CHAPTER 8

HISTORY OF THE CHU CHAPTER 8 | im, > .

| | Coll ipse Corruption WAN ~ = - ; | THE CATECHISM | Uilic —.

: a | , y = Jaa A | | mi PR see yniv Church ecclesial communities as means of salvation, J heed g a | 817 In fact, "in this one and only Chur a) 4 a as Riri F 5 strongly grace and truth that Christ has entrusted to ; :

») = — . seoabe dubia ah Sat ; sus dissensions come from Christ and lead to him (cf. UR 3) v « 1 and laree communities became and are in themselves calls to "Catholic unity" vr p separated from full communion with the (cf. LG 8) Jhisperiodcontainedsome ofthé worst scandals in the story | | men of both sides were to blame" (UR 3 § 1) its form corresponds to its particular vocation: the Church. Gn response, saintly priests, MODRS and nuns DV OUG. 4

The ruptures that wound the unity of Christ s evoking and glorifying, in faith and adoration, L ° . aa e_4e hi a apostasy, and schism (cf.

751) — surpassing invisible beauty of truth and love | | do not occur without human sin visible in Christ, who "reflects the glory of = f Where there are sins, there are also God and bears the very stamp of his nature. ey see | | / | divisions, schisms, heresies, and disputes in whom "the whole fullness of deity dwells

| the one heart and one soul of all believers Virgin Mother of God, the angels, and saints from such separation] and in them are brought 2905 For this reason bishops, personally or | "=? a | | | .

Will AGLLCVLS LICIT) WAIL LOOPCCL all / LILO AMiOL, LY UIC CIOS Tay Gist Uf iC z ; F. called Christians, and with good reason are the truth of faith and the authentic beauty of \9 '

Wy, (Tw | ; "VOU NIU iSlidl ls Cea Willi RUC sLaovll adic : j ~ AICCepted as Drothers in the Lord t y the WACK oC i feel * \ } ; cam :

2513 The fine arts, but above all sacred art, h : thos : th aes ya \ | 1 | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH | | | —— ae HH | | intly priests, monks, and nuns. Where sin and corruption abounded among 1} HT CHAPTER 8 red by many saintly P | | ie bishops and abbots, grace abounded all the more in such saints as Pope Nicholas I, Cyril

Wael ! corrup) im4 Methodius (cf. chapter 6). Pope Gregory VII, and the many anonymous holy monks of Colla orrupt ote y '

PART | | | And Reform In Europe Carolingian World Collapses | The Ca g p ayia | Ana he ( nurch harlemagne died in 614 and was succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious (814-830). Louis, though

| | | (Serwemanet lacked the political talent and strength of his father. Upon his death, he would | | ake one of his worst mistakes by dividing the kingdom among his three sons: Lothar, who would

| The face and function of the Church cannot be understood unless we go right to the ae emperor, Charles, and Louis the German.

| Sepes GC nen mattice: th conterting =ePe East, she ls ous SSD she gives us life in for a time, his sons jockeyed for power before signing the Treaty of Verdun in 843. This treaty

Sarath ens Sones Danette the te oF te oly Spirit to us. In the Eucharist, divided the Carolingian empire into a western kingdom including France (Charles), a middle

| a thank-offering to the Father and a bond of fellowship among us, we are privileged to kingdom that stretched from the Low Countries to northern Italy (Lothar), and an eastern share in Christ's redemptive sacrifice. Outside of this sacramental dimension,

: kingdom comprised of Germany (Louis). The middle .

| | we cannot but have a superficial and totally perverted vision of the Church. kingdom, lacking true geographical or ethnic borders,

| — John Paul II, To the Bishops of the Apostolic Region, Provence Mediterranée, France, Pireeren | Reps wane sts Parts '3 ita pier ee December 22, 1992 e German kingdom later in the tenth and eleven @ centuries. Other parts, such as Alsace-Lorraine,

Tee end of Charlemagne's reign in 814 marked the end of a tenuous, but nonetheless became the objects of centuries-long conflict between satisfactory, balance of power in Western Europe between the Papal States on the one hand

' a4 France and Germany. a ' vil | and their Frankish protectors on the other. Although Charlemagne involved himself excessively in F Simultaneous with the destruction of Carolingian ecclesiastical affairs, he never lost his respect for the proper autonomy of the Church, and even

F ; unity was the influx of a new breed of invaders.

| when he interfered, he retained a pious and respectful attitude toward her Spiritual mission.

'dl Reece.) Christian Europe, which under Charlemagne had Further, Charlemagne's stee! will and heavy hand proved more than a match for the Roman nobility

Reais i isti | who, well before the $ or ae ty <= os defended and expanded its existing borders, came | ore € emperor's reign, had pestered the Church with intrigue and conspiracies. But "a under attack from three different fronts after his yes arleMiagne's death these different Roman factions returned more powerfully than ever. death. The Saracens (Muslims) pressed from the - :Hai Was by this time, a very lucrative and strategic state office to hold. Sadly, the Holy See south and advanced as far as Rome, the Vikings

Tare Re VME aS aeolitical pawn to be seized and used by anyone with the power to do so. ra po pressed from the north, attacking Paris, and the Slavs ee aE Parties, as it were, struggled for the control of the papacy: leaders within the Ree Siar and Magyars advanced from the east | | a 1 epee! the Roman nobles, and the Holy Roman Emperors (successors of Charlemagne). ox Nes | is rear nhs Saige from 814 to 1046, contains some of the worst scandals that have ever

> Mala) | visited the Church. At the same time, this period al ins : fact Bac a AS | €riod also contains the most important ecclesiastical a .

| reformations sit ; fani B Pap:

| The Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Caroli fons since the earliest days of Christianity, These reforms were launched and impleme ee ae

| Shadinenah oeRIGRE CREECOe | | | Charlemagne, first Holy Council of Constantin | | | Roman Emperor, dies bikes Inopie 1V; During the 10th century, society in St. Dunstan becomes Muslims sack theC dies : sos,Ouiacen | preserve knowledge and soimaniciiecs Pope John XII crowns Otto! tangs attack London Roman church becomes a powerful, St. Thomas Becket murdered | empire into 0 between numerous small kingdoms Holy Roman Emperor Vikings complete centralized force Council of Lateran |, by King Henry It's knights | i hcg | hianacariariaat :

| é pee Conquest of England The Great Sch uectl order Sth Ecumenical a : lO Wena rance's Gapetians Viking Canute bol Soule Council of Lateran I!

| Si—— ——— | begin their rule | King otEngwhbecomes The Dictatus papae 40th Ecumenical ey tkoat i; | a :

¢ } Pope St. Nicholas| 858.667 Juels ay + = 'R a | | | | T wiBy fy =— bleh = | Pope St.Gregorywire | Ss | | st a a | | m7 ] ae oo cma ee | |

|| } ] ~ ——————_ <a | | | Chapter Eight ee————— oO ———— | | Chapter Eight 289 | | . a Lees .

= a ait) eh 7 E, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH | . | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH he | | | | | | ROPE, 7TH TO 10TH CENTURIES Wy CORRUPTION OF THE PAPAL OFFICE INVASIONS eaicatinirri testes | yin From the death of Stephen IV in 817 to the accession of Hildebrand as Pope Gregory VI]

, be | | | in 1073, the course of the papacy ran a long and tortuous route, some of whose details, = that they lose all relation to reality." (Hughes, —aa

Lion Hutson plc/ Three's Company according to one historian, "are so grotesque a!

Mm | A History of the Church to the Eve of the Reformation, 1976, p. 192) :

= v7 gh i | | dy | | Nearly all the difficulties and corruption that the papacy faced in this period were due to the .

ATLANTIC gag y be r F by f PGE | atl unhappy combination of domestic strife—due to political intrigue and jealous greed among the OCEAN a noRTa a Pa j =A&, * Wa | || | } } emperors, popes, and Roman nobility—and foreign invasions, especially of the Saracens in the €g SEA 8.

(3fe 7, | | | 1) Bil south. While all three factions vied for power at home. all three were equally fearful of defeat from ae NYF) Sg tindistame wh eS g jj PTT | abroad. This combination of stresses cast the political world into chaos and the religious one into y eo ghd | | PWT | a litany of ecclesiastical abuse.

Ld 3c fe: - 5 |Pow:ae | .

Aside from Pope St. Nicholas I. who served from 858 to 867, the popes of this period were either OMEN ig Hamburg a | KIEVAN Rus | | Hi too weak to resist the emperor and Roman nobility or too corrupt even to try. This led to g

| | convoluted series of short papacies, punctuated by occasional murders. John VIII, who was ; "ss LAVS. Okey | poisoned and then beaten in 882, was the first pope to suffer this end, but several of his SUCCessors

) — a eae ~ | soon followed suit. Many of these popes—in bizarre imitation of late Roman emperors — served a Rover ty" amend? bm ~~ for only a handful of days or months before being assassinated, usually by rival factions seeking

Na = ee \ rad control of the papacy.

| ae ryt ays ras | ri Although a creeping mediocre corruption was the norm in this period, a few excessive abuses = (ponei et Bae , Nsael . stand before the rest. For example, after Pope Formosus (891-896) died. his successor Pope

Stephen VI exhumed his corpse and placed it on trial. A terrorized priest was forced to testify ; against the corpse. After a verdict of guilty, Stephen VI cut the three fingers used in blessing from :

: his corpse, stripped it of papal garb, and threw the naked body to the mob, who, in a frenzy, tossed ' pe ; . it into the Tiber River. Immediately after, Rome was hit by an earthquake that wrecked theLateran

; CORSICA ; = Basilica. Many Romans understood this as a sign from God.

| ar .s > f i Pope John XII (955-964) was elected pope at the age of eighteen. Moreover, Pope John was | already in a position of great temporal power in Rome. Having crowned Otto I as Roman emperor,

; ) aa Pope John's papacy was unimpeded by any imperial restraint. Unfortunately, the young pope used —_—S\y > None ; this freedom to cultivate his vices, and his papacy was marked by "hunting and banqueting." To ae ane @ ' pay for his wantonness, Pope John engaged in blatant simony, ie., the selling of spiritual benefits,

: skairouan = , ead ; granting dispensations and ecclesiastical positions for temporal gain. Under Pope John XIl's | ME, r AN SEA direction, boys were consecrated bishops as favors to their wealthy fathers, dissenting clergy were

. c PABAWE tortured or exiled, and the treasury of the Church was pilfered by the pope and his entourage.

) Emperor Otto I deposed Pope John XiIl in 963, replacing him with a layman, who would become ) ) pee THE RISE OF FEUDALISM | As lurid as the details are of many of the popesoft iod, i i the .

Office ofthepapacy itself, ortheChurch, Ceecees eat nat haAre eee 4stheCarolingian authority collapsed, anew system oforganization emerged throughout western

Va | | St. Nicholas I. who in his all too brief reign of nine years, beat back imperial meddling, squelched sonety. First, the Carolingian empire broke down into about fifty duchies, which spread across

| | ecclesiastical disobedience, and developed a reputation of strength and holiness that even his France and Italy and throughout Germany. Because few of these duchies were strong enough to ) most depraved contemporaries respected and feared. Other popes of this period no doubt had

Hotect all those living under their domain, eventually even smaller communities formed them- ! holy intentions, but lacked the means to see them through. Apart from the popes, there remained a around towns or monasteries. These communities built castles or fortifications and usually

. heroic monks and priests who fought and suffered for attempted reform. A case in point is Erluin, "dthemselves around one lord.

| npmoepas,ee who for the sake ofmonastic reform suffered beatings and bodily This emergent system, known as feudalism, is most simply understood as a contractual system abuse at he highesthea i this dark moment in the life of the Church when there was8eal

— the king and his vassals (wealthy, landowning lords) and the remainder of the population, pra at rake Ae Ss, the Church provided her own best remedy through the spiritual nich included common villagers, farm-workers, and even religious. Thougha relatively simple sons and' daughters, aTangement, feudalism came to organize the politics, economy, and social life throughout Medieval

'ope.Ownership of land accorded one rights, but it also accorded one duties, and this held both aii 290 Chapter Eight Chapter Eight 291 | | | Ce - = I = - . fh L— ] ys a na lich — aa Thy i | . i} ION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, CORRUPT | . ill l a aaa ———— it | ait . a '

- —— ——— = | | | ' litary protect . la lders. Therefore. in return for the lord's military p ion agains itil | for secular and Ne aplag gs (those who were under his rule) would pay him ir,ee

, - | il EEE ClSOLER TOS o serve in his army. There were, of course, diff : vices. Some of his vassals would have t erent | | SEE VE wete Sean DU srs themselves, who chose to ally themselves ar i | i} -vels of vassals. Some were landowners them Ound a = os # ae fa arf | lord. Others, by far the majority, were serfs, who barely enjoyed any freedom since

Ni, | | caisac coumclen tiedto the land and lord they were serving. A feudal kingdom was q vast y, . i | wy re _ j / - - | pyramid of such arrangements. with many levels of lord and vassals at the apex of which stood the .

| libde | king and his attendant dukes.

7 f | {f ij = || - \ |} a { a) | :

: ay | FEUDALISM AND THE CHURCH } iM ? a | During the period of civil unrest following the collapse 5sne crBam of the Church's

Ce ee ) Wh W h , lands and possessions were confiscated. Paradoxically, the Church retained its Status aS a major \ \\ .

; | | landowner in most parts of Europe. Even though in theory the Church lost much of its land after AM i\\ q A n= a y baits, A Nets,on.

| the Carolingian demise, much of it remained, either because the Church was able to muster the 2 hel ——— "St; >. > { ESS fs .

| | money and resources to defend it, or because the lord or duke in the area happened to be on s a at en ">. 4 ; >>) >. i ia ti | friendly terms with the episcopacy. In any event, feudalism increased the interaction between :SF OS —— ~ Ss | : ecclesiastical and secular leaders in rural parts of Europe. As this close interaction between rulers of" wal — a _s — .

| of the Church and rulers of the realm increased, so grew instances of abuse on the Part of secular of = = —_ _ ZF authorities toward the Church.

In exchange for protecting the Church, some secular rulers demanded control over episcopal i> oet Z ti ——— — appointments. This was nothing new. Both Charlemagne and the Eastern emperors claimed the right to appoint bishops, but this right was always held in check by a strong, central Church. Now,

IONS with the papacy under the thumb of the emperor and Roman nobility, and the precarious Political THE VIKING INVAS | " c

~ i * | Se Mee, oe ta eee we shy 3ers parr re apas Besides the internal decay of monastic life in these centuries, a very real external threat helped

7| ssnang ie ce ; oh ar raNTS thwart for some time any effective monastic reform. This threat materialized in the figures of the f \ | inference Speier ied sPEwuRy eee Norsemen. or Vikings. who originated in Scandinavia and, beginning in the late eighth century,

| : niSie iAea miy Tetnbeee eaeoe wreaked havoc on Europe for nearly three hundred years. The Vikings were not a epee:

Z a the appointmen ami e ; si. iS ae Spas a> 'crm TT} te tions a authority: and simony, in this context. is the gered empire, like Persia or Byzantium; rather, they were small bands organized and led by .

—— + ese Set ; xcal chieftains. The Norsemen, originating in Norway, concentrated their attacks upon England.

Pry __ fi oss Selling of ecclesiastical offices by either secular or ca civeltain ng ; Ff lll) (es Vi Ea : isd i teland, and Scotland. Those from present day Denmark hit nearly every major European city. ay Pe (TT) spiritual rulers. Many lords believed they could distribute .

Sis a aati sSs f Le yf = ecclesiastical offices just as they would secular ones. For Urolingian Europe was poorly equipped to handle the Viking invasions.

The factions i | / ys ; instance, it was not uncommon for a powerful lord either noid after the death of Charlemagne were too busy fightingamong themselves to mount a reliab e

| | = l a . | ee to sell a bishopric to the highest bidder or to install his defense against these foreign invaders. The Vikings instilled overwhelming dread in the Christians

) 'as mm) 8) own son as bishop. of Medieval Europe as they were warriors of unparalleled skill on both sea and land, and they were

Fi *) | 9 : gullty of d | d il in their plunder and slaughter . ii @, Ga * On the ecclesiastical side, bishops and abbots often ony Or unmagined cruelty and mercilessness in Dp .

HH} | | ul en iy SM } received extra income from royal benefices that was With their great mobility and swift ships, it did not take long for the Norsemen to discover that the ) | \ AN V2 oh Ly distinct from the income of their community. Even more nonasteni€s, particularly of Ireland, England, and along the major rivers in Germany and France,

| y oe gw: 292 scandalously, several bishops and abbots were known to vere the repository of Carolingian society's wealth. The Vikings began to occupy the mouth of | | 26 AB NQ bir have married and had children. Many of these bishops

Naor rivers in northern Europe as bases from which they might raid every Church and monastery | si NN /p i and abbots then bequeathed to their eldest son their own "ity could find. Because of the Vikings, many of the most important Irish and Anglo-Saxon

| Vireo ne AY ecclesiastical title! These abuses were more destructive monasteries involved in the conversion of England and Germany—including Jarrow, the ) Tah r oe "th ie BA to the work of the Church than the violence hurled at the Tehastery where St. Bede died in 735—were destroyed in this period.

) . erm*au! A : people of God cure: the time of the peege The combination of the Norse threat and internal decay of monastic life led to a weakening of ) '

ZL —i se sriat Hence, when reform Sones to the ari Fei Tonasteries" Civilizing influence upon society. Much of their learning, both secular and religious,

A feudal kingdom had many levels of vassals serving de would), monastic andamar=eS vs 'orgotten, their discipline fell by the wayside, and some abbots were no better than brigands,

. distributeecclelasicl ofhane ne? Heytad oe pttea2fi simony, was one of the firs ; "0. in order to protect their own monasteries from the Vikings, would lead raids upon other

| peered "hastenies for food and money.

292 Chapter Eight ———SS——EE— ————— a Orme SEE r Chapter Eight 293 ' a] Ht ial Ty Wh | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH

| a) || PART II maui.

|} | | his prayer was purportedly said by too captures the fear and terror felt by e religious collapse, there suddenly sprung up in the Church a reform movement, led by ui ih Kl 'Ee ninth-century Europeans living the people of Europe. os men and women ofgreat courage, which would not only stem the decay in the Church, but .

! in dread of Viking attacks. For nearly Never before has such terror appeared a scacats regeneration. The monastic reform begun in Cluny emphasized both the ideal of a | | , | three hundred years, coastal towns and in Britain as we have now suffered abo versal Church within a political framework and the inherent dignity of the human person. Both i! i ; monasteries were at the mercy of from a pagan race, nor was it thought ae had fallen into shambles. with nobles vying for increasing ecclesiastical power, and with 1!

|| the feared Norsemen, who attacked and that such an inroad from the sea a ot monks and popes often indulging in cruelty and sensuality. Though these abuses were

| plundered at will.ee ae used could be made. Behold the church of ihiaad. more widespread still was the desire for real reform in the hearts and minds of the | | A ni lgeis 2 acedas St. Cuthbert, spattered with blood ys ority of the laity and those clergy who had remained faithful to the Gospel. Cluny gave voice to in ships, Vikings would appear suddenly, of the priests of God, despoiled of all mqony d the reform began attack and plunder, abduct ee its ornaments: a place more venerable this majonty. an e .

| | and disappear before any defense cou than all in Britain is given as prey to | ee "4 eneueSees ee Mag NSN MAE TT, Raa in 909/10 William the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine and a strong supporter of reform, generously and . etre be enh iG ce pa Ol ——————a a without thought of recompense, donated land in the little town of Cluny in Burgundy, France for | England, was raided. Simeon of Durham the founding of a new monastery.

| | later wrote about this terrible event:

| & Bemo, the first abbot (909/10-927) of the monastery, settled at Cluny with twelve companions.

In the same year the pagans from the | Together they instituted a renewed commitment to the rule of St. Benedict. The monks imposed

| northern regions came with a naval "

. demanding austerities on themselves, and put all of their energies into giving glory to God. Soon St. force to Britain like stinging hornets - | Bemo's reputation grew, and Cluny began to be recognized as a center of saintliness in troubled

| and spread on all sides like fearful | ea umes. The trend would continue. Before Berno's death, the Cluniac model was adopted by five or Hy | ane aga tore and slaughtered | a» <3 sx neighboring monasteries for the purpose of reform; and, even more impressively, over the next

| anden Sao apc sen ae two centuries four saints assumed the abbotship of Cluny. deacons, and companies of monks | tis ¥ | y. ee :

Berno's first successor, St. Odo (927-942), greatly extended . and nuns. And they came to the church = L$ SS fo ; the influence of Cluny. Many monasteries in southern France

; F SRS Varmt = Y of Lindisfarne, laid everything waste F K a $ and even some in Italy reformed themselves using the ) .

| oi ners plundering, trampled mS. a pote a. renewed Benedictine rule. One important difference | i ul with polluted steps, Cd .

&~< % between Cluny and other monastic communities was the | : 9 upthe altars and seized all the After years of raids, monks learned how to frustrate the / '

| role played by the abbot. The Cluny monks—in all their :

| / easures of the holy church. They Vikings by building tall stone towers known as Round i d i had onl bbot, th | || killed some of the brothers, took some Towers. The door was placed one floor up, accessible

¢ / f . various incorporated monasteri€és — had o Y one abbot, that | .

| away with them in fetters, many they Ny by .Since ar tahoe floor was /, ~ = ' of Cluny. Other monasteries followed the tradition of placing

? essed by further la hted, th § ' we die drove out, naked and loaded with monks ithdd oral as mhach food ina veontite Methey.

= | an abbot over each individual monastery. Hence the abbot insults, some they drowned in the sea. rule cary, climb into the tower and pull up the ladder of Cluny was responsible not only for his own monastery

) | | (Historia Regum, Sken, |. 303) the mocks wached tom the safely OO UE at Cluny, but also for all those monasteries that had joined

Another account of the Viking raids was EaNRigs did get into the tower, the monks retreated his rule. This helped curb abuse, since it kept wayward

| | | art f ; urther up the tower by pulling up more ladders. Such a cab tes the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin strategy did not save the monastery itself, but did save a abbots from assuming control of monasteries for their own

| | | ' si ih letter to Ethelred, king of the monk's lives and some of their belongings advantage. orthumbria around the ear 8 j A :

| year 800, and it 22 ine llpte eb A | The prestige of the monastery spread, and in 1088 Cluny Wooden cross, but from the 700's, it became common lim \ built a new church. Pope BL Urban II, a Cluniac monk and | prevent the Vikings from carrying them away. en" high altar in 1095, and Pope Innocent II consecrated the . ying S | = entire church upon its completion in 1132. At its time of Bui 28 Urban il consecrated the high altar of the COMStruction the church at Cluny was Europe's largest at 555

) \ | | SES Eee a ) sane eee —— — .

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE:

THE | '| | | $$ ———— SS Ail) | ani iI } :

CLUNIAC SPIRITUALITY | | How did the Cluniac monks live out their vocation differently from the regular Benedictine monks?

LIFE AS A MONK AT CLUNY .

'Seite strict adheren icti 1] Etrstas Mies Gee ninotedd Sie manihs oe panne es of th al divia al z eeneeica Tule. he daily schedule by which monks most tasks were delegated to lay Va) Second, they placed greater emphasis upon the spe

I = fe) : e i monk, The idea Was d fe Cluny lived their lives stood in sharp servants. In the poorer monasteries | .

| that a community of holy men was built on the holiness fe) eat mem er. To this end they ntrast to some other monasteries of further removed from Cluny, however, |i) | reinstated the divine office, which in some monasteries had fallen on of fashion, and decreaseq i time. The horarium (daily schedule) the monks would have to perform more . ih 1d. manual labor so as to allot more time for spiritual reflection. As an aid to this spiritual reflection, followed by the monks of Cluny allocated work in order to survive. While this situ- .

| i] Cluny also lengthened the divine office and the liturgy. The goal was active, continuous, prayer 3 great portion of time to religious ation may not have been ideal, it should Wiha . als - = = , , ia | whether liturgical or meditative, and a close emulation of the life of Christ. ceremony, and often the observances of be noted that every monkperu ibe | | Many anonymous treatises were written at Cluny on the spiritual life. These spiritual tracts were a Mass and other ritesip"— Shit to spend some years at Cluny itself. vital help in removing obstacles to the development and perfection of the interior life. A renewed the monks spend eli t piles ae:

The monks at Cluny placed much commitment to chastity and celibacy served as an indespensible means to habitual contemplation, prayer. Psalms and votive o Pe \ emphasis on the observance of the rule yy | It was precisely this burgeoning monastic mysticism that would deliver the Church from the added to the Divine Office, and fo owing of silence in their houses. Conversation the custom introduced into monasteries was only allowed at certain times and in | | | dangers confronting her.

: in France by St. Benedict of Aniane, certain areas. Whenever communication | | Cluniac spirituality brought forward the old idea that the monk's role in the world was to keep fresh other devotional exercises were added became absolutely necessary, hand | < © pa ae a = : c +5 = "

; the mystery of Pentecost by living in silence and peace. This tranquil lifestyle Was meant to as well, increasing the hours of the gesturing was used. These gestures | | present a foretaste of the eternal peace of God's reign, and ultimately the beatific vision.

Divine Office. Apart from the increase in may have become quite sophisticated = ote i : z ; ivine Office, however, Through asceticism the monk aimed to dwell in the depths of the heart of Christ. Through the delphi Sees ainilar tothe over time.

| mastering the body the monks were not only able to free their hearts to love Christ. they were also Pine boii | | better equipped to unite themselves to his cross. Through their hidden lives dedicated to prayer ai d | | and penance, the monks would obtain the grace of conversion of so many individuals alienated

When possible, Cluniac aha would F | from God and the grace to live their faith as well. It was precisely the prayer and self-denial of perform as little eee pies.Pore e | | these monks that revitalized and energized the Church. Such is the efficacy of a life of to dedicate more UNG) Brisas :

A contemplation, that it bears its fruits across all time and space.

» The rise of a powerful monastic spirituality was vital for the reform of the Church at this time in : history. However, this emphasis on the monastic life as a powerful means to holiness was a shift

— oS from the implicit awareness of the universal call to holiness among the early Christian bie .

This was now the era of monasticism, which associated the call to holiness primarily | a —Bo sa ss i= io | | with a departure from the world, During that period, ordinary people usually assumed no more nS a WR Yi Ti pit Ai oy we . than a passive role of being guided and spiritually nourished by the monks. This was a necessary

| development in the face of the historical circumstances of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries: i a _ \ | || the recognition of the lay person's call to sanctity and evangelization would have to wait for Map ) i | | another thousand years ; '

— Ag \ | THE INFLU aS | E OF THE CLUNIAC MONKS The third church (above) built at the Benedictine Abbey of \ | | a Pa re oe wh oR, hex :

; Wurly Was, at the time, the largest church in Christendom. big Just one hundred years, the monks of Cluny were a force to be reckoned with in the it Was designed by the monk Gunzo. Begunin 1088 and con- | > Mea. As more and more monasteries signed on to the Cluniac reform, their ranks swelled, and tondebe lyunr ohineg Ma The | | | dy the year| ne thousand four h red fiff haiiecac inh- ; = : cS , ree pats : as d ee on thousand four hundred fifty houses inhabited by over ten thousand monks live-aisled nave echoed that of Old St. Peter's in Rome, and | t | were all under the rule of Cluny Unusual for the architectural period, Cluny Ill had two sets of ) : pl | Heltah ous Guineas sete ahs oh transepts (the shorter length of the "crossing"of a cruciform

Hit ree _~ o> siuny s success confined to monastic communities. As word of the sanctity of Cluny che Only one transept with a bell tower survives today Te | ) spread, more¢ ore bishon< Fo ey eS .

Shown at right) i | esas Ne ind more bishops and secular rulers supported their reforms. In 1016 Pope Benedict hemois weepile elite a | ) .

Arrieta mn mt = Bi legzgium to Cluny the monastery was to be absolutely free from the the Revolution As a result, they were suppressed in France,

. en) sy : fone Ishops, andbao Cluny answered directly to the Papacy as its final authority. and the Abbey at Cluny was almost completely demolished

) | ) | | US ow | ny om the Oubles: ein " a * np + # atime ae d sods Spray Bees the troublesome @ccompaniments of feudalism already discussed, such as | : nepotism and simony, ) | | ) ) | 296 Chapter Eight ——— ——— , — = ————- — os r | | Chapter Eight 297 } RT EE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH '| , CORRUPTION, .

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) a Consca » weasen | politicacee ph degree to which "s an" ame Se" todanos > 2 other Ostercian foundation | oe Ages. Thesea ne a Spread of Cistercian reform | chieflyora from political ones in area a .

~ / : " i] Seams boundaries aps had moved political ae "~4au,. = =, es | ) —— Mmssonay rove lor example on Ieantly: Burgundy, Serbo-Croatia, =

~ _ aT: ' Ad —, Mus Istian bishoprics persisted UF Er m4 "wy ud .

° | MEDVTERRae a, [] area of Cistercian preacting aan domination in the south of Spain a —_ a Tey | | | ANEAN SEA to he Abgensan heretics es Listercian abbey of Zwettl, Austria i rh 7% Wor, — | ae scat 116 000 OOD ee ~ Doo ~ SS ror G Be ae a Pha OCR I oo RD | as YS ae a pat 298 Chapter Eight ee ee en % ee | || | P I Cha r pter Eight 299 j _ | emssbabod :

OLLAPSE, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH | !! | | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH C | |ie = mf Several of Cluny's monks became the leading churchmen of their day. Abbot Hugh the Great i CES | Way | (1049-1109) was the most important churchman of his time and played a pivotal role in the lay

OA nth } investiture controversy. Cardinal Humbert and Frederick of Lorraine, the papal legates to | AQe— | HD Constantinople, excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople as part of the Great Schism of lhSA | | 1054. Otto of Lagery became Pope Bl. Urban Il, the first pope to preach the Crusades, St. Peter fie = ih | Damian (1007-1072) became the most respected contemporary theologian in Europe.

\)) , A 7) NH | Cluny exercised considerable influence well into the twelfth century. In the thirteenth century, it \ \ co" h t e } re . reformed itself under the Cistercian model, which by this time had surpassed Cluny in influence

== Vy S | | al and prestige. The later Medieval period saw a precipitous decline in Cluny's influence, which ended eee | in its physical destruction during the French Revolution in 1790.

==) = | eh eee | = P| :

THE OTTONIAN EMPIRE (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) Fi, NE WY ¥ , SHES — } ' q | Though in steady decline from the death of Charlemagne onwards, the Carolingian line Officially

4, AT, eae- \ | ended in the East in 911 when Conrad I was chosen as king. No real central authority existed unti] VA ) /\ \ pif ¥ Otto I (936-973, emperor 962), the Saxon ruler who formed the Holy Roman Empire. The Ottonian

| f t line came to fill the role that the Carolingian line had provided in the previous century: offering the , .

Church temporal protection in exchange for its Support and recognition of its emperors. Not Z \, Se — surprisingly, the protection came at a price, for the Ottonian line became entangled with the v '

Church in what came to be known as the lay investiture controversy. ie ia & '

= OTTO I, THE GREAT OTTO I, THE GREAT (936-973) In 962 Otto the Great traveled to Rome, where Pope John XII crowned him Holy Roman

Otto's intention was to secure his own royal power through a mutually beneficial alliance with the Dealidin Fee, aloeDaina CIT ARCOR eRe | Church. Thus, his crowning in Aachen (Germany) by the archbishop of Mainz served the double entangled the Church in the lay investiture controversy and similar abuses of authority.

| | purpose of invoking the memory of Charlemagne's authority and wedding the Church to the mips ies OTTO III AND POPE SYLVESTER II | The Ottonian line exercised its influence over the Church in Germany in three different ways: first,

| through lay investiture, Le., the appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers; second, twas Otto III's Byzantine mother and his grandmother who ruled during his regency. Otto III | through the assertion of royal power over proprietary churches, which gave the landowner on 985-1002) spent the majority of his reign in Rome with Gerbert of Aurillac, the greatest Latin which a church stood power to make ecclesiastical appointments; and third, through appropriation scholar of his day. Gerbert had studied in Spain under the Muslims, and this gave him the . of ecclesiastical funds for the royal coffers. In addition, many German ecclesiastical office-holders

'portunity to study philosophy and mathematics at Cordoba in an age when the Muslim thinkers | Were vested with secular powers by the royal house in exchange for their allegiance. were making remarkable headway in both subjects. (Not only had the Muslims preserved ancient

| | | | | By 950 the wealth and power of Germany was unrivaled. And in 955 Otto I decisively defeated the Greek wntings by conquering Hellenistic cultures, but also they were the sole possessors of most

| | es at the Babe of Lechfeld, winning the support of Western Europe. In 962 Otto I traveled 'Aristotle's works.) | || © Some, where Pope John XII crowned him emperor.

Through his power over ecclesiastical affairs, Otto III raised Gerbert to the See of St. Peter as Pope | . es were a number orreasons why Otto desired the imperial title. Primarily, it raised him to the *yWvester I. Together Otto and Sylvester II hoped to build anew empire based in Rome that would

| evel of Charlemagne, whom he wished to emulate. Second, the pope's allegiance was a powerful "corporate all of Europe. Otto III helped to bring the Poles into the empire in the hopes that a Meena Otto's rivals in France, Finally, the imperial title provided the Ottonian dynasty with verman-Slav contest for eastern hegemony could be averted. Finally, Sylvester II thought that an ) .

| giaches ae to bring part of the old middle kingdom, specifically Lorraine and parts ae under Otto would eventually secure a lasting peace, which would assist the Church in | ; E "Oncéntrating on her Spiritual mission. vo eaihesalpbusOtto Il, squandered histime and energy trying to bring southern Italy under ThoughOtto Il died prematurely in 1002 and Pope Sylvester the following year, their cooperation

| Be Rhee car : meantime, the still barbaric Slavs destroyed German settlements east ofthe ae serious difficulties for the Church. Their joint efforts accentuated the problem of temporal

| urope. in the modern-day Czech Republic), terference with ecclesiastical affairs, which gave rise to the lay investiture crisis.

) ee = ) 300 Chapter Eight Chapter Eight 301 iil a :

PRE , AND REFORM RCH | | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, CORRUPTION, A RM IN EUROPE AND THE CHU | | Wi ; | SS ; '

SAINTLY RULERS: EMPEROR ST. HENRY II WE IG | :

Dunstan was born to an upper-class " joned Otto's grandiose plans of reinstituting a Holy Roman Empire, and was content to , | family near Glastonbury in the early om ain his rule over the Italian peninsula. Though a weak and sickly man, St. Henry II traveled

| part of the tenth century. Viking raids had maint t his kingdom to maintain peace and ensure that justice was being served.

| a devastating affect on monasteries, and throughou He | by the time St. Dunstan was born, English 1» was an ardent Catholic and a true reformer and did much to support the Cluny monks. He did,

: monasticism had been virtually destroyed.

Pee involve himself excessively in ecclesiastical governance —and this was true of virtually | } When St. Dunstan wasa child, his father _ & J) leaders of his day—but he did so with grace and humility.

| | Scarier Eta ay aa Caine eae Heth 4it Me Emperor St. Henry II and Queen St. Cunegond lived a blessed married life. Rumors of their virgin monastic scholars who frequented | | is are apocryphal and should not be taken seriously. After their deaths, they were both the abandoned and desolate monastery re ¥ a) mariage Both Sts. H II and Cunegond are buried in th thedral at Bamber | at Glastonbury. St. Dunstan was an "4g J ata | Pee canonized by the Church. ES eee C6 aeae eae 6: éxceptional studant'and he soon received iE f , f | h We Germany. In fact, one can view their heads encased in glass with golden crowns.

| minor orders (the first preparations " MQhitt Wi) Moreover, Henry III in 1046 greatly influenced the Synod of Sutri (a small town near Rome) by for ordination) before being summoned , | Sabol it bal ~eolying the crisis involving the three claimants to the papacy. During that synod and with the full on to Canterbury at the request of his uncle rm f i ; esorving = :

| | Athelm, the Archbishop of Canterbury h :

[a aithority of the synod fathers, Henry chose Suidger, bishop of Bamburg and a man of spotless ' ih ; At Canterbury, St. Dunstan was respected — Pa character, to be the next pope, Clement II.

| for his scholarly intellect and soon Th { Glastonbury Abbe | became a favorite of King Aethelstan.

Se oe CAPETIAN FRANCE .

| However, after some time, those envious St.Dunstan, and to show his gratitude | ieDieta ae4Bee eitedpath >. in the west, the Carolingian line ended in 987, whereupon Hugh Capet, with the blessing of the . a lee ae Church, became the king of France. The Capetian line would rule France for many centuries, but | Returning to Glastonbury, St. Dunstan ein al heke! niially lacked the power to rule the entire area under one centralized government. became a monk, built a tiny cell close to St. Dunstan set about this task with initially | | 2hhow 'sLaryMp hag Be os exceptional success. Not having personal vO i study, music (he played thehavi and fag finned onthe contend hie NORMANDY: THE VIKINGS, WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR,

| metalworkings (in particular casting for example), St. Dunstan strictly followed AND LANFRANC | canroe Upon the death of King Benedictine rule, and under his guidance,

Beanspalate cachvel fon.

Glastonbury again became a center One part of France that resisted Capetian rule was Normandy. Normandy first took shape as a | | his tourt andiserve His ahae patna and the monastic life. His duchy in 911 under a band of Norsemen led by the warrior-king Rollo. Rollo planned to establish

| | members of the court becamejealous and appolhited S Dunetaniae te caeetie a Nomandy as a viable kingdom, and by 980—chiefly through intermarriage and adaptation—

| | || | convinced the new King to send him away. of Canterbury in 960. St. Dunstan P ollo's band of Vikings transformed this once-backward part of Europe into a formidable power.

| (| King Eadmund soon regretted exiling used his influential position to further The Normans imposed the status of vassalage upon the existing nobility and developed allegiances

| sath arg revival :enoe , vith the monasteries in the area. Monks, besides providing some amount of credibility to Norman

| . ed monasteries at Malmesbury, nue, helped rai a ra Westminister, Bath, Exeter and other ped raise the cultural bar through their education and writings.

| | a LN places. In 970, St. Dunstan convened a the French Capetian king, Henry I, made the final attempt to bring the Norman duke, William the | | ri | it A monastic conference for the entire British

~enqueror (reigned 1035-1087), under his control in the 1040s. William I had the effective support ern aurea drafted a natn the nobility and the local church, and Normandy maintained its autonomy in feudal France.

| ) ecett or monastic observance, called the -aler, in 1066, William headed th :

| We Pe "Regularis concordia," helping to establish < last successful invasion of England, | .

| Tig o> 23% and regulate monastic revival in Britain.

LANFRA ) va 20> hee After these successes as Archbishop, NC | "

/ / | | a St.Dunstan spent the last years of his life : THE NORMAN ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY | | . a runni The oe | | st Danco Conta for bie pei ce Scrae s nest important monk brought to Normandy by the Viking dukes was Lanfranc (ca. 1010-1089).

| ah | | nS ies the chief monastery founded by the Normans at Bec, located between Rouen and | :

| fer France. At Bec he was a famed educator and prior (his most famous student was St.

~in} and under William the Conqueror, Lanfranc became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.

) > . a 1] | | 302 Chapter Eight ee SS .

| | I | Chapter Eight 303 | ) | ON ee ee :

| sh , | H ' ain : } t | | it ai i LAPSE, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPEAND THE CHURCH HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COL P in NH | | i | :

| PART IV | | formed Bec from an impoverished monaste .

|] . sayin' via ;aiaSe cke u ean cals impressive, he managed to Negotiate he ° | | | f | f the leading cen ; ; . i} {| alle ates to Church and State in a truly remarkable wae Hese eaeeBspcs0 Ring

The Lay Investiture ; Wiliam I, and later even served as a skilled regent during theee>aiereernee But his e .

"| a : bury was to Rome, and t oug S dua Tesponsibilities hief allegiance as Archbishop of Canter:

'| | Bes: : times to be a source of conflict. ears adieae a Ei worlds, on roversles ihe ie | :

; is day, specifically those enforcing clerical cel ac , | ee'sae Le ig however, he tended to side with seculara rface, the issue of the lay investiture conflict was relatively clear and could be nf | | Phe a Pastner tannic continually supported the popes even at theirWeakest

():Ly inEsimple question:Who should appoint bishops, secular orreligiousae | | | : seat Ithough he supported the secular lords, he refused to recognize any of their any. f a _ the depths of this controversy were far more complex. Due to the lack o any clear

| | sre Re f - send financial aid to the legitimate popes in need. bree between the powers of Church and State, those who hoped to rule the State in more

|] i popes, even going so far as to delineation be hand j lesiastical affairs as well. It was | ; re almost forced to have a hand in ecclesiastic | | William I ofEngland likewise remained ongood terms with the pope evenee continued to than a nominaleA ES bishops and abbots of powerful dioceses and monasteries wield ih . appoint bishops. Because William appointed such good and holy men to these offices, he avoided common at rete influence. While in principle-it was wiong for secular lenders to Have any

) | Sy SteeSoa oe Nee ns Sa re given the current state of affairs, it was quite difficult to avoid this secular iv | ; * ruerference. The crisscrossing of secular and religious authority left little room on either sideaes

| 5 oe | Moreover, it needs to be pointed out that lay investiture had been going on since the tomar eb i eagerMae * asee d in certain cases it worked to the Church's advantage. However, in many

King of England from 1066 to 1087. William rw Be on LY) #reign of Charlemagne,an ive effect lay investiture had on the Church, the was the only son of Robert the Magnificent

4&3 instances it proved disastrous. Due to the negative effect lay inves !

, | wipes Mest ise heb tedh Beat de ey, reforming popes realized that they needed to retain control over appointments of bishops, thereby of a tanner. Born in Falaise, Normandy, now in wet i s a : cy, France, William succeeded to the throne of ES i ==) reducing the chance of out-and-out political corruption in the episcopacy.

| England by right of conquest by winning the Ld ; a GR mF BS a dy; | Battle of Hastings in October of 1066 in what i ~ fi | ES = 4 def) | has become knownas theNorman Conquest ALN!

THE GREGORIAN REVOLUTION | .

William was crowned King of England fe PA = ve es yf? P.%y ay il AL Av 7 y i j i ight duri . on December 25, 1066 in Westminster Abbey ~ fal ae AN \ gn Wfig'Uae ZzVe.

The lay investiture controversy reached its heig ring ash OQ a oe \UF R/S \ A the latter part of the eleventh century. As the controversy eg frm \% Vi WN iN] fi , } had reached such a universal scale by this time, a series of .

| hi | V/ 4, Wik Ge fy es l | reforms, which were outgrowths of the Cluniac Reforms, 's , ; s tf ' a Ss \ .

} : ff VYPe é K'i Ny, oN. i | Was instituted by the papacy itself. The pope at the center of .

| ea" { | lias yA . \ a the reform addressing this problem head-on was Pope St.

| Below: The Bayeux Tapestry, (embroidery on \a i | a i ra i : Y/ iy fpeyNex A®& Yt ie _ | a Gregory VII, born Hildebrand. Pope St. Gregory was aided .

| wool), dates from 1077. It was created in —| C4 HD) Wg / (Tw. by several remarkable men under the guiding light of Cluny,

England, after the Norman Conquest of 1066, acs Sf py av ee ee 1) eS y among them Humbert of Moyenmoutier of Cluny; St. Peter

Hy | | and commemorates the victory at the Battle of sy 1 ae WALES A\anae, ~t €Fm fe ° see : ae i :

| | | Hastings.The tapestry is almost 230 feet long vy 4&2 Ae dwa! e ~*~ Eee « .

Damian; Duke Frederick of Lorraine: and Otto of Lagery, the :

| | and only 18 inches wide. It has 58 scenes 1 Me MB aNA a L— SIS » future Pope Bl. Urban II.

| The scene in this section depicts the death of Pa Sai ny ; Aes Jf .

SU naa King Harold |! who had been crowned King of AE fhe > ponte on cm) ; ; ~ aa | England on January of 1066 by an assembly

WOKEfa <coarmiiine on en > POPE ST. GREGORY VII | | ) | of England's leading nobles known as the Me 929) ee 5 ge Sto ee eeSe. iP a ' it] | He se ———= —— ~ Hildebrand, a Cluniac monk and native Roman, became i | | be SW) j= avn Gap if Pope St. Gregory VII in 1073 and served until 1085. Hilde- ] | | P..%5 Ligh L ile ] AS, ThizZ eg VS : brand entered the Church as a young man, and was for | | | | eer ae 2, a> pa oe » Ae iOx 1 nt di > some time an influential leader in the College of Cardinals.

. mn ee, ali {97 'e lf a Re FoR pe i4a "addition, he carried out important tasks for his papal predecessors, particularly for Pope Alex- | | Fa Re

S hr pe , a nS We , "yyp we lI (1061-1073), AtAlexander II's funeral, the crowd is said to have shouted enthusiastically for | | | | bi fe, IW | A) .

~2; Mes+A ee, .4 uldebrand aS pope. He initially resisted, but understood their call to reflect God's will. And So at | | | fs} Tacos!) |} jA fZA. i4 7LeWT i My-three years of age, Hildebrand took the name Gregory VII. Hildebrand was blessed with a ) | ye fe Payig ~ Oy ae LAP". _\= = A = per NONi 'Tevating mind, an iron will. much energy, and relentless perseverance in the face of adversity.

¢ E a a ————— —— | iter al Chapter Eight 305 | | | . a] mH HISTORY OF THE CHURCH '

COLLAPSE, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH | + © | _————eeeeeeeeT.C.CC..

THE DICTATUS PAPA: ime j his intentions of reform known. Within Pope St. Gregory VII wasted little time in making thin a year of a eS beceane pope, he issued a decree called Dictatus pape. Pope St. Gregory asserted in his decree

| | that the pope possessed specific powers bestowed by God that rested on him alone. ThesePowers \\4 oe oa most notably included the power to convene and ratify a council, to define tenets of the faith, and Yi } PAPAE. to appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from office. But St. Gregory went further with this, and '

1b msrannaill abel p alive ar eked ea claimed that the papacy had the power to depose temporal tulers. Furthermore, Subjects of g folut Romanof pormfre ware cm umerGt. any temporal ruler had the right to appeal to the papacy in order to bring charges against their cv Sokespellersul readers. sovereign. é cul cob, of pfcemecho auimfrnorngrduf .

Pope St. Gregory levied stiff penalties for the practice of simony. Anyone who obtained Ordination FFWh esa 2 depofirrenit poflerdiye. " or spiritual benefice through the practice of simony was excluded from the Church hierarchy and 4 ad ablentef pupspollerdeponere. lost his authority of governance. In addition, any priest guilty of fornication was barred from Saying jis daketetericontleomdarknecrodk datelicaeayed : the Mass, which in effect stripped the priest of his most important function in the Church and the = ad il fol Lecce prermporsf necelliracenousl Logef condere

| means for his financial support. All church clerics were to avoid and shun any cleric who failedt ae ae ee Say mt | abide by the pope's decrees.

° rs ach)eespon! sesmetRare paren | .

In addition to Pope St. Gregory's punitive measures, he sought to codify the law of the Church, em aayclarpeen nfrioom unre | called canon law, as an effective measure to avoid future abuse. While this project was not tee i. elitSere da okelt '

A) in his lifeti "father of canon law" ve ee Pe prmaret ee | | | completed in his lifetime, he is considered to be the "father o on la tpl est; folcalsaaneet peel ees i] There was little, if anything, new in Pope St. Gregory VII's decrees. Much of what he laid out had a Obhee wnicite nenpray ; :

| already been stated earlier by other popes or was theologically based in the Scriptures. But 'vin Od dliTiecae unymoref deponere zi } | St. Gregory's re-formulation of and intent to enforce these measures greatly angered the Holy ae Qd sth lircar deede wwfedé neceMmrace cogemte por tanfinurane.

Mia || | soe ata ae andme hisae cegbahep ie ae temporal powers —most notably Emperor 'Sintadf tatcecla gooey uel ueree onal ualeeverdowuyr: E | | || | enry IV—angrily rebelled against these papal directives.

| 0 aud silordinauf sleg cect epee port«fed nmulerare--<z43 | | i ; ab que epe aideber fiapiore wre dv ac .

" i | TO GO TO CANOSSA": THE HUMILIATION OF Pa aae aig a aml il EMPEROR HENRY IV "sas QA mullcapraslie smu lif: lubey-canomicuf babes aby:lush | | | sue ornare. r |) | Pope St. Gregory VII had taken advantage of the papacy's practice of crowning the emperor sid Ot Ferrers ile? small d ebeserete Ay x ihe onium

. in order to claim that the papacy held final say on matters of temporal rule. This perceived fol' metradbayr pofle.

| l| | | cei temporal rule placed the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, on a collision course avid anemine ipfe udvearedehear.

; . ww al nalluf sudear onde naryaphex tede'apelin. h i | | In defiance of the papal decree, Henry on his own appointed the bishop of Milan, Pope St. Gregory x1 asl maroref cule caucangcecte avedrefern Lebeom - .

| VII asked Henry to refrain from carrying out the appointment, Henry declined the pope's request.

<i ad Romana erda nunqua'RAM necimyperat fenyar.

| | St. Gregory acted quickly and severely in response, declaring Henry deposed as emperor, and . ithe ermber.

; | releasing his subjects from his rule. This proved decisive since Henry did not enjoy popular YY | support at home and many of his subjects were opposed to his strong, autocratic rule.

*ips Withee ne pe ceanee "

| Pope St. Gregory VII not only deposed Henry IV, but he also excommunicated him. (Excom: al eh ;LF a iS0 Emoto yumenfi i eda '

(| | munication is acensure from a bishop stating a person is cut off from communion with the Church F ee t frucnbs fieindecrnf bam symadn ppenrer because he is in a persistent state of mortal sin.) The act of excommunication had rarely been aial sig ees fuboAWt lucean-secufare.

| predae poe of the bishops and important abbots in Germany who had previously pO abty fynodale pha. poll:pr deponernia rereeire,

| annie of betas ai eeaetho btURE payin @icnee et acon we al cabsliof ihubes qa ter.die Romane cette:

| and taxing military power disappeme pene 4 it followed that two-thirds of Henry's pote xen et apidduace Insquory fubscr'Lofport abfoloere

| cue pase heh gh a oneal by the pope. His only recourse was to obtain e Pope St. Gregory's decree known as Dictatus Pape (Dictate of the Pope), 1075 eing accept ini = before the pope could Bae ae ae €d back into the Church, and regaining his office peror to take his place.

306 Chapter Eight ——————— .

| | Chapter Eight 307 | . rl im | N, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH an | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, CORRUPTIO UROPE AND THE CHU 1] { —— | | eee —————. na — '

| hh | } Pe ; CONCORDAT OF WORMS | |} we | -npesa did not end the struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors. Similar,

| | ' f Cnoss less dramatic, struggles took place in England and France. After many such battles, the ah , i , PAA = though dat of Worms (1122) Officially ended the investiture matter with a new understanding

Fw | oe the Church and the Holy Roman Empire.

. as s . fF a | 1 viBer) 9 A= x The Concordat of Worms had two parts. First, it left spiritual investiture to the Church alone, and We | .

«i | | | ge S ral investiture to civil authorities. The emperor renounced all claims to invest churchmen | il iI\ . al a i ah) \ y | NY nee and crosier—symbols of spiritual authority—and had to permit the free election of ri h : ics The practice of simony was again condemned. The emperor, however, retained veto f° (ah '

\ j va _ower over the electoral process since he had the right to invest churchmen with signs of temporal | ( * Hy Ss vs | I sah. Thus, if an emperor did not like a candidate for the episcopacy, he could withhold the i . fm east : iM be _4 ; see power accompanying the post, and indirectly force the Church to pick another candidate. i | =a a SS, | Os be bs = f INVESTITURE CONFLICT AND THE ENGLISH CHURCH | | —_ = (1154-1189) | | :

= — Henry II was the most powerful of all Medieval English oy. monarchs. The Church in England had developed its own set | || - — bt | of courts and laws independent of the secular administration, After observing Henry IV's contrition for three days, Pope St. Gregory VII heard Henry's confession granted him absolution, and rest h i E F . wats a he vis Se : ik Bi nn sa Oe but Henry II desired to consolidate the legal structures of 4 a England and to place all authority under the crown. Moreover, zeke Od the English Church, it seemed to him. was growing too .

On January 25, 1077, Henry IV set out for Canossa, Italy, with a small party. Pope St. Gregory VII J Many 5 and independent. To accomplish this ie he paces and his entourage were staying there with the Countess Mathilda of Tuscany. Mathilda, who » JA yy i hbish FC b hi d friend and advisor S happened to be a relative of Henry, was the first of ; ar i ; : a A | as Archbishopof Canterburyhis truste end and advisor St.

Nappened to be a relative of Nenry, was the first of a group of influential Medieval women who mm \ ue Thomas a Becket demonstrated great influence at key political and spiritual moments on account of their holiness

- Ws : and wisdom + he St. Thomas a Becket had been Henry II's Chancellor and had Henry arrived at Canossa and stood barefoot in the snow outside the gates of Mathilda's villa for a ; i \y ptsat pe8ee ea neeae easelsae :

| three days. He was dressed in sackcloth. Still. the pope refused to meet with him. St. Gregory * < eR z auaks En Kiedy eeHee Cpa aoe .

| . doubted Henry's true contrition, and rightfully so. By repenting of his crime, Henry would be By . ens crab iphespian se Bes as archbishop, St.

Thomas a | reinstituted in the Church and would thereby gain the military support of the bishops he had lost — Becket knew he could HOE SUPP BIE Oe allow — he warned | For some time St. Gregory held back a Henry II not to make him archbishop. Henry II and Cardinal

| Hugh of Cluny, the revered abbot ofthe f eae i.

— Henry of Posa pressured St. Thomas a Becket to accept the .

| anyone else he forced St eenateuaeoea aPPCAESS od Ricrseerey Site ae position, and he ultimately accepted. With his elevation, he resigned his position as Chancellor and | .

Ciulirch, ui panies ashe necheee wees ccording to long-standing tradition and the rules 0 the ndertook a life of prayer and penance. He resisted the king's effort to overstep his boundaries in i » @ penitent who requests forgiveness cannot be tured away. St. Gregory knew that he

) could not dismiss the advice of Hugh, who was the most respected churchman of the day. i a .

| ag ee. uiree days St. Gregory relented and agreed to meet with Henry. Pope St. Gregory heard CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON .

| the emperor's contession, granted him absolution, restored his royal status, and admonished him th to observe all of the papal decrees. nenry Il asserted his royal authority in the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164. The king attempted

| ) or = it appe- + Gre © gal control over the revenues of episcopal =s and 4a d ough i | al For a time it appeared that St. Gregory had achieved a tremendous victory: the most important

'lection of all abhore feet:

= tsps Soc Ene sepeye and SOME TE Te Senbrol ae | | ' temporal ruler in Christendom had bent to the pope's will. This y hanya ot Ee IGa te ection. of a abbots and bishops. All clerics were to be tried in civil courts. Any appeal to : al year Henry had again rejected St Rhightuenn raat ce ae "ictory did not last !o b: wk tirst required the consent of the king. The king's court was to be the last resort for Sr sunk Witene : regory s authority and installed Clement III as anti-pope, (ie. eclesiastical appeals | ae ct W the oo aot Caimi to be—the legitimate successor of St. Peter). St. Gregory and his

. Re t 1S. successors tumed to the Normans for protection.

Fe car cng a Becket stood almost alone in England in his absolute Opposition to the Constitutions | | ) | In the end, St. Gregory fled from Henry's army to southern Italy where he died in exile. Henry IV's

<a bievae but Pope Alexander III also refused to recognize them. St. Thomas a Becket was | fate was not muchbetter since he had to fight the nobil Shar eeotte para Hm, fe "8 tO flee to France to escape the king's wrath, and he spent time with some Cistercians

| o fig obility and his own son to maintain power. before Henry II thre i Y sr it Mhreatened the entire order if they did not give him up. At the same time,

Chapter Eight — —— ——— —_—_— ————— =| — eee :

: a | Chapter Eight 309 | | | _ | i RUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, COR FREDERICK I, BARBAROSSA (1152-90) | '

| | a = — Frederick I, Barbarossa, was the ablest and .

> most powerful ruler of the Holy Roman | E Pr Me PRI A+ oll Empire. He thought his vocation as em- ¥¥ aw Bi : a a1 | A ; ' ay Pa | peror was to revive the Roman Empire. He ) . ae yi dj ; aS believed that absolute power was bestowed I mo] y —_ Lf p| ..

\ upon him directly from God and therefore Y ~ '

= ; / (/ — we é zz this power extended over the Church. Since .

. pe, a ay ~ — "4 po ses (ray | 1) / 1) NY Rome was the first city of the ancient | ;* oows We 2S! — \ Kn AD Ww / 'Sy \ . empire, Frederick I believed he should have

.™ R. ~~ es VN i JAE the authority to appoint the Bishop of ~ > = as" ae > I PAT : A, ~ S "

~~ & <N Pope Adrian IV saw immediately that Fred- | ) . d . mie erick| attacks Milan, Italy (1158) a ry '

Emperor Frederick | attacks Milan, Italy (1158) erick I was overstepping his boundaries and | — | Y reatened him with excommunication if he continued to infringe on the rights of the Church. The | .

Kalian city-states also greatly resented the interference of the German emperor. Frederick I, | al ¥ i pwever, continued to appoint bishops in violation of the 1122 Concordat of Worms, and he

| i wy mprisoned the papal legate sent to stop him.

Frederick I attempted to conquer Italy with five military expeditions into the peninsula. During one | 7, {his invasions of Rome, plague claimed 25,000 of his soldiers and he had to retreat. Eventually,

) e * ~~ + me the fierce resistance of the Italian city-states, the loyalty of many German princes and bishops to .

< ig —— . ee the Church, and the steadfastness of popes Adrian IV and Alexander III (who at one point was | | | ~ Bites ee ee ot ee ven into exile) thwarted Frederick I, Barbarossa's exploits. Frederick I would reconcile with the The murder of St. Thomas 4 Becket would haunt Henry II for the rest of his lite church before departing for the Crusade that would end his life.

| | | | . tearing excommunication, Henry II feigned reconciliation with St. Thomas a Becket. He returned to INNOCENT III (ca 1160-1216) ) | | England and continued to fight against the king's programs of desperatic m ed if z © CORTE fo Tight against the kings programs. Out of desperation, Henry

III asked if | anyone could rid him of this priest. St. Thomas a Becket was murdered in the cathedral by a band AND FREDERICK I] (1194 -1250) of knights in 1170. To what extent Henry II was involved with the mur

=) mA eos CATCTIC Ny Ut Was involved with the murder is unknown. St. Thomas Ste Pom, ns! a Becket's martyrdom sparked an almost immediate devotion all across Burepe and it would be stage 57, Lothar Segni Conti became Pope Innocent III. His pontificate brought the Church to the .

| the undoing of many of Henry II's programs.

Saas ge Na eight of its power during the Middle Ages. Historians have often disputed whether the papacy of | .

For the remaining 19 years of his rule, Henry II : anocent III was that of a pious man or virtual tyrant. Nevertheless, Innocent III had a very specific

. children, guilt-ridden by the death of his fier ie 3 sie d man. Betraye ¢ by his wife anc nderstanding of the papacy. Rather than choosing the title Vicar of St. Peter, as previous popes

: public penance for his crime —he was vicle i ee =e its tof a moment of anger, Henry did ad cone, Innocent III immediately showed his intentions and his understanding of the role of the ) | eanGdieed GATE SOR y scourged at the tomb of his old friend, who w pe by naming himself the Vicar of Christ.

| Sarthe Ch eee hs martyrdom. Disgraced, the king gave up his program of contro!

: over the Church ['Jhe Pope was the judge of the world, set in the midst between God and man, below God TH and above Man; he is the representative of Him to whom the earth belongs with all that it

| j E CHURCH AND THE EMPI RE contains and all its inhabitants; he is a priest after the order of Melchizedek: at once priest

. an¢ king who unites in his person the fullness of all power and authority. (Dawson, | Medieval Essays, p. 85) | : keenest legal minds of Eu io es ough the thirteenth century, the Church produced some of "hocent Ill used the metaphor that the pope was like the sun and the king like the moon. As the | dune Whi Median: hr A <s€ men led the Church to some of its greatest achievements noon derives its light from the sun, so the king derives his power from the Vicar of Christ.

| ) the glory of the Carolingian b aoe igs Hohenstaufen emperors desired to reclaim _>» inal matters in which he intervened, he never declared supreme right over temporal ry The Church feared that if such unit pandlng their control from Germany to the Italian Peninsula

"S. Dut he did exercise absolute authority over spiritual matters || would become a pawn of the German Emrerare I her independe ages a ,.. = S primary interest throughout his pontificate was to maintain a balance of ower

German Emperors. Thus emerged the greatest struggle of tne roughour Farr ; o p Pp ; investiture conflict to date el i ah a wie sag Europe with himself as arbitrator. To achieve this, he found it necessary to keep

7 er sovereigns from assuming independent power. He intervened in the affairs of all the | | 310 Chapter Eight —— - ——— SS ——————

= a eer _ _ = ~ww = ie anathematized the entire Hohenstaufen family. Frederick II was finally forced to capitulate.

~, <a R ah , his nobles, Frederick II repented and went to Penance. He died clothed in a y Ss DOs shandoned by oe .

| y | . aA ui Il and his successors of the thirteenth century saw the papacy as the guardian of é bs 4 .

= aan They treated the kings as vassals and penalized monarchs for violations of chastity | hard 7,j aN CS ea fidelity. They provided strong leadership to the Church and brought Medieval oy A = 9 XY aOe greatest heights. This leadership unfortunately immersed the Church in secular

Re ek would especially exacerbate tensions between Church and state with the advent Nw/; f nationalism. ba \ PART V | iwer * he ) The Cistercians and Carthusians

| ie _—_rl SS pc THE CISTERCIANS | AEE eee Aaa | .

— j | Oe Ome MO oe Skane eet eae the papi SS HEDUNO Cree in addition to Cluny, two other monastic reform movements began later in the eleventh century,

: the Cistercians e Carthusians. feudal kingdoms of Europe and took to task any king who had fallen from the state of grace, Philip he Csterclaris and th ; :

| | II of France had divorced his wife and then attempted to marry another: subsequently, Innocent i The Csterclans, or the White Monks, Se first founded by St. Robert of Molesme, a Cluniac placed the entire kingdom of France under interdict until Philip returned to his lawful wife. King monk, in 1098. Like Cluny, the Cistercians used the Benedictine rule. though with bs special

| John of England tried to control the election of the Archbishop of Canterbury and refused to emphasis on austerities, farming, and simplicity of lifestyle. 'The white 'habits of ne SE erCian

| | accept the pope's choice of Stephen Langdon. John was excommunicated and England was placed yere meant to imply their poverty and simplicity; most other monks wore black habits at the time.

| | under interdict (denial of liturgy, the sacraments, and even Christian burial). Innocent III then The Cistercians were particularly important in the conversion of the Slavic tribes of Poland.

| called upon Philip II of France to invade England ina crusade if John did not capitulate. John Bohemia, and eastern Germany.

| eventually was forced to make England a vassal of Innocent III in order to avoid punishment Eventually King John's poor conduct led him to sign the Magna Charta in 1215.

ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX | | Conflict soon had erupted over the successor to Frederick I, Barbarossa, after his death. For fouri

| baie years Germany Was in a state of civil turmoil. Innocent III was made the guardian of the young x. Bemard of Fontaine (1091-1153) joined the a a | .

:derick . of Germany, who was only three years old when his father died. Innocent III used his Cstercians in 1113 at Citeaux. Known as St.

| . influe hes gain the acceptance of the German princes for Frederick II's rule. Frederick II, now 17 bemard of Clairvaux, he is often considered

{| | romise O re ot P Sovereignty of the el) mee = . promisé€d to respect the sovereignty of the Papal States and not to attempt a unification of ine second founder of the order. It was under :

Germany and Italy. He also assured the pope that he iis leadership that the Cistercians grew dramaae = Pa | at wey On would lead a crusade. ically and their influence spread. When he , x | | ~ i) st entered the Anacta = o j "ary © Uy geae yam = Frederick II, however, would renege on his promise and entered the monastery, he brought along thirty

- | iy oh Ws » attempt to crush the Papal States after the death of nends, four of whom were his brothers. St.

NY ss \ MK é, Innocent Ill. Because of his evil ways, his agnosticism "mard became the first abbot of the new \ LRT) | .

NYS ROY |, and cruelty, Frederick II was viewed by many as "the sauastery founded at Clairvaux. At Clairvaux i>» } | | ( *.

| (ie ~ antichrist." He became friendly with the Muslims and "* Monastery was austere: the walls were A ! y| <r - ix ven maintained a harem. Frederick II broke his oath "aren with small windows, and beds con- | | ( hal 'A '

{ le iv. b ten times and delayed going ona crusade for ten years =e of Dlanks of wood. The monks ate Y \] ) :

| | J | a < iL =S BAN ~<a He invaded Italy and drove Pope Gregory IX from ung Dut bread and boiled leaves and roots | Neca 4 meee =Rome. Gregory excommunicated the emperor and = some salt and oil.

A |1\ | | " y a dec are la re ick 'ec jectc longer 7ed him it Bemard -ra - } I R AY } | aiehy asea S subjects no longer owed oS smard came from a noble background, as NateS 1. \\ ; "a ee } » U = = Ce: ar a ry peyeriite 'lergy a did Dractic Ihy = sf '

| oe Vk OD) ya is at a K II foes tgs: sae? ele 7 eee all of the founders of orders in iia \ ) | r Pram Sgn a, soca 1€s until the new pope, nnocent mh wmtval period. He enjoyed the benefits

| Frederick il mets with Muslim leaders inJeusalem(1229), municarioy, snnck AePosed: He imposed excomnites cal education, and was a model

'unication on anyone who recognized him as emperot "Gent, though he was reserved.

Chapter Eight — ——_—__ —- - ——_— —____ ————————— —.

—————— ; fe | Chapter Eight 313 ee - ———— N HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, CORRUPTION: AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH | -ame a monk, St. Bernard focused his studies on the Scriptures and the Fathers of the When heoad humble, St. Bernard refused all promotions, including the episcopacy and : crutch: major part of his service to the Church was his extraordinary writing to encourage and | ST. BERNARD: THE POWER OF A SINGLE MONK Mpa others in the Faith. His central theme, in conjunction with extensive quotation of | ili i srenginen f the divine life communicated to the world in the Person of Jesus Christ.

/ he life of St. Bernard of Clairvaux is William, a prince of great wealth and Scriptures, WaS ; z S : d led 4 pe with countless fascinating stature, was invited to attend a Mass me middle of the twelfth century was Called the "Age of t. Bernard." St. Bernar counse e | | stories. Despite longing to simply remain celebrated by St. Bernard. During the ne bishops, and popes. including Pope Bl. Eugene III, the first pope who was a Cistercian. He in his monastery in prayer, St. Bernard Mass, however, William and those loyal sath at a legendary debate with Peter Abelard, the most renowned thinker of the time other

| healed schisms, advised popes, led to him stood at 2 cogrottie Snare a c 'Bernard. Abelard had advocated certain theological errors, but St. Bernard, So logically councils, wrote many aes books, oePik Secale:i ai ues and clear in his condemnation of Abelard's teachings, left the master logician with no | and helped launch a crusade.

»ot. pia epee When Pope Hororius II died in 1130, a placed the Host on the paten and response but silence.

| en ' schism broke out in the Church over the haber det P Host alleged election of two popes: Innocent II fal Fene ts sched implored the ~ | | and Anacletus II. A national council ¥ o :

| of the French bishops was called at "Into His hands your obstinate soul | Etampes, and St. Bernard, summoned will one day fall. Will you despise Him? there by consent of the bishops, was Will you scorn Him as you have done ?

| | asked to judge between the two rival His servants?" ("Saint Bernard of '

He chose Innocent II, and by this Clairvaux, Abbot, Doctor of the Church "= : ~ act all the great Catholic powers of the taken from Crawley, Lives of the Saints.

. time recognized Innocent II as the true 1954) > :

| Pope. St. Bernard then accompanied William immediately abandoned his mnocent Il back to Italy and calmed'the schism and restored the bishops he had ae | . troubles brewing in that country. expelled. The duke afterwards founded a ME eS :

| A few years later, in 1134, St. Bernard new Cistercian monastery and went on a ) ' was called to Aquitaine to help persuade pilgrimage to Compostella, Spain, along eo

| William, the Duke of Aquitaine (who had the course of which he died. di lapsed into schism), to stop persecuting "

| | : the supporters of Pope Innocent II.

With the desire to live a simple and disciplined life, St. Bruno declined the office of bishop of Rheims t ~_— Madi ih THE CARTHUSIANS | r a oa Ba | | .

'he Carthusians were founded by St. Bruno at Chartreuse, near Grenoble in France. Like many hy !

\' = 'urchmen of the day. St. Bruno also served the civil state in France. He was a brilliant scholar y | \ "dh counted among his pupils Eudes of Chatillon, who would become Pope BI. Urban II. Despite

| '> 'S prestigious position as chancellor at Rheims, St. Bruno remained a model priest, resisting | St. Bernard displayed a nobility meta' pressures. When offered the chance in 1080 to become the bishop of Rheims, he declined.

| , of nature, a wise charity and Instead inc , : f '

| fides uh 5 dailies with Ee pal ed by a burning love for God anda desire to live a more spiritually disciplined and | \ others, and a genuine humility, aie ifé. St. Bruno left his position and went off with two friends to live as hermits in the j oe ree i ine Hike most "untains. Like the Egyptian monks centuries before, St. Bruno and his companions lived in | | | xponents of the SOltION nraci-.

; ] | Y Chitetian +8 ~~ Hl, Practiced severe mortifications, and observed perpetual silence.

| ~ no and his two friends settled at Chartreuse in the French Alps where they established a nia monastery tor their day. The monks at Chartreuse did not live together like other monks;

| | oad, €ach had his own cell around the cloister. St. Bruno wanted to bring the ascetic life of the | 314 Chapter Eight —— ——— ; ————————— re —— _ _ .

Vj | | | Chapter Eight 315 RUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH HISTORY OF THE CHURCH COLLAPSE, COR | Ee ee ee SS ———

/ | SUPPLEMENTARY READING | st. Gregory VII, Dictatus pape 15. That he who is ordained by him may (The Dictate of the Pope) preside over another church, but may not hold

) That the Roman church was founded by a subordinate position; and that such a one ie | see may not receive a higher grade from any i | key Z e AT wh cee 5 ) puess iff al Pirie aa bishop.

| ame > \Ry 1) Phen |'

: ae sat the Roman pontiff alone can w rf , a » Lh ane 4 ~< 2, That th 16. That no synod shall be called a general vy ' be called universal.

' a Lah one without his order.

| > d = ate SARS a he alone can depose or reinstate LL we ez Wy. a ao 3, That 17. That no chapter and no book shall be -, Bees considered canonical without his authority.

Tomy) | Th a council his legate, even if a lower ii t aM wT , 4, That, in '

: hee | : sy | rade, is above all bishops, and can pass 18. That a sentence passed by him may be . i_% a> <entence of deposition against them. retracted by no one; and that he himself, alone

| £ Wy cy he ab of all, may retract it.

1} I 1* a 5, That the pope may depose the absent.

) < ! e 7 a me 19. That he himself may be judged by no one.

: | | ry | 6, That, among other things, we ought not to | | -emain in the same house with those 20. That no one shall dare to condemn one

\ ycommunicated by him who appeals to the apostolic chair.

7, That for him alone is it lawful. according to 21.That to the latter should be referred the wi —— se= the needs of the time, to make new laws, to more important cases of every church.

; a Seca -* ,.. uma OV | assemble together new congregations, to make 22. That the Roman church has never erred:

| La PA ew) an abbey of a canonry; and, on the other hand, nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture ) The Carthusians were founded by St. Bruno at Chartreuse, near Grenoble in France to divide a rich bishopric and unite the poor bearing witness.

. ones. ieee he mi F 23. That the Roman pontiff, if he have been | | c an skye into the context of the monastery, establishing an oasis of peace and prayer

8. That he alone may use the imperial insignia. canonically ordained, is undoubtedly made a Hh} | ! outside the busy developing cities of the Medieval world

9. That of the pope alone all princes shall kiss saint by the merits of St. Peter; St. Ennodius, | | l¢ Carthusians did not become as numerous as some of the other monastic orders of the feet bishop of Pavia, bearing witness, and many

| | | ° day,b néir positive example ~~ ) . c ; , ; = ; .

/ he oy, but their positive example had its own influence. Rumors of their ascetic life eA.

_ ; holy fathers agreeing with him. As is contained ! spread throughout important centers in Europe, helping to revive Christian devotion to 10. That his name alone shall be spoken in the in the decrees of St. Symmachus the pope.

) simplicity and prayer. churches .

| i 24. That, by his command and consent, it may | CONC LUSION - *hat this is the only name in the world. be lawful for subordinates to bring accusations.

= "3 That it may be permitted to him to depose 25. That he may depose and reinstate bishops : le penod from la arne's ¢ Fs = , CHIDErors.

; ; j ~ zt . See wit Charlemagne's death in the ninth century to the Concordat of Worms in gla without assembling a synod.

| | © Carly Cweilth century represents an unstable time in the history of "hire 13. That he may "fii inch Europe. The splintering of European political ateia ee = 5 se e

Parkeeeee 26: That he Wiig Iii etveace waene | | conflicts between civil and spiritual ey a geese? ermal t reats of invasion, an shops if need be.

Roman church shall not be considered | Milk the idenian veces *piritual authority challenged not only the Church's stability,

DL : C mie aS 4 temporal institution. Regrettably, monastic and diocesan landholdings % Fr ne ae ROWER LG Oral Clan oe apy coe ' ere: tai a a developing feudal world in a way that made corruption almost may wish.

27. That he may absolve sublects from their | | |] F | Pallbahy artinee "as simony and nepotism, as well as the weakening of fidelity, fealty to wicked men.

| celibacy, and piety among the Clergy posed a strong threat to the Church.

Ironically, at a | | time when segments of the Church ceamad .. acc 2.

© \fnuren. ironically, a {| | ' itn , fakes ts ae Church seemed to drift further from the example of the early | braniefeaem this oeeh and popes like St. Gregory VII and Innocent III helped | | | would begin a rehabilifneePe of renewed piety and spiritual devotion. These reformers

| | ¢ Ac qUUITAOO lat wot 1 PVyeNn ally, mee .

LAY INVESTITURE : my deliverer, my God, my strength, i OF ST. BERNARD vaious wil trust" (Ps 18:1 ff.). Heis all thateen | a to the middle of the twelfth century

The appointment of bishops and abbots by . eae: that I long for. re | ib which St. Bernard of Clairvaux exhibited —_ secular rulers, often in exchange for temporal

| it pei es bee Moser esimcrt oon yt - ? God and my help, I wi -norOus influence through his counseling of protection.

He much, yea, boundlessly, because He loved us My God and my help, I will love Thee forThy gies s and popes.

. first, He infinite and we nothing, loved us, great goodness; not so much as I might, surely, mulers, bishops NEPOTISM | | miserable sinners, with a love so great and so but as much as I can. I cannot love Thee as CAROLINGIAN From the Italian nepote, "nephew" and Latin

. free. This is whyI said at the beginning that Thou deservest to be loved, for I cannot love The French dynasty of rulers descended from nepos, "grandson." The appointment of family

| | the measure of our love to God is to love Thee more than my own feebleness permits. a RS members to important positions of authority.

| immeasurably. For since our love is toward I will love Thee more when Thou deemest me ee || God, who is infinite and immeasurable, how worthy to receive greater capacity for loving:

CISTERCIANS SERF i can we bound or limit the love we owe Him? yet never so perfectly as Thou hast deserved So called "White Monks," after the color The majority of people within feudalism.

| | Besides, our love is not a gift but a debt. of me. "Thine eyes did see my substance, yet of their habits, this order was founded by the They barely enjoyed any freedom since they

| | And since it is the Godhead who loves us, being unperfect; and in Thy book all my Cuniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. were completely tied to the land and lord

Himself boundless, eternal, supreme love, of members were written" (Ps 139: 16). Yet Thou They adopted the Benedictine rule and placed they were serving.

| . whose greatness there is no end, yea, and His recordest in that book all who do what they a special emphasis on austerities, farming,

| | wisdom is infinite, whose peace passeth all can, even though they cannot do what they simplicity, and strictness in daily life.

| | understanding; since it is He who loves us, I ought. Surely I have said enough to show how The selling of ecclesiastical offices, pardons, | Say, can we think of repaying Him grudgingly?

God should be loved and why. But who has CLUNY or emoluments by either secular or spiritual || | "I will love Thee, O Lord, my strength. felt, who can know, who express, how much

City in east-central France which gave birth to leaders.

|| ) The Lord is my rock and my fortress and we should love him. monastic reform in 910. The first abbey began | with twelve monks committed to renewing the TREATY OF VERDUN rule of St. Benedict.

Signed in 843, the treaty divided the Carolin- ) | gian empire into three sections, which led | | | ; , DICTATUS PAPA to the eventual destruction of Charlemagne's

| | | | 1! dé P Decree given by Pope St. Gregory VII asserting § empire.

' that the pope possesses specific powers given VASSAL | | !

: by God that rested on him alone. These powers | a .

. included the power to convene and ratify a In feudalism, those under the rule of the lord | | | . council, to propound doctrine, and to appoint, who paid him in labor or services.

-_ to depose temporal rulers and subNeets of any Tide used by Fope Innocent Ill rather than the | | ,) :

* temporal ruler had the right to appeal to the eSa MEE ohoe ates Vigar 3oa papacy in order to bring charges against their emphasized Innocent III's understanding of the | | — sovereign : pope as a representative of Christ himself.

| t FEUDALISM Ain | | 4 ae Lh >ystem that came to organize the politics, | . a economy, and social life of Medieval Europe a <i> Ih + ater the split of the Carolingian empire. fine "tae | Based on the relationship between wealthy,

OF sll ie | | | sites lords and the common villagers, vk al LTT i f ' p '

"m-workers, it was a relatively simple i | | —_ letd For since our love is toward God, who Speiiaae see or :

(—"lh's ey i ey { : is infinite and ihireghinetee fo He we sTangement in which the commoners would i [ / \ ; | | | | A Pound or limit the love we owe Him?

Pay the landowner in labor or services in return ll 'a r | -S aa Misiry for the Jara'

~ ' he magnifice St. Bernard of Clairvaux 2hes S military protection against foreign oS E | ih B : church er chit v < = = ;

Chapter Eight . a ae ~ ——- —ee = — — ae nl Va | | Chapter Eight 319 "3 ahead hh F, ul \i f COLLAPSE, CORRUPTION, AND REFORM IN EUROPE AND THE CHURCH

| | ican Cluny monks lived in :

Si ; 1. What three groups coming from which 13. What does excommunication mean? did not hinder the beneficial role ruler anda spiritual ruler. To which aspect | | | toean ROE Reese hairyei wsouq western European society. of the papacy does infallibility apply? How is

} Europe during the ninth century? of excommunication? they serve oe Piha the papacy different today than it was in the | i ) a | | One of the criticisms of the Catholic Middle Ages? How is it the same?

Why were monasteries often the targets 14. What was the Concordat of 2.

-his that it was too often involved in i | |i .

| of the Viking invasions?

Worms (1122)? en with secular rulers during the 4. What are your thoughts on Pope :

15. What were King Henry II's ai ed val period, and that this involvement Innocent III's letter to the prefect Acer ius Constititicns of Care es tions as simony and lay that opened this chapter? How do you think

| Constitutions of Clarendon? led to such COrrup Pegs ld view Pope Inocenmllis (dens { | 4. What did the monastic reform at Cluny

| investiture. Is this a fair charge, historically ariel aa aie Ph st h tothe emphasize?

16. How did the contest between St. Thomas ) speaking? In what way did the political about the reeeonshte of the state to | ] | ; i a Becket and King Henry II end? organization of this era help toen Church today? things that separate oral t art 5 se were two things ; at sep17. What was Pope Innocent III's goal dur justice and moral righteousness on the p

: ome | of the sovereign? How did it fail to achieve | | S papacy!

- 6. What did Pope Benedict VIII grant to those ends?

Cluny in 1016? How did this help Cluny 18. How did Pope Innocent III and his | . not to become involved in the problems immediate successors view kings?

For what kinds of behavior were | te) oe Oe Saker, kings penalized?

RS ¢ S ae 7. Name at least four important Cluniac .

~ a a Se pueda monks who rose to positions of 19. Which rule do the Cistercians follow and a Sato FR | importance. what do they emphasize along with it?

; | 8. Otto I's (the Great) coronation at Aachen 20. What did the color white signify for the | > ¢ Says ee s as Holy Roman emperor served what Cistercian habit, and what color did re Sacks Fo os

| two purposes? most religious orders wear? es 4 ; ue ct =i - 4:

9. List the three ways in which the Ottonian 21. What were the two areas of focus for } ,@ > , :

| line exercised influence over the Church.

St. Bernard's studies, and what was the , f = , iin? fe rs ; P 10. How did Lanfranc negotiate his central theme. of his Spiiniality!

~ /ae ; Go . responsibilities to the Church and his 22. Who founded the Carthusians, and how y af ae oaY | eo m4 | | relationship to the state? did he live with the earliest Carthusians?

| | 11. uba theeaewant tocoe 23. What kind of spirituality did the i '

, & eoa65 es ne | Ta control over the ecclesiastica Carthusi i oir ? oe? ae S TR Ba iS ¢ eS .

| cease uslans create in their order \ — fa ey ed: Se | | .

Pe ee ——— / { Feudalism was a relatively simple arrangement in which the commoners would pay the landowner | | | . in labor or services in return for the lord's military protection against foreign or domestic foes

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