, Many of the looted treasures remain in Venice m ¢

: cluding the Four Golden Horses of San Marco and a piece of the True Cross. The feel ngs of betrayal would create a great rift between The main objectives of the Crusades—the deliverance of the Holy Land and the rescue of the whe Western and Eastern Churches which stil exists today

= rag christians in the East— were ultimately frustrated. Nonetheless, the sacrifice of so many lives was ) WE WLIGLO i ay i = .

; : not entirely in vain. The Crusades held back Turkish expansion into Europe for four hundred years BYZANTIUM'

| UM 5 RESPONSE and gave Christians a more acute consciousness of their Christian unity, which transcended At first, many westerners (especially Pope | = mauonality and race. Contact with Eastern Christian culture through the exchange of people, goods,

Mw, v Je n Ssvpe j ope oce \ "fe yw ee * = <s a . rg . ap. the Crusades might have on the re aoe ay a ocent 2 were optimistic about the positive effect and ideas had an enormous influence on the intellectual life of Europe. The Crusades made ie speaking, the Byzantines needed the help SFte ee stern and eastern churches. Politically ngrimages to the Holy Land easier, and the Muslims eventually entrusted Christian Holy Places in :

) the Byzantine Empire. In addition, the Crusade €stemn Ctusaders to contain the Turks and protect 'aestine to the Franciscans due to St. Francis of Assisi's friendship with Muslim leaders.

| | | a Y = . f <- 4 adaition, the Crusades also allowed for a positive exchange of ideas and The Cries at, as Culture between the more educated Byzantines and the Western Christians Many hoped that the 'ne Crusades also had a powerful influence on military technology. After initial invasions,

| | eaigh unication between the west and east would help heal the Great Schism of 1054 : TR argely waged id Sehr woke PECs Skilled'in constructing: castles. mou with | | The Eastern Empire, for its p. ct. fear "asus, there were improvements in siege engines to break down walls and gates including

Well ; ; oy part, feared the Crusaders and saw the western armies as a threat baltering rants. touranc i against their own territory Emperor Alexius usual] : tr phe <n vallfTing rams, towers, and catapults.

| possible across the Bc ; S Mee sey sUany tied to transport the Crusaders as quickly as The Crusad | :

| | sks Bas ee Sporus Straits and out of Byzantine territory given the high intensity ot Tristiane M Saket ee travel and fostered a new curiosity for foreign culture among the Latin

) 4) be % ld | nostlity many Eastern Christians had for the Latin Church. After the sacking of ~vet's. Filssionariés and merchants set out deep into central Asia, and by the thirteenth

) ' stantinople during the fourth Crusade. the relationship between the east and west was ruined 'entury had reached China. The reports from those expeditions (from explorers such as Marco

| The 279K ; — 4 i us "

148)'9) Pave Wi. cre os 4) . om ari a , acl - * ts The Byzantine s regained control over their own Capital in 1261, but we eventually defeated angie Nee Europe abundant information about Asia and fed the desire to explore and | J by the Turks in 1453. The Crusades bec: ett ie das . Dut would be eventually defeatec migeize new territories. As a result, the world in many ways became more open for Westerners

| Ak created betieen ce became a turning point in the life of the eastern empire, and the Nd conseadentythetaciceiaana: pais wig Sable 3 = OP s | | .

1 te 3s etween the Eastern and Western Churches was so great th f ne conniies ~ibequently the technological and academic achievements of the Arabic world and the Greek still remains open 0 6reat that alter eignt ce 8 on medicine and mathematics facilitated a flowering of Western culture.

} | j | | = - =— ~ cy | 336 Chapter Nine = _ —- ——- —__— SSS SEE ee :

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADE Q | | —— ee | PART II | ° ARRIOR The Military Orders: The Knights .

| Templar, the Hospitalers, and | the Teutonic Knights >» a ith the recovery of the Holy Places in Palestine during the Crusades, Military Orders Sprang

, i up out of the necessity to defend the holy sites as well as the pilgrims who traveled there These orders combined both military and religious life, emphasizing dedication, discipline, and Xx sei monastic organization. These soldier-monks were bound by vows of poverty, chastity, and j) \ ety rep e obedience and were devoted to the care and defense of pilgrims. Although historians of the - A "| % me military orders have enumerated as many as a hundred different types of orders (stressing the y ( Sa yy; . eagemess with which the Middle Ages welcomed an institution so thoroughly corresponding to \ \ iN —— | the two occupations of that period, war and religion), the three oldest and most respected were

| the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitalers, and the Teutonic Knights.

I> _ [ae | The kings and the nobility availed themselves of military orders to strengthen their OWN position | | and to protect their kingdoms and fiefdoms. Since this mode of protection, self-defense through ' y a || . warfare, squared so well with Medieval culture. virtually every king and prince had a military order

| } I] | at his disposal.

Ves bat r { Ne ) + ) SN) MD St. Bernard of Clairvaux . al AL 3) a :

\ / NS ' | \ Dd Te monastic rule drafted by Never numerous, at their height there } } ti _ St. Bernard of Clairvaux and followed were only four hundred knights in . ra NAN. 5 r a ~ = "wy al AY D'S by the Knights Templar established a Jerusalem. Nevertheless, these dedicated strict ascetic way of life that fostered warrior monks inspired other Christian . their dedication to physical warfare. forces. Never fearing death, if the knights

| According to the rule, the Templars had were captured in battle they could | | .

THE KN IGHTS TEMPLAR to wear white monastic garments, not offer a ransom. In addition, those '

~ R : distinguishing them on the battlefield captured would always refuse their :

I shite tsiy nine French knights founded the oldest of these three orders, the Knights where their fierce reputation preceded freedom if it meant denying their faith.

| hee "peenicary tO protect pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. The order derived their name. "The them. However, off the battlefield the At the siege of Safed in 1264, for example, id Sonia of the Temple of Jerusalem," or Templars, from the Palace of King Baldwin of JeruTemplars lived the quiet lives of pious eighty Templars were taken eae Ub .

. salem, which was built on the site of the ancient Temple of Solomon. rhe exemplifying a seemingly After refusingee -ot captor's | .

The Pope approved the order at the Council of Treume ke ; ; mye paradoxical existence of war and peace. wishes to deny Christ, they all were was present at the council ere % ais eae Troyes in 1128, and St. Bernard of Clairvaux. ng

Their lives of prayer, however, sustained martyred. Over the course of the first | .

'| In Praise of the New Knightho Sc St aie tye raat based on the Cistercian Rule. In his treatis them in war. The prospect of death in two centuries of their existence, it is | | | ad yas ts cmard wrote: battle did not frighten the Templars: they _estimated that almost twenty thousand

| ) | Heaa ee Spe napa blossomed forth into new life: warriors, whose sole aim in life it nad already given up all worldly pleasures.

Knights Templars were killed.

: c€ was to rob, to plunder, and to kill, have now bound themselves by solemn vow to .

| | defend the poor of the Church.

| | 338 Chapter Nine —— — — ——— SS Se =!

St. Bernard saw the military order as an effective way of tempering the knights" bad habits and THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALERS | | explicitly tying the mission of the crusading armies to the mission of Christ's Church, These monk

| made the three traditional vows of poverty, chastity. and obedience and lived lives of mon ever aS numerous OF as wealthy as the Templars, The [a i g : warriors este tec of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, or [ie phguaes Knients Vt - : f I le zed thr k division with aristocr ageke founded in about 1130, grew out of an already

| a), | | The Knights Templar were organized in a three rank ton with aristocratic soldiers, clergy, ang Hospre™"* rk of charity consisting of the care of sick

P | lay brothers from the lower ranks of society who acted as helpers of the aristocratic Soldiers. They axisting Work OF se epolcalld: dressed ima emer | | assumed a major role in the maintenance of safe routes between Europe and the crusad

Y sjerims. The knigh . tyP picts re = @ - | ! i oe ; ; €r states "4 with a white cloak, made a major contribution in C and the defense of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This often included safeguarding western adorned W!

; ; ay money tance of Jerusalem, and served as a medical corps , +.

' that was flowing to the east in support of the western kingdoms there. As a result, the T, the defense ar he ||] Ine net :

, €mplars ne Crusaders. After the fall of the last Christian i became one of the most important banking institutions of the age. to the Crus hp 9c : e .

|| | : onghold in Palestine in 1291, the Hospitalers retreated y .

After the Holy Land fell again to Muslim forces, the Templars returned to their landholdings {p ug d of Rhodes.

Europe, becoming even wealthier and expanding their banking organization even more Now b cardisegs :

EAT RR ee a : ased wy held Rhodes for two centuries against the Turks. out of Paris, the Templars were excellent transferors and loaners of capital. Their clients included

They he! in 1523 by the Turk | the popes and the French kings.

After the capture of Rhodes in yt e Turks, ) Pasting' tres ¥ i emperor Charles V bestowed upon them the island of iH a ing qes Aaaea and Neen the French king Philip the Fair maliciously sought

Malta Although they were expelled from the island in ) ~ ei oY t ;pines selyee ot at bh heresy and pressured Pope Clement V oe by Napoleon, the order still exists today. Known

Sais ear ae "an ene Sees spn Yeas a #7 seit eis UP accusations of sacrilege, «the Knights of Malta, the order has long since put down

| mae! ro) | | | Soe ¥: mre in ae ade the order Increasingly unpopular in France. The French King extracted he sword and exists only as a philanthropic confraternity.

The Hospitalers held Rhodes for two centuries | confessions" from the members of the Templars through torture, suppressed the order, and Sale ) seized most of its property. The Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay was burned

: stak | ) : i : c s at the stake | in 1314. He died courageously, publicly condemning the actions of Philip.

THE TEUTON IC KNIGHTS 1] ~ Around 1190, a number of crusaders from Bremen and Liibeck in Germany joined with the HI | || I~ ; | .

> 6 20S === e a members of the German Hospital in Jerusalem to form the Order of the Teutonic Knights. Officially Mtn _ 0 ty a 4) mown as the Brothers of the Hospital of Saint Mary of Jerusalem, the Teutonic Knights were

:i=m=i7 modeled largely after the Hospitalers and maintained a headquarters in Jerusalem. As early as | deity || | '

=|== i226 they turned their attention away from the Holy Land. The King of Prussia and the Bishop | | ; | r> Tes IE Primate of Prussia invited the Teutonic Knights to aid in battles against the heathen Slavs and Y 4. b a == latars. In 1229 the Knights moved their headquarters to Prussia and helped aid the German

| ff , \ = expansion eastward, conquering lands along the Baltic Sea. The Teutonic Knights took Prussia and ) | ¢ Fa B\ ep. other lands of Estonia, Lithuania, and Russia until it finally stopped advancing around 1400. The i : n \ pg i y stopp ing \ & <. m \ ~Y | mghts remained a cohesive and efficient group until the sixteenth century, when then grand

| i? aa | \ be nedian c er | ey d (i a | , ese master, Albert of Hohenzollern, abandoned Catholicism (1525) and became a Lutheran Grand

») | fi A ie | Ppl . kA, '

—* Duke of secularized Prussia.

1} | | i a | | PAN i) | as = | LEGACY OF THE MILITARY ORDERS | | d | pS ane A) Hesides these three orders, there were a great number of lesser military orders. The culture of the | | | | | ( !

| Wf ul } 'die Ages offered the right setting for military orders. After the Crusades stopped in the } | y I, a) ee ee — ee i} uuteenth century, most of the military orders died out, but their effects on the development of | ; mn Ps 9 ion—————— furope were long lasting.

\ ; 'On Friday 13 Octob 07.at precisely The Te ar F a bo '

| f ee ee I Friel pega aprediy delid a beds se 25 tea were important forerunners in banking, developing an early system of capitalism in ; F Bas .

0 ; Be were arrested and delivered to various prisons at the command of ae Their immediate successors were the Fugger and Medici families that played important

, —= eed gl Now eet hanes eehome eos in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Teutonic Knights were key in > q ==Ae=ea — Paris house." (from the chronicle of William of Nangis)

Faye aa the great German expansion into the East known as the Drang nach Osten (Urge it "ys : othe East).

) 7 a —— ® > <== see of Molay was burnt at the stake on the Ile-des-Javiaux, an :

1} | —— - = Siand in the Seine in th t >. c / Noval y aft ors, oe ae = = ésid tohave alitel Phi eaei pel iat Mei i keg ix, ty atterwards utilized the model of military orders to form a legion of knights who were

| \} | him before God's tribunal. They both died soon after ey mously Invested into the order of knighthood. Some countries today, most notably

"Sand, still bestow these titles as a sign of honor or gratitude.

| | | 340 Chapter Nine ———————— —_——__——____ ——— os Oe —— Va | | | ——— ——— — —————=— | | Chapter Nine 341 | | > : mn) — eet = f ; « HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION

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| | PART III -p hostile to Christianity, and rejected the Mass, the sacraments, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy | | an) yere ation. In addition to hating anything that had to do with the world, Albigensians rejected aie i :

© _e,e and SP ach and refused to abide by oaths or allegiances. They were unaccountable to any Py Wy The Ingu SItIon feudalae or civil. Often leaders instructed them to burn down churches and destroy their nal | | | guihonity. tiey also forbade marriage and the propagation of the human race, and thus they q as = : || 4 Bs first Christian emperors believed that One of the rd fot homosexual relations as an alternative to heterosexual relations, sinceproducing ny | ) 1h . en > v i chief duties of an imperial ruler was to Use his

"fspring was considered evilaAber Peates SUICIde Asa Wey te obtain Spisinaeta 1 || | | | ie } political and military power to protect the orthodoxy of gy shedding themselves of their bodies through suicide, Albigensians believed they would be pure ee the Church, The titles they used, like "Pontifex Maximus" mcg to obtain eternal life.

| |! and "Bishop of the Exterior, implied their understanding sh civil and religious authorities in Europe saw this heresy as more than a theological disagree- | .

A of their office as a divinely appointed agent of Heaven, a Seta as a destructive illness that would have devastating effects on both the Church and DW a | civil authority whose duty was bound up with thei eee AN? e of service of the Church.

Chistian socie ; . | 5) /) | '

} ; i, 1208, an Albigensian follower killed the Papal Legate Pierre de Castelnau, and Pope Innocent III | =.

Nevertheless, for centuries, Church leaders were reticent - ad by calling a crusade to suppress the Albigensians in France and rid the heresy from .

| to embrace this explicit connection between the interests sad ndom. He justified his actions by saying:

; i "\ SS of the Church and civil society. The Catholic hierarchy Sie 2s delivecnk the Liceda Senhion Ge iafiols | | s) was not in favor of stern measures against heresy, which Ita crusade were holy eric2 pore: we 5 ae hice Lon. iat pis | an yy they deemed inconsistent with the spirit of Christianity was it not as holy when it et So poate aes of the priesthood, Sacraments, the AD In the Middle Ages, as the Catholic Faith became dom.

Geaanot eSSS ee ee _ | | HE pas inant in Europe, the Church became tied socially, polit The purging draggedon aaMule than rhe enes \ | a a cally, and economically to European life. Christianity dough thousands died and' sbigenslan Jan a oe ) | poh caeriaivee inquisition as provided the moral foundation for law and civil authority, france were seized, many adherents to the heresy were As a major landholder, the Church's well-being had a stil scattered throughout Europe.

| | major €conomic influence on Europe. Civil authorities, despite their impiety or any dishonest French kings Louis VIII and Louis IX, as well as Emperor | intention, regarded themselves as the political arm of the Church. divinely appointed to assist and Frederick II, took strong measures against the Albigensians

| preserve the Christian world. by applying capital punishment. Consequently, burning King Peter of Aragon emphasized the connection between the safety of Europe and of the Church heretics at the stake became a common practice. Civil qf *Ad > .

| | when he said: "The enemies of the Cross of Christ and violators of the Christian law are likewise ners were becoming increasingly more involved with A Ja Ny | | Our enemies and the enemies of our kingdom, and ought therefore to be dealt with as such" the prosecution and punishment of heretics to maintain

.. ¥ —_ | (quoted in Blotzer, "Inquisition," The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. VIIL 1910). cvil order.

| Catholic doctrine and practice was no longer a matter of private belief. Its stability and validity Pope Gregory IX became anxious over this extension of | | | allowed for and protected the stability of Europe. Heretical attacks on the Church were treatedas cv authority into matters of Faith and doctrine. He wanti

| serious threats against the Christian world, and in the thirteenth century, some of these heresies «do protect the ecclesiastical authority of the Church | became increasingly more violent. rom being usurped by the secular rulers. Although the | pope sought to reserve authority over faith, he also wanted

| THE ORIGINS OF THE INQUISITION remain on good terms with the emperor and kings. ai _ The Inquisiti a ieeeties F ee ii 1231, Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisition as a .

AK | | ee ne-fear=rerita celaa aoa pxiee which was growing strongena means of detection and purgation of heresy. He appointed ce _ | during the time of Sr. Augustine, Albigensianismn 4 mai id RAE See2ee Nae pies oneapal Inquisitors. mostly' Dominicans and The Spanish friar and papal Inquisitor Dominic

| | piety and self-sacrifice, as it saw the soul as sped are the Seay alk ei: oak ibe pager ot oO cee serve as independent judges free

Guzman believed in peaceful methods of persuasion .

) | emphasis on its ostensible fidelity to the Gabe edarecca ll Y ne y were attracte ts vom any secular interest and influence. such as debating the Albigensians in public

. fasting. Their radical as arse , €xpressed in austerity regarding poverty and | | Seer cis was driven by their belief in the evil of war. physical pleasure, and | The teachings of Albigensianism posed a Aa oags = .

| z THE INQUISITORS .

| teachings struck at the core of ths Cathae Sali A,aeeSFes fo the: Sans te Hie eee did not establish the Inquisition as a distinct tribunal. Rather, he appointed special judges

| Kio gods that govemed the irieeek se pene: sees eqiaeaie Albigensianism beeeae eames and judged the doctrinal opinions and moral conduct of suspicious individuals.

| result, all things of the temporal world were eensiaacen iat the other physical and ridedic Hey often worked within the context of the civil system, but with papal authority. The judge, or ) ns evil and dangerous. The Albigensians wulsitor, had to adhere to the established rules of canonical procedure. Gregory IX also provided

| | 342 Chapter Nine — ———— ee — —_ | | | — Chapter Nine 343 | | | | ON Oe ~y — Pe ; , HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION

| | ————= ————— S Te ie ft .

. i l | that the inquisitional tribunal could only work te sets of 0 already tried man (who would attempt to induce free confession through friendly hl I| Wi | | with the diocesan bishop's co-operation. versyasion). and confinement to an inquisition prison for serious offenders. When no voluntary iis | i , i Pee inn was made, evidence was still necessary for conviction. Legally, there had to be at least

| ) The porplicans ae Frencsyans — ie a : admission and conscientious judges often required even more witnesses to convict someone ahhh i | orders that enjoyed rigorous and solid theo- ' rwo witnesses:

| logical training and spiritual formation. This ,, . of heresy:

. ii, (Wii . education prompted the hierarchy to employ nN wmesses for the defense hardly ever appeared, as they would almost inevitably be suspected of aan | them as inquisitors. Given their spirituality and - — heretics or at least favorable to heresy. For the same reason those impeached rarely secured

| Wa | | lifestyle, the Dominicans and Franciscans would R '4 egal advisers. and therefore made a personal response to the main points of a charge. False

|| heen Van . be less likely to be swayed by worldly motives 4% ' wimesses were punished without mercy. If caught, they risked life imprisonment or worse

We | . or pressure from the secular authorities. It was ' y vonishment. It must be noted that secret examination of witnesses during the Inquisition was not a | | i} | | safe to assume that they were not merely en- , rcuitity of the time. This procedure was commonto all civil courts as well throughout Europe.

Why | peeled aeSea ec | (| r The accused was not given the right to know the names of his accusers. However, the accused

4) Y ha Sheet Cet it = siven the right to submit a list of names of his alleged enemies, which often facilitated a Ti | duty for the good of the Church. In addition oa" was givenIne NE : fry F f | thage Was keakrniis Maem ITae oe € th sh i) i . uh ' yst verdict. Furthermore, the accused could appeal to higher authority, including the pope

We | phe P ee | y) i Shannon, Medieval Inquisition, 1983. pp. 139-140).

Wels | great popularity and moral authority, they would .

(@. shannon. ie Pa) ; '

Mi | 1] not encounter too much opposition. it inaddition to the inquisitor, boni viri (good men) were frequently called upon. Thirty, fifty, eighty,

| It | It was a heavy burden of responsibility that fell o¢ more persons —laymen and priests; secular and regular — would be summoned, all highly iti . upon the shoulders of an inquisitor. who was respected and independent men, and sworn to give verdict on the cases before them to the best

| obliged, at heer indirectly, to ane hatowan He of their knowledge and belief. They were always called upon to decide two questions: culpability

. and death. The Church feisted that he' possess and the reason for it) and the punishment to be imparted. Although the boni viri were entitled

| | the qualities of a good judge expressed in an only to an advisory vote, the final ruling was usually in accordance with their views.

| | B ardent zeal for protecting and promoting the The judges were also assisted by a concilium permanens, or standing council, composed of other

, i | Faith, the salvation of souls, and the extirpation swom judges.

| of heresy. Amid all difficulties, pressures, and Th :

| j dangers of the task = IS painting depicts an event that occurred in 1207. in Albi, F eee OF pase he he should worn yield to when st Dominic proved to the Albigensians that their Bookie

Nevertheless, he should meet containing heretic ideas burn in the fire while the Catholic books fly | hostility fearlessly, but should not encourage it.

Up away from the fire undamaged i i He sould vied'to no hnticehvem or rear ahd yet-pot be Heaseed WE ee SIMON DE MONTFORT AND THE BATTLE OF MURET | permitted, he should observe mercy in ies Fi hats pig | Fitiecsrunnt ocala a 2 n allotting penalties. Finally, he should listen to the counsel of pyr of the most important battles St. Dominic (the founder of Mendicant order

| ane cn in his own opinion or first impressions. against the Albigensians took place at that will be studied in the next chapter) for | nquisitors tried to answer to this ideal. Far fror noi Muret, a small town southof Toul spiritual guidance. At his suggestion the : i .

Ss n being inhuman. the ; rs ; f south of Toulouse in p gu b is suggestio | spotless character, and sometimes they were of frily admirabl

Fini tried to find men with southern France, on September 12, 1213. With Catholic forces began praying the Rosary, and | even been canonized by the Church € sanctity. A number of them have the support of Pope Innocent III, Simon de the night before battle, Simon heard Mass

; Montfort led a small army of Catholics against at midnight, and prayed to God for a victory.

| the Albigensians, led by Count Raymond VI His enemy Peter Ii spent the night with his PROCESS FOR INQUISITION and Peter II of Aragon. The Albigensian mistress and could barely stand straight the | ms army was far larger than that of Simon de next morning.

€ procedure for inquisition began ws .

Montfort, and so the Catholic general waited : s ti itor when he c Retr iS with 4 month long "term of grace proclaimed by the inquisfor reinforcements to arrive from the North bie _ aie! STOR ary SryRaa | vl en he came into a heresy-ridden district, which allowed the inhablearie to Av eerie fi istic cn om the North. across a mile of open country and attacked inquisitor, confess their sins, and perform penance. Of those who confessed h eras Fhe

/ Be Faeeteeta PEER ae | accord, a suitable penance (such as a pilgrimage. § .

€Sse eresy 0 teir own With about eight hundred cavalry, Simon course of the battle, St, Dominic knelt before | imposed, but never a severe punishment lik ag

: asus. Or wearing crosses on their clothes) was Was facing a heavily reinforced enemy of over the altar of Saint-Jacque in Muret asking God

| ES Tie xe incarceration or surrender to the civil power. i thousand cavalry and fifteen thousand for a miraculous victory. God answered his

| S€d did not confess, the trial began. The z infantry. This massive force marched towards rayers, and in a surprisingly short time Pet

' accused wo : ear hist . prayers, prisingly er | on the four Gospels. If he or she still claimed innocence. ther ue be asked Yeee his innocence the Catholic position at Muret from Toulouse, ll was killed and the heretics were defeated.

| extract a confession, First judges would remind fhe € were a number of methods used to intent on crushing the small Catholic It is believed that Simon erected a chapel

| | she were convicted without a confession, hopi accused the punishment that awaited if he or resistance. Faced with a seemingly helpless dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary in thanks

/ guilty man to admit to the: truth in bp a Pet that the fear of punishment may convince a Situation, Simon and his army turned to to St. Dominic and his prayers. confess, he or she was subject to sheen A Snore fone Sentence. If the accused still dd not | onfinément (possibly emphasized by curtailment of food).

N / } an | | | 344 Chapter Nine SS —————————————$ =<— —SSS | | | j — Chapter Nine 345 .

) } Se ) ) —— | | = Le = San || he HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION | gg + —__~—— ———— ; - — = —=— —— —__ _— _ |

~~ | ) c ae od The ultimate decision was usually pronounced with a solemn ceremony. One or two days Prior t | . | this ceremony, everyone concerned had the charges read to him again, briefly. The ceremo 3

Ew began very early in the morning. Secular officials were sworn in and made to vow obedience to 7. ae =.

| inquisitor in all things pertaining to the suppression of heresy. Then the offenses were announced : p ee and punishments were assigned to the guilty party. This announcement began with the min pe ee b, at i punishments, and went on to the most severe, such as perpetual imprisonment or death Tia

| found guilty were then turned over to the civil power, whose duty it was to CaITy out the P ear "th of ib'

AY Sy . i J al ey e Most of the punishments that were inflicted were AS \ Aye largely humane, Most frequently, certain good works i we / Wi , 7 hE | were ordered like the building of a church, the visitation , \ | v | to a church, a pilgrimage, the offering of a candle or a tae f '

, Fi chalice, or participation in a crusade. Other stiffer { a] ' f penalties included fines, whose proceeds were devoted

| to such public purposes as church-building or roadpyre | a!

| making; whipping with rods during religious service: the ' @ i pillory: or wearing colored crosses (Livingstone, The 4% | | | Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 1997, p. 836). la The hardest penalties were imprisonment and var- | a | a | lous degrees of exclusion from the communion of the PP * aN (Eo

| | Church, as well as consequent surrender to the civil af ¥ : rhe De retest battle of the Reconquista was fought on July 12, 1212 at Las Navas de Tolosain southern Spain, when the Musiim forces were

| Pa et, ey) yeah, oem Be : f dy selsated by a great Christian army which included kings of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, the military orders and 70,000 French crusaders. This battle

| power for harsher sentencing '

: t, \ aas decisive, pushing Muslims back to Granada in the far south Imprisonment was not always seen as punishment | in the proper sense: it was rather looked on as | r .

So e an opportunity for repentance, a preventive measure ; ; alowed for a certain amount of injustice to remain. Nonetheless, every historic age must be against backsliding or infecting others. It was bear =|

"6_ +a r evaluated in light of its own value system, not ours. Incidents taken out of context can lead to or an (frre . ro a rw my aoe aes vy al 'et ~ micumaerct4 a "hriecr me j > in . i immuration (from the Latin murus,a wall). or incarcera.

{j 4— Oe nsunderstanding. To Christians during the Inquisition, threats to one's immortal soul (eternal . tion, and was inflicted for a definite time or for life. ee NT damnation) were much more feared than most people can appreciate today.

Immuration for life was the lot of those who had t nai eee | . snthanc aranrcoie ee tae ee Vur twenty-first century minds consider Medieval

| : riee only from fear of death or had once — pun shments abhorrent and barbaric. but the es shments THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN

| ) nefore abjured heresy. inflicted in those times were normal for Medieval cultures Although it is hard to know exactly how many victime wre 'elgious conditions similar to those in Southern France led to the establishment of the Inquisition

Seer ie ae ae Nesey HOW many vicums were handed over to civil power, there are n Spain, where it las unti P € o€ ; i isiti | | | some historical approximations. At the height of the | , there are Spain, where it lasted until the eighteenth century. However, motives for the Inquisition

| . nae ath i senons. éat the height of the Inquisition in southern France in the thirteenth eveloned different ty. st ae century, three people were bumed forheresy per year (Livingst Whe Oa i urte veloped differently in Spain. The Spanish Inquisition coincided with the Reconquista, the | ) Christian Church, 1997, p. 836). pokes 1€ Oxford Dictionary of the conquering of Spain by the Christians against the Muslims and the Jews. National unification was

A more temible fate awaited the heretic wi not completed until 1492, and before and after that date, the Inquisition was used to promote and ) | mit tate dwaited the heretic when judged hy a cecilar <nisy is oat retain Snanish:

VII of Toulouse ordered many confessed I €n judged by a secular court. In 1249 Count Raymond 'tain Spanish unity under a common Christian religion.

| . sheen to reeshic It is han He leretics to be burned in his presence without permitting The Spanish Inquisition formally be Aas Pattie cet he :

It is impossible to imagine any such procedures bef pahish inquisition formally began after the establishment of the Papal Inquisition around the .

_ Fr e hee 1 procedures before the Inquisition courts. ime of the reie of Ferdinz :

= io ; +3 The punishments inflicted were considered. at the - Or the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. Beginning in 1480, Spanish civil authorities took over .

' legislative power, but also of the Son na » at the time, the normal expression not only of the Ne Inquisition in Spain. and roughly with criminals of every type. Civil authorities deal saisetinsa Bs = 22 s sea Ta

Raced the Spanish Inquisition developed into mostlya civil tribunal, theologians never questioned | Hi | ii han A Fa x8 F MiUCS Udit MUCN moreseverely wi nereucs tS ecclaciace~- = = A > a A da did the papal inquisitors, and in many ways the Inquisition hel = 3 oe wit #3 Ce | ©€ccleslastical nature. The Holy See sanctioned the Spanish Inquisition and granted to the grand

,ECOMeE a tal ats + f= en SANGO TICIDEd C aul What Could nave Nouisitor n . a Repay ete and widespread popular reaction to Medieval henees a. = is are aid

| "Susttor judicial authority concerning matters of Faith. The grand inquisitor— technically | ) excuse the ab vNose offense, in the popular mind. deserved severe punishment. But this does not . Bee BORE trough the Spanish diduisition: operated quite Inde patty ca lea

| | a eS ghss :aS those who failed to witness Christ's mercy and forgiveness when acting as 4 es could also pass down jurisdiction to subsidiary tribunals under his control. An understanding

! presentative of Christ's Church.

Even if th Malet ore wie'

Des VISIVENESS WNEN ACuls do ¢ Spanish history —1ini re Sat eS PY Sem era Ne E ¢ : ots urcnh.

Even if the Inqnuiciri-n : oH TUStOry — unic y itsown—reveals bc 1e perceived ; ctua reats : the Inquisition helped lessen an evil of the time. it still | and Jewish pittaray ieee SSE reveals both the perceived and actual threats from Muslim 346 Chapter Nine — — —~— - = a ——— — a Va | | | Chapter Nine 347 | | | | At Tl HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION

———————— ———— ——— | The Spanish Inquisition was significantly crueler than the earlier papal inquisition against | Albigensians. Certainly, many reports of the atrocities committed have been the Product of he

| Especially with today's much more refined appreciation of human dignity, it is €specially clear fhe HE SPANISH INQUISITION (1480-1834) many of the methods employed by the Inquisition flagrantly violated the dignity of the pis

, T Nevertheless, disedifying practices of the Medieval churchmen, by modern standards. intend ie 1] | preserve the purity of Church teaching and protect her children from the corrupting efects ; ing Ferdinand and Queen spats HRS the Consejoph priorto ) heresy as displayed by the Albigensians. Although some of the disedifying practices of individ Z

Crown Heads of Aragon and asti Ze actions imprisoning accused priests.

. and groups within the Medieval Church have no justification, it is always important to view the ee instituted the Spanish Soe ee in si According to procedure, an accused their proper historical context. It bears repeating that heresy was viewed as a serious crime sigh = to investigate Jewishiand Mus erea S person had forty days to renounce the . the Middle Ages, and the usual punishment was excommunication.

Ting (conversos) to Christianity — eae accusation against him. This period was s | secretly practicing their former religions. often extended. False accusers could be | — a a 4 — These rulers believed their authority was punished severely or executed. Lawyers | derived from God and that lasting civil defended the accused, who could be | v ' unity would be achieved through a united —_imprisoned if the accusation against them

. iors is tA ais national faith. They feared that Jewish was proven or if the court unanimously .

| and Islamic elements might seep into the deemed it necessary. Accused persons ) ry VALS eee eeu b4 7 \ PSUR tad a)Lie national religion, as they had in art, denying proven accusations could be | ) pra i; FA oe heey Nata, j architecture, and language, and cause tortured. Those charged with heresy were ty FR ee "

A IR ke) ema Mie Wc BA, Phy religious confusion and possibly lead to offered a public reconciliation called an cd A Sb | Ot are Ree | ee civil unrest. auto de fe (act of faith), which gradually

| Fae hi f Oe ACD ae A r Pope Sixtus IV believed that the situation evolved to include Mass, reconciliation of | | a) Ai " li lie moo P "* nS ie we, in Spain posed a legitimate threat to the accused, and in some cases the alan j i td | | i. it Pera og) 686 ee ee | Catholicism and issued a papal bull in pronouncement of punishment. Those .

Pi cue eee - ; pew Bienes oe MM Cinch eR lef November of 1478 approving the professing heretical beliefs who did not | | rs We A) a H i '

To) q hier we Me 4p Inquisition. Sixtus IV mandated that recant were burned at the stake. Contrary . is Lk vi) wi ee his, am, judges of the Inquisition be at least forty to misleading reports, executions did not H t | | ~ '* :aru ral | if; ay ames i years old, of excellent reputation, take place at the auto de fe ceremony.

| "', 1 ry 'ae Fae eee ees renowned for their virtue and wisdorn, — After the Jews and Moors were expelled .

' ie = ay TL fa is j i phy m te and that they possess specific degrees in from Spain in 1492, the Inquisition | - i i OR ee araein ae i : {eo » } theology and canon law. The Inquisition focused on Protestant heresies. Although

| CTT Ti TTT CTT PRT __ had authority over baptized Christians it was active until 1820 and abolished 14 | ae a TARTIET, ERED:

ATTEELET (TEYELENG000213 only. Civil authorities were responsible for years later, discussions of the Inquisition ) . aa al, a ' the persecution of non-Christian Jews and typically reference the time before 1700.

| Rm. Fakes: CNS bees 1c ier!

« Muslims. re sy , Np A iv hy oF. ire ~ j '

Historical accounts of the Spanish | Py fs ANT : 2 be ¢ "" ak in 1480 Ferdinand and Isabella appointed = —|nquisition are often naively defensive or | | : ye . oa) , fy Vy AP two Dominicans, Miguel Morillo and Juan wildly exaggerated. Some ignore the | | | | A Spanish Court of Inquisition in Madrid in 1680.

It is especially clearto Givkitaneey hanitiegy daisies .

= de San Martin, as the first inquisitors in Inquisition's blatant disregard for human | | | . hroughout medieval Europe flagrantly eantracint

A pres VhNsualls today thatmany of the methodse yyed by nqui nS j i ake i i with the ' 'a f ha pe : "4 * . contradict Christ's message of compassion and mercy. The methods, hownbsp. in cite "es z #5oa ' detains Ste dignity; others use it as a vehicle for | vm HOFTIS OF Medieval times and real threats to the survival of the Church

Li to ure, unjustifiable imprisonment, contemporary anti-Catholic sentiments. ayi of executed prisoners'

Many Se bants originated from the "Black | CONCLUSION Bh he Wc ecoenes pee: ee Legend," an anti-Spanish smear campaign We a | | Like virtually all the periods of the C aopehciety a fe ut Ferainan conducted by enemies of the Spanish | i | ~ SMM y a Wie periods oO © Church's hictam> ma ete = f q shadows. Although the suidin Gi A Church' history, the era of the Crusades shows both lights and phn crown. No one knows how many people . push the Figo of faor é Fitts is o Divine Providence continually helps the people of God to In 1487 Fray Tomas Torquemada was were executed during the Inquisition, but ) Sadish eee 4 mi 2 ward, amid the Church's efforts to spread and protect the Faith, sins named Grand Inquisitor. He developed the recent studies of court records suggest 1} | Sbiecrine Cones Of her children will always be present. However. 'withaiitice th Inquisition as it lasted until its abolition that less than two percent of those . ii objective mora! truth, judgmer = ate roEALs OWever, without compromising { yt . faith in:Chits ae hae a Judgment must take into careful consideration the zeal and uncompromilsing in1834. Courts of the Inquisition were accused of heresy were condemned to | '

2 :* : mee Church exemplified by the era of the Gnisade i Muslin expe aaa "by the commissioned throughout Spain and death. This rate of execution was far less

A sword posed serious threats to Ch Mian Dee Stusades. sli Xpansionis nae centralized i ivi Christian cities and shrines ats to Christian Europe and engulfed and eradicated all the major

(High al the Conse Supremo pag Slig CURT EP OpearL Civ COUrsS at | | stian cities and shrines of the East. Hence. the rizarcie ¢ : righ Council). Local courts required the that time. weaknesses who at the same time see ti ~~ Mgorous response of a people with defects and !

~ ome 2&€ The Catholic tradition as a treasure of inestimable value Wi a 348 Chapter Nine — ——— _— —= oo ___ Z | | ; ~~ SS —————$—$— ee oa 00m ————s | | Chapter Nine 349 | | | a ae at_] ae! i .

| HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION | | | .

- ——— ~<a ——————— ——— any ia} ; ; i Wi j | SUPPLEMENTARY READING | VOCABULARY Ly] | (| | fy | INQUISITOR | | We From Bl. Humbert of Romans' preaching Pope Innocent III, On the Jews gon VIRI | | i in defense of the Crusades, ca. 1272

Decree of 1199 tarin meaning "good men," these groups Special judges appointed by the pope during ) = a LAU a | ; | Some of these critics say it is not in We decree that no Christian shall use violence of thirty or more highly respected es) "3 psare aveSesapie | | accordance with the Christian religion to to compel the Jews to accept baptism. But if independent men, both laymen andpriests, the octrinal Opions and moral conduct | ty . shed blood in this way, even that of wicked a Jew, of his own accord, because of a were summoned during the Inquisition to of suspicious individuals.

| infidels. For Christ did not act thus; rather, change in his faith, shall have taken refuge give verdict on caS€s and decide punishment.

MILITARY ORDER i | . f "When he suffered,hethreat not, but itt Stians, < ; — ' al | Pith Srimetip hola soa plouleat with Christians, after his wish' has Been made

ONCILIUM PERMANENS Arising out of the necessity of defending the | | elivered himself to him that judged him known, he may be madea Christian witho | & i i i { | unjustly." as Peter says.

The saints of i ; We ue <anding council of sworn judges who assisted Holy Places in Palestine as well as the pilgrims wala) ustly," as ys.

The saints of old did any opposition. For anyone who has not ofhis | standing ee | not teach this either'

One should conclu ible Cn TE whe judge during an inquisition. who traveled there, these orders combined | not teach this either. One should conclude, own will sought Christian baptism cannot the Jueg both mili d religi lif hasizi '| :

| therefore, that the Christian religion, which have the true Christian faith. No Christia | Oth military and TenglOuS NS: SIO piesa | nuRhetn. oat + dee :

: n CRUSADE dedication, discipline and monastic ought to adhere to the example and teaching shall do the Jews any personal injury, except

Doe Latin word crux (cross) it refers teat ti | of Christ and the saints, ought not to initiate in executing the judgements of a jud From the | an 'w = organization.

| wars of any kind whatsoever deprive th f the pee Judge, or to wars of a religious character, or specifically nani hece f Gos aa OF ne! POSSESSIONS, GHCRatEn toaseries of eight defensive military expeRECONQUISTA

| [But] Who % So stupid as to dare say that.

= ns ts ey ones which they have been ditions between 1096 and 1270 undertaken by The Christian reconquering of part of the .

Sey infidels or evil men ° desire to kill every :rea? uy nave. During the celebration of Christians to liberate the Holy Land and stop

Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain) following ~ ei r is oo 'a \ c c ic Christian and to wipe out the worship of Christ eir festivals, no one shall disturb them by the expansion of Islam.

700 years of Muslim and Jewish control. from the world, one ought not to resist them? beating them with clubs or by throwing stones

It is clear in the teaching of Christ himself. who at them. No one shall compel them to render DRANG NACH OSTEN (URGE TO THE EAST) TERM OF GRACE | says, He that hath nosword, let him sell his any services except those which they have

| German expansion into the East.

The procedure for inquisition began with | coat and buy a sword." What the Lord said to been accustomed to render. And to prevent this month long period which allowed for Peter, 3 Put up again thy sword," etc., applied the baseness and avarice of wicked men we

IMMURATION ' the inhabitants of a heresy-ridden district to to Peter on that particular occasion. It must be forbid aNYORE XO deface or damage their Imprisonment for those who recanted their appear before the inquisitor, confess their

| held without doubt that it is not inconsistent cemetereés or to extort money from them heresy because of fear of punishment or death. sins, and perform penance. with the Christian religion to wage war by threatening to exhume the bodies of according to circumstances against Saracens, their dead...

INDULGENCE | extremely wicked men and particular enemies Aremission before God of temporal of Christendom.

John Paul II, Apostolic Exhortation punishment due to sins, the guilt of which has Ecclesia in Asia already been forgiven through the sacrament | .

Because Jesus was born, lived, died and of Penance.

1. ene rose from the dead in the Holy Land, that , | | \ small portion of Western Asia becamea land € Is | .

| of promise and hope for all mankind. Jesus / | | | knew and loved this land. He made his own = i> ~ iy" the history, the sufferings and the hopes of its

| | | people. He loved its people and embraced E - | | | their Jewish traditions and heritage. God in .

| | | ) ; fact had long before chosen this people and .

; | | | vs "i revealed himself to them in preparation for the Discovery of the Fy A :

Vy Uiscovery of th Wy Lance at Antioch durin | ¥ ( ' a res $ coming. And from this land, through the First Crusade a <> ) ) a P ae preaching of the Gospel in the power of | During the hardships of the siege of Antioch in 1097-98 a Holy Spirit, the Church went forth to make | ine Crusaders were encouraged by miraculous visions

| | ) | — x 'disciilak GF es he, which assured them of their continued support from God P of all nat Ons (Mt 28: 19).

Une Such vision came to a priest named Peter Bartholomew | | ke who was repeatedly urged by St. Andrew to dig up the | Lance which had pierced Christ's side on the cross. Peter's p battle-weary Teutonic knight heads | eee ert unearthing of the Lance was hailed as a miracle

{ HISTORY OF THE CHURCH THE CRUSADES, MILITARY ORDERS, AND THE INQUISITION = | | | ele —— ee | . iSTUDY QUESTIONS PRACTICAL EXERCISES | Mh Crusades would call for a crusade today? Do you think dy} | | | | 1. What were the crusades?

15. What was the Knights Templar's ople believe that the ; | | specific mission?

Sete excursions with only negative the papacy would call for the establishment | | 2. What new Muslim people appeared on rcomes. Is this true? Cite reasons for your of a military order today?

| | || P| the scene in the Middle East as a new 16. Whoa the rule for the Knights aere 3. Why was the Inquisition instituted?

Tui ites ie yaaa ia ad 7, Isthere a conflict of interest with the What modern ideas make the Inquisition .

3. When and where did Pope Bl. Urban II 17. How were the Knights Templar organized? papacy preaching a crusade in a religion that seem absurd by today's standards?

| | h the First Crusade and why?

? Do youthink the papacy NEY 4. What were the temporal and spiritual wealthy? ai :

I ! motivations for participation in the | ite | ey .

19. When were the Knights Hospitalers | | | Wy | founded and what was their vocation?

FROM THE CATECHISM i ) I) .

| 5. When was the First Crusade?

, 1] om - 20. Where did the Knights Hospitalers go |] || 6. H s the timi he Fi fi ine?

; aN TH Seljuk Turks and other Muslims?

21. What other island were the Knights Muslims. "The plan of salvation also includes commission and competence, ison be ae Hospitalers given in 1523 by Holy those who acknowledge the Creator, in confused in any way withthe politi ht ail f 7. How long did the Europeans control Roman emperor Charles V? the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; community. She is both the sign and the Me | . i Jerusalem?

| these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, safeguard of the transcendent character of Hy .

22. The Teutonic Knights did not keep and together with us they adore the one, the human person. "The Church respects ae | * pee Odeseespan Jerusalem and hospitals for very long merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day" and encourages the political freedom and | | excellent military commander and before turning their attention to (LG 16; cf. NA 3). responsibility of the citizen" (GS 76 § 3). ana | essentially forced the Europeans into which lands?

| 2244 Every institution is inspired, at least 2266 The efforts of the state to curb the at ie \ Soh e 23. Who secularized the Teutonic Knights? implicitly, by a vision of man and his destiny, spread of behavior harmful to people's | tae ]) : ' mdse the result of the "Children's 24. What eo crepe from which it derives the point of reference rights and to the basic rules of civil society

1) | Soin rusade™ Was the inquisition: for itsjudgment, its hierarchy of values, its correspond to the requirement of safe- ; 10. How did the Byzantines view the 25. What two orders were placed in charge

| line of conduct. Most Hee have formed guarding the common good. Legitimate public j ; crusaders? of the Inquisition? their institutions in the recognition of a authority has the right and the duty to inflict

| ; ya ; certain preeminence of man over things. punishment proportionate to the gravity of i, j 11. What minority groups within Europe 26. What group was the initial target of the Only the divinely revealed religion has clearly the offense. Punishment has the primary aim sometimes became victims of violence Inquisition? recognized man's origin and destiny in God, of redressing the disorder introduced by the ii} .

. f and murder during the crusades?

29 Wher verstetn the Creator and Redeemer. The Church invites offense. When it is willingly accepted by the | | | 12. Describ h ; Ste the five methods of extracting political authorities to measure their judgments guilty party, it assumes the value of expiation.

| } | scribe the relationship between a confession from an accused person? and decisi ay :

Francis of Assisi and Sultan and decisions against this inspired truth about Punishment then, in addition to defending | Malik-al-Kamil 28. Who actually carried out the sentences | Nod and man: public order and protecting people's safety,

Societies not recognizing this vision or has a medicinal purpose: as far as possible, What were some of the effects of the : rejecting it in the name of their it must contribute to the correction of the | | crusades?

9. pelea ton eon ohio independence from God are brought to guilty party (cf. Lk 23: 4-45). rom Inquisitions in other parts seek their criteria and goal in th I 14. What was a military 7) | and goal in themselves | itary order of Europe? or to borrow them from some ideology.

| | Since they do not admit that one can defend | an objective criterion of good and evil, they atrogate to themselves an explicit or implicit

| totalitarian power over man and his destiny, | as history shows (cf. CA 45; 46).

—— I e n TH 352 Chapter Nine — er eee | Chapter Nine 353 ) - HISTORY OF THE CHURCH CHAPTER , at ee ) FROM THE CATECHISM continued cS | , RAMA =

- ™ F ~—eateaevrtatsa | Scholastic Development '

The ctric "¢ infionc nr de j ~ M .

Sw | od ) ° = 2297 Kidnapping and hostage taking bring on 2509 ee eae! ns ex for icslimate C C om - - a reien of terrot by means of threats they defense Dy Sonny. force Be st ngorous oe ~~

| : —— Ta' subject their victims to intolerable pressures consideration. The gravity of sucha decision F]OV ra t | | } [ ( | q J | : j q | A | = [hey are morally wrong. Terrorism threatens, makes it subject to rigorous conditions of | At } F ~ , .

. wounds, and kills indiscriminately is gravely moral legitimacy. At one and the same time:

| against justice and ch rity Tt INTUTE which z the damage inflicte d by the aggr essor on 1h A iet and art Acldiy yeni 1 }} A ad LJ7LU JJCW UU C/ AtlIs«

{ . uses physical or moral violence to extract the nation or community of nations must be bhyistian Phi SGP Y, UE . a > . le a n = Nf ~~ Pa a / confessions, punish the guilty, frighten lasting, grave, and certain; J ' d sho a coanetritit can fer Vode , :

NEC WW SaGVCIILY Ca) Pe extents 1d ahh Shoe d 'fork - all other means of putting an end to it 1) respect for the person and for human :

= : f as / | respect for Che t _ st nave heen chou, ry bh ir racer a a af an a } : must Nave been shown to be im Tactical or y Ai PHdGeECGVO) dignity. Except when performed for strictly netic ye P all Of GU?

PUTTAR ARTO AY therapeutic medical reasons, directly intended ce wnputations, mutilations, and sterilizations — there must be serious Prospects of success:

44a} t4lcili ad his ' performed on innocent persons are against — tie use of arms must not produce evils | climinated. The power of modern means of ; | oe — - ) . n times past, cruel practices were ; / ee te . al destruction weighs very heavily in €valuating — "

> sew here s A Q as I = th .

An \ < \ ,= . f hy | : this condition.

_ a 4] protest from the Pastors of the Church. who These are the traditional elements enumerated ; HDs 2 Gee : le We, j Ds eo de Gr ninrimermnineg _ - = - | —_ :

| linn ame | a } — ; .

; ; orture. Regrettable as these facts are, the legitimacy belongs to the prudential judgment ( hor u VS fauehr the dur of IMNeNnC yu — ~ ) AR ™ i "

| ; > a i be Ta g Any Toa $ and mercy Shi forbade iCTICS [O shed blooc common Zi od & - + :

' "ai * Reavy q\ is Fw H) i) wg F Ke ) » By@; Ry | 4n recent times it has become evident that i yn A 7% '

—_ ~ w =» Te these cruel practices were neithe! necessary 2512 The Church and human reason both ; } A al a a: ia , 2 ff > 4 me) '

G 4 =a , | for public order, nor in conformity with the assert the permanent validity of the moral law a '

7 a a fons wt Uy i | * e WE i '3° at y .

'egitimate rights of the human person. On the dunng armed conflict.

"The mere fact that War y es ft, yw We Ee A { x 7 = .

| contrary these Practices led to ones even has regrettably broken out does not mean that ae | | ' A 1 My Fx ~ —— é ; their abolition. We must pray for the victims parties (G3 79 § 4), , mew |y i . | 2.

——s vA ¢ / and their torme "4

)\ Oy 1s ?, ff y _" e: wr f ~~ ( / The Church and human reason assert (mi ; ay ee he (f = Vy "Berry i || te permanent Validity of the moral law during iy. v=— Hh) Fax 1 T= fo 4 ' oy 43 || Ji / ) « WS ff az uf \ | | s ay

P34 Sean |i wee) ~ / fs / {/ .

¥ | | Ap ts We i ; | \\ WS q ' sa —= j .

| | Nee WN es) Ea | | ili A \ , ; Si NS ; mi eal | | \| {~ f Sa e | | VEN os oo | Lee | | ' é Shh — | | ) E . i ey / Jo

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