CHAPTER 10

C DEVELOP CULTURE | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH GH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTI MENT AND THE FLOWERING OF | HIGn ————— a | CHAPTER 10 | ) || = | '

\ r t t j ) Bri PERZER EVERRARZIE Pe | ; = , > scholastic Development ) Hl '

® = na ine riowering UT Culture ' r | = ™ [raining and spiritual life! These two things are inseparable for anyone who aspires y! nail :

| o lead a Christian life which is truly committed to forming and building a more just ) | and more brotherly society. If you wish to be faithful in your daily lives | | ¢ | .

| y | | to the demands of God and to the expectations of humanity and history 9 } . y* wm» 2 | ) cons TY, :

— i J pe = you must constantly nourish yourselves on the word of God and the sacraments > | | so that Christ's word may dwell in you abundantly" (Col 3: 16). ei()3 com | — John Paul II, Homily, Viedma, Argentina, April 6, 1987

| r | €fore the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. most education: hi } : ud . c ; Bearden indc tthe tral s 'f nas Ss, most ens ational activity in Europe took place in .

\ | | | | I Sane s ; ue Cathedral schools. Over time, as the demand for education among monks and | | | Pilaae ie = tt aa chools began to develop expanded areas of study for their student

] i : l¢ s c h o o l s added philosophy, astronomy, civil and canon law. and medicine to their | A Bullies Haart, cheat vministrative demands.

Modeling themselves after feudal trade | a.

| | ) 5am = oF Ss Se ; - ih be vs lop crheed university systems that provided the proper environment for | t is training and spiritual life, faith and love of God that leads us closer to knowing Christ

| | Aquinas, St. Bonaventure, and tt 2 mes iS Scholasticism. Led by thinkers like St. Thomas he midst of this flourishing of Medieval thought there came another movement led by two i} Meche ale or Mateta oe "gush Franciscan Bl. John Duns Scotus, Scholasticism grew

| traordinary saints. St. Francis of Assisi and St. Dominic founded the first two mendicant orders efforts to understand the highest eri ees mung "heological and philosophical methods in their

| ose devotion to simple piety and poverty helped rejuvenate religious zeal in the late Medieval | and his Church. These Scholast Sy losophy and theology and man's relationship to God ze.

These orders remained a constant reminder that, despite the potential glory of the human | an tHE EL HOC OCNOlASTICS produc Ed some of rhe rv r cringe anv i ' l :

] i j a i j " fai Western Traditior i : me of the most lasting and valuable works in the pacity to understand, ultimately, as John Paul II reminded, it is "training and spiritual life." faith

| ve of God that leads to greater knowledge and understanding of Christ.

| | 4: xford University (116 rebellion: S . 'ile toa [ ican Order established St. Bonaventure eat tl St, Thomas Aquinas writes The oldest work of Spanish literature The Hundred Years' War The Renaissance | | St. ie | University of Bologn oins Franciscans ty of Paris is started © Summa Theologiz The Poem of ElCid ts written down In between England and begins | me sn eer Ke, Abbot of Citeaux Hale ats le an = Medieval Castilian (Spanish) France begins (1337) rter:

First medical facutty round Notre Dame Toe St.

Francis of Assis torr ) |Viston of St. Thomas Aquinas Dante Alighieri begins Summa Theologiaof truction of Notre Dame Franci:

Ieder receives stigmata writing The Divine Comedy Aquinas becomes official basis sea Pita hee e founded by St St. Francis of Assisi dies Dante Alighier Manuscript writing becomes | completed in 1320 of Roman Catholic doctrine | | |

Francis of A St. Thomas Aquinas born a secular profession Dante Alighieri dies | Hadrian IV; the only English pope 1154-59 j | | TT —— "

Chapter Ten 357 | —— Oo , a | SS ET A | \ ™ = HISTORY OF THE CHURCH cH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE

| leasant and demanded justice. Asa result, the in il P , often not a peaceful or p .

| Bann ok oe ee patehig ol Spec = Sb ry among both Clergy ang rocess. Many universities emerged city government freed the students from 1} | nobles increased dramatically.

More and more students flocked to schools, and as the student p 'owing violent student rebellions. local taxes and prosecution.

| ie | bodies began to outgrow the cathedral and monastic schools, teachers and Students alik wedi | A similar altercation ledto the solidifyin HF ID li mie | recognized the need to reorganize the established educational systems. Following

F, c in Paris, France, in 1200, for example, similar altercation 0 thesolidifyi 9 Iq] Hi | ° Is bes F NS Feudal ctive of students demanded legal of student independence at the University

| organizations, schools began to restructure into guilds. Rather than training as a knig a collect!

Vy craftsman, many people began to study at the universities, apprentici nt or a and economic concessions from the city. of Bologna, Italy, in 1220. Protesting Tyo] ie | ipehepatl a5 5hei 5 ipl a ded = ee cing CO Expert teachers ang Their demands were a result of a recent the city's economic practices, students Weihe | | r ee he Se eS eee racna hes ee eistagents: Tensei eau type of altercation between local townspeople withdrew from Bologna and refused oq recognition bestowed upon members of other trades. and students at the university. A student to return until the city made conces- | In the North, masters united to form a universitas, a type of corporation that protected th insulted a local tavern's wine and was sions. Officials granted students special

| | educational and administrative interests of its members. In Southern Europe, students roekied thrown out of the tavern. In response, a privileges and agreed to prosecute '|| | | similar organizations that helped ensure their safety and the quality of their education As it wer number of students stormed the tavern teachers who skipped or were late for the students at those universities held authority over their teachers, hiring and firing them as shes and attacked the owner and some of classes. Thus, by rebelling, the students

1} Saw fit. In the North, teachers determined the curriculum and the nature of the student bod : the patrons. Locals retaliated Ee Suen ps level ofDOWIE Meag ¥ They tracked down the students and beat teachers and independence from local ORIGIN OF UNIVERSITIES them severely, killing a number of the jurisdiction.

| i} . i TY | Vy Hence ee i Left: University of Paris in Medieval school days tai) He see cbmet of the University of Paris in 1175 typified the growth of most northern

Below: auvarahy:of Farts toaat | ers ues. n Paris, there existed three cathedral schools that became especially famous during The university Is often referred to as the Sorbonne the early part of the Medieval period: the Palatine or palace school, the school of Notre-D q which was originally created for the use of.20 theology

Sainte-Geneviéve. Over time these schools beg: duci ame, and F fe students in 1257 as Collége de Sorbonne by Robert PEDICATIGHE: Gre eras ep > began producing renowned professors, and as their ian | de Sorbon (1201-1274), a chaplain and confessor to .

. putations grew, more pupils enrolled in schools where these celebrated lecturers taught ei. Oe ee King St. Louis IX of France. However, the university . a schools expanded, more lodging was provided, and the numbers of courses increased.

! eee 9 | =F ffl fecbag plage | ee the three schools formed a corporation that protected the professors and combined eae Qt, r % jet} | | €ach individual school's discipline. Although each school continued to teach its specialty i ven ee a !

| Students could now receive a broader education from the unified schools th :

'Ly vel 3 "= _ University of Paris.

O0'S That mace ME Tt he et a cs In the South, the Italiar Oo : ae ii 7] a Biirbe As the brea ay of Bologna succeeded Ravenna as the home of jurisprudence in Pay) i f ¥ '

| ai | AE Tin Weg ha ears cities grew together with the demand for legal instruction, the school at Ny,'

UF —— Ss Vee Mh y | Ologna in 1088 became a center for legal study. f : a > Le ee RG ee Ae Dictamen, or Art of Ce ieee y. the University of Bologna began teaching the SQ a le 5 a ~, ar | | documents. This eciaene on. which included rules for drawing up briefs and other legal a a ae — Vw ay | fren: eat . Specialized training attracted many students, and there soon developed another

NYEs rll eees Nb PS one . gid opie kena in grammar and rhetoric, which were both closely connected with the fas (ioe y ee.

As the number of disc ac itaas , :

5) 2 he te - ] Seainelccaime: | Siete os alsciplines increaséd, students organized to help ensure their edu- $ ~ | of the aaceare =ck Sis See the undisputed center of legal training in Europe, and almost all ths qa & | ioe tre OE on and Roman law studied. at least for some time, at that school.

1€ school at Salerno had more singular origi ie oF ie | | established in 794, devoted much of its 5 = origins. The Benedictine monastery of Salerno. ar : ical sciences. The fame of the 3 ona sy : to the study of ancient works on botanical and med: lh | | Africano, a Christian who studied in the Ar oe SApeTtise in these areas grew after Constantino i residence at the monastery cre he Arabic schools in Babylon, Baghdad, and in Egypt. took up

Se — school added philo<c stery around the year 1070, Under the influence of Africano. the monastery The Sorbonne (now organized as University of Paris |-XIlI) remains one of the most famous

" scnc ddeéd philosophical and Arabic works to the medical < MS : y and prestigious universities in the world, having produced Nobel Prize winners from its faculty

| ri reputation as an institution with a sy ee 8 €dical studies, helping the school advance its and student body, as well as a number of the greatest intellectuals, political theorists, scientists,

| | | | became the first university Fure z— 'lunderstanding of medicine. As the school grew. it engineers, doctors, theologians, and artists of the Western tradition and canon,

OPE to offer degrees and licenses for its studies.

| | | . i 358 Chapter Ten .

— ——__—— — — De Oeoe ——— | | | Chapter Ten 359 | | | TT a ae eae $e HISTORY OF THE CHURCH ji MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT:AMD)THE FLAW

Because of their gradual and undocumented origins, myths concerning their true be THE CHURCH AND LEARNING, 1100-1 _ surrounded all of the Medieval universities. The University of Oxford claimed hens

- | = extraordinary beginnings. Fanciful popular myths allege that its foundation dates as farbec = i . when Samuel was judge over Judea or by the Trojans having escaped from their conquered city iC The most popular myth attributed Oxford to the patronage of the Saxon King Alfred the Gee

P ¥ ag ~ | (849-899), who was known as a supporter of education. Like the other universities, the exact date | i Pa ae | of the establishment of Oxford is hard to pinpoint since it grew gradually out of schools which in a&h a Saxon times were grouped around the monastic foundation of St. Frideswide (eighth century)

B Aberdeen =i = Over time, well-known scholars lecturing on theology and canon law attracted students from alla cS ae ie Europe to Oxford. ii = Wedron N ¢ ny H P '

ORGANIZATION OF THE UNIVERSITY an eS Rae ae, as his :

| Although the organization of Northern and Southern European universities differed, normally both a . o qt Oil were collections of different schools that taught their respective disciplines. It was not until 1239 re — Pe, a ne ) a ea | that several branches of learning were taught at one university.

| a ed Serompant J, ele i At Bologna, Italy, which became the template for most of the Southern European universities, = aae ee mee | | eh | students from all over Europe came to the city to study. For protection and housing, foreign ee eee. .

| students formed groups called "nations." They elected a rector who led the nation and helped . administer the affairs of the university. oe a eho : iT | .

Dan | | ; authority over issuing licenses to teach and awarding ~~ 4 ey Se EE ein ee reor | ia degrees. Naturally, this led to friction between teach- @ 4. ar ~~ te edann ae | Whe | ers and the chancellor. To protect their own interests re x 4 ) '

"as ee \ fe *® a l He aps eee teachers bound together to form a guild, Sa Y | Po ge *ken ae:tee 7 | | | niversitates. The students also organized into \ »

) Vy §) Late eon iy q nations, but they never had the same authority as \ —_ | G ar esee ee | i] | those in Southern Europe. By the middle of the thir- > | aieaaiies.

| } \| | . teenth century, the teachers' guilds had separated into NR os i ae ~she = oat ~ | - | | faculties according to the corresponding discipline that » ( , _ eee .

— i o phe oewie eo | j > ft _ ¥ ty — WOvedo peli La ey a > iW was being taught. A dean headed each faculty, and | a ~*~ ee s - ——~ —Prenca- % af ~ 9 . those same deans voted for a rector who was the ' mPeenca .

| | a head of all the faculties and the university (similar to —————o .

Bae a CORSICA .mon ane :

| | | the modem-day president). ene .

1 un Uae eo This Medieval illustration depicts aprofessor and students a AB Salemo WY TH The guild organizations allowed these universities to at the University of Paris. aa Why | a ae age were theoretically exempt from arrest or punishment by the secular biGee i unos= ae Van {| | ual sduiceises Tiaier: eventually secured independence from both lay and local ecclesiastical fe = y"-. f '

| | Re eeal and disciplines, the universities were able to offer a program called ee » | I | Vy | ae & ¢, which included the study of theology (including philosophy), law (both civil and t Geom o rename rote =, ) | an | n law), medicine, which was Called physics, and the arts. Th

Iso divided into two ' oyna an ="

'a an | main sections: the trivium (Latin for "three wa s"), in whi eta te beteciergas a logi cers == | were studied, and the guadrivium (four ways) it ha which Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic

| mow in wo 2) soem fF.a Vy and music. ncluded arithmetic, geometry, astronomy. i _——— me So ; .

| Chapter Ten 361 / j = '

| HISTORY OF THE CHURCH cH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE | f/ ————— ltt i(_iti'"—SOCO~™~:~:C"

A student needed to be able to read and write in Latin before being admitted into the univers) PART II q) Once admitted, he began his studies with the mivium, mastering writing and reading and stud ity.

{Hi Classical and Christian works on the subjects. The teacher, or master, would read the text ofaae S h | ti e a | | i] on a topic along with his predecessors' comments on the text before adding his own ideas Te

C O as 1cism Tl | | method of teaching was called "hearing" a book, ie., lecture (from the Latin Jectio, the ~ a Wei reading). AIST COTEleting the ane theiscudenitae a "bachelor of arts," and was consid. ew philosophical texts entered into Europe as the crusaders returned, and scholars set about hi] ered qualified to Patera in gigs Sau 4 ? en moved onto study the quadrivium

Ne vask of reconciling these "new" ideas with over a thousand years of Christian belief and | | during which he Las ree or six en! studying ese oe a master of arts" degree errine, Previously, European scholars only had access to neo-Platonic philosophy and Aristotle's

. a sosaRae a : giesyen sel fot dkae e ae could then leave e to use as a tool for their theology. Until the latter part of the twelfth century and the beginning dq t Se = 2 pane on a ae y more sae Y a-asEs ceree in law, medicine ae thirteenth, most of Aristotle's words were unknown in the West. By contrast, in the East

| vi ¥oh ae ey ae a pecana far E IT oe ee also debated their tt existed both Arab and Jewish commentaries on Aristotle's works, espeially his Metaphysics. aii | ee the subjects and prepared formal responses to tough questions posed by this new discovery of Aristotle's thought would revolutionize theology and subsequently elicit sai : debate and controversy. i | .

Vm ca... we with access to Aristotle's works, universities fostered a new style of inquiry in philosophy, known Wh | {/ y a oi i "i xs Scholasticism, or "science of the schools." This method led to a rebirth of interest in Classical

| | i a & a i philosophy and the relationship between Faith and reason.

| | Pati \P "Fy hme ONS Vi | | || Ti Ot un METHODS AND MYSTERY a | | | \ Ah A -_ {= hi The methods of Scholasticism came largely out of a teaching technique that developed in the { an TS ye . universities. When a scholar read an ancient or authoritative text, he drew up lists ofcontradictory

| ; i. Ae satements. Then, by means of logical reasoning, the scholar tried to reveal the underlying {if , | im i A) y zeement between these points of contradiction, hoping to attain the central and underlying ait | i | an Z muths of the work. Over time this system of philosophical and theological inquiry developed in the | Wal | — .

Medieval schools of Christian Europe, creating its own technical language and methodology. This | c method became known as Scholasticism. i) || | A student needed to be able to read and writein Latin before being admitted into the university. as = ro AA aed EAT te ine Anselm of Laon was a student of St. Anselm,

| Hi | 1H = rdf vecx co eae who is known as the "father of Scholasticism eh if | | | THE EFFECTS OF THE UNIVERSITY Deeeteets Slcemmpepney 2Ccause hie first studied and analyzed the WEEE TE The quniral exch Bip 2 matbet yaa erase pn fone eae beliefs of Christian Faith resorting to logic

| anh a aaaes attbrought about by the Crusades ushered in a flood of previously unknown delice th twaseen ed and discursive reasoning while lecturing on WA .

Ty | iNéinecs ats in Seep Europe. The universities were able to maintain significant academic een eS |pu W earmyrals enol gma Scripture at Paris. He achieved it mainly by i) | cpr "aieeee introduction of these new books to their curriculum. As worksin

J tanec trareal Oatape _ ptustamng withers temp fear following the methods of Boethius, Charle- | | hase rats piees ae ; cology were discovered or written, they would be adopted into i Ae edGAYS Stott ert magne, and Alcuin that were available to him,

| in | | produced die ait = =e ssa at Bologna advanced the understanding of canon law and roremecel<I= Smo ail Anselm collected authoritative statements

These hike oe Sri He= yc oe who became experts in both Roman and Church law.

Shieyiabes tere ppeagees) ppaumeeente Ss « yilant from the Church Fathers and attached them to i | sensesEse €muc learning helped lead Europe into a period of exceptional eGcea br . a oeSoa matching texts in the Bible. When two Fathers

POTS perenne iii tik Ly differed in their interpretation, their contracit] :

| hom oe Ad ce , | ae universities grew immensely, and many of the foremost rulers and church leaders passed -| Sepeeneny rignc 3re verad r\ek waren wh dictory statements were compared in Anselm's

| | through their doors. The University of Paris, for e aay ae ae seeener: ms Of. the kingdom. analfh ns, for example, educated the most distinguished youths

. pay lr = 4 classroom. Students would argue, debate, and | fackad ras 5 aea at Paris were considered so necessary that many foreigners

; SS S hope to find the underlying truths behind the ) | Nesatter eeieee III. and Adrian IV studied at Paris, and Pope Sater ie "nbes wacrano ; , contradictions.

| | Krakow: and St. Bernard of Clairvaux al es of Canterbury: St. Stanislaus, the Archbishop of iretkalfers yy on Di conden Peter Lombard further refined this method of | | in the city of Paris as restore belegse arate At one time there were as many students

KR ec Bal ya cer — bolermtx cre) nthe questioning. He set forth two requirements for numbered as many as ten thousand Se at body also expanded, and at one time it

Seat ol = dpodes : putes) the Scholastic method. First he proposed that | philosophy, and science all flourished bec MplsB said to have had even more, Art. meat re siieleiaam. scrdeaxrtns | oie ee questioning is the key to perceiving truth.

| academics would shed new lizh Ss Cause of these universities, and the work of many of the pas ich "iB.andae | ignt on the many mysteries of the Faith.

P erpee ereme = Wie ifene A 13th century manuscript of Peter Lombard's Books of Sentences, \V L — aceon A ellie ut Written ca. 1150, this work became a standard university textbook eeee | } 362 Chapter Ten ——————— SS :

| Nee ace ee ee -_ a HISTORY OF THE CHURCH =u wIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE | |, ——e Hl _— mt | Scholasticism, in this way, did not grow as an independent school of thought, but rather Out of ; Aristotle's works were first introduced a Spain

| | | | continual questioning of the contradictions that arose in already formulated schools of tho a trees AR UBONES oe es ot nase Deine ae | .

Secondly, he proposed that the differences that will arise in questioning could usually beae aoe Fal and Avicenna. The form in which Aristotle was initially

| by determining the meaning of terms used by different authors in varying ways. Thusted ed r a \¢ introduced to the West would be a source of conster- | | | comparatively studying the works and the language of the great thinkers, truth and clarity ¢Rie

Lia* Ne nation and confusion. Not only did Aristotelian philosMI drawn between them. In his four Books ofSentences, Peter Lombard collected and discussed th

® ah %* 4 Ophy eS problem Wentay Miaas Soe a! wee a i | opinions of the Church Fathers and earlier theologians on all questions pertaining to Revelation,Hi

| ; yee"a but the interpretations and commentaries of the Arab W ab!

17) thorough and comprehensive work on the rational understanding of God's revealed truth: this : ie ¢* /} : philosophers disturbed Franciscans Scholastics who || | became the handbook of theologians and part of every professor's curriculum. mS , | rd espoused a more Augustinian and therefore NeoA Platonic approach to theology. The most problematic iit ST. THOMAS AQUINAS ; -. position, held by Averroes, was the double truth theory. ih | The double truth theory compares the value of theoWi oe Many insightful commentaries came out of this approach to logical tenets against philosophical truths. Averroes

: learning, but perhaps none can match the work of the fe claimed that philosophical truth was superior to theologi- .

| a Dominican friar St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth s t cal truth since philosophical conclusions are drawn | century. St. Thomas Aquinas studied theology at the University m 4 . through demonstration whereas theology is formed by .

' of Paris nie pn returned to hold a chair of theology at the \ ( a » opinion. He goes on to say that an individual can accept

— : é | a Ye | ae Guanes that confrented Chaise Ca boerroes (1126-1198) was an Andalusian philosopher De) contradictory truths, one cae frommtheologysae .

Y Creating vod physician. Born in Cordoba, Spain, he wasa the other philosophy. In short, Averroes stated that a .

» | his encyclopedic work, the Summa Theologize. The Summa raster of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics philosophical truth can be at odds with theological truth,

| | | sets about understanding the most fundamental tenets of -TE ee Toh Concetta but ultimately philosophical conclusions will enjoy pride

| a . obra including, among other things, the existence of helogacy a A stotle was recovered in the West. of place over theological statements.

| XS i ' Sat ane omeose lan S S. Thomas confronted this apparent problem and intellectual dichotomy by first saying that | > '

See rane work was directed toward rectifying a theology is superior to philosophy because of the absolute veracity of divine revelation. eeepe that arose from the rediscovery of the Philosophy is the servant (ancilla) of theology if it is purified from falsehood. The role of theology

+ \ aeFae eee Pee feared that Aristotle's isto guide, correct, and modify philosophical principles so that they reflect eternal truths. If there

Utilizing Aristotle's philosophy, St. Thomas showed by his hiceration oe are eae St. Thomas is ever a contradiction between a theological position based on divine revelation and philos- | | indent aie atsbuss ina cogent way Christian bAer hee A ve me ote on philosophy with ophical speculations, philosophy must submit to the guiding light of theology. According to Chriss dual nature as God and man and his Sahoie hoes nstoue s thought was an added tool for 5 Thomas, there is never a real dichotomy between philosophy and theology because truth is one

During the Middle Ages, sc phaey yes and absolute.

| Jews had a tradition of thought included Aristotelian philosophy Du ing the tim Ss h te Se aa St Aristotle: s MCRAE aeea .

. both Aristotle's works and the commentaries began circulating in Biraee es eh Were drastic since SASy MARES ate | .

| Until Aristotle's works were made known again is the West, most Chri ; "iif ne ethene Sot :

| | | | of the Church Fathers looked to Plato and pues a) S tces eet since theae iet Aristotle reasoned that there NIges || | | theological truths of Christianity. Neo-Platonism a es

SUP ica ee to explain the ae mover" that was the initial and perfect cause un | understanding of Christian teaching. Plato's ee os ; Go ' is fee S oee ee " 2 ae ay a5 8 Re ee cee i ™ | | reinforce Christian teaching. Plato deduced She - Hae oe and contemplation appeared to 'aning the world in existence. While most Christians

"eh } \ 1] | | form, called the Logos. Some Christian thinkers e nated herd eae? wis Seeaie i a peas Sean Sh TOSS mea set . f \ | Trinity. Aristotle broke ranks with his former tea h and ig rete with the Secon Ec g we *ets of Aristotle's superior logic and sought to :

| . i and that the individual soul was mortal. This a rey conenced iat tie Butera infinite feconcile the compatibility between reason and reve- | | | and the immortality of the soul, Aristotle and Plato aiegreans ahaa beeen eet, se HE et pe to systematically employ the philos- "ty | ) reality of material existence. Whereas Plato hei ee aces with each other concemning the aint of Aristotle to expound on the Christian Faith.

| ii (idea) of a material object, Aristotle argued that the nes ie wee ae abe Shs oe roche Slshniss 106, Dood lets ay seen De aeese

) ) | its form and its material component. For & , oe ! a Ee material being pertains to both "ristotles logic and Christian doctrine, the dutiful Lia} perfect form of a tree. the priser ay cies all trees are not simply shadows of a greater

| | ° matter, which makes it an individual tree. Hee SOREN Natick each tree lstoe Rembrandt's portrait of Aristotle. St. Thomas Aquinas | hii | was convinced of Aristotle's superior logic and sought

| | to reconcile Aristotelian logic and Christian Faith | | 364 Chapter Ten = ——<— $a or "

Wie) ae HISTORY OF THE CHURCH HIGH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE ) | SS {|| r _ StS i : r '| | | Hint) |i i | Scholastic thinker set out to ask questions and arrive at a fundamental conclusion in their mutual

| | applicability, Faith and reason, St. Thomas contended, did not need to be opposed to One another li | St. Thomas Aquinas was able to use this reasoned approach with respect to Faith and reason in THE DUMB OX | il 1] | | etheclosy.

For iis lizing Aristotle's philosophy,h ee | | Wi eeeepath us fax God aeae d hi : nil - ie es fo discussina hile the importance of St. Thomas firebrand from the fireplace and driving

| | | | s | cogent way Christ's dual nature as God and man and his presence in the Eucharist. St. Th, aie ; h h He finall ae || used philosophy to shed light on the mysteries of Christian doctrine, explaining th

| Omas Aquinas philosophical and theoer away.

He fina y escaped imprison- | | eames bee w= subjubated reason @redelticat nae Cology in a logical works cannot be overstated, much ment with the aid of his sisters, who : i | . philosophical context The saint never subjugate ion.

He said that even some can also be learned from his deep humility helped lower him over the castlewallsin \| | | | truths that are available to man through reason would be very hard, if not nearly impossible to and saintly life. Born to a noble family a basket.

| i] | | | understand were it not for God's revelation. This wise thinker, together with his brilliant mind in Belcastro, Italy, in 1226, he was placed

After escaping, St. Thomas began to it | | | retained a childlike faith throughout his life. Towards the end of his life, he had a mystical vision under the care of the Benedictines of study under St.Albert the Great, a | | | .

. while offering Mass in Naples in 1273. After that vision, he stopped his philosophical work, saying Monte Cassino at the age of five. While brilliant Dominican father who taught in | ( | Hi pak eerie sue writen seems Dis sky By Conephe se whet I have seen and what has there he exhibited signs of great brilliance

Cologne, Germany. At first, St.Thomas'

| | } |] been revealed to me" (quoted in Livingstone, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 1997 and holiness, and at the age of ten was quiet nature and extreme humility vy . pp. 1614-15.). Despite his incredible philosophical output, the Angelic Doctor saw himself as "| sent to study at the University of Naples. prevented him from speaking up during Ty 7"

| teacher of theology in service of the Church. St. Thomas Aquinas' books and treatises remain it is said that after a lesson St. Thomas class or participating in debates. Because ty | unsurpassed in offering a comprehensive and thorough theological and philosophical under. would repeat what he just learned with of this, many of St. Thomas' fellow W i l | WH | standing of God, his works, and his laws. more depth and clarity than could his students at Cologne thought the young | fh teachers. In spite of his worldly surround- —_— scholar simple-minded. These false

Wi EARLY CHALLENGES TO THOMISTIC THOUGHT ings atthe university, St.Thomas grew in impressions, combined with St.Thomas' a |!

| humility and holiness. hefty size, prompted a number of these . iii The work of St.Thomas Aquinas was not immediately accepted

[im students to nickname St. Thomas the | | .

| as orthodox and reliable Christian theology since various [i as "Dumb Ox." St. Albert the Great, who ] | } thinkers were apprehensive concerning his use of Aristotle. The —— ee already recognized St. Thomas' incredible

| Franciscan Bl. John Duns Scotus tried to find a medium between ea ys , intellect, responded to these students | the thought of St. Thomas and the neo-Platonic Christians of the .

Uma by. saying) yOu! callaL | Augustinian school. He argued that there are limits to reason [x_na / ij) ae a Lal you Oe pte bagi pele Sa " and logic when it came to understanding the nature of God. B.

[=i "S NF hd loud that his bellowings will fill the world.

John Duns Scotus held that St. Thomas was relying too much {—_—_——— . yy These words proved prophetic.

| on Aristotle's conception that intellectual ideals are strictly a ~ *, ! dependent on sensible experience and data. Like the August- ————— a ogenverefcaro alfllutfnllimes . inians, Bl. John Duns Scotus argued that there could be intuitive re F nip euplemet rae pencay bere | | | | ewes of things independent of the external senses. He also rr

NetonesKeele rejected a leading Augustinian idea that certitude can only come , + & Nie ere ig } from divine illumination. He found a middle ground by showing aS ~ (persseSie - | how far reason can take human understanding, while respecting

The Franciscan Order erected this memorial ff = *.-tan ene connencote fubiéauenrmeatm reg | its limitations and the necessity of Faith to BI. John Duns Scotus in Duns, Scotland in om Sodio ela caonaévellatenlacalelana =e Y th.

1966, the 700th anniversary of his birth = 5B arora erage .

Bl. John Duns scotus, like Scholasticism in general, would become an object of derision as the pespite vehement Cp pos aaa 48. sSenetoreen fe Ing ocean humanism of the Renaissance shifted the foc E family, by the time St. Thomas reached Wien ademnbe | snited the focus from God to man and his gifts. Students today who orem aquelcemnnio —__ . joke about the dunce Cap do not realize their jokes he e f thi oeoe Seventen head Seriya hoe role heen | | Franciscan thinker. However.

Bl. John Duns JOKes are at the expense of this progressive become a Dominican. In an effort to stop ow Sathohio 7 .

| i Sioa aii aS Loa ohn Duns Scotus and his school of thought did not die out St. Thomas from answering his vocation, i =i ) ) | arte 'Astene a aa contributions to the areas of theology and philosophy. For his two brothers locked him in castle for "Se Ba VuCAIDp feruir ayaa | | ) | siprificant pare'to BL oki aaae chind the dogma of the Immaculate Conception is due in over a year. While St. Thomas was locked > par Ste ebyanas wp vel excel .

Sm eae uns Scotus' theology. Both St. Thomas and Bl. John Duns Scotus. in the castle, his brothers sent a woman petaOe BS Coe | .

Sine Zeed furthered the development of philosophy in the West, and their into his room to try to seduce him. a ee ) .

Beeite Pali ise ee remain one of the Church's great intellectual treasures. In 1993.

St. Thomas responded by snatching a | ohn Bune a ee a bee importance of these philosophic contributions when he beatified

More importantly, the beatification honors aman, who like/manipale | tell you this Dumb Ox shall bellow so loud that his bellowings will fill the world."

| | 1olastic counterparts, lived a in ct ; apa a deeper incase te oBoeee the Catholic Faith with a devotion and love that facilitate

| aiid ' ale Ospel and Church teaching down through the ages | | | ) 366 Chapter Ten SS ——————————— = ———— — SSS 5°&° Sa S== | / a Eee ae | | = ——— ee ebdahcsedeihesank EE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH cH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE

| | | niv —e———— —~ , ) . lf PART II i my house again!" The young and eager St. Francis | | . took the message literally and immediately set out | .

® to renovate the church. He took his father's horse The Mendicant Orders i. and an armful of linens and cloth and sold them at the market. He brought the money to the poor

| Bo St. Thomas Aquinas and Bl. John Duns Scotus belonged to a new type of religious ord ¢ priest at the church who refused Be gift. Finding ne the Mendicant Friars. The name mendicant, which is taken from the Latin word mendieag a need Os wealth for himself and frustrated with this meaning to beg, describes the strict life of poverty lived by the mendicant orders. Unlike in obstacle * God's command, St. Francis flung the monks of prior generations, this new form of religious life did not include a cloistered existence 3 money aside. prayer and work. These Mendicant Friars were forbidden to own property; they lived Off alms

St. Francis' father was a practical and economical ) Through their public witness of poverty, chastity and obedience, and preaching, they brought the man who did not appreciate the generosity of Gospel message into towns and cities. Although other orders were added to the list of Mendicany

St. Francis' actions, to say the least. He was infuriFriars as time went on, the orginal two were the Franciscans and the Dominicans. Both were ated When NE nealG NS ie sat Beeuomme.tae neue started by great saints, and each order took to the cities with its own particular spirituality an St. Francis. St. Francis ran away and hid in a cave for | charism. Following the example of their great founder, St. Francis of Assisi, the Franciscans were a month, and when he emerged, he was emaciated

. dedicated to preaching to the poor and lived lives of radical poverty as a way of reflecting more and sickly. The people of the town tormented him,

| . faithfully the love of Christ. Based upon their founder, St. Dominic, the Dominicans focused on a threw stones, and called him a madman. His father

| teaching and education and eventually produced some of the greatest intellectuals in Europe, ? grew more unhappy with his son. Not only did he among them St Thomas Aquinas. Together, these orders would initiate a powerful Christian

| disown St. Francis from his inheritance (which | renewal among the Catholic population of Europe. At the same time scores of people joined these

St. Francis gladly accepted), he also Warited: his Sop | | | | orders making their presence felt throughout the Christian world. to suffer further civil punishment. When the young

: md St. Francis heard of his father's desire, he claimed | :

ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI = that he was on a mission from God and was outside 1] | | ' civil jurisdiction. This of course only further aggra1] | .

Ona small hilltop town in the Italian region of Umbria, a wealthy merchant returning from France vated his father who then dragged his son to the city

| | found that his wife had given birth to a son. He named his son John, but inspired by his love for the | center in order to have the bishop resolve the | | fl country ne had just visited, he changed his son's name to Francesco or "the Frenchman." From | ( hatter: Tepes InmOny Coste DiS) ane) Bie e-ie.

| | birth this boy was marked as a stranger in his own land, and he would eventually lead the life OF | ered villagers of Assisi, St. Francis stripped nearly

1} | stranger throughout the entire world. The Church's history has seen very few men and women naked and professed "Hitherto I have called you

| | | | . who can rival 5t. Francis of Assisi in his display of the heart of Christ ) my father, henceforth I desire to say only 'Our i} | ) Asa your st Francis was no different from most boys in the town of Assisi. He reveled in good

| ie ven : tel pos ers el |} times and Jubilant festivals. He loved to feast and enjoy the finer things in life. Although it is said ot. Francis of Assisi. The Catholic sok Sl Sa vel

1} | | that he always had sympathy for the poor, as a young man St Francis' heart lay mo ri ht | MIE TG]o Te ISA EE ye CAae | | romantic dream of a crusader than as a servant to the poor. When he was sixteen. Selreanateae

| conviction to serve God, covered St. Francis in his ms Chance to live out his dream, and he participated in one of the frequent skirmishes his townsSpeeaeotee Teles aria AEC epine RIM AS a Centar

| | men waged against the Perugians who held the castle ar Acc z fe of God. poxaniar Wiis ve His Many tong months in captivity, St. Francis was stricken with a Under the protection of the bishop, St. Francis

/ | a as retreated to the hills surrounding Assisi and began | Vi is e peri ne' proved traumatic to the young St. Francis, and after his brush with death, he

: fasting and praying. He composed songs to God and i i turn fs thoughts towards more serious matters. St. Francis began to pray and meditate

| professed his marriage to "Lady Poverty." St. Francis n the life of Christ. His c: mpanions continued with their celebratory lives. but St =e M5 ee would climb down into the valley only to camp out

| | a nies He sata 3 detached. As the years went on St. Francis grew more and more diligent next to the Church and attend Mass. One day, while

| n in which Christ instructs his Apostles to go and = , : incis claimed that his « Onversion did not occur until he w is twenty-two He underwent d preach taking os shoes, cloak, Staff, i jets When

| | | spiritual risis at twenty-two that led him to devote himself ' onnth 5 tae re aa SA ifente St. Francis heard these words, he knew that it was to Praying in the little church of St. Damian St pee Pare By os rancis had a mystical CAPCHIENCEL me peasant's tunic and began walking the Spoleto

| mos "Tancis heard a voice saying, "Francis, go and build up Valley, preaching to and begging with the poor.

| 368 Chapter Ten eee — | | Chapter Ten 369 a I = > "y I = . ee t—C—"(N.RNN.__...U.U.ULUUULLULULULULULLL_L_LLLLrrreeeeeeeeeeeeeeee — AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE

Ht | | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH 4IGH MIDDL ee .

| ~~] | | | ST. FRANCIS AND THE WOL gO YC ta, WD | | here are many stories and legends wolf. The wolf immediately slowed down Ae hae. ; iy, ay: "S "S) | a fe St. Francis' love for nature and and closed its mouth. St. Francis spoke x}ayae: is >, y his ability to communicate with animals. to the creature, Calling it brother wolf"

_ ae 1 In one famous story, first recorded and ordering it in the name of Christ to BF; J! ied | ) by Thomas of Celano in the thirteenth stop attacking the villagers. The wolf put

: a A | | century, a ravenous wolf had been eating its head down and meekly approached St.

KXk, % AGT I\") ly | animals and people near the town of Francis, who explained to it that humans Fi e Oy 5, r Ed | } 4 PY! Bi :

| Gubbio. The beast's ferocious teeth are made in the image of God and should SN ale i "hi | i { caught every villager brave enough toface _— not be harmed. He asked the wolf to Bet 25 f)) / | 'i i , it, and so the entire village was too afraid promise not to eat any more villagers, and v2 La \ Fi'

| \ to venture outside the city walls. Hearing said he would make sure that the villagers a vis '

\p | wi. about the terror brought about by the in turn did not kill him. The wolf indicated uid aye.

\ \ A Wa aL . wolf, St. Francis, who was staying in its assent by moving its body and nodding Gubbio at the time, decided simply to find —_in agreement, and St. Francis and the wolf woe dy ar .

, al the wolf and ask it to stop attacking the returned together to the village.

| poor villagers. Accompanied by a friar and = when they arrived, St. Francis astonished \\ . Sa | . some local peasants, St. Francis left the the crowd of villagers by walking straight osm «(| / : i Wwe 7.2 & on | city to seek out the dreaded creature. to the town square with the wolf and ai ct' sp og ty y "4

P ; ; i Outside the city walls, the villagers quickly giving a sermon, asking them to repent het ae eo we vor AS | ) became afraid and returned to Gubbio. from their sins. After St. Francis explained

Aare aah - , = ) | | St. Francis and his friar went on. the agreement he had made with the vai thers heen cr RO to praise your Creator. He clothed you with feathers and gave mn wiergs tah,

) | While they were passing the woods wolf, the villagers agreed to feed the 'en sting the 'aah air as your home, and he looks after you without anyOe ona sate thin wasiten beaks open."

| rumored to be the home of the wolf, the wolf and let it live in peace. After that, pleasure in a wonderful fashion; they stretched out their necks and flappedtheir wings, gazing | animal appeared and charged the two the wolf becamea village pet, and when it

Bonaventure, Major Life | . friars. Standing his ground, St. Francis finally died years later, everyone in the .

: made the Sign of the Cross toward the town mourned.

§. Francis became known in the surrounding countryside, and in 1209 two men iste gears | his example and joined the saint in his travels. Their arrival marks 26ee 2) eee as dees

| . aq irs a. es oe THE PRAYER OF SAINT FRANCIS Order. More and more men began flocking to St. Francis. and Vian is follo -- Aiea

| | e (ta Wsom Ne ee, "eee Lord. make me an instrument te decided to make a rule. Rather than carefully noting the rules for day-to-day ife in ea:

| | a 1) eae LS hr~a 4 prTy peace: community, St. Francis simply told his followers to live like Christ. For his rule, St.sae ;

} = DS | dl SP Ade thy: bid sige iy tala REE the gospels where Jesus asks his followers to give away all they own and live a life o

| | ua i hii v~ ss 'S ey | 4 where there is injury.yah poverty, and his followers obliged. aban iy | | t t y | . q/ » ee Helsihte in 1210, St. Francis went to Rome with a few companions to obtain approval from theaie a | | | if _™ he oe where there is darkness, light: pastoral work. Although the cardinals were initially suspect of this wayward beggar SSae

Hl d i | = scart = | 4nd where there is sadness, joy. their door, Pope Innocent III saw differently. The pope had a dream of a poor and despised man

| e t | ; | ee nab aniilen nolding up St. John Lateran, the cathedral of Rome. The next day St. FrancisaeSe wieee | * = ? seek to beania as to console; and Innocent was amazed that the man from his dream now stood before wees

1¢ a8 es aa t : umm = °0 De understood, as to understand; 'proved St. Francis' mission. Some years later, St. Francis would compose a more detaile | | : fo be loved, as to love; "at would be formally accepted by Pope Honorius III in 1223. aE : | af!

Se =| 'or itis in giving that we receive, y on | ) ad aang ipa . "es it is inparece that we are *. Francis and his followers set out to the principal centers of Europe,Det aevee

| ~ =" ae aT ee. rat Rapin skeen hak ine SnRoe 'fancis told his followers, but have it in your hearts still more than on yout arise a Holy to eternal life "dicated his life especially to the Eucharist and drew strength from Jesus' pres

Communic e begged the clergy to show more reverence and respect to everything concerning | | = > , har Ammen 'mmunion. He begged the clergy to show more reverence an p a5 d ~ asians | | ne Sacrifice of the Mass and even swept out and cleaned chapels and churches. St. Francis =o

| "ops to provide even the most rural of chapels with beautiful sacred vessels for the Blessed | Sacrament. The traveling saint also baked bread for the Eucharist. which he gave the Churches.

Chapter Te Chapter Ten 371 | y i OO =a Saaaleiiaummneinmmemmmemmmeeeeeee . ee | :

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH 4IGH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE | i f . | i ee pas WV) | — HH | .

| ) | | In 1219, St. Francis traveled to Syria during *= « Bonaventure (1221-1274), the great organizer of the order, is often called its second founder. St.

Wy) | the Fifth Crusade. When St. Francis arrived . styre joined the Franciscans in 1243, and was Minister-General of the order for 17 years.

| | | in the Holy Land, he had no weapons or ® Bonaventure was an important churchman of the day. He was a gifted theologian and spiritual

| | i i | | armor and was quickly seized and beaten > a " - who, among his many philosophical works, wrote the definitive biography of St. Francis.

| oo » | by Muslim troops. The Sultan was so imra =. ee also instrumental in helping elect Pope Bl. Gregory X. As minister general, St. Bonaven- | , | | pressed iby. Sh Francis! poverty. and hin:

Hee confronted with a difficult problem that threatened to destroy the order: How could | | | ity that he took in the saint and the two ¢ ee Ee aetiaire keep the order poor, yet also provide for its existence?

| | became friends. Through their friendship, SA y, pad ayenture made a new provision that allowed individual Franciscans to receive donations

St. Francis secured future safe passage for '4

; Eee ie well-being of the order. The money would not be held by the Franciscans in ea | himself and his followers, and he ensured

« ' meant for ~ it was with other monastic orders —keeping the individual poor but the order aie | | | that Franciscans be the caretakers for the AN See Reha St. Bonaventure made it so that everything received by the Franciscans would

. shrines of the Holy Land, a duty they per- |Nes . gave gems 3 the Holy See, which would then see to the preservation of the order according to its

Wt t | form to this day.

: ieor The Pope would own houses | | | | Humility was St. Francis' driving virtue. He ~ '— ' hy sermit the Franciscans to stay in them. e- ; ; | , | | i il was never ordained a priest because he felt

, \y ah fs St. Bonaventure's system, the friars <—_——_—- — TT Dy himself unworthy of the honor, and stepped ? we handled nor decided how to use any Wn WWio 1| | | | down as head of the order before his death.

— Bi, There were no abbots charged with gee aL | | a) By the end of his life, St. Francis' order had / e administration of funds or securing a finan- :

{ . already grown to nearly five thousand friars. cally sound future. As every friar relied on the he : é | | After his resignation from the headship of y | good will of the pope to sustain the order,

—— See | | the order, he lived in retreat on Mount ' ay there was no financial temptation for the friars, Alverna. During his last years on the moun3 By fs yho were free to travel between the papal ae y y =~ . tain, St. Francis prayed to participate more ha * tf safe houses. St. Bonaventure's rule allowed

| it | fully in the Passion of Christ, and on Sep- ; \ \ the friars to prosper in numbers and voca- | Sa | | | tember 14, 1224, on the Feast of the Exalt- :

\ tions, while retaining the poverty solovedand f '

; ac | \ ation of the Cross, St. Francis received the Jy! cherished by the order's founder.

WARS.qe | | mark of the stigmata. The stigmata is a hs . phenomenon in which a person bears all or some of the wounds of Christ's Passion on his or her

ST. DOMINIC i f own body. Two years later, on October 4, 1226, St. Francis died at Assisi, He was canonized in 1228 . by Pope Gregory IX. His feast day is celebrated on October 4.

As discussed in the previous chapter, south- — em France in the twelfth and thirteenth cen- .

| turies was struggling with the proliferation of Ue ' ~~ ST. BONAVENTURE AND THE heresy, most notably, Albigensianism. One

, Ce = GROWTH OF reason that the Albigensian heresy appealed p VF Wig | | : 43

| THE FRANCISCANS so widely was that it preached extreme pov- — = * aim a il | = erty that seemed to honor more faithfully the The meeting of St. Francis and St. Dominic at the Fourth Lateran Council

| } | . grew rapidly. They strove to live lives like St, Francis, ne Middle Ages, this heresy seemed preferofthe orders founded by these two mendicant friars ay oa but as the order grew, things became more difficult. able to the lax moral behavior exhibited by ) | — / eam = =One difficulty was that St. Francis prohibited any: wayward clergymen. The Albigensians were essentially Gnostics, and their understanding of God

| —> me) one in his order to own property. When the order and the world were not merely false, but detrimental to the human person. The goodnessof life in ) ) | | . included only St. Francis and a few followers, this wus temporary world was not only denied, it was considered evil. Suicide as a form of purification ne ) . never proved a problem. As they traveled throughout prorated. and physical attacks against those who did not abide to their extreme self-mortifi- | ve their home country, the poor preachers found shelter

'ston were common. Since marital union and conception were seen as sinful, they encouraged | ) "hi in the barns and houses of their neighboring coun:

"ortion and allowed for immoral activities as an alternative to marriage. In addition to practices | a ) "f trymen. By now there were many Franciscans living "iat were egregiously injurious to the individual and in flagrant violation of human dignity, they

Lia] ds strangers in all of the major European cities. The S€cted the priesthood and the entire sacramental system of the Catholic Church. ttl " t. Bonaventure wrote the definitive biography of St. Francis — nad to find a practical means of surviving, while

Nonetheless, many Catholic preachers found it difficult, if not impossible, to win back these | * —-Xceping up with the spirit of St. Francis.

'syward heretics to the Church. In 1203, the Abbot of Citeaux in southern France was lamenting Wy | 372 Chapter Ten ———- ————— ss ae —— — _ — | | .

| ) | Chapter Ten 373 | | NN | ee ———S | cbamdueleobad |] HISTOR TEoe sig MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE

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In a vision, Mary, the Mother of God, appeared Zz = ad > ¢ a P \ x to St. Dominic. She urged St. Dominic to pray | The two mendicant ordere & ; / Oe Posed = the Rosary for his work of evangelization.

4 ania Sa aren orders, Franciscans and Dominicans. helped + al :

This miraculous Marian intervention served as | :

"hristian tile with strong devotion to the Eucharist eum the spiritual life of the Church by combining } a/ . asin in popularizing the devotion of |

M ; we - | | | ae Chapter Ten 375 | | i = Hi I | — AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTUR | hi HISTORY OF THE CHURCH yiGH MIDDL a al } | NT FRIARS | E LEGACY OF THE MENDICA We ~ & WhO ere assi | i !

; ey om tics to two Spaniards who were passing through on their Way back TH :

Hie | ti | his difficulties with these heretics to cage ae SY Dac many priests were distracted by from Rome. These two men, the Spanish bishop Diego of Osma and his canon Domingo de ne time that the Franciscan and Dominican orders began, ae Facears Herecinct lie WW | i Guzman, reminded the Abbot that the Lord's disciples were sent to preach barefoot, without a Around une Ch" and some were even losing their moral and spiritual fervor. ib inieaeeld { | i | taffai with no money. That example, they said, was just as important for spreading the Faith as yoridly eee popular because of people's desire for amoreeh see whocare

|| | Staff and wi c PASAY $e eee ee cianisit :

F two me ah s)pigensianism hing was erroneous in some aspects.

The the words used to preach. ict even if their teaching :

| ce ig eae é Ip the Abbot in his efforts. B ieication to Christ, EVE lar desire and helped rejuvenate the spiritual life of the Church by abt | They stayed in the region for two years in order to help t Ls easeick oth were wel Rages appealed to that popular des! d ion to the Eucharist and serious education.

SA ara sh CRS ish Universities, and they found winning public discussions yj aa simple Christian life with strong devotion an : f | . trained and educated in the Spanish Uni With ombining a simple d, many Franciscans and Dominicans rose to positions o the heretics to be easy. However, they still

~ anally and intellectually prepared, many from these two orders.

Ty | the heretic: y ean chior Spintually < 'ch. Priests, Bishops, and eventually popes came fro .

Thi repre Selatan st Hels ai > rominence in the Church. nected. onkiites founding principles and purpose. It is no anil some time, Diego was obliged to return to / =! reping to keep the pes sn of the ieee friars underscored the flourishing of Medieval aii his diocese, but Domingo (St. Dominic) incidence that the large or iod illustrated that the strengths of the Church still lay in .

1] stayed on. He lived in a monastery with a a» f ~jure in the arts and in learning.

Pee licit | Bi few other zealous priests and took on the Ree expressed in her piety, beauty, and simplicity.

St. Dominic set out to i | follow more closely his own words adPART IV i| dressed to the Abbot of Citeaux and began Z WS) i white habit and scapular covered by a | ; | i } black mantel. He heard about the preacher i?) iddl : i mind of knights in , i '

= i. i e Ages, images spring to St. Francis and began to follow in his foot J ris often the case that bias pele 7 oeaeaeover poor towns riddled with \ .

Ag 5 ARTES wthermore ~"\?

Cs J oy ee = ous gothic s r J steps of absolute poverty. Furthermore, Sy } armor, Spired castles, and tall, omin y hol nd barbaric.

It is a | ae eee Nachial eh ; ife fi ith contraries: rich and poor, holya . l St.

Dominic saw that sound intellectual slague.

It is a picture of a hard life filled wi : eed: wl ater i@ E nS ; " peg. O eS . ieval period was characterized by | training was necessary in dialoguing effectsicture that is not entirely true. ee ae 4acre were more brutal and religious

|| Res en 7" wane © aria Dye > femae injustic iferated. ively with the Albigensians.

St, Dominic existence where disease and injustice pro Paes ful torlookeniare { | . i sending his followers to the UInivereiry : neg dee .

Albi ians e extreme. Nevertheless, it is use began sending his followers to the Universit y a snviction, in the case of the Albigensians, mor

Al ith these | : eh ifs ; aie as al { Meee ras rl of eee i er its mindset and spirit. Along wi i} of Paris, and those who had training, he sent

> osely at the Medieval culture to appreciate and discov = mine | and j hE av Ree SOS Gosely at the ; in glass, the brilliant intricacy of learning

| out in pairs throughout the region to live and oy wim images, there is also the radiant beauty of stain glass, ae da i ated ap ee ' es, and the majestic beauty (ny preach like Christ's Apostles. Hence, they Sf , philosophy, the humor and joyous insight of Chaucer seeeee foreboding' heres are called the Order of Preachers (OP).

| of Dante's Divine Comedy. The period's saints were also no sa | : spat boris '

's, and St. Francis' joy Wines irs ro ke gas Sten a - endlessly on love and Solomon's Song of Songs, Eventually St. Dominic's efforts in living an ; St. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote endless con arene ular devotion. Troubadour :

Sey ; ! at iri h as his poor life, inspired popular dev : ascetical life modeled after the life of Christ. and charisma, his humble spirit as muc ; F life anidcas Zee eed } . efor a antic poems, and love of life coupled with his powerful preaching, began

— ; minstrels traveled the countryside singing the first ee abs period sawamoment to pay off. Nonetheless, it would be a serious y romantic themes blossomed in art as well adee a Faith The Christian spirit of that period oversight to leave out the recitation and » nwhich all aspects of life and culture es area universiianant ultimately to religious Suiii promotion of the Rosary as a ritual means of permeated every facet of human life from trade guilds , h. middle ; T = and phase c from infancy, childhood, youth, mi ! converting the Albigensians. Tradition has it at and architecture, and every phase of human existence,

; a Re aes st Dominic died on his way to preach to the pagans of Hungary. By then SN eng tree " i e world, the Faith. and God in the journey

} oa ree! the Mother of God, APPeared to the Dominicans were nicknamed Domini canes or hounds of the Lord SM OK eee The individual was in harmony with th i St. Dominic who was crushed with disap through life. eal pointment and discouragement for his failure in converting them back to the Catholic Faith. She

! as he entrusted his work to Mary and promoted the Faith. This miraculous Marian intervention riod. architecture served as a springboard in ponulanzine che 4... ee TE there is no doubt that of all the artistic and cultural advances of the Medieval pe re . af wee ds 4 springboard in popularizing the devotion of the Rosary.

+ di and long-lasting. From the time of Constantine, Christian . oo St Dominic's order dic not enjoy the same popularity as that of St. Francis. At the time of x achitecture centered around the form of the Roman Basilica. Modeled after the lavEsee bs | |

Dominic's death in 1221, the order numbered sixty. Eventually the Dominicans spread far and wide 'als in the Roman forum, basilicas were heavy structures that combined a long nave with a .

* and became famous for their preaching and intellectual expertise. Over time, the University of Paris ao erntioulas ete Sf th ae divided the Church in a way that resembled a cross. The wooden roof became filled witt tt ese simple a 1d ier le te ichers who hecame Daihen oe fesse "s The mrs HUICUIAr (ransept that div

: he walls D ach fess ; : pl " n@ humbleoe aush became their pba eee 2 '

"as Talsed above the aisles on two interior walls running the whole length ofpitmbagtng ay A SreKINE foshAree ; i pe as far East a Poland, Gre ece, and into the Holy | vere Supported by round arches joining columns that ran down each side of the nave ging y to the Catholic Faith.

| «¢ small windows cut in order to let in light.

1) PO Bie | 1] LASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE | | .

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH "GH MIDDLE AGES: Sen | .

| | | i ) | ia ay lng e . vu :

' s ; oes . y/ Z es \ \ < = ) | 7.

' i : a j C4 Y 4 os = : space that alluded to the eternal God, a permanent structure heavy f/ 1 i| j \ \ \ N | | rounded apses.

Medieval architects sought to bulld stil beeen ae eas larger transept alk ie ne si | | iter Te a —SN C= — =i / Chapter Ten 379 | '

| | i —————— 4 a - — — E HISTORY OF THE CHURCH | vicH MIDDLE ; ne ee ———— ( | —— —_) / | { light slabs of stone effortlessly, a welcome change from the heavy Romanesque Masonp rh, hai vere a more vertica ind could be I jised highe I and reste d on lighter Pillars. Pointed

| - _ —_ . — es d al of the weight onto the pillars instead of the walls. Flying buttresses. extemal ) yet at he rched towards the roof added extra support, and this new building technique Was a '

, ec i gethe ; by a series of columns and vaults that made walls virtually unnecessary for structura} This allowed architects to Install huge stained glass windows that stretched nearly from a ae I tyle of building became known as gothic architecture, and the most important INNOvation was

\ € ; ~ | tat m it gave masons, artists, and architects to dress the building with works of art. The new "i |F f \ ry ving ve y filled with stained glass depic ting scenes and stories from the Bible and the lives of = Cj e —_ PT eh bs tek J, | | dete: ecepieh xiacs rved into the structures of the doorway and pillars. Arches and columns

"isis K meat a de 4 a | J VEI Lal ul , a ' ii* ; vere decorated with omate carvings and designs. As the style progressed, cathedrals like those of ay (i f ae \ Parte 'Rhein Calar: ind Chartres gave the visual Impression of soaring grace, delicate Poise,

Wage,a \ = Saar Ga | t rtect balance flooded with light and seemingly held up by the figures carved into the stone ite '

: at } Got! hitecture developed a space for the liturgy brimming with warmth and Joy. i i wn ft.

; "TTT i | i | a ' oF | } s Te | a | ot | rm me t "oe | | '

\ 'e, Y a ' fe @ | y \ ) iS ee Gothic architecture (shown j | | ty ; i '4 Ny Pr \ \ ; left) allows non loadbearing .

'a ha I ] \ . areas for stained glass and : f t to Hell "4

A, \ carvings. Gothic cathedrals n ap. y of The Divine Comedy, on the left, the entrance to He | . ie } arvings.

Gothic cathedrals Pace} menico Michelino.

Dante is shown holding a copy of The Div , eats | ra A) ' j Va \\ are celebrations of light e Divine Gamedy by Do ate tbe ' 1 moles fsiy se with Adam and Eve at the summit. Dante's city of Florence is on the | A j , / '

Mount Purgatory with seven terraces leading to Paradise w . y Week in the spring of 1300.

His guide ' ss hel } \ and color compared to heavy aeraatot t nte recounts his travels through the three realms of the dead during Holy

Wee " fa perfect | | | & A '

\ Romanesque architecture "tale peda rp at Virgil. author of The Aeneid. His guide through Paradise is Beatrice, Dante's ideal of a perfect

\ | | on ' '4 via , ' i Y h r wie a ty Hd Co nest: Karas fie hr tened Divinaby Giovanni Boccaccio. Poemsin Medieval times were classified as High (Tragic)

¥, | y ! 4 tf i , 4. 4: ry AAT pedagogy IDpY aa! ngs and were stories of everyday subjects and common people | | bY a | if ' ww / y

ORR RS CRS ge igs) \0 Aten THE BIRTH OF VERNACULAR LITERATURE | | ' 1 aS it at i NS I ' y se BAA K A\LWia- ' « Despite the increased importance that universities placed on Classical texts, the Medieval Period

» tf ; " v pite the increased importe — = 1) eT, r 5 * ie ! af i a wy ee , Bi, sp iV for the first time the composition of vernacular literature. Vernacular literature in aie

{|} ' f -\ ASHE t i Ae 4 € ae Am mit ¥ Pp 4 v largely out of folk stories handed down orally for generations. The canesTENE d | | | | r . B : i { i ee ) en Fe ; ff a i aes ip Sig ore s Beowulf. Written in Old English about A.D. 1100, Beowulf is about a Scan lbig: fi i ; | 'j) wieLal ie ht i i ) ie = 'ai tah water ok the sixth century A.D. This story had been transcribed by monks for generations,

| we Y real Fe 4 rey if be ce gh be < | wags fj pretty "y % iy taking on distinctively Christian elements from its adaptation from the originaleee 35

| | me, >. a pent th '| S%| rah) ; i, f é rhe =) ( ther early manuscripts of Germanic lore began to appear in the eleventh pares fu as | 470° ; La ee SAAS SNS Abs = od bye . ia art O estern ir a> | wi Fn Yi [tae Bae wan Heh. ty A y ed heroism and magic, a special brew that became an important par ® ) 5 Hl NPs aS De Yiw fai i | ¥ be if 446 fae: ; I FOI! ana Magic, a Special Dre th - > | gf Ee (VVR | h fexr uy : bh '

'trance, towards the end of the eleventh century, poetry eee - aa ee d form a lon | mie e e He. lad Abe | | , Wh ~ .

"on of vernacular French love poetry. Duke William of Aquitaine was won ove e -Iped | | o-a + = _ —Sss | '. did he began writing his own work as well as patronizing other poets. His Epo ne a wT = — nce the emergence PY. troubadour poets, traveling minstrel lyricists who sang of love anc

| =_ = ee BaceN teres PRs3 ae 25 in the Medieval world. Poets sang of romantic love and | __——————_ ——— ee — | ee a — oe Chapter Ten

| = = : a | = = — o —— —_—— —_ EE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH ;H MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE

| | we | — - ——— ————— HI _—_——_—_— | | —— Tt Y WT | '

| composed stories about knights courting women. The French writer Chrétien de Troyes yp Vi] "

| some of the English tales of King Arthur and his knights and wrote works that foreshadow.ort Ul) | emergence of the literary device known as the novel. These poetic serenades enh ae

, = anced appreciation of the dignity of women through an exaltation of their virtue and feminineae THE VERNACULAR IN POETRY 1m) | \ ; alitie In Italy, the impact that this poetic genre had on the local dialect can be seen in Stipes s.

Assisi's Canticle of the Sun. Troubadours traveled throughout Italy and their ideas ee "4

,* a) ( N Vf | . influenced, among others, a Florentine named Dante Alighieri. One warm summer da eee " "a ms Ne Yyrye 4 oy chi) Nase of Hele | i} (1265-1321) was crossing a bridge over the river Arno in Florence. He passed a young girl e axe

Ae AS \we7aBPW > and fell completely in love with her. Although they both married other iia. seated A Ue. 7K:

Ae people (Dante Scarce}, NOt Am 7) an ever said a single word to her), Beatrice would become the love and inspiration that fueled aj

; F a S75) I as | | Dante's writings. She was to him the end of all desire and the inspiration of love through whi 2 of aS ERED fh | | Poug usa AUS wv ou ZK: Fi tH] learned to love God. In his writings, romantic and divine love became intertwining images a | \ a "A fal /= > w | yerity teal bied< oy nt ) | Written in the last years of his life, the Divine Comedy - | ° GG iC . ey Sey tht wa oipon Wt] | aa i | I 7 as Bes ir of his life, the Di ine Comedy recounts how the poet, Suided by his love

~ 9, ni: DW AU Px, Rahs Sefport is Gort ns to the Rel; | ' j of Beatrice, travels through the entire Christian universe, from Hell to Heaven blending theol

; Re is G aug cob 8 ogy path fe Biel Pe Wy hy and oy ¥] wy Nee wr ws TR Arh ] f philosophy, and literature into a complex and beautiful poem. Dante draws together Cheseien

} 4 Royer fate ' eer 4 of.

I i@ Seeene and produces an unparalleled work that extracts virtue and vice from te a N 4); | ax cxtten(AERto Oy Gailksof fous 119 by | | co HeXITY Of human action a approaches he om .

5° ey . ie) Od . complexity ofhuman action and approaches the deepest, most profound mysteries of Chistsiny | PY ff Se arte? nd Gti is pp 19 ini bat na Seyiat = De oh ls characters are the most memorable in literature, both for their poignant

; > yue nnptarGinih9 i pid GOI Py IARI | lumanity and their depiction through the eyes of moral clarity His | *) \ a ps, ie), ald ). A Rectan ait ene a oy gn y clarity.

His work reveals a synergy .

. between ali the elements o edieval lifenhilosonhy ne : c Sho AND) ] Sects bhi ark er its of ! ledie val life: philosophy, poetry, beauty, love, and God and is one of ) % Osfien > 2 RD md asp L@ She the most wonderful pieces of literature ever written

) topes wasHS Ho 18 Hd Sangh ath D set .

Yet in th' abyss, aag5> peer HS Ee FE " Ee | T . é Geoffrey Chaucer as a Canterbury pilgrim in a page from the Ellesmere manuscript, an early copy of The Canterbury Tales.

' hat Lucifer with Judas low ingulfs, Written in Middle English, this work popularized the literary use of vernacular English.

Lightly he plac'd us:...

= Left: Descent To The Last Cir y Gustav en Fi } The glant Antwus aan euch es iis High Middle Ages saw a great E] Cid is written in the language of the abyss.

The Inferno, Canto 31 ; . flowering of works of literature day, a version of Spanish that was slowly } es . written in the vernacular throughout developing out of Latin, and is thus cf » .

Europe. In England, for example, Geoffrey considered the oldest work of Spanish Po r '

Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales literature. Though based on historical ' ie * s ) during the thirteenth century, a massive facts, the poem tells the legendary story i re, ie J LP nw) A : poem of over seventeen thousand lines of the adventurous Castilian knight | | ; ie Dn FS ¥ i that follows a group of pilgrims who, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, called Cid, and the | .

\ : ae { L— =i traveling from London to Canterbury, mythical marriage of his two daughters .

; "a Pe —_ a — pass the time telling stories to each to the Counts of Carrion.

. ais Mii Pp, iD y $ Md "6 (% ~ capt A masterful exposition of human The oldest surviving French poem, The / | .

: rye.) es, Ls anitdits Ba motive as wellasa Song of Roland, was also written around .

She 3 »a * ae aa ra she Medieval life, Chaucer's the year 1200 somewhere in the north of || ; ae e Kas , ee t IL ' ae ieee ales is often creditedas France. The Song is based on the Battle of | . ae SS Rs, ik RE at thr sadn ', b '

: oe works to prove the artistic = Roncevaux Pass in which Roland fought | | " rs *»>Pts se _ PN cnet egitimacyof the English language. for the Franks against the Basques. While

\ at 4 yo & Ale ae} EI Cid (also known as E/ Cid Campeador the poem takes many historical liberties, } y % . - - ae r Wh or "My Lord, the Champion"), is a such as changing the Basques to Muslims,

' | Ro | 4 Ny tees ta, twelfth century epic poem written by it is regarded asa classic illustration of .

Nj i FA | reo ai an anonymous author. The poetry of the value of chivalry. aacinet eh Aa .

| rr Chapter Ten 383 | OO | | Ln] —_+ —EEE — Ljl— SS Re = HISTORY OF THE CHURCH 4 MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE

| —_—— ——__——_— HIG "A Wii ——— di Bondone, a Florentine painter, is known for his series of 38 frescoes in the Arena Chapel

| | bh, _ pe jand The Scenes from the Life ofSaint Francis in the Upper Basilica in Assisi. His paintings ~ _ in Pa a sweetness and an ordinary eloquence that typified Medieval art. The simplicity of his aah a ibined with a subtle complexity of emotional content was widely imitated, and Giotto is

| | Diced the founder of the Italian school of painting in Italy. This painter was a friend of Dante | og he painted often), and these two artists shared ideas and inspirations. Though his work was

4 mn between the Medieval and renaissance periods of art, from his content, style, and purpose, i % "a that this Italian painter represents the pinnacle of the Medieval style. oa iris¢ a, a — = | |

- . idl an | SA, é } '

Sly a b di) "F< — epi '

| | ° | | i : ne i ' i \| ni 1} | !

; A detail from The Lamentation Over The Dead Christ by Giotto (1267-1337) trom — > — ————— j This detail illustrates the concentrated dramatic trons of Come oe oo!) from the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, Ital

Mict seat ne be heed cal dramatic orce of Giotto's frescoes and the influence he would have on Renalssones paint i :

| repair atter Lena aarttal ee ee when planning his Sistine Chapel. The chapel recently went through major restoration and ; ing Tt | Th damage from neglect. air pollution saverpha t bg ceiling down, and Giotto's brushstrokes became a jigsaw puzzle. Centuries of :

| (| V7 . ae mans Gamage were also repaired. The restored chapel was reopened in the year 2000 (dl | Mm | ; | ; { | | PAINTING AND TH (|| a4 |

Ve E FINE ARTS PA | | | | Vit] he ' i } | } :

Medieval painting usually holds he | na Riraiecaae: Co 8 mig y holds a lower place of counterpoint to the developments of the ©.

Saw hh | ) ia) yy ae sec ce. Te ae the works of Michelangelo and Raphael, Medieval paintings usually — | | | sem oversimplified and one dimensional —lack see :

Subtle art, one that is indeed as ina acking in any real human emotion, AOS aaa iP|= mF | | | ee ohion a5 I eC as c ey alr ; - .

= aS It ls symbolic, requires a careful eye to appreciate its , : = | (| VA vt / — hi } i ; The paintings of the Middle ae A Be :

| | |) nthe sieatinky esse; asee Come from altarpieces that were set behind the tabernacle | fae | | . e nee' ee Meaty OF the church. [They were largely me ae :

; yA ; =e a Figures set on a flat golden backero : i a largely meant as objects of devotion and reflection.

| doh) = Mary (often depicted holding igsents Get ea scenes from the life of Christ, the saints, and Balle | | painting. First, they were eyes Laer d). Painters focused primarily on two aspects of the | :

PYKe | | z t CONCEITT W es . peer :

(| painting. Juxtaposition of figures angels piste a ees: penveen thieae Ss —_ = = | 1 Christian truths. ideas ahaut Gad np aS Well as Mary and the Christ child relate Toae a ea ae ee ; | his.

< mus ideas about God and the Trinity, and conveyed st A yee Besides Us aus : dy Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255-1319) was painted for the High Altar of the Siena Cathedral. This two-sided masterpiece was carried

. this symbolic meaning in the work artists paid partici ia yed stories from the Gospels.

Besides _,.ve Streets of Siena on June 9, 1311 in a great procession from Duccio's studio to the Cathedral. In its original form, the huge altarpiece subjects, trying to reveal the inr Gi "nets Pald particular attention to the facial expressions of the 0 Over 16 feet high and 16 feet long. When installed behind the altar, the Enthroned Madonna and Child surrounded by Saints faced the :

: yes 0 [CVC € inner souls of the Saints thr °} =.

. c ~~ #'galion, and the back of the panel with twenty-six scenes from The Passion faced the sanctuary for scripture study. Sadly, this magnificent ace C) NM ry nan a= oe + rou su "a S Oy Ss eC WAS Sawn intn n - 'a faces of Mar y and others reflect the agony and ecstasy of gh 2 btle artistic representation. The a owt Into pieces in 1771. Several pieces were sold to foreign museums and private collectors. The restoration seen here was veer ane' ecstasy of the Christian religious experience. psec in 1956 and is in the Cathedral's museum

——_ NS ——————— ——— ai = | Chapter Ten 385 .

| a NSS a 1} HISTORY OF ABE Saeco jig MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE | | | i| \ 1/ Hit | | Wi | | Wt st. Francis of Assisi, Canticle ofBrother Sun | | | | | .

A Most High. all-powerful, all-good Lord, ; .

All praise is Yours. all glory, all honour and all blessings.

| Bi ERS To you alone, Most High, do they belong, } | | bat.) and no mortal lips are worthy to pronounce Your Name.

} A i,\ A. praised be You my Lord with all Your creatures, iW Fe '| a ¥) especially Sir Brother Sun, | | | Sia d Hf Who is the day through whom You give us light.

& | And he is beautiful and radiant with great splendour, | | | . y "2, of You Most High, he bears the likeness. wih | \\| AG i | A a , Praised be You, my Lord, through Sister Moon and the stars,

| | | . ie R " i, | Inthe heavens you have made them bright, precious and fair.

A Hh TT Praised be You, my Lord, through Brothers Wind and Air, | id Lz O EE, | | j And fair and stormy, all weather's moods, ; | 1 ) .

| Leg (mop | rn by which You cherish all that You have made.

THe | a | | FA g% a h ] Praised be You my Lord through Sister Water, rng nt . | i mI de { 7 Wei ¢ | ih fi a So useful, humble, precious and pure.

/ / | Hi | | "Hise ! if a f Praised be You my Lord through Brother Fire, | | Tal / a as — 04 through whom You light the night Wy | | | Ss | g j | 1 Po | . and he is beautiful and playful and | | i e | | \ ant Hy robust and strong. t | ma =i vel 7 iy Praised be You my Lord through our Sister, iif nN | | | ' 1 i : yA | ¥ —s | Mother Earth who sustains and governs us,

\ by } i] | } f Vy My ; a L producing varied fruits with coloured '

} | | . oy bel, AB arte Tal rT | tl He | . flowers and herbs. if DZ nh | i .

| a} Wey Jue! ih of ae.

Praise be You my Lord through those | q oe Whe | | ) Wee Le pede] ) ERE <7 ee )| yyy eat tS ee et | who grant pardon } W h e | | | — = for love of You and bear sickness and trial.

| | Nn ty | | Sa : Mara rd et Cathe rl, s0 called The House of Light," is located in the city of Ledn, Spain passed are those who endure in peace, | .

| | lasterpiece of the gothic style ala fentn century, the Leon Cathedral is considered a By You Most High, they will be crowned. a | Praised be You, my Lord through Sister Death, | .

CONCLUSION from whom no-one living can escape.

| . 5) Christian idea! ere dt Bimmer of the magnificent ramifications of the St. Francis' Mystical Marriage with Poverty

Chapter Ten 387 | | EE > .

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH HIGH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE FLOWERING OF CULTURE ——— as | SUPPLEMENTARY READING continued VOCABULARY St. Thomas Aquinas, John Paul Il, Fides et ratio, 95 pICTAMEN QUADRIVIUM .

Summa Theologie, 1.2.3

I believe that those philosophers who wish The "Art of Composition" taught at Bologna, Latin for "four ways." More advanced program | Whether God exists? to respond today to the demands which the which included rules for drawing up briefs in the Medieval liberal arts program, it included

| Objection 1. It seems that God does not word of God makes on human thinking shou) | and other legal documents. This training the study of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy. éxist: beckuse ll che ikon Gonratesbe develop their thought on the basis of these 5 attracted many students and soon developed and music.

| infinite, the other would be altogether postulates and in organic conunuity with the into anothersaaregen SCHOLASTICISM destroyed.

But the word "God" means that SAE Gace: Ce with the grammar and rhetoric.

The system of philosophical and theological He inti ere Church and the masters of Schoen | 4} ovale TRUTH THEORY inquiry first developed in the Medieval schools

Sees there we be aS evil discoverable; anditaclidesths taepaar cs 2oe Compares the value of theological tenets of Christian Europe, creating its own technical

| ae iets is ia in the world. Therefore God Ofrmodem andlconceneeamesfhoueae es against philosophical truths. According to the language and methodology. exist.

: ught. salt hold | | Near If phil pes Muslim philosopher Averroes, one can ho | | weispeabiiget seal teat oo thisaesndeae basbe: aeactiinre truths coming from theological

STIGMATA . suppose that what can be accounted for by omni il raw their inspiration and philosophical speculation, but ideas

Phenomenon in which a person bears all | a few principles has been produced by hilesonk es HE ee not fail to respect aoered from philosophical thought are or some of the wounds of Christ in his or her

1] nee ao it sre thatee we see in . os . oe ee Eeeee | "pert to theological tenets. own body.

| the world can be accounted for by other esent situation, therefore, it is '

| | principles, supposing God did not exist. For all most significant that some philosophers are GOTHIC STUDIUMGENERALE | | natural things can be reduced to one principle promoting a recovery of the determining Style of Medieval building that flourished from Unified |PEORTAM of study offered by Medieval i which is nature; and all voluntary things can role of this tradition for a right approach to 1200-1500. By using pointed arches, ribbed universities which included theology, law,

| | be reduced to one principle which is human knowledge. The appeal to tradition is not vaulting and flying buttresses, this style created

Medicine and the arts.

| | reason, fah Therefore there is no need to a aepea ESS of the past; it involves an airy and well-lit space and gave masons,

TRIVIUM . suppose God's existence.... rather the recognition of a cul i nape | Reply to Objecti which belongs A all ofnunoe | bulpatpee rasGene Latin for "three ways,' this was one oftwo

| (BeFs d sn "On Soo BURUSHINEsAys Y: uildings with sections into which the arts were divided in Hl good He wouldeaehy iy ssl "HEARING A BOOK"

Medieval universities. It referred to the three 1} '

¢ ny Evi to exist — :

: ee 1} His works, unless His aduhcoenes aha oe rc ewe 're ie5ehaab Pal | Method of teaching in the university.

Ateacher Primaryera ofSeni education:

. goodness were such as to bring good even , EN Ao, ae i y 4 | a read the text of a bookane elhis grammiar, rhetoric and dialectic.

| get This is part of the infinite goodness ¥ares jp see hea COMES aa Rah % aS TROUBADOUR i i Seee should allow evil to exist, and pe [| otnmaenon cae . (ee q ER ONDOTISeae Traveling minstrel lyricists who sang of love eA | pro ee good. oR Cenc anc glanote pec (an i | MENDICANT FRIARS and romance, assisting the development of the Whe | | se to Objection 2. Since nature works Nof Stier | bea From the Latin word mendicare, meaning European vernacular literatures.

| 1 one «9 Ceterminate end under the direction oe ° to beg," this new type of religious order was TUR TP | of a higher agent, whateveris d ) bs anwveque ofr RWS ONIVERSITNS Wet | | Ki ver is done by nature rraavin reser Male not bound to a place or community and :

Wy] must needs be traced back to God. as tc rd a.got a P osube A type of corporation that protected the } Re Ee od, aS to ond

= subsisted entirely on alms. The Franciscans YOR a S first Cause. So also whatever is do Si Cas 4.

Xe educational and administrative needs meee ai ; one rn ~ = BRET £ Ce and Dominicans are the largest orders of : aie '| voluntarily must also be traced back to some

% . ihe dion ofiae Re in mendicant friars of masters and students in schools of the AW Ny | higher cause other than human reason or will. oy aT ommecca, Oe les ; mid-eleventh century.

. an nse these can change or fail; for all things yo pac carga alrer vise tlegnes al PLATONIC FORMS | eews changeable and capable of defect uG aan "i = Bi ol ale | Philosophical construct developed by the fifth i | 1) 0p | armees aaa to an immovable and tyeNP) aXa - a3 century Greek philosopher Plato that held that i) Pode "ey first principle, as was shown in avy?

4 Ey, nie 4 P | unity of the unseen idea, at the very core of ] | may | oe EL SSDoe, | which is the Form of the Good.

WW ORL aR | ——--_ t / { :

| From the commentaries of St. Thomas Aquinas | ; L | 388 Chapter Ten <j ee —— SS | —$—$————— | Chapter Ten 389 OE <tin | e i /+ = "

» Sa PS , ¥ a = es eee . rc HISTORY OF THE CHURCH yiGH MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THEFLOWERINGOF CULTURE — ee llll—<(<i—i<i'iCiti'i'itstsSSS \ If a an. = STUDY QUESTIONS | PRACTICAL EXERCISES 1. What is Scholasticism?

16. What are the two mendicant ord Scholastic method answered questions a) Is theScholasticmethod an effective way — ) ers and 1, The ; Rocamee IOI ME TS ® :

| esd who founded them? tating objections to a statement, then ofreaching philosophic conclusions?

2. Which university became the most } by first S 1 finally offering reptlaka «de Mendidane \Oidese calle TIO | famous during the Medieval period 17. How were the mendicants different than giving an answer, es i Ss Following the b) Were theMendicant Ordersreally re because of the talent that it attracted? the monks of previous centuries?

| each of the initial objections. wing the —___ the wordsof Christ? i | . inquiry used in St. Thomas Aquinas .

= ee | method of inquiry c) Did the High Middle A a true 3. Which university became known for its 18. What was St. Francis' dream as a young summa Theologie, answer the following need 5 e Agesexperiencea true | study ofjurisprudence? man? How did he live? questions by using the Scholastic method: owering of culture | | 4. Which university became an important 19. How did St. Francis organize the common

| center for the sciences and later added life of his followers?

= yl ' hil i se Dae aaea 20. Pope Innocent Ill and the Vatican were _| FROM THE CATECHISM .

| } initially suspect of St. Francis. What a 1] | 5. What did the guild system and the reportedly happened that changed P

| independence from lay and ecclesiastical Innocent's mind? a 35 Man's faculties make him capable of derive from the same God. The humble and ) authorities create on the university 21. Wh coming to a knowledge of the existence of a persevering investigator of the secrets of } I campus that is still highly regarded on 1.

What order oversees many of the holy personal God. But for man to be able to enter nature is being led, as it were, by the hand

| | today's college campus? shrines in the Holy Land? into real intimacy with him, God willed both of God in spite of himself, for it is God,

6. What was the studium generale at the 22. Who is often called the "second founder" to reveal himself to man, and to give himthe the conserver of all things, who made them

| | universities? of the Franciscans, and when did he live? grace of beinga eie this revelation what they are" (GS 36 § 1).

| ; in faith. The proofs of God's existence, ' i 7. What was St. Thomas Aquinas' largest 23. How did St. Bonaventure negotiate the di one to faith and hel 2293 Basic scientific research, as well SS . blem of kepi TOEVED, CAD) PES eas P applied research, is a significant expression of I work, and what are two of the topics that problem of keeping the Franciscans one to see that faith is not opposed to reason. pS aay ; || this: work addresses? faithful to their vow of poverty while at man's dominion over creation. Science and \| | Pegs the same time providing for the 36 "Our holy mother, the Church, holds and technology are precious resources when | 8. Until St. Thomas Aquinas, what ancient order's needs? teaches that God, the first principle and last placed at the service of man and promote his j Greek philosopher had given the 24. What rule of life di is end of all things, can be known with certainty integral development for the benefit of all.

| philosophical framework within which "alg rare of life did St.

Dominic take for from the created world by the natural light of By themselves however they cannot disclose || f Christianity usually operated? human reason" (Vatican Council I, Dei Filius 2: the meaning of existence and of human | .

9. Why did Aristotle need to be 25. What color habit did the Dominicans take?

| DS 3004 cf. 3026; Vatican Council II, Dei progress. Science and technology are ordered 26. What h : pe | Verbum 6). Without this capacity, man would to man, from whom they take their origin and !

Uist irae he reir tack , Ronraze! did the Dominicans set out not be able to welcome God's revelation. Man development; hence they find in the person

} ; Aquinas? main task of St. Thomas ; has this capacity because he is created "in the and in his moral values both evidence of their

27. ee devotion did the Dominicans image of God" (cf. Gen 1:27). purpose and awareness of their limits. i yy 11. Who were the two best known advocate as a means of evangelization?

| ; , Pr tae Wha iy phieonherdiiditive Misia ania? ae: i 159 Faith and science: "Though faith is 2462 Giving alms to the poor is a witness to Wha tf eee he | ; My eis the legacy of the mendicant above reason, there can never be any real fraternal charity: it is also a work ofjustice

{ vaect s philosophical system, ati, discrepancy between faith and reason. Since pleasing to God.

Ty | who created everything?

29. What architectural innovations were edeoo WHO Reveals MYStCHES One i eal | 13. What is St. Thomas Aquinas reported to developed for gothic churches? iluses faith has bestowed the light of reason

2463 How: call We DOP Iet Oa eee | Ne have said after his mystical experience Pra, at . on the human mind, God cannot deny himself, hungry beggar in the parable (cf. Lk 17: 19-31),

» What contribution to literature first nor can truth ever contradict truth" (Dei in the multitude of human beings without lit in | | fe ele:

| appeared in the Medieval period?

Filius 4: DS 3017). "Consequently, methodical bread, a roof or a place to stay? How can - z 2=Thomas work SO valuable 31. What was Dante's major work? research in all branches ofknowledge, we fall to heatJosie | i!

| e Christian tradition?

Pape ; provided it is carried out in a truly scientific one of the least of these, you did it not to me"

Ey ee 15. How did Bl. John Duns Scotus : enor pe purpose of Medieval manner and does not override moral laws, Pal | negotiate St. Augustine's neo-Platonism or 'an never conflict with the faith, because the 1 Ph and St. Thomas Aquinas' Scholasticism? things of the world and the things of faith yen T :

Chapter Ten ———— | e.g | | Chapter Ten 391 . i) hl iy ; } j wih HISTORY OF THE CHURCH ALIADTED | ~ | FROM THE CATECHISM continued 3 { | Ji wu iti iit | >

HF 2500 The practice of goodness is ares pe) ¢— aN os are beautiful when s | ] iS Wa | { y | Le . a. ia | | accompanied by spontaneous spiritual joy and its form corresponds to its particular Vocation;

— | AaACCOllpal lca di = | laAnifrin. ry f- - : moral beauty. Likewise, truth carries with it the evoking and glorifying, in faith and adoration, joy and sp end or of spiritual beauty. Truth is the transcendent mystery of God—the '| | beautiful in itself. Truth in words, the rational SUIT o t ve [ G 'op2 Would Dé lpreaten J Ji | expression of the knowledge of created visible in Christ, who "reflects the glory of Ihe SUTVIDGL O uTO Y

It ; i} and uncreated reality, is necessary to man, God and bears Y S nature, d f: es.

Oflaqgue and fami) lars.

| who is endowed with intellect. But truth can in whom "the whole fullness of deity dwells | internal an externa Orces © ae" 4Y aD | ' also find other complementary forms of bodily" (Heb 1:3; Col 2:9).This spiritual beauty te ite norn €nundarinn:

. human expression, above all when it is a of God is reflected in the most holy Virgin Medieva society l6 1S Dé)Y foun | matter of evoking what is beyond words: the Mother of God, the angels, and saints. Genuine depths of the human heart, the exaltations sacred art draws man toadoration, to prayer

| — of the soul, the mystery of God. Even before and to the love of God, Creator and Savior, the > ——— - . revealing himself to man in words of truth,

Holy One and Sanctifier.

—— | God reveals himself to him through the ' universal language of creation. the work 2544 Jesus enjoins his disciples to preter him Ails WOrTd, OL flS WISCOTT UIC ULUCl aligd .

= ae | harmony of the cosmos— which bott renounce all that [they have]" for his sake .

= . the greatness and beauty of created things Shortly before his passion he gave them the -— ame <2 } TT on.

' comes a corresponding perception of their ES © bevel ts" ; , id . - 3 Jen "ore who, | Creator." "for the author of beauty created out of her poverty, gave all that she had to live them" (Wis 13:3, 5) on (cf. Lk 21:4). The precept of detachment

. from riches is obligatory for entrance into the ~y Wisdom] is bre: of the power of Gi re , :

' a = - [Wisdom] is a breath of the p ower of G od, Kingdom of heaven. lo, and a pure emanation of the glory of the f ) the working of God, and an image of his , as) i » is more beautiful than the sun, and excels

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