CHAPTER 11

TN if a HISTORY OF THE CHURCH ACENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM .

| ll —_ sts—<"i—s—s—C ) J CHAPTER 11 | | II | Wi | | :

Hila | a | Certainly, the human race is going througha difficult patch, and we often have a Wy '

| painful impression that the forces of evil... have got the upper hand.... And yet He | | | we are called to overcome the world by our faith, since we belong to him who by his southern France, the Palais des Papes (Palace of the Popes), nowamuseum, towers over the city ofAvignon and the Rhone River. Beginning

| | |! death and resurrection obtained for every one of us the victory over sin and death wen Clement \V, seven popes resided in Avignon from 1309-1977 it remained a papal possession until the French Revolution incorporated

Wibe we] \ | and so has made us able to affirm humbly, serenely but certainly, iyanon into France in 1791. Avignon is 400 miles southeast of Paris.

| | '| | i that good will triumph over evil. mii) | | | — John Paul II, Address to Salesian Youth, Rome, May 5, 1979 PART | | | ; ith the pontifi re = | | | | W e pontificates of Innocent III, Gregory IX.and Boniface VIII. Church authority together wie y | with a united Western Christendom reached its zenith. During the thirteenth century, the e Oa O VI | \ | , | Church established the legal foundation of the Medieval state, combated heresy and contested

| | with emperors and kings for its legitimate role in regulating soci i i i Wer i uly finally achieved a belance berweenikstempevat vic caetiligicg ae tine eet che POPE ST. CELESTINE V oeai| | inally achieved a balance between its temporal responsibilities and its spiritual authority,

| \| The fourteentt , ° i ae A | 1 |} Blirope? and epiphe nee Res WIMess 2 dramatic change sweep across the face of After Pope Nicolas IV died in 1294, the papal throne remained vacant for more than two years

| Bag aedTe a isnee a thirteenth century would begin to unravel. The rising while rival Italian parties vied for their own papal candidate. In order to break the deadlock, three

| |t | | | crane A 'a : : et an pale would no longer be willing to submit themselves to the cardinals sought a compromise candidate. In the hills of Abruzzi there lived an 80-year-old saintly

| vattale ds deere Ronis ; aeauthority would be almost fatally eroded by its long hermit by the name of Peter Murrone. He spent much of his life in a small cave, living a rigorously i | | | sil survival of Europe would be thra See Spe at Avignon and by forty years of schism. The ascetic existence of prayer, labor, and fasting. In 1294, the three dignitaries, accompanied by a huge

, | en | | bli shicke Pa tioecl sacs ples by Doth internal and external forces. Plague and famine gathering of monks, priests, and laymen, begged Peter to accept the papacy. Though he did not THT TG . and France) would destro : he ane SORE A ONS: war within Christendom (between England wish to leave his simple life of prayer and solitude, Peter accepted, choosing the name Celestine V. i yearn Heeger weit ones ee feudal aristocracy: and the Turks would ravage As pope. this simple, holy, old man was beloved by the people, but before the year was out, the | | Wy John Paul I's encouraging ea Gee, hee Indeed, itwas a dark time, butas immense task of shepherding the Church proved too much for him. Without training or | : i > s

* H overcome the world by our faith. xe Christians throughout history, "we are called to experience, especially in dealing with the various political machinations of certain cardinals, nobles. edi | l} First Jubilee Year celebrated Marsigito writes Battle of C r e c y | . by Pope Boniface VIII Defensor Pacis" abest thas cla - Catherine of Siena experiences / Council of Constance, 16th Ecumenical St. Catherine of Siena Is House of Tudor begins | Ty | Pope Boniface Vill arrested The French King Charter | ig Feed ¢ 'spiritual espousa meets lo end the Western Schism canonized by Pope Pius II its reign In England by William of Nogaret dine witha bea aries |V |The Black Death begins its | England: John Wycliffe writes thal church .

| } a i | €S without an heir | destruction of one-third of power should be limited by Parliament St Joan of Arc born | After victory at Agincourt, King Henry V Music fs first printed Moors are conquered .

| be pre of the 'Babylonian | The Hundred Years War | Europe 1347-1351 | St Catnerin of Siena dies | | of England claims throne of France ona printing press in Spain; Columbus | | pet Ben ee an mi | Orderof Gridgettine Sisters i rie Ne St. Joan of Arc St. Joan of Arc lends Frepicn mony <* bk dee ny | gland begins founded by St, Bridget } | Peasant's Revolt in Englané ed pope hears vclons Orleans; St. Joan leads a victory at Rheims;

Michelangelo is born North America | ' ba | ai ae _—e | 5 pepe nis | || | ase Charles Vil crowned King of France | | \ Clenent V moves the papal court to Avignon In = Sl cee te ; a | | tH] TIM rttrrhm TTT THT coon | repay5T returns papacy 00 Rene | | | | | St. Joan of Arcburned at stake f TS Pope Sixtustv 1471-1484 | | '| .

PUTT TTT OU TTA mm uu on — (1 | 394 Chapter Eleven —— — = — KT — —— — —— ea ___________ | j Chapter Eleven 395 ee _ ~ > ——————__—__—_ Sar - ss .

"™ esee a > ae HISTORY OF THE CHURCH | A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM ne | and emperors, the task of directing all of Christendom was humanly overwhelming and In 1301, a more serious dispute broke out between Philip and || t beyond this hermit's abilities. After making many imprudent and ill-informed political dedicat

Pope Boniface. Philip, in order to assert his authority overthe aa without precedent and in the face of much opposition, chose to resign his office and rehinsrealie

Church in France, arrested Pope Boniface's papal legate on a | private life of prayer and penance. Most of his decisions and official acts not affecting rasan

' series of secular charges. Pope Boniface condemned Philip's | morals were annulled by the succeeding pope, Boniface VIII (Benedetto Gaetani). While and actions and ordered the prelate released. In the letter Unam

Celestine split the College of Cardinals, appointing twelve new cardinals in his short five cee Sanctam, Boniface declared that in order to save his or her . pontificate —seven of them French, the rest, Neapolitan. month soul, every human being—including the king—must be I | Free of the burden of the papacy, St. Celestine sought to return to his beloved eremin subject to the pope. Philip responded by calling his own

| | | Boniface VIII feared that the previous pope might be used by certain oppositional Mitic lf. national council, the Estates General, to condemn and depose | wished to advance schism in the Church. The new pope attempted to apprehend St cae who the pope. Boniface was falsely charged witha ridiculous list of . order to keep him in confinement. St. Celestine avoided capture for some time, but Wakee crimes ranging from idolatry and magic, to the death of Pope imprisoned quite uncomfortably for the remaining ten months of his life. While pruden eee

St. Celestine V and the loss of the Holy Land. In 1303 with to Boniface VIII to protect St. Celestine, and with him the integrity ofthe Church theine some six hundred men, William of Nogaret. advisor to King

| treatment of this simple, saintly man remains a regrettable chapter in Boniface's poniesa Philip, and Sclarra Colonna, Hiead ota Dawn sepa lates \| ss ~ y a' marched through Italy to the small town of Anagni. There

| pe they stormed the papal palace to find Boniface dressed in full | | BONIF.ACE VII I AND PHILIP IV Z ~ papal regalia, waiting calmly and righteously, resolute in the | | onlpthe Fair was King of France from 1285 authority and integrity of his exalted position as the Vicar of i] | |

Bbmitae MUP eet oss culrent situation of the Church, for three days. Though he was soon released, the affair and the abuse he suffered during his short

| Nei . ames aa acked the necessary diplomacy required captivity ruined his health. He soon died of a raging fever.

— 2see with the difficult and changing political landscape :

| . « ~ Se eese them to the will of the Church. In the in the aftermath of the death of Pope Boniface VIII, Italy fell into a state of turmoil. Rome was

: ed , oFee on Opeaes tried to force the lords and princes subjected to the semi-anarchy of the masses and powerful Italian families, and the Italian peninsula

\ beeen ser Magee to accept his temporal authority began breaking up into a series of independent city-states. Pope Boniface VIII was succeeded by | '

| uie \ oe sate ns er of decrees and attempted to over-awe Pope Bl Benedict XI, who attempted to work out some sort of peace with King Philip. The king

| | or \ 9 aeeh csoi urope with excessive displays of pomp and damored for the formal condemnation of Boniface VIII, but Pope Bl. Benedict XI resisted, taking

: | Arn + ie eee ten beh little success. When Pope Boniface geps to redress the scandalous events surrounding the last days of Boniface's pontificate by | | | : ie = ae esjubilee year for the forgiveness of sins in excommunicating William of Nogaret, Sciarra Colonna, and their accomplices. The pope's bold

Ane | ene"det rie pe eens nue prpects holding two move was not met lightly, and within eight months of ascending the papal throne, Pope Bl. Bene- | We .

: ing his spiritual authority, ict te li | | ; fils Eetraponsl siitheraee Tee P ority, the other dict XI was found dead. Though the cause of his death is listed as acute dysentery, many suspect jt :

| Pope Boniface Vill (1294-1303) w y- €nsion would soon mount between the cause of his death to be a fatal combination of an angry William of Nogaret and poison. ee like aRenaissance pope. Hete ok doy i pope and king over the temporal authority of the Church r , ' i W Vat | Giotto in particular and of sculptors: he founded 29d Pope Boniface VIII found that suielding Hee 3 for nearly a year, the chair of St. Peter remained vacant. Under pressure from King Philip IV, the ne |" mevicelithe Abii reroearuzed the Vatican Swords would be nearly impossible in the changing

Euroeleven-month conclave finally appointed Bertrand de Got, the Archbishop of Bordeaux and WW UE | | < can library catalogued pean political climate. ging personal friend of the French king, who took the name Clement V. In order to avoid the political

| | € grandson of the late King St. Louis IX of F é chaos of Rome, Clement chose to establish his papal court elsewhere, eventually settling in the aT VERT | admiration for the Church, Philipi-Galled thepee of his predecessor s saintly town of Avignon (at that time beholden to Naples), near the French border. In Avignon, the pope

We | | extending the boundaries of France. he annck : ete vy € throne 2 1285, and, intent on suTounded himself with French cardinals, a move that exposed Pope Clement, and the Church, to i .

| These wars depleted Philip's funds, and he fared ts Ch taS,Lge: against England the pressures and whims of the French crown. A far cry from Pope Boniface VIII's exposé of | iT an | 5aes aes in times of a crusade, the Church had ie: Saad to deri eas his royal es temporal power, Pope Clement V never left French soil, and for the next 70 years (1305- | By Olicies of the Biss S been exempt from the taxation 377), Po eae fos a ; | Ghirtivacc tees but the king ignored this precedent, collecting revenue from theteae: (all French) would reside in Avignon under the watchful eye of the French king in "

S contiscating properties to suit his desires P) ee ne OeUE eae it !

N 1296, to chastise Philip.

Boni > ope Clem d Ki i we aa up, Boniface wrote Clericis Jaicos j ; .

€nt and King Philip were boyhood friends. The king hoped that this new pope would hal if ci vesha to tax clergy without the permission ofee one 's mle_ that kingsee vindicate his recent actions by declaring Pope Boniface VIII a heretic and revoking all of Boniface's

| ant oie : "8ae gold, silver, and jewels to Italy. The hesof Ch: -na a pe Ae aset)€gal acts. Pope Clement V refused to give in to this demand. Wishing to placate the powerful

. nal oniface to compromise on this ons urch revenue from this a re king, nonetheless, Pope Clement allowed the inquisition in France to investigate the military

| [ order of the Knights Templar; this affair would end in a terrible disaster. The inquisition spun away ——— esse | | 396 Chapter Eleven ——— ———— ———— —$—$ | —— ee ——— | Chapter Eleven 397 (RIO ao +Se HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

| A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM a from papal control as Clement was too weak and indecisive to keep it under his charge, Th

PART Il | accused of heresy and worldliness, the Templars' real "crime" was possessing property and wee } I] coveted by the king. Those knights captured by King Philip were brutally tortured unt}A The BIack Pla 'i e - ] admitted to all of the various crimes with which they were falsely charged. Many knights °Fey l gu :

| eventually burned as heretics, and when the order was permanently dissolved, King Philip see .). eo he thirteenth century brought Medieval society to its peak of prosperity. The structures ro)

The Church at Avignon tried to stem the threats posed by the rising tide of secular governme iedalism had produced agrowing populationandstrong economic expansion. In prieple, the | | by strengthening its own administrative system. Though not completely under the influence of"5

«rd held his property from the king; the knight held his manor from his lord; thesmall landlord | French king, the papacy at Avignon seemed to have lost its independent position in Christendo '

Sa the knight, and the local peasant from the small landlord. It couldbe said that €\bap nS " i The Medieval popes had fought German Imperial designs on Italy to secure the independence of sicmately belonged to someone else. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, cracks inthis

| the Church, but by staying at Avignon, they lost this same independence to the French King. The stem were becoming evident. As prosperity brought in surplus goods, money began to r =P ane. a0 | growth of nationalism at this time made it imperative that the pope remain above Particular

3 service of labor. An agricultural boom brought a higher standard of living and a greater life national interests. Since this was not the case with the Avignon popes, the prestige and authority expectancy. and maintenance of the large, growing population required continuedgood harvests.

\ ote of the papacy quickly declined, England and However, with no other source of food, harvest failures would result in widespread starvation and Germany began to view the Pope more as a susceptibility to contagious diseases.

| BS a & puppet ofthe French king than the supreme | ?

Y §*-T Bae FAMINE AND BLACK DEATH Yd Vv if, a 6TO: make matters more difficult for the "= » - : an popes, the idea that the kings' power ex.

From 1315-1317, large-scale famines struck Europe forthe first time intwo hundred years. By 1300, tended into ecclesiastical affairs favored the the population had grown so quickly that only the cultivation of marginal lands could feed the | y \ ' a>.

\ % nationalization of the Church in each Euro. ever-growing populace. A series of bad harvests and cool, wet weather made lands virtually

| | ] f pean kingdom. This phenomenon became unusable and widespread famine broke out. Peasants resorted to eating their seed grain to feed

| i especially more widespread as the Papacy their families, trade declined, business fell, and there was widespread economic depression. The | | King Philip IV and his children. Three of Phitip's sons became kings took up residence at Avignon. Gallicanism

Hundred Years War greatly contributed to this economic and social dislocation, forcing peasants | oftegstherd ht Dyand Charles IV. His daughter Isabella became (the idea that the French Roman Catholic

; from the countryside into the perceived safety of | | ; clergy favored the restriction of papal con:

'| overcrowded and unsanitary walled cities. By the q | trol and the achievement by each nation of individual autonomy) has its origins in this period of 4 2 ' middle of the fourteenth century, large sectors

| history, emerging in France when King Philip IV called for his Estates General to move against Pope A r | \ "i of the population had grown very susceptible to i raeNe English laws of 1351-1393 helped to establish the foundations for an Anglican Church

A se iM : contagious disease. at his court, including the Englishman Willian Si0. ih a nie! Of anit papal aatetete ; " ulation of Europe from 1347-1351. (Subsequent | democratization of Church government. Pope Clement V a felts esTe ba i | | epidemics would' oceur teguetheae | order to please King Philip IV, he retra " d Pope

Bonif: see! Seca Be ate whenpln "Ny a _ until the eighteenth century.) The Black Death 1,RES RS at Shap ' c - 'ope | oniface VIII's Clericis laicos and reinterpreted ry

(4 would be the greatest demographic catastrophe | aga— id ng the document of any claims to temporal authority.

='ea | ' be { | to hit Western Europe. Since immunity could not | ahi Siveais Peet cee from the proponents of Gallicanism came from a former rector wajal ll Bia. be transmitted from one generation to the next,

| of Peace), Marsiglio Seater ae Marsiglio of Padua. In the book Defensor Pacis (Defender — | b he the plague acted as a continuous check on popu- | Church. He declared that the iti :ees eee of the supremacy of secular rulers over the | . se * s=, = eo lation growth. It is estimated that during these

| pope derived his authority not fr eh € true authority of the Church. This book held that the — Lf Pee eewe | years, approximately twenty-five million people—

Serpyinen andileymen beearic but from the General Council. a body made up of eS AYes \ heYa,| a third of the population of Europe—perished.

HN | | representative of the people, had the tc iodo an anet enetaree oi ri NS | pf The Black Death first broke out in the small,

| ecclesiastical property as he saw fit urch officials and dispo Y Ney) 'Pts Genoese Black Sea trading post of Kaffa on the || !

| As long as the pope remained in Avi non, the j rh 5" one a= | Crimean Peninsula. Tartar invaders, attacking the | | compromised. Writers such as William a mMEhe independence of the papacy was severely

\ Se SSS Genoese settlement, brought the disease from | clerical attacks on the idence: of Ockham and Marsiglio of Padua paved the way for antiiD

| SS —— ee Asia. It is reported that the Tartars helped spread .

| | situation was not grim enough els s Sa and sowed the seeds of religious rebellion. As if the . —— ==" the disease by casting plague-ridden corpses into '

| themselves shake the very aeroodio: troubles camea series of events that would by . ms Genoese settlement after they were forced to abandon the siege. Genoese sailors, returning a! Society, 'Tom their settlements, brought the plague with them backto

= | | P plague, actually took three different ig | | Bubonic plague is characterized i .

« ings of the lymph glands to nearly the BOCCACC | | of eggs in the groin, neck, and armpit ies iovanni Boccaccio (cf. chapter twelve) them, so that, whereas the priests :

| Black patches would appear all over the Gi 3 fourteenth century poet who supposed that they had but one corpse i | :

| . body as blood pooled below the surface ; survived the plague and lived to write to bury, theydiscovered that there | i | ( ' the skin, thus the name "Black Death" ty about it. Boccaccio's vivid descriptions were six or eight, or sometimesm:ore.

. ji common carrier of plague bacteria = provide a deep appreciation of the horror Nor, for all their number, were their . small black rats, which were quite 2 te and devastation experienced by Europe. obsequies honoredby either tearsor _ Hi] | | throughout Europe, infesting uns.

™mmon lights or crowds of mourners rather,it | ) .) . lages and towns Pla ue es lesa?

Ge Co was come'to this, that @/deaditan was i] bad '4 rar ita dent i aS Passed from ' nt then of no more accountthan a dead i] .

= | cee oan : ea Carried the fleas =% J 5 goat would be to-day. (Rigg, trans., The | .

§ urope, and the fleas eventually f v2.

Decameron, 1921, vol. 1, p. 11) wi | spread the plague to humans. Bubonic plague was extremely lethal with a death rate of over fifty

\\\ | . percent. Still, this was not the most common, nor the deadliest form of the plague, which became bil pandemic when it took on its pneumonic form. Even more deadly (a ninety-five percent mortality

% 'xYay at> y | rate), the pneumonic form of plague spread directly from person to person without blood trans j y'

; | ay! whe I} yi<si "0 ifec coated eo od t \ D a.

| ia | mission through flea bites. Coughs, sneezes, and the sputum of the plague victim spread the PL < — (\ A .

| bacilli far and wide to any bystander who inhaled them. This form of plague spread rapidly in the Sfaw Cy |} f iy | overcrowded cities of Medieval Europe. The third, least common form, septicemic, infected thie

> = & A ; | ay | blood. With a more than ninety-five percent mortality rate, this form of plague killed its victins = sa f i] i} rapidly, before any evident symptoms could develop. Whatever its form, the Black Death killed eedina Aa elo | | | | more people than any war had ever done. The highest percentage of the population was stnuck sips coho ope ceenttio bodies \ | 1, with plague between 1347 and 1351, and recurrent waves of plague would continue to decimate

. hed d \ \ | | those who survived the first spate. than by charity towards the deceased, ne I Y to drag the corpses out of the houses \ :

Ny} re tis net hard to understand the devastating impact that such a pandemic can have ona society with their own hands, aided, perhaps, y ay \\ vie i | Since te cause of the plague was unknown at the time, proper treatment and prevention was bya porter, if a porter was to be had.

, > )\ | | | unavailable.

Remote regions remained untouched while huge segments of concentrated, urban SORE ean) UL TOT St Eeeee ) : | it | one were being decimated. The plague knew no cultural, social, racial, or political

Wheels eaviaire Who Dee Se ues= | | Oundariés —rich and poor, learned and common. pnest and layman, everyone was vulnerable ests ohn arash \ | to the plague. morning, more of them than he could | | ae i ae = C ; afterwards they would have . vy The plague laid waste to the ; sllec Baie ts Syfe , ount; a ee iirristoe eeuenes Pee intellectual, and economic leadership of Europe. Sometimes biers brought up or in default, planks, | | tested Sin btiere ie i ia d be destroyed by plague. Interpersonal relationships were

| whereon they laid them. Nor was it a baal | ees = ou # ce rom their children and husbands from their wives to avoid once or twice only that one and the _— |

Friests and bishops, who aided plague victims, died in great numbers. The situation same bier carried two or three corpses became so bad that many people could not rece raed | | adniniaenrar: The y sold not receive the last rites because there was no priest to at once; but quite a considerable | | | Sere e luge numbers of infected corpses also posed a huge sanitation problem. At numberof such cases occurred, one rath} 1€ point, the pope consecrated the river Rhone at Avignon, so that corpses flung into the river bier sufficing for husband and wife, | might be considered to have received Christian burial. two or three brothers, father and Besides suffering the pl anys : son, and so forth. And times without a | | alising the plane Populat ss fs with every one else, Jews were accused of poisoning wells and number it happened, that as two | i two Bulls declarin ae Pe 5 dst against Jews became so fierce that Pope Clement VI issued priests, bearing the cross, were on ||

| | Petrarch, an author and flstcinienh lcarie. es ete:

; cae and poet. He was the greatest of Petrarch's disciples and I} SNE a aha 'Stonan living in Avignon during the outbreak of the plague, wrote vivid some one, three or four biers were an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio authored hed | -scriptions of what occurred. He wrote that furre on a SP ree = brought up by the porters in rear of a number of notable works including On Famous Women

| € that future generations w ent d be ght up bj Pp i unable to imagine the €mpty houses and the a} Sd Ee ee ee and The Decameron than littered with dead poni ee | : and the abandoned towns. They would not believe the fields oF | | | Indeed, the sights aneee is fm that hung over the entire world (cf. Epistolo Metrica I, 14) ites wm o> OF Europe were as bleak and black as the disease that caused them

—— | ii 400 Chapter Eleven ——— — — — — — — — on = = —————= ————— | | ithe Chapter Eleven 401 i, OO — LL =a =.

| \- { ik ' eae ———ete # A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH A CENTURY OF SUFF =RIN E, | OF THE BLACK DEATH ESTERN CHURCH SCHISWV | THE SPREAD HEW oH SCI IN EUROPE, 1347-1352 09-1417 | | Agpuemate erteet of owe racctad by ~ ; ed ot Be * a | j fs iw t fark Dest Osockhabmy \ :

! iM | s J f kee whch tee 6 / :

( Os =- oes = 'is Xan : hei Sa j Ling Clnabruck ual Ge, ig is FRAN CE. A:

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| ENGLISH i * meer i i}| 1] ' ee . ph?

PA nso GASCONY ] er 9 Wn / a | Deentele L ic ne' * 4 eae Man tomar. f ian iewv :

P > ; Pisa , i > = , | | i : ea N '4 a < PAE at Ac Toe .

SNe Ty | — / | ee ee en a ] ] \ as re = : ya aana We eo \4 et.

P i. ai | \ il em hee, '< ae CASTILE > / g¢!

| UCHY OF | a ee — 8 hip Bey PA "- ' \ g oy M STATES '5 arwkwakee - a ber 44 | i:

| _ S a n ; ~= mae . ae E D / TER, Bi ALS AN Lai <f .

'el » oJ , -< ft | r | | Pa vt, F iy "" Sea — eaCO Mie, yar ¥ —s | | veh | = .

Catholic allegiance to Avignon OFGRANADA wn ae i 1}, a | FB carciic alegiance to Rome Se if '

200 iii — a r | rn | "4

P eine tthe aoe |) 4), eens, = = Papes, the Rhone river and \ ~ Te eteae a i Vo =e.

See the Saint Benezet bridge >.

2is= =s (with its original 22 arches Petrarch wrote that future t Yos4 | ty 4 Os , oi ) sand "i EES | ofwhich only 4 remain) | generations would be incredulous és ee a0 a hog EEN \ Ve = — and the surrounding city. itt at the toll taken by the Black = P Tae RE ies 'a, The lofty gothic palace, | | Death and be unable to imagine ME if ta SEU |G if SS2s SSS walls 17-18 feet thick, | . the empty houses and the ' GW, pod mal EAS EI NETTLES Bad was across between a spetnes ers.

, ) j/A f A ee PT PN gs ak ett monastery and afortress.

CE Ey RS iiiimae ade gem = 't was built on a natural . re —_ =) hee oe i Ree <5 Sei '

, spur of rock by Pope , rit —\h = ih Se) A Albi ite yf —_wy '

Benedict XII and enlarged i GAN epee po 4h V7 em VAY (7 BR O18 « RY : the grandeur and opulence | | — IN Sle fins Wah, 2 of the French court.

- | | 402 Chapter Eleven | .

| 2 a , —— : yore hE = HISTORY OF THE CHURCH A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM —__* | Pe <2 THE ENGLISH IN FRANCE | !

; | oxi ee die Nm gace the time of William the Conqueror in the eleventh century, the English and French thrones "re linked through a number of matrimonial alliances. Through those marriages, England had

<0 i wer ated large portions of French land. The largest portion came from Henry II's marriage to / ee _ a ' ee of Aquitaine, through which the king acquired the huge Duchy of Aquitaine in south- | .

'epee oT eee -ctern France. Although officially Henry held this land as a vassal of the French king, the English Crm ere IR AG | ray never really considered their possessions subject to the foreign ruler. Hostile to the foreign

; Tet Pe | oe tapers the French kings long aspired to drive the English from their feudal estates in France.

—z ne eaeGe % Sy a ® Relations between England and France were further agitated by France's continued support ofthe ; _ 1h 7 ta" v4) rebellious nobles of Scotland and encouragement of piracy on the English Channel, England's

Seanyt! \" ope NY » oe chief trade route with Europe. On the continent, disputes over the Flanders region (modern day i ey . eae /

Belgium) also put the two countries at odds. The feudal lords ofFlanders had been French vassals, | and France had long sought to regain control of this region, which was a very wealthy and i wind:

< important trading center for both France and England. King Edward III of England enraged the | } EGAVier French monarchy when, in the interest of retaining trade between England and Flemish textile

} | S| las 4x manufacturers, he proclaimed Flanders under the protection of the English crown. English wool | - > r¢ yas vital to the Flemish textile trade, and Edward used this economic necessity to sway Flemish il ] | S PagL 'eos loyalty away from the French.

Xan wa mas f 1s q All these hostilities exploded when the French king Charles IV (Charles the Fair), the last son ofthe French king Philip IV, died without an heir in 1328. The Capetian line was broken and no one was

'a. wit with a clear claim on the throne ofFrance. Both King Philip IV's nephew (the grandson ofKing VY & HY at = Philip III) and King Edward II of England (whose mother was the sister of King Charles IV of i]

> a France) claimed the right of succession. This dispute began the long series of armed conflicts 4 b ») between England and France, known as the Hundred Years War.

| i ee ) _ |} THE BATTLE OF CASTILLON i | PART III TS Hundred Years War was significant —_ fight off the siege. The English first

\| | in military history because of its engaged an outpost of French archers i | Th@ Hundred Vy W. technological and tactical advancements. encamped some distance from the main | ears ar ( 13371453) Most notably, during the closing years of French camp, and then rested for the . the war, gunpowder weaponry was used night. The next morning, Talbot led his | | | PAN a major crisis struck Medieval Europe while the popes took up residence in Avignon. For | evel) forthe Ristanes mitacmetoiatcr A | | | much of the Middle Ages, the Church had managed to prevent and avoid major confrontations warfare, By the final conflict of the war,

Ignorant of what he was marching into, Pe | | | between the various kings of Christendom through what was known as the Peace and Truce of the Battle of Castillon in 1453, gunpowder

Talbot led the English directly into a 1 i 7 | ( ee onda to mas principle, European kings recognized a common unity of Faith, keeping eee aeaoachy Savantagey Hneee &enchigunners.het \| ; | | ce caen European peoples who otherwise did not share nationality or custom. Those |

At the Battle of Castillon, the French possessing more muskets areveanaa: i eee onds were no longer held sacred, and the problems of inheritance and conflicting

| army laid siege to the small town located 'than was expected at that time, tore Wl ot | ee Hse ss arose out of the feudal system put many kings at odds against each other east of Bordeaux. The English force apart the English army, killing Talbot \| ely,

CO ~ AP en oa ~ } - .

Fy | would be eg a eres between England and France during the fourteenth century commanded by John Talbot, marched and soundly defeating the English.

| ee eee eG of knightly warfare and transform not only the kingdoms of England and from Bordeaux to meet the French and | i) France, but also the entire political makeup of Eur F ed DEHES Dhain ce Anis cance oe up of Europe. Out of the ashes of more than one hundre¢

| | Rtas 6 TOS€ a New sense of national identity —the first steps towards the formation of the | uropean nation-states.

L — 404 Chapter Eleven —_—- ———— ——————— SS Wl hi] Chapter Eleven 405 | rt | .

————————— ne = —_ aaa A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM | ie | HISTORY OF THE CHURCH a | - —_ SS ii ae = ae — —= $ — — ' , | [ | | ak ARS WAR ST. JOAN OF ARC | i THE HUNDRED YE St. Joan was born at eke ina . ft a -j on January 6, 1412, At the age o' ret ie | The Hundred Years War was in fact a series of short battles interrupted by long periods of relative probably ony snd 'had alvision of light an .

* sh gained the upper hand early in the conflict. Though outnumbered English began to hear voices d i peace. Ene English) gabie x hanks in pé ion of ich St.

Michael the Archangel, St. Margaret, an | . forces destroyed the French knights at Crecy in 1346, thanks in part to the introduction of the long whi d to her. These | ae is 5a yeapon could shoot a yard-long arrow as far as 400 yards at the rate of five to siy uc"

St. Catherine ofpepaneer ate ffFrance .

| f Sear wo ; s tha rs elected her as .

| arrows a minute. It was one of the many deadly military innovations that would change the style of a guiding eles the city of Orléans. St. Joan was combat during the Hundred Years War vc and, a ria he saints to inform Charles VII that | H Vy = =

Shortly after Crecy, plague broke Out in Fra echo : i i Wet i —_ :

\ ible his coronation.

—~ > fal Ten years C Vi she would make poss .

| = ; ~ Hae = Ten years of war forced many peasants into the yf eeded in i} | | Ba zz. teil safe confines of walled cities where the Plague

= ' € i m Dressed in men's clothes, St. Joan His ae j | hale erg Spread rapidly. Conditions in France were dreag. convincing the King OF Aas Sie eeos ede t the | .

! ey) = Sege & hia Sea's 4's ful, and the coming years saw no changes, J and in May 1429, she led a small army eae et ON Se Tas . ae ee: ig ee « t tured city of Orléans. Under her leadership,

4 ay ee 7a (\ WA Le eer = in 1356, King Edward III's eldest son Edward 'm = 6cap h soldiers overwhelmed English fortifications . e CANS "se C,. WES ASMONPM (the Black Prince) led an English offensiy

French soldiers ; ih .

« . ns i Ree (ih + by /éee 3 rs. Both sidesuaHans . aT and drove them from the city, liberating the regio } | At Se? 4 \[ f 66) © ake Tee Poitiers.

Both sides exhausted each other \ —_ d Chalons. During the battle, NSO >587\ hes wun? AV) RY through a long battle of attrition, and eventually

| \y e — | of Cone eee eee by an arrow, but desired to . t-te PAN SN a truce was signed. However, peace lasted only | ¥ St. Joan was woun ; di Te) o.

Ss e - Tee a y , f y i finall captured in | eVe ¢ Pp: Sl ar Ps Learning from Crecy and Poitiers, the French _ | \ | July 1429, and tens Staniee .

| [hi | Yeete | Dog knights avoided meeting the English in full-scale king Charles VIL nee a / \ * ~ ay mY earth battles; instead, they skirmished with the / \ ig With the crowning of King Charles VII, St. ate i ct fim} English, scattering the troops. This style of » tT) principal aim was complete, and after a failed ae if ( 'eo —\— es. 7 'my warfare proved slow and deadly, never allowing

+ on Paris, she did not lead any assaultsae ye: Sd <n if] BR Ystts either side to gain a clear upper hand. Twenty Way following year. During the winter, Charles and UCX \ SNL IA Ss I Zs \y years of grueling fighting passed.

™ a advisors grew increasingly apathetic to hereet \ 4 ies) AZ if ? ">\ 1280 hoth Kine Edwar .

* ~ I a), following May. St. Joan led a small army of five Se a By 1380 both King Edward III and the Black The following May, St er force. During | wo ai | nd = Prince were dead, and England held only the aa ow" 8) hundred soldiers againsta farees RS .

The English defeated the French at Crecy in 1346 with the help of the coastal towns of Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Calais, 7) a the attack she was captured by the Eng i deadly long bow which could shoot an arrow 400 yards .

} a) F = é A Be A as ~~ ™ =, } PY a 5S po Nil aa dete aleoh England was on her heels, and an end to the war — { Charles did not attempt to bargainfor=Sebpate } | was in sight. But a civil war between the major noble houses of France broke out. helping to and with no support from the French, oh See prolong the military conflict. The new French king. Charles VI, took the throne at the age of out on trial for heresy and witchcraft by Pierre Cauchon, the Bishop of Beativaiss rya pags

| | | || twelve, and besides being too young to rule in his own right, he was exceedingly mad. (Among his put on tal for heresy ¢ orn and a puppet of the English rulers in Burgu deeSo

| . many fits and eccentricities, he believed himself to be made of glass and about to break.) The an unscrupulous,APO era she was allowed no defense of her supema

| Dukes of Burgundy and Orléans took advantage of Charles' handicap and fought for control of convicted ot wae aea ng with French forces, King Charles had StJoan

The infighting left France vulnerable to an invasion, and England 'S King Henry V did not nitions. Before leading her first strike ee in St. Joa | aise hie oemeariietss .

Ps number of doctors and bishops. They found nothing sick a heretical St ail gaia neither those officials nor their documents proving St. Joan's innocence Were fing Fenmy V decr "oved the elite C i he Frenc

2 SToOCcCrTraCY an Overy ne he k 4 ol de alll et sardine ~— 7} t g — ~ C fa cE 0 ae =ia p oie Z a aoe Se ES CY a overwhe BaES rch : n St.Joan's defense during her English trial. St. Joan was burned at thesstes

| | rance at Agincourt in 1415. ne aftermath of enrys victory at gincourt Gemonstrated te ; an = bese lifto re-exa nation failing legacy of the Medieval feudal system. French cavalry butchered young pages waiting at the iwenty-five years later, in 1456, the pane ae ed Benedlal

| | wagons off the field of battle and French prisoners were executed rather than ransomed, as was Joan was eventually beatified in 1909 anc dig a . ty the custom. Henry V claimed the throne of France and married the French king's daughter,

Through the services of St. Joan of Arc, the tide of battleee age 4 | Catherine. Henry only ruled for two years before his death, after which he left his infant son

Joan was captured and killed, her efforts enabled the French ammy 4 | ) | .

Henry VI on the throne.

'gainst the English. Now fighting a divided enemy. riTee ; wa | B as Enolich mrce l nantalas malts Games zlish only contro didlo, | A succession of young, incompetent, and partially mad kings left France demoralized and subject

~=IguSn posts fell rapidly, and by 1453 the Eee.ae eople ofFrance | to the English crown. As the Hundred Years War dragged on, the future of France looked bleak vas vindicated, and popular devotion 2 het a wis 7ies becanna

The ominous fate ofthe kingdom was radically changed by the appearance of a young peasant git! arc, and by the end of the Hundred Years War, St. Joar

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH ; A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM | || a = ————— ae | aia ; A } ] PART IV | i l e ESeee to Rome and Schism | de AMR OE Return ZN git

~~ .s acye and war had devastating effects on the institutions and leadership of Medieval Europe, " f th H | See f ¥ . j : e Ho Bp y £- { = a) * ami | Ps4 the continuing presence of the popes at Avignon undermined the ability o y ih oO a xPe AEN form itself and restore order to Christendom. The long-awaited return of the pope to Rome

| D 2a | ee yi eA =m \ 7) ~ 6 6 Sees in 1378 during the pontificate of Gregory XI. Avignon itself was no longer safe as | .

| RUN | Fo & ' RS). GAY ar a'hand English armies fought for domination of the French mainland. Ongoing civil war in Italy,

| Weal y v Ay \) Nee \ acluding war between Florence and the papacy (1375), made it clear to Pope Gregory XI that the | Nal eX Dp .

* a | HolySee needed to return to the City of St. Peter in order to recover its absent leadership.

(Til i ee a » —/ if De Nel echiny hesitated to take the fateful step. Nevertheless, the pope would receive the strength and <r

| nfidence to return to Rome through the work of another extraordinary woman of the fourteenth | -~entury, the Dominican Tertiary mystic St. Catherine of Siena.

| ST. CATHERINE OF SIENA | | This tapestry depicts the meeting of St. Joan of Arc and King Charles VII at Chinon in March 1429

S Catherine (1347-1380) was the youngest oftwenty-five = | G" made it clear to St. Joan that she St. Joan to seek the commander's help. children. As a young girl, St. Catherine had a precocious

| was to lead an army against the St. Joan returned to Vaucouleurs, this understanding of her own vocation and by age seven had

English. Despite the certainty of God's time with a prophetic message. Although -onsecrated her virginity to Christ. St. Catherine began to "

\ a | Menor her life, her mission was no easy it was too soon for anyone in Vaucouleurs ~eceive visions and wasted no time in committing herself . aN | .

Sam ie hegre through St. Joan's to have known about a recent French ') God's mission for her. At sixteen years of age, she

=" ray g i committed persistence, defeat at the Battle of Herrings, she told sined the Dominican Tertiaries.

—_ wv . od enabled her to carry out this nearly Baudricourt about the details of the . impossible mission. battle. Baudricourt, struck by St. Joan's

| foratime she lived a secluded and demanding ascetical ; | The first obstacle to St. Joan's mission prophetic insight, sent the young girl to life during which she had visions and strong mystical A was the king. Securing an audience with see the king at Chinon in March 1429. experiences, including conversations with Christ. In 1366, ea » the French monarch was difficult enough,

St. Joan finally had her chance to speak . Catherine underwent a mystical experience common S q \ ) let alone persuading him to let a poor with the king, but convincing the king toa number of saints known as a "spiritual espousal." In ; . peasant girl lead one of the French armies _ to allow her to lead an army still did not this "mystical marriage," Christ tells a soul that he takes it

| ilies Initially, she could not get into seem likely. St. Joan would be aided, for his bride. The apparition is accompanied by a cere- | . pearAE= ee continued to ironically, by the king's own trickery. mony in which the Blessed Virgin, saints, and angels are

Re ate "aaedee her Seeking to test her, the king disguised present, after which the soul receives a sudden surge of .

| voices told her to seekub bese = a aid as king. Upon entering the court, charity and an increased familiarity with God.

E | | : owever, St. Joan saluted th .

Baudricourt, a commander of the king's who disguised himself as a ne ald After her spiritual espousal and years of seclusion, St.

: army in the nearby town of Vaucouleurs. attendant. She then revealed to the king atherine returned to the world to dedicate herself to the | | .

Accompanied by her cousin, St. Joan a secret sign that the Lord disclosed to service of the poor and the sick — especially those suffer- .

Seis to Vaucouleurs and spoke with St. Joan before her arrival. While no one ng irom the plague.

| audricourt about her instructions to lead © Knows what the secret we i St. Ca noe . sec was, many believe ot. Catherine lived extr P re :

= St. Catherine underwent a mystical experience common an army. The commander remained it had to do with the king'sie about rece ee ey : d ext ine br Soe aire the sick and to many saints known as the "spiritual espousal skeptical, to the say the least, and rather

Gioksattmsty of pis ts constantly suffered physical pain. She went for long | then helping St. Joan, he told St 'ioan's Picotaticn s a ca After pee penods with practically no food, save Holy Communion. Despite these physical deprivations, she

Lit | '| cousin to bring the girl h on ; ao fen Ee Pete vas radiantly happy and full of practical wisdom and spiritual insight. Even members of her own

) | h girl home and have proceeded to help St. Joan carry out bar i er whipped. Despite Baudricourt's her mission.

'der who saw her extraordinary personal charm, despite her physical sufferings, teased and ) | | " indignation, the voices persisted in urging

'ormented her. Nonetheless, her spiritual purity and charisma drew followers, both men and | =) women, who flocked to her, united by the bonds of mystical love. She continued to experience all

/P€s of visions, including a series of special manifestations of the Divine mysteries and a | "Olonged ecstasy in which she had a vision of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. During that vision,

— | ~ . j | St. Catherine began to send letterstomenand , ; 5yy ST. BRIDGET OF SWEDEN * WA | | | | women of every walk of life. She entered into \ 2s

—df ; | | | correspondence with many princes and , a ' efore St. Catherine of Siena, another St. Bridget receivedamessage from Mary. hf leaders of Italy and began imploring Pope wt YA 1 . i) be Biystic visionary, St. Bridget of Unless thepope returned toRome, he | , A ; i ~ AUN layed an important role in said, "he will be strucksuch a blow.

.. that | Gregory XI to return to Rome. Upon meeting | Sweden play :

| ! ys ae ing the pope to return to Rome. his teeth will shakein his mouth.

| with Pope Gregory, God miraculously revealed ae urging , fic artel\al fie Uribe .

. to St. Catherine Gregory's secret desire to b \ a i Poe st. Bridget was born in 1303, and after sight will be darkened and all his limbs get '

4 Y coe ' i\ . il a Ah her husband's death, she founded will tremble." St. Bridget sent wordto | yeah iheoFAceitaewes aie :

Ass , re | P the Order of the Most Holy Savior, also BI. Urban, warning him of the messagehd had never, disclosed to any 'human being. iNy Ry called the Brigettines. In 1349 she and telling him to return to Rome. The || | Fulfill what you have promised," she told it 2 Sae S traveled from her home in Sweden to pope, however, did not comply. When — 1) | | him, and the pope knew that she was indeed

' ay" =eB Rome where she founded hospices for Pope BI. Urban reached Avignon, hewas | | | | sent from God (quoted in "Saint Catherine of | ey the poor and needy. stricken with an illness and died within afl |

| Siena, Virgin." taken from Crawley, Lives of the im ji) , ; the year. The prophecy was fulfilled, Saints, 1954) | lim a While St. Bridget was in Rome, Pope [AS Wiee | | a | i) | 3 y BI. Urban V returned to the city from Soon after Gregory XI was elected the a | Amid storms and frightening intrigues, Pope | j > ae ha o< Avignon, and many hoped his stay next pope, St. Bridget received another | | :

Gregory XI returned to Rome on January 17, i .

: he / would be permanent. However, in 1370, vision. This time Mary clearly told her .

| 1377, with the hope of bringing reform and y) -~ / ; he returned to Avignon in order to help that "it is the will ofGod that [thepope]

| \ peace to the Church in Italy. He sent St. CatheDiLr ee intervene in the ongoing negotiations that humbly bring back the Chair of St.Peter — i} . | | rine to Florence hoping that she could negoti- :

) sought an end to the Hundred Years War. to Rome." St. Bridget told bebs eae 1p | | ate peace between some of the Italian princes,

Upon meeting with Pope Gregory XI, St. Catherine reminded him ofa After the pope's departure from Rome, command, buthe remained int to | | but her efforts proved fruitless against the P2"0"! Yow he had made to himself return. Finally, in 1373, St. Bridget sent

| chaotic politics of the Italian city-st : Sher .

> her last letter to Gregory XI in which she | | Semi uhie= Miocene 1 city = ates, one narrowly escaped an attempt on her life. St. Catherine

J warned him sternly. "You must go to Ht | | om Torence to Siena where she rested for some time and dictated her Dialogue, the book

Seemed i. | ee Rome as quickly as you can," she wrote, \| containing her meditations and revelations.

Wey } wee "the sooner you come the more will the | .

In November 1378, St. Catherine was summoned back to Rome ie | irtues and gifts of the Holy Spirit \|! nL oe SS ome by Pope Urban VI. I ; . eet g Maer . the Great Western Schism had broken out, and the pope sought st Cotentnct hel apdaie oreee eee! §— inflame your soul." St. Bridget died that | | i h ; ; = Pee Adeoaak \\ (A WMA same year, but St. Catherine continued | ae engl [| spent the remainder of her life working to reform the ar | ed ove | eo : back to th | be, ant te | Church, serving the destitute mr "NOAA \Weiemeiezwmm her efforts to bring the pope bac e | >) "3 serving the destitute and afflicted, and wnt ?} ; r ; '

/ Yale Bi x eloquent letters in s Seg '

—| i Eternal City, and in 1377, Pope Gregory XI | ad PN pe ae x re $ Insupport of Pope Urban's legitimacy, =oe clean 'finally left Avignon and restored the \| / :

} 9 ; cOnnneH to suffer immense physical pain, and in PAY | ft ela TGie wl = he papacy to Rome.

| "if \ — ' KS Bee er prayers, asked Christ to allow her to bear the A UMS rh 1 f 1} > BN A: punishment for all the sins of the world and to sacrifice yf a+» } \ ™\ | TT | Bay her body for the unity of the Church. She received the at i Mi.

} \|' | hy | | , § @ stigmata, but prayed that it would not show on the 2 a) } 1} | '

. surface of her skin. The marks only became visible after .

1] i | | N | \ her death.

. ck ee a | f ing prolonged and mysterious agony, which she ue Nt oe ee ine miniature depicts St. Bridget witnessing the te ) TS | ore with happiness for three months, St. Catherine of i¢o— —_ v Transubstantiation of the Saitbsipies :

. ah cig es aeh 5 ¥ PS er _ = into the body and bloodof Christ. The saint is seater ~~ ; & nah sen 5 ie Sunday before the Ascension in 1380 po 3 , sh a ral writing desk. In front of her the Eucharist is

| 4 y, = at ; € age of thirty-three. The Stigmata was revealed, '

=) s LY ee ip being celebrated.

Her head is lit by a divine ray Wie | :

» & A and in 1430 he y W. iccovered inc > i i . descends from an open heaven in which the angels eae = Cathe ° her bod 2 viees discovered incorruptible. st : i iy B saints have gathered. The Virgin and Christ impart t | = : euerine was canonized in 1461, and her relics are the =") RE cee the rays which reveal the miracle of the Eucharist iV) 2a | In ie pe cryuiakeg asked Christ toallow herto object of pilgrimages and venerated to this day. Her h Rg ' te Only Bridget is able to see the body of Christ rising

| | Dear the punishment for all the sins of the world and to eas ay is ce \\ | sacrifice her body for ibaa ty of be Chine ake feast day is celebrated on April 29. She is a Doctor o! es | | intense ecstasies, St. Catherine received the wounds of the Church.

| | Christ, the stigmata +} | | eee "

Pl 410 Chapter Eleven —————————— — —<—<———S Soo ——— . i; .

Chapter Eleven 411 | ee fal / a as ee a See oe s . ee —_ = EEE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM

| esi a | ee i Tae | THE WESTERN SCHISM — The Council of Constance was — !

| | the sixteenth Ecumenical Council.

Called by Holy Roman Emperor 1} The jubilation over the pope's return to Rome did not last after the death of Pc Sigismund, the council was held sev "nty years of Fre "h Jomination. the people of Italy desired Itali Pope Gregory XI. After ) ; from November 1414 to April 1418 1) seve y years 0 rencn dominavion, ue peop Cow a y esiréed an talian pope. A mob of Ro . in the Cathedral of Constance.

| ! tired of the Avignon papacy. had invaded the conclave, violently demanding an Itali en | Its main purpose was to end the | | = :

: a The cardinals elected the Italian archbishop of Bari, Bartolomeo Prignano, who chose Oe Pope. i papalpe tat eal asa | .

Urban VI. After the crowd had calmed, these same cardinals confirmed their choice gave 5 name i I ax! deposed, the resignation of Pope | obedience to Urban, sent letters throughout Christendom announcing the election of th Sign of | Gregory XII was accepted, and | They reported to their colle Zoe :

OF the newpo PopeMartin V was elected in 1417, in | 1ey reported to their colleagues at Avignon that they had voted "freely and unanimously" = iabaeh ad plop]eo | | Wigs Mientartavelivial: joel dota then had tna enone ine f his death in 1431, He resided he A he cardinals had thought they had found a docile and malleable candidate for the papacy

\ | in Mantua and Florence before Vi ye but Urban VI turned out to be an inflexible and aggressive reformer, Urban clearly stated that he

$ entsone | would be no return to Avignon; he declared war on every moral abuse, harshly cutee re } The Council also dealt with the i materialistic lifestyle of the worldly cardinals. His overzealous and violent character Ee ue

Salle es OPIEES ; previously favorable opinions of many of his electors. Even St. Catherine, who supported <2 2 , ; tf ope for the remz der of her s atrem

. rye z oe ;, e new " iy .

| Pope for the remainder of her life, attempted to intervene. She pleaded with Urban: "For the love : sy 5) | 25 a' d Py WA of Christ. moderate a little the violent actions to which your nature drives you!" (St Cather 4 ry A | % (8 q mink . '3'p "eG Pp) Q'." ' A s. ro l} | .

| tter to Urhan V) an Z22n ~iv _ he . hi ~ y : a ie «a!

= : os Letter to Urban VI, January 29, 1380). Six months after his election, the French cardinals ret aa if yy yee at "Wg> - , a = As to Avignon and declared that they had invalidly elected Urban out of fear o> | ¥ @,/ sth pia ear and under duress. T} "yrey French Cardinals then voted for the antipope Clement VII in place of Urban VI. The We: i ~?

Cahier hich woilidinnen co oe : es é P schism, which would open gaping wounds in the Church, had begun. si Na @ se Each country of Europe rallied arour © Aum ehaice fan r A > = , ee BORD rope rallied around its own choice for pope. Western Christendom was split y "it "s o two camps Even many saints were confused as to who was the real pope. At a time Whenth

\ ron ne&ec r . hrine tage r } ts ; é n '

\ RS = Hise nee ded to oring together the faithful. division and chaos became the order of the 4 € | Bishops and abbots contested fo Vat Nie pose : am s = dy — aa .

J a cH ie M s ee for the same benefices and monasteries. Church authorities i~\ a Se of : conceded large contro! of ecclesiastical affairs Wee nal igen Pepe

Feat Sper ines DaSae eS Bet astical affairs to secular rulers to gain political support. The I meme ce | absence of strong papal leadership allowed new antipapal heresies, which es a] '

= Conciliarism, Gallicanism, Wycliff xe "ies, which especially included , } oncilansm, Gallicanism, Wycliffeism and Hussitism (the last two of1 hic Wasa "d » . the end of this chapter), to gain followers.

TI the last two of w lich will be discussed near o — untold confusio = 3 Hi Is " cok sree wers. This schism, which lasted for forty years, would result in a a \ Sigismund was Holy Roman : aes by 7 ar sion and a weaker Church and would pave the way for mass defections th A \ Fe eas tne wurdangal sixteenth century as NS in whe Mir He was the third and last Ei German emperor ; { '

1414-1418) with the offer that he would recognize the authority of Constance and would abdicate NSTANCE Saar eee | | | we By 1400. the sit F fthe Council would recognize him as pope. Benedict XIII refused to cooperate with the council, dnd icventl ans aicia a Church seemed hopeless. The schism had lasted twenty-two years ind as a result, he lost most of his support. Gregory's abdication cleared the way for the election

| | c HO Chd Was in Siz it efforts to »colyve the echicm - ~ Lh pees hy ee leieie 77, .

= believe that only a eeneral chur 1 olve the schism had failed. Many within the Church began to {Pope Martin V and an end to the Western Schism. pe SVE lal Ory a general church council could solve ina dile —Boa

, ore a , ; Conciliar Movement and its attendant heresy, C as lve the dilemma. This belief resulted in the Conciliarism would continue in the aftermath of Constance, and regular councils were held to .

Defensor Pacis, the Conciliarists tried t nae sk Re gh Taking its authority from such works as direct the leadership of the Church. The Council of Constance had only succeeded due to the . the papacy and choose a c wihiicateel canis on "il could depose the rival claimants to ipport of Pope Gregory XII, and many of the later councils failed through lack of participation or | | occurred at Pisa, Italy. in 1409. However. ne "a -G first attempt to end the schism in this way uattels between rival groups. Finally, in 1439 at Ferrara-Florence, the popes superiority over a | XII, the antipope, would abdicate. so the Pisa

Faas nas XII, the legitimate pope. nor Benedict general council was established. It was decided that three essential characteristics must be

| | inipope, Alexander V, to replace both of then sis i - posed them both and chose a secon¢ aintained for a council to be valid. First, it must be called by the pope; second, it must be

Benedict, and key European kings. and rather than I lonty of Pisa was rejected by Gregory, presided over by the pope or his legate; finally, its dogmatic decrees are considered valid only if i] RF are nant i she = 45°, alld'

Tather than Naving solved the nrobl!

Se nrerdinainer Heo Alias RaAaH be eke z was merely compounded. There were now tt rag EERE 6 olve d the problem, the predicament ley are accepted and approved by the pope.

7* eae SETI tS LO tne Papacy.

~ £ iC would take another five years to find .4°more last Rots {he authority of the papacy was shaken by its long tenure at Avignon, further still, with more than

H eimund, then in the imperial city of Const ance. dedi 33 i lution. The Holy Roman empero! ty years of schism. The unity of Christendom had been broken, and secular rulers continued to p = forced the Pisan antipope John XXIII to c lisieauncal Vv 6real erforts to achieve Church unit) sominate the Church within thier borders. Though the pope had weathered a great wave of see between France and England as well is the prot . onstance and to resign his posivion ciliarism, the heresy continued to plague much of Europe. At the same time, new threat to the | -ouncl' of Constance. Pope Gregory XI] Sent

= mund were key to the succes: nty of Europe had arrived: the Turks. The Turkish advance in the East would do much to presentative to the Council of Const ge the relations of Church and State in the fifteenth century. ct apter EleverSe es | -- -" = ————— a bel ; $< —

C—O HISTORY OF THE CHURCH j A CENTURY OF SUFFERING: PLAGUE, WAR, AND SCHISM >, i } 'J Ww | | | Tht ad PART V merely general names—in Latin, nomina. Only God guarantees that knowledge of particular eee ie ae consistently correspond to the nomina, which people have falsely assumed to be self- | Decline of Scholastic Phil Ete concepts. From this way of thinking, it follows that moral and religious truths are

| 1 | | osophy eer essible through mere human reason, and can only be known through revelation. This is j i | | oy lematiC since actions can no longer be said to be good or bad by nature. Instead, it is only ii | Hit and Theology : ayse God determines an action to be good or bad that it is morally right or wrong. Religion, he ed, isamystery offaith withnoroom for philosophical discourse. Ockham's philosophy isone

| | 1a] | and the R]se of Here sin roots of the skeptical crisis in metaphysics that finally erupted in the seventeenth century

| SY sa René Descartes and has continued for hundreds of years in moder philosophy.

J a 1. kham was an early critic of Church authority and, with his companion Marsiglio of Padua, Atren as"esee fae a ee: the social stability of the Medieval Period Sead the supreme authority of the state. Since the Church deals with mysteries of Faith and We } Panyenor ees oe war, an hurch divisions created a moral instability tha ihe state works with empirical and therefore sure facts, according to Ockham, the Church should

| <BSssieal enliemn society.

[here were major swings between religious idealism and brutal be subordinate to the authority of the state. As the unity of Christendom faded and nationalistic a!

| . ae movements spread, similar heretical ideas began to appear throughout Europe. Writers such as the | Wh Hie \ Many who were disenchanted with the Church hierarchy became more introverted in their fai

Englishman John Wycliffe and the Bohemian Jan Hus began to attack the authority of the Holy yy |] and increasingly anti-clerical. Some swung to religious extremes, Joining groups such a See and traditional beliefs of the Catholic Church.

| i | ty Flagellants, who thought they could escape divine punishment by scourging themselves Ot Pe Ae dt sought support through superstition and personal mystical experiences. Still others lost shel eat

| } | completely and tumed to Satanic cults and witchcraft, or to orgies of gluttonous sensuality, ae JOHN WYCLIFFE | Economic breakdown f . oui eee 3eis:aaaele The Black Death helped destroy the traditional

John Wyeliffe's popularity in England arose in conjunction with | Sabb iFoneenis: could dais cs _ € bee! following 1350 was a time of extraordinary some of the difficulties posed by the Hundred Years War. The | laborers could demand higher wages in See ing out better land and better opportunity, and Avignon popes were seen as allies of the enemies of England. la | attempted to freeze wages and he featee market. In 1351, the English aristocracy

| and the need for new revenues directed the English crown's a | | fai yarier thai fase attredenne ies : = aie ity by passing the Statute ofLaborers. In 138},

| attention to the wealth of Church lands. John Wycliffe, a pro- — ima | Tyler rebellion: in France: age oh ae ' tyoe a head tax which resulted in the Watt fessor at the University of Oxford, had long beena critic of the . ee | . they had to pay their lords.

Thi ; cars War, French peasants rebelled against a tax temporal practices and material possessions of the Church. He a !

This rebellion, called the Jacquerie (Jacques bei id i iti \ige | ofa French peasant), ravaged th :

: q eing a common name had advocated that the Church should rid itself of all political Tavag € countryside with war as peasants attacked i .

Me | . of desperation. castles and towns out | power and practice strict poverty. "Dominion is founded in grace UW | é / | he claimed, believing that no monks or clergy, not even the Neb

|| | | righteous, could hold temporal possessions without sin. Through \ & He WILLIAM OF OCKHAM | this principle he advocated that it was lawful for the king to seize

Intellectual life of the fourteenth cent BT SIS / | | ury was undergoing subtle ch i } Pit) tance philosophy, which had reached their ieee 8 iabe ESS theologyand

Wycliffe was one of the first pre-Protestant thinkers. In addition | § = V4 WA iMie | anc Bl. John Duns Scotus, were now in decline. Scholasticism became increasi ' chinkqa Ree re eee Be.

A Mt | | point 3 quibbling over insignificancies, and it had lost the rich content aeY eS oe ue theology and claimed that religious knowledge was derived from ; aida | , | caFs once held. Challenges to Scholastic thought arose, and a new deb ah sare aire epee sony anid OL ORL. Bao) Cee eee | | | } | mabse ss s of reason to revelation. The Franciscan friar William of Ockham mas eee tet i, tnation and concluded that the Church did not need the clergy or the Sacraments. Together with \} } :

| esa f the old Scholastic tradition. He attempted to "simplify" theae ae 3 A € Y the renunciation of the priesthood, he attacked the validity of indulgences, and denied man's free

| | be acceais by separating what he claimed could truly be known by swanka Fifi gee that man was completely subjected to the will ofGod. Like many critics of the twelfth

| | | ae sepa' mineee Hates was an intensely religious individual oe Re acces =$ve ae centuries, Wycliffe began with an attack on clerical wealth; but he then went on to yD) * Sophy and theology.

His guidi set pute the authori i its I believe in God. the Fatherer ie guiding philosophical principle was a theological tenet

A ority of the Church and, finally, he stnERSE its sacramental system.

| ans epee PRPS ; ; pular support among the upper classes for Wycliffe's ideas began to wane after the Peasants ) | almighty, must be die'a as his philosophical foundation, Ockham concluded that God, if he is

'volt of 1361. Many nobles feared that Wycliffe's attack on the authority of the Church would find | taushethat the Hirne HY and direct reason why things are true or false. Ockham's "nominalism' sae in the relationship between the peasants and the aristocracy or king. The Lollards, those

| i here." UniversalaeBe only know individual, sensible objects such as "this textbook nght emma Wiyclife's ideas in thelare: fourteen and! Alten: CRISS ae | ) , such as "what j at a rotest i i i | | what It means to be a textbook in general") are not concepts antism in England during the sixteenth. century,

| Hl | | A i ) | ———— a | 414 Chapter Eleven —————— eee ——— -- | OO Soest iat ee ee EE eee —ullll LAA — Wycliffe's ideas had even more popularity in the kingdom of Bohemia. The Czechs were

| j | dominated by the HolyRoman Empire, and they found in Wycliffe s anti-clerical principles aletter by Petrarch to his brother Benniface VIII, Unar | a vehicle through which to separate themselves from their German overlords, As = From he Plague November 1é nationalism grew in Bohemia, the population tended towards heresy. Jan Hus, rector of the | about the lagu nae prt alan eae University of Prague, adopted many of Wycliffe's ideas in his attempts to reform the Alas! My beloved brother, what shall say?a at ae. eee Church in Bohemia. The ecclesiastical authorities of Bohemia owned about half the land

How shall | begin? Whither shall T turn?Onall mete DeORS ea and the peasantry resented the heavy tax burden and corruption among the established sides is SOITOW, everywhere is fear. Would,

.eS onstituting but clergy. At first, Hus was supported by the king and the clergy as a reformer, but he lost my brother, that I had never been born,or, at can ne-cessarily t > but one k that support as he moved from reform into heresy. least, had died before these mee How will t ee dis; JesusChrist; the visib Like Wycliffe, Hus attacked the abuses of the clergy and the posterityeeNeecratese i aae s 7 apr authority of the Church. He proclaimed the supremacy of when, without ne mersor other visible int =Chirch= ie ane eon private judgment over Church pronouncements and advofires of earth,aeee art of the earth, but anes eo a : cated the free interpretation of the Bible. He denied the Ssaetien h eS eee Beals oe aeery Se | authority of tradition, attacked the veneration of relics and well leh ite ae meeeitthe Cheeni othe Saeed rejected the existence of Purgatory. While rejecting many without inhabitants. tenn oral poreoa ar of the Sacraments, he advocated Communion under both

When has any such thing ever been heard or oaesee RRERS ese species, but denied Transubstantiation. He was the spiritual seen? In what annals has it ever been read isreaverng tinea Seeieelse re raat precursor to Martin Luther, arguing that Faith alone, apart that houses were left vacant, cities deserted,

Fargepeat crc KF from good works, is the means of salvation. the countryside neglected, the fields too small aenere oresee=Hoe SS Nias gn

=p 'oi d, and a fearful and universal tS Prescribed COURSE: eee ee Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund had pushed the Council of Ae ae the whole earth? Consul duty of the spiritual torecall it to its tr Constance to resolve the crisis of the Western Schism. Hus golds sree oe OS ae one duty. It is of fa se epiat a aea | being excommunicated, was granted a pass of safe conduct your historias.) a ee are subject tetheigo se Hfonyee by Sigismund to plead his case in Constance. There Hus was doctors, they, abe dura seck angos not subject+a the Cerathe Chita imprisoned and brought to trial for heresy. The council was your philosephers, ey shrug thels shouleey h th sin.inee se. fF the This monument to Jan Hus stands in not anxious to execute H d th and frown, and with their fingers on their lips

WRENCYSE ey. ruebw acces. the city of Prague, Czechoslovakia = € Mus, and they encouraged him to bid be silent power committedto them, they would, as ¢ admit his errors and recant. With full knowledge of the consee a see consequence, be out of the Chur *h, an sequences, Hus refused to accept the judgment of the Council and was tragically burned at Will posterity ever believe these things when the two powers would be essentiz lv distin

| the stake on July 6, 1415. National strife continued in Bohemia after the death of Hus, who we, who see, can scarcely credit them? We having, in that cane their o soir 6 iE came to be revered as a martyr for the Czech national cause. Churches were bummed and should think we were dreaming if we did not different and opposite principlesSane priests killed during the Husite wars, and the conflict would not be resolved until the Thirt see with our eyes, when walking abroad, the tf: d'from the' ares ORE Years War of the seventeenth centu y ity i i not laf TEMOVEG TOUUMS BStS aes ry. city in mourning with funerals, and returning to Manicheane | CON our home, find it empty, and thus know that CLUSION what we lament is real.

John Paul II, Ut Unum Sint,6 The tragedies of the fourteenth centu Oh. happy people of the future, who have not :

Pee oa Ee ry make a powerful ; Sus ; The unity of all divided humanity isthe will of | Papacy as an indispensable means of unity andlsenoapobre: fithhee mown these (tisches ieoe God. For this reasonhe senthis Son, scBel

| Without the clear supernatural leadership of the pope, the I G ie gi cot testiony Wi ie eeee by dying and rising forushe m ght bestov OF sheep without a shepherd. A firmly established

. the people of God become like indeed, deserved these and even greater the Spirit of love. On the eve OP RISaeInE . papacy devoid of temporal concerns : us the Spiritof love.

On the eve of his sacrifice | would likely have effected a differe ; ; punishments; but our forefathers also have J oa <= aa Giseche Heer nt outcome of this sad chapter in the history of the served tie ced hone on the Cross, Jesus himselfprayed to the nu ory.

The ultimate consequence to this papal crisis was the defecti f - and may our posterity also not Father for his disciples and forallthose who millions to the Protestant cause in the six

, anus merit the same. li in him, that th i e one, a livi along with the Middle Ages--end ixteenth century. Still, as the fourteenth century— believe in him, that theymight be one, a living | Wiekieon! testa Vite nagea= the fifteenth century ushered a new era into the communion.

This is the basis not only of the | emergence of new ideas, the bene were in the midst of great transition with the duty, but alsothe responsibility before God a meamocecl ks wat as See of powerful new nation-states, and the discovery of and his plan, which falls to those,who throug

| eee Piosive time of great intellectual, scientific, and artistic Baptism become members of the Body ~ ement. The new learning and intellectual f Chri é f Se | new challenges, but it also opened the 4 €ctual framework confronted the Church with of C st. a body in which the fullness of | thie timeoethe Rensiesarce € door for wonderful, much needed growth. It was reconciliation and communion must be :

416 Chapter Eleven epee eee EEE Chapter Elever re" oe ———— = HISTORY OF THE CHURCH - A CENTURY OF SUFFERING VOCABULARY | | STUDY QUESTIONS :

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY of good works in salvation. It was especially 1, How did Pope St. Celestine V contrib Ite 14. What were the t ttl The seventy years (1305-1377) the papacy popular in Bohemia. y | ' vo the problems of the Avignon papacy Hundred Year | spent in Avignon under the watchful eye of JACQUERIE | and the Western Schism? fe: yeSe eee Rebellion of French peasants who opposed

| 5. pope Boniface VIII declared the first "to the French?

BLACK PLAGUE a the taxes forced upon them during the .

: jubilee Year in 1300. Atthe processionhe = Known commonly as "The Black Death," this Hundred Years War. The name comes from d two swords. What did they __-:16,Describe St.

Catherine's s deadly epidemic broke out in Europe around the traditional name of a French peasant.

| oe 2 ; «aa ee the year 1347, decimating the population.

NOMINALISM represen _ 17, Whatis the Western Schis:

The disease took on three forms: The bubonic Put forth by William of Ockham, this th 3, What did Philip the Fair wantthat 18, Hos did thecoceulatereoete pREUE, SornCu Eas UIs Nea taught that the human mind can onl nea "instigated a struggle with the papacy?

We oe ae ee infested rats, was characterized by swelling das ; Y know _ POPES: PEGE eS < individual, sensible objects, and that universal

; ic Dat faithful? lymph glands and black patches on the skin; ideas, like truth, goodness, and h 4, What did Clericis laicos by Pope pe oe the pneumonic plague spread quickly through' = ootee ee Only G eeeFe

19. How did theCouncilof Constance coughing and sneezing and was more deadly hat indivichial a.

Linly Nod guarantees Sandie eae SatoPy than the bubonic; the septicemic plague was ry a ee ng Ce es properly and 5. What did Pope Boniface assert in va aeete ation OF Ue po the deadliest form, infecting the blood stream

See: eeeeeae nomina, which Unam Sanctam?

When was conciliarism definitive! and killing its victims the most quickly. peel fe SresS be be selfSe. def sated? ss generated concepts. From this way ofthinking

6. How did the Babylonian Captivity catec CLERICIS LAICOS pi it follows that moral and religious truths are | compromise the papacy and the Church?

Whowerethe Flagellants, and he i Written by Pope Boniface VIII to King Philip inaccessible through mere human reason, and ' people esperatoners bs Fairi se ilegiewees that kings can only be known through revelation.

7, Define Gallicanism.

Raean ae id not have the right to tax clergy without > \\hat did the Statute ofLaborers do? permission from the pope. Philp respbnited

PEACE AND TRUCE OF GOD 8. What changed the demographic and 22. Whatdidthe Statute of Laborers d by cutting off all French shipments of gold,

Principle which, for much of the Middle Ages, | economic outlook of the thirteenth and 23. What was the WattTyler rebellion?

| silver. and jewels to Italy. The loss of Church kept European kings at peace by recognizinga fourteenth centuries? aeRao vs revenues from this action forced Boniface common unity in Faith between European po, 24. Of whatwas William ofOckham critical? for bencke donor: peoples who otherwise did not share common

9. How many people died in Europe from i CONCILIARISM nationalities or customs. the Black Death?

25. What was John Wyc Nycffe's Di 'ofession?

Movement which supported the power of a SPIRITUAL ESPOUSAL 10. How did the Black Death affect society?

26. What did Wycliffe criticize? council to appoint a candidate for the papacy, These "Mystical Marriages" were experienced

= a ar. aliFFe thus placing a council's authority over that of by a number of great saints, most notably 11. How did the Black Plague affect 27. What Englishmovement used Wyclif '= the pope.

St. Catherine of Siena. They occur when Christ anti-Semitism? as a basis for their critici sm of the Cht rch? takes a soul as his bride, leading it t . 2 oe DEFENSOR PACIS (DEFENDER OF PEACE) increase of charity and familiact SatChrist

12. How did the English king come to govern 28. In what empire did John Hus ve?

| Written by Marsiglio of Padua, a former rector | a large section of western France?

Se of the University of Paris, this book made the UNAM SANCTAM 29. What did Hus criticize? first clear assertion of the supremacy of secular

Letter written by Pope Boniface claiming that 13. How did the English convince Flanders | powers over the Church. He declared that the in order to save his or her soul, every human

(modern day Belgium) to align itself with faithful were the true authority of the Church. being — including the king — must be subject to England and not France?

GALLICANISM the pope. King Philip responded by calling his | | The idea that the French Roman Catholic own national council, the Estates General, to clergy favored the restriction of Papal contro]

Peneterane cape seits iad and the achievement by each nation of WYCLIFFEISM | individual administrative autonomy.

Heretical movement founded by John Wycliffe | | HUSITISM which held that authority to rule depends on | Movement started by Jan Hus which deni moral virtue; the Bible alone contains all divine

| | the authority of tradition, the ayaa rere preaching is more important Fam | | Purgatory, transubstantiati ihe, € sacraments or the Mass, and the pope has

| gece eect Hation, and the necessity no primacy of jurisdiction.

| 418 Chapter Eleven SS.. e.g HISTORY OF THE CHURCH A CENTURY OF S UF FERI ey PRACTICAL EXERCISES ; Bi FROM THE CATECHISM co

| | ss 1. St. Joan of Arc and St. Catherine of Siena tomorrow? In a few paragraphs, describe 21 Certain things are required in order to are too very different saints. Explain how day in which, upon waking, a third ofyour espond adequately to this call: give due honor to | the lives of these two great women reflect the town or city vanished. i speneneri renewal of the Churchin who are-charge r = i multifaceted role of women in fourteenth

3. How:did: both the Au = h ation: such renewal and, insofar as it is deserv EF sr . vignon c :

A rer fidelity to her voc ' bahhee Tey eae century society. What were each saints great Hundred Years War reflect achaoi a ne driving-force of the movement toward andgood-will accomplishments? How did they serve God? aay hy sense ist Rasa ete | easy of social identity in western Europeans? nity (cf. UR 6); a Berle icc nt as >> rile ese agi:

Throughout the his conversion ofheartas the faithful "tryto ~ Church's 1 i eee .

Throughout the history of the Church, a conve the Gospel"

Cabeactiied tata 2. The Black Plague killed nearly a third of the many heresies have threatened the Fai . jive holier lives according to the Gosp'

< authorities population of Europe. In your town or city, Why were the writings of the thiek hereti | (UR7 § 3); for it is the unfaithfulness of the | "Grant to them, Lord how would life change if a third of its citizens, described in this chapter so influential?

| members to Christ's gift which causes 'CORSOO EE rere from every section of society, disappeared f divisions: exercise without offense | — prayer in common, because "change of you eee -=i wate heart and holiness of life, along with public e ie= marek peices . and private prayer for the unity ofream os ° bapa gsee ="

FROM THE CATECHISM should be regarded as the soul of the whole ikes eee ble ecumenical movement, and merits the name leaning UCSere Hs 'spiritual ecumenism'" (UR 8 § 1); that byes ereoe ge | 815 What are these bonds of unity? Above Where there are sins, there are also _ fraternal knowledge ofeach other (cf. UR 9); andpanaage ae all, charity binds everything together in divisions, schisms, heresies, and disputes.

— ecumenical formation of the faithful and Bieemie rae ee Sotoe e ss & a t cs perfect harmony" (Col 3:14). But the unity of Where there is virtue, however, there also

| especially of priests (cf. UR 10); (St.

¢ eee nt of Rome, Ad Cor.

¢ the pilgrim Church is also assured by visible are harmony and unity, from which arise ~ dialogue among theologians and meetings 198-200). bonds of communion: the one heart and one soul of all believers among Christians of the different churches

2089 Incredulity the neglect of revealec | — profession of one faith received from the (Origen, Hom. in Ezech. 9, 1: PG 13, 732). and communities (cf. UR 4; 9: 11); truth or the willful refusal to assent to i Apostles; ; pea

EE Se "Chri i — collaboration among Christians in various Heresy is the obstinate post-baptismal dena —common celebration of divine worship, apetebe eena pane ie ofene to maniind (cf. UR 12). ofsome truth whichmust bebelieved with Bae Pee Seana subsists in the Catholic Church as something

"Human service" is the idiomatic phrase. divine andcatholic faith, or it is likewise an — apostolic succession through the sacrament she can never lose, and we hope that it will obstinate doubt concerning the same: ap ostas of Holy Orders, maintaining the fraternal

Gonbiniis teinswaelt aq 5a 822 Concern for achieving unity "involves is the total repudiationof he Christic n faith; concord of God's family (cf. UR 2: LG 14:

(UR 4 § 3). Christ always 'eae fe chaes h the whole Church, faithful and clergy alike" schism is the refusal of sub missiontothe CIC, can. 205). gift of unity but the fa aa? meet ebesb (UR 5). But we must realize "that this holy

Roman Pontiff or of commun on with mA Hl hg cee ay marae objective —the reconciliation of all Christians the members of the Church subject to him"

In fact, "in this one and only Church of and work to maintain, reinforce, and perfect in the unity 'of the one arid @rlae Ghia

God from its very beginnings there arose the unity that Christ wills for her. This is ist ease human a and gifts."

(CG cat oe certain rifts, which the Apostle strongly why Jesus himself prayed at the hour of his That is why we place all our hope "inthe j 2238 Those subjectto auth ority should | censures as damnable. But in subsequent Passion, and does not cease praying to his

| prayer of Christ for the Church, in the love regard those in authorityas representatives | centuries much more serious dissensions Father, for the unity of his disciples: "That they of the Father for us, and in th ower of the of God, who has made them stewards of his

| | appeared and large communities became ney al be one. As you, Father, are in me and Holy Spirit" (UR 24§ 2) aia gifts (cf. Rom 13: 1-2): "Besubject for the | | separated from full communion with the [am in you, may they also be one in us....

Lord's sake to every human institution... Live Catholic Church—for which, often enough, So that the world may know that you have as free men, yet withoutusing: Our Freedom

| men of both sides were to blame" (UR 3 § 1). sent me" (Jn 17:21; cf. Heb 7:25). The desire | ee pretext for evil: but live asservants oF | | se muptures that wound the unity of Christ's

_{© "€cover the unity of all Christians is a gift of God' (1 Pt 2:13, 16).Their loyal colene Body —here we must distinguish heresy, Christ and a call of the Holy Spirit (cf. UR 1). chides Ga i fig dat Henke the-duny een | apostasy, and schism (cf. CIC, can. 751) — sae ae eS ee a ae ae € thai eaeee do not occur without human sin:

| voice their just criticisms 0 that whae harmful to the dignity ofpersons and to the | | good of the community.

Seem f/ = - 420 Chapter Eleven S$.

$$ | ——=—————— — ~——_—— — —— = —— ee = = a — HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM THE CATECHISM continued .

: he Renaissance | 2244 Every institution is inspired, at least seek their criteria and goal in themselves or mI ; =' from which it derives the point of reference they do not admit that one can defend as + fa Nee pee ite hierarchyof values its \biective criterion« : a .

Ba aot Pe ase ak tenses te to thehnsclver tceae This movement of intellectual re-birth created Sei aiel gunk rae ee GE as Kistory thone (cfChe new challenges for the Gburch.

| cblecdnat chad dciyircaa -2aaS-The Chichi, boca ae eee Gt also initiated.needed'growth and,reform | moliical authrdes to measure thet jaderoents.

«Mati Sty with the politcal caleenaam imbuedwith Cesus strength.

God and man tran scendent character of the human person Oy) fe . ha an "ee "4 ee, B < oe yee Be . i a ma td } ; m, ; ) .

=. a 'a ad 7 Ay a yh r ity oF». —"

: re , ° At > eae Pe i .

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