3.3 Letter toWicthed

3.3 Letter toWicthed

APPENDIX 3.3: LETTER TO WICTHED

Translator'snote:This letter was evidently a response to a query raised by Bede's discussion of the equinox and the leap-year day in The Reckoning of Time. Its close connection to The Reckoning of Time is revealed by the manuscripts; except when it is included in a collection of Bede's letters, the LettertoWicthed always accompanies The Reckoningof Time. Occasionally it is incorporated into the text of The Reckoningof Time.1

At various points in The Reckoning of Time, Bede insists that the spring equinox falls on 21 March, and cites Anatolius as his authority.

However, the text of Anatolius which he and his readers held to be authentic clearly stated that the equinox was on 22 March. In this letter,

Bede explains that the equinox can fall on 22 March in the ¢nal year or two of the leap-year cycle, but that this should not inhibit Christians from celebrating Easter on that date.

The date of composition is unknown, but since it follows The Reckoning of Time, and is found in the autobio-bibliography in HE, it must have been written between 725 and 731.

LETTER TO WICTHED

/635/ To his most reverend and holy brother Wicthed, priest, Bede [sends] longed-for greeting in the Lord.

1. Beloved brother in Christ, I gladly received the letters of your benevolence, and I made haste to copy out promptly the chapters which you requested and to send them toyou, recalling the friendliness and kindness with which you received me when I came thither.2 But now I have undertaken to explain at greater length that justly famous question about the Ecclesiastical History [of Eusebius] which you asked me when I was with you, and to which I then replied brie£y, as I was able. This concerns the spring equinox, which in the aforementioned book the most reverend

1 Jones, BOT 138^139.

2 The location of Wicthed's monastery is not known, but Bede evidently visited there.

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Bishop Anatolius is held to have placed on the 11th kalends of April [22 March],3 although the other masters of the Egyptians decreed that it should rather be placed on the 12th kalends of the same month [21

March]. For the holy Proterius, bishop of the church of Alexandria, writing to the most blessed Pope Leo on the subject of Easter, says: The equinox is plainly identi¢ed according to the course of the Sun as the 25th day of [the Egyptian month] Phamenoth, which is the 12th kalends of April [21 March]. But we should not start the ¢rst month according to the Moon straightaway from this equinox, though in all other respects the course of the Moon ought to harmonize with the cycle of the Sun.4 St Cyril, prelate of the same church, also said: For the Sun itself terminates in land and sea at the close of the day, and at the beginning of the day is unveiled in like manner, and the Sun ¢nishes the course of the whole year on the 12th kalends of April.5

2. For this reason Anatolius disturbs you, just as he disturbs other scholars, when he writes, in contradiction to the Egyptian teachers (although he is by birth and education an Egyptian) that the equinox is wont to occur on the 11th kalends of April [22 March], saying: Therefore in the ¢rst year, which is the beginning of the nineteen-year cycle, the beginning of the ¢rst month, according to the Egyptians, /636/ is the 26th day of the month Phamenoth; according to the Macedonians the 22nd day of the month of Dystros; and according to the Romans the 11th kalends of April [22 March]. On this day the Sun is found not only to have climbed up to the ¢rst part, but to have in that day a quarter, that is, in the ¢rst of twelve parts. For this little part [particula] is the spring equinox, and it is the beginning of months and the starting-point of the cycle and the completion of the course of the stars called ''planets'' (that is,

''wandering'') and the end of the twelfth little part is the close of the whole cycle.6

3. But I think that it is possible to demonstrate by a very simple reckoning that he is not opposed to the other teachers of Egypt and the East on this

3 Anatolius 2, as cited in Ru¢nus' trans. of Eusebius, HE 7.32.14 (723.10^14). Cf.

The Reckoning of Time, ch. 14.

4 Proterius, Ep. ad Leonem 8, ed. Krusch, Studien I, 276^277.

5 Ep. Cyrilli, ed. Krusch, Studien I, 346.

6 Anatolius 2, as cited in Ru¢nus' trans. of Eusebius, HE 7.32.14^15 (723.10^19).

APPENDIX THREE

point. For the calculation of the quarter-day which is called bissextus is made so that the Sun reaches the equinoctial point of its cycle in the zodiac now at dawn, now at noon, now at sunset, and now in the middle of the night.7 And whenever the equinox happens at dawn or at midday, it is on the 12th kalends of April [21 March], and when it happens at sunset or midnight, it pertains to the 11th kalends of April [22 March].

For it is beyond dispute that the entire night on which our Lord rose from the dead is moved forward to the time of the following day, and not placed with the preceding [day].8

4. Therefore Anatolius prudently does not forbid Easter to be celebrated on the 11th, but rather before the 11th kalends of April [22 March], for immediately after those statements of his which we set down [above], he adds: And so we declare that those who think that Easter ought to be celebrated before the beginning of the new year commit no small o¡ence.9 So he does not say that it is forbidden to celebrate Easter on that beginning which is the equinox, but rather before that beginning of the new year, since he himself in the same book assiduously a⁄rms, from the writings of ancient and modern Fathers alike, that Easter cannot happen before the equinox has passed. For he is his own witness when he writes that he indicates not the earliest time of the seat of the equinox, but the latest, after which, he knew, the celebration of Easter could begin. For although

Easter Sunday can fall on the 11th kalends of April [22 March] in the second or third year after the leap year, /637/ it is nevertheless agreed that the Paschal season begins with the equinox. For its ceremonies are partly celebrated in the beginning of the night, although no one doubts that the equinox can take place in the middle [of that night] or even at the beginning [of the day], because undoubtedly the hour of the Lord's

Resurrection is rightly to be celebrated at dawn.

5. And so that you may plainly observe that Anatolius writes speci¢cally about an evening equinox, after which Easter can begin, and that he regards the 11th kalends of April [22 March] according to the rule [regulariter], notice what he adds in the following, [drawn] from the opinion of the ancient Fathers: For since there are two equinoxes, spring and 7 Cf. Victor of Capua, De pascha 2 (297).

8 Cf. The Reckoning of Time, chs. 5, 6, 71.

9 Anatolius 2, as cited in Ru¢nus' trans. of Eusebius, HE 7.35.15 (723.19^21).

THE RECKONING OF TIME

autumn, separated by equal lengths [of time], and since the solemnity is prescribed for the fourteenth day of the ¢rst month, when the Moon is detected in the region opposite the Sun after sunset, as can be veri¢ed with the eyes, the Sun is without doubt found reaching the position of the spring equinox, and the Moon, the autumn [equinox].10

6. Is it any wonder that he says that the equinox happens on the 11th kalends of April [22 March]? After all, when he speaks about this hour, he declares that in the evening when the Sun sets, the Moon on the other hand begins to rise, while at the same time it is understood that he said that the equinoxes of spring and autumn are separated by equal lengths

[of time]. So it follows that we should compute half a year from equinox to equinox, and that the autumn [equinox] is ¢xed on the 13th kalends of October [19 September], separated from the spring equinox by 182 days. Inspection of the sundial demonstrates this, especially since

[Anatolius] adduces this perfectly equal separation of the year between the equinoxes in the words of the ancient and most learned doctor Aristobolus, who was one of those famous Seventy Translators of Holy Scripture.11 /638/ The same Anatolius says: On this day the Sun is found not only to have climbed up to the ¢rst part, but to have in that day a quarter, that is, in the ¢rst of twelve parts. The twelve parts denote the twelve signs of the zodiac, each of which holds the Sun for thirty days and a few hours longer. Here Maro says, on the same subject: thus the golden Sun holds sway over the sphere, divided into ¢xed sections, by the twelve stars.12

7. The ¢rst of these parts begins according to nature [iuxta naturam] from the place of the spring equinox. This ¢rst of twelve [parts] is the spring equinox, because without doubt the beginning of this part (that is, where the Sun was positioned at the beginning [of the world]) contains the equinox itself.13 [Anatolius] correctly stated by way of preface that ''the Sun on that day not only climbs to the ¢rst part but also already has a quarter on that same day'', because whenever the equinoctial time according to the aforementioned calculation falls on 10 Ibid. 7.32.18 (725.10^14).

11 Ibid. 7.32.17 (725.8).

12 Vergil, Georgics 1.231^232. Bede quotes the same passage in The Reckoning of Time, ch. 16.

13 Cf. The Reckoning of Time, ch. 6.

APPENDIX THREE

the 11th kalends of April [22 March], then at that same moment of time the fourth part of the day which ought to accrue annually is recognized to be complete according to nature [secundam naturam].

For when the equinox falls on the 11th kalends [22 March], then the quarter-day is ¢nished on the very same day, and in the same equinoctial hour. We add it thus according to nature, because according to human custom, it is [added] at various times of the year, as it pleases each people to insert it. But according to natural computation [naturalis . . . rationis] it is to be added at the completion of the solar cycle.

Cyril also indicates this in that statement which we cited above, saying: And the Sun ¢nishes the course of the whole year on the 12th kalends of April [21 March].14

8. And should someone perhaps object that we have not [respected] what Anatolius himself /639/ understood in this statement, I wish to add what the learned Victor, bishop of the city of Capua, wrote on the subject of the parts and of the equinox: The celestial circle, through which the Sun and Moon and the stars called planets are borne with their proper motion, against the impulse of the whole heaven,15 is divided into twelve parts according to the judgement of wisdom. These are completed in 365 days, in which sum of time the year is completed. When the Sun regains the beginning of the ¢rst part of the aforementioned circle, the year begins, and this happens from the 12th kalends of April [21 March] to the 11th [22 March]. [The equinox] is ascertained to take place at evening, sometimes at night, and occasionally on the day of 11th kalends of April [22 March] itself. On the 25th or 26th day of the month of March according to the Alexandrians16 ^ that is, according to the Latins, the 12th or 11th kalends of April ^ the beginning of the ¢rst month according to the course of the Sun takes place. Lest anyone wish to accuse us of inconsistency because we do not de¢ne the day of the ¢rst month, using (so to speak) the ambiguous phrases of a waverer, let this fault- ¢nder, or rather, inquisitor know that the most skilful and very subtle investigation of the Egyptians teaches that the ¢rst hour of the latter day

14 Cf. n. 5 above.

15 For explanation, see The Reckoning of Time, ch. 34, n. 298.

16 Victor means, of course, the Egyptian month corresponding to March, i.e. Phamenoth, not the Roman month of March: 25/26 Phamenoth = 21/22 March (cf. Reckoning ofTime, ch.11).This is a rather unfortunate expression, because it might suggest that Victor supported the 25 March equinox.

THE RECKONING OF TIME

begins in the seventh hour of the day.17 And although the 25th day of March18 is the 12th kalends of April [21 March], if the Sun lights up the space of the ¢rst part on the evening of the same day, it is already ascribed tothe26th day, as we said, followingthe subtle andwithoutdoubt probable

Egyptiantradition. And a little later he says:Therefore ifthe14thMoonis found, with the Sun established inthe¢rst partof itscycle, it is rightlyto be assigned to the ¢rst month. But if the 14th Moon should have shone forth with the full light of its orb before the Sun has reached the aforementioned

¢rst part of its cycle, it is considered to belong to the [preceding] twelfth month. And therefore every time this happens, the solemnity of Easter is postponed until the next full Moon, which must take place while the Sun is still established in the ¢rst part of the twelve parts of the circle.19 It has pleased us to include these words of the blessed Victor, /640/ seeing that the statement of the holy father Anatolius, which in his own work on Easter and in the Ecclesiastical History is, for many people, obscure, may through his statement be rendered more clear to you.

9. But it should not be overlooked that there are those who contend that Anatolius did not write ''the 11th'' but ''the 8th kalends of April'' [25

March]. They say that Eusebius, when he quoted this statement in the Ecclesiastical History, substituted the former date for the latter. He saw that the rest was well and philosophically said, and so he wished to correct one word which he perceived had been expressed less perfectly, lest by introducing into his histories what [Anatolius] originally said, he openly expose to ridicule a man whom he was disposed to praise. But it would be astounding if Eusebius, a writer circumspect in word and meaning, had been so eager to praise others as to pretend that they had said things which they did not say when he excerpted their writings, and yet not be afraidthathewouldbecriticizedwhenhisreaderscameuponthecomplete works of these men, and took umbrage that what he himself had taken from these men was found to be otherwise in his authorities. It would be astounding had such an imposture escaped the notice of Victor, whose statement we have quoted above, a man of equally exceptional learning

17 This is a somewhat obtuse way of saying that in the second year of the 4-year leap-year cycle, the Sun will reach the equinoctial point one quarter of a day, or 6 hours, later than it did in the previous year.

18 See n. 16 above.

19 Victor of Capua, De pascha 2^4 (297).

APPENDIX THREE

who,writingaboutEasterinanotherwork,insertedthissamestatementof Anatolius from the Ecclesiastical History,20 adopting it, so to speak, as justly praiseworthy and memorable, when it might readily have been refuted. And he himself wrote ''11th kalends of April'' and not 8th.21

10. But it is also to be wondered why Dionysius, surnamed Exiguus, a man outstanding in knowledge, would have pressed into service in his letters on Easter the support of Anatolius from the Ecclesiastical

History, if he thought his statements had been falsi¢ed. The watchfulness of one who was very expert in the Greek language would make it impossible to conceal from him how these [statements] had ¢rst been published:

Butbecausethismonth,whenceitstartsorwhereitends,/641/couldnotbe inferred there, that is, in the writings of Moses, the aforementioned 318 venerable bishops,22 investigating in a resourceful manner the observance of ancient custom, and what was handed down thence by holy Moses, as is recounted in the seventh book of the Ecclesiastical History, stated that a new Moon from the 8th ides of March [8 March] up to the nones of April

[5 April] de¢nes the beginning of the ¢rst month, and the fourteenth Moon should be skilfully sought for from the 12th kalends of April [21

March] up to the 14th kalends of May [18 April].23

11. Therefore it seems likely that Eusebius faithfully inserted into his histories what he found in the Greek authority. But that same treatise by Anatolius afterwards became corrupted in certain Latin exemplars, by whose considerable fraud those who did not know the true time of Easter would eagerly desire to defend their erroneous observance with the authority of so great a Father. But they who prefer to think that Eusebius emendedonesentence,ratherthanthatcertainothersfalsi¢edallofAnatolius,enquirehowitcouldbewritteninthesametreatise:Butisitanywonder that they errabout the 21st Moon, who add three days beforethe equinox in which, they proclaim, the Pasch can be sacri¢ced, which surely is utterly absurd?24 To them it ought to be replied that Anatolius could have known

20 What ''other work'' byVictor Bede might be referring to is not clear. No quotation from Anatolius is found in the fragments of De pascha printed in Spicilegium Solesmense.

21 See quotation in section 8 above. Cf. The Reckoning of Time, ch. 14.

22 I.e. the Council of Nicaea.

23 Dionysius Exiguus, Ep. ad Petronium, ed. Krusch, Studien II, 65.

24 Ps.-Anatolius 6 (321).

THE RECKONING OF TIME

many who believed one thing or another about Easter, but of which we, however, have no knowledge. On the contrary, they should be asked how it could be written in the same treatise: Inthe¢rst year, the beginningofthe

¢rst month, which is the beginning of the 19-year cycle according to the Egyptians, isthe 26th day ofthe monthPhamenoth, accordingtothe Macedonians the 22nd day of the month Dystros, and according to the Romans the 8th kalends of April [25 March], when the 26th day of the Egyptian month Phamenoth and the 22nd day of the Macedonian month Dystros are not the 8th kalends of April [25 March] but the 11th kalends of April

[21 March]. /642/ When the person who changed the 8th kalends of April to the 11th kalends forgot to change the dates of the Greek and Egyptian months, but left them as they were because they were less familiar, and changed only that which was evident to himself and his [readers], does it not seem highly probable that the statement could be falsi¢ed?

12. Let those who can read Anatolius in Greek see which of these is more true. Indeed, if Eusebius altered one statement, or if someone else altered the entire treatise from its [original] state, it nevertheless remains beyond doubt, although great numbers of ancient [authorities] a⁄rm [it], that the equinox cannot be found on the 8th kalends of April [25 March], which is proved both by inspecting the sundial and by transparent reasoning.25

The rule of ecclesiastical observance, which is con¢rmed both by the edicts of the Fathers of old and more clearly by the Nicene Council, is that Easter Sunday is to be sought from the 11th kalends of April [22 March] to the 8th kalends of May [25 April]. Indeed the rule of catholic instruction prescribed that Easter should not be celebrated before the spring equinox has passed. Whoever thinks that the 8th kalends of April [25 March] is the equinox is either obliged to state that it is licit for Easter to be celebrated before the equinox, or to deny that it is licit for Easter to be celebrated before the 8th kalends of April. Also, he will con¢rm that the Passover which our Lord kept with His disciples either was not on the 9th kalends of April [24 March],26 or was before the equinox.

Beloved brother, may you always fare well in the Lord.

25 Cf. The Reckoning of Time, ch. 30.

26 Given Bede's rejection of 25 March as a possible date for the historic Good Friday (cf. The Reckoning of Time, chs. 47 and 61), it is curious that he should invoke it here as evidence for the 21 March equinox.

APPENDIX 4: A NOTE ON THE TERM COMPUTUS

The word computus, whatever meaning is assigned to it, is post-classical; classical Latin prefers computatio. The Oxford Latin Dictionary de¢nes computare (383) as primarily a mathematical or counting term, though it also has an extended or metaphorical sense of ''to work out (a problem etc.)'' which links it to some of the possible connotations of ratio (see Introduction, section 2). The earliest use of computus in connection with time seems to have been astrological, e.g. Firmicius

Maternus 1.12, which may be another reason for its slow adoption as a term for Christian time-reckoning. For the most part, Bede uses computus only in its broader mathematical sense of ''calculation'', e.g. in the title of ch. 1 of Reckoning of Time, De computo uel loquela digitorum, though he certainly uses computare in the narrower sense of time-reckoning: e.g. in the same chapter, computando seriem temporum

(268.6^7). On only one occasion does he use the term to refer to a work on Easter-reckoning, and that is in ch.66, s.a. 4338, where he notes that Theophilus ''wrote his Paschal computus'' (paschalem compotum scribit). However, a volume containing calendar tables, texts and rules is referred to as a computus by Bede's younger contemporary Egbert, archbishop of York, in the prologue of his Penitential (ed. D. Wilkins,

Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, London, 1737, vol. 2, p. 417).

Aelfric1 echoes Egbert in insisting that priests should have, amongst their divini libri, a computus. By the time of Alcuin, computus apparently was accepted as referring speci¢cally to time-reckoning: cur in quibusdam mensibus ad eosdem dies in anno secundo uel tertio uel quarto computus cursus solis non peruenisset (Ep. 171, ed. Du« mmler, Epistulae

Karolini Aevi. MGH Ep. 4. Berlin, 1985). This usage expanded in the Carolingian period, e.g. Computus hic alphabeto confectus . . . the incipit of the metrical textbook on time-reckoning by Agius de Corvey, ed. by Karl Strecker, Agii versus computistici, MGH Poetae 4.3 (1914):937^

943; and by the twelfth century was generalized: e.g.the anonymous treatises beginning Computus est scientia rationis temporum . . . the earliest

1Epistola 2.137, ed. Bernhard Fehr, Die Hirtenbriefe Aelfrics in altenglischer und lateinischer Fassung, Bibliothek der angelsa« chsichen Prosa, 9 (Hamburg: Grand, 1914).

THE RECKONING OF TIME

manuscript of which (Berlin Staatsbibliothek F.307 fols.8v^10v) dates from the twelfth century, and Computus est computatio temporum secundum cursum solis et lune . . . in Montpellier 322, fols. (3v)^(18v), also from the twelfth century. By the time of Sacrobosco and Grosseteste, computus meant almost exclusively time-reckoning: cf. the incipit of Sacrobosco's textbook, Computus est scientia considerans tempora ex solis et lune motibus . . . The noun computista or compotista is also twelfth-century coinage; Bede prefers computator (e.g. Reckoning of Time, ch. 38, where he warns that the peruersus computator who forgets to intercalate the leap-year day will eventually be horri¢ed to discover that the seasons are out of phase with the calendar: 400.38). For further citations, see R.E. Latham, Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British

Sources, fasc. IIC (London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1981):415. On the evolution of computistical terms in general, see Faith Wallis, ''Chronology and Systems of Dating'', in Medieval

Latin Studies: An Introduction and Bibliographic Guide, edited George Rigg and Frank A.C. Mantello (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C., 1996):383.

APPENDIX 5: BRIEF GLOSSARY OF

COMPUTISTICAL TERMS

bissextus: Leap year or leap-year day. In the Julian calendar, the leapyear day was inserted on the 6th kalends of March (24 February). The intercalated day was thus the ''second 6th (kalends)'' or bissextus. A leap year is an annus bissextilis. common year: A year in which there are 12 lunar months, in contrast to an embolismic year (q.v.). concurrent: In the context of the 19-year cycle used by Bede, the concurrent is the number of the weekday of 24 March, counted from Sunday. Since the tropical year of 365 days contains 52 weeks plus 1 day, the concurrent will advance by one each year. However, the insertion of leap-year day will advance the concurrent by two every fourth year. It therefore requires 28 years for the cycle of concurrents to be complete: 7 weekdays, times 4 for the leap years. cycle: see ''luni-solar cycle'', ''Paschal cycle''. embolism: Because the Julian solar calendar is 365 days long, and 12 lunar months of 29ˆ~˜ days total 354 days, the age of the Moon on any given calendar date increases by 11 days each year. When the accumulation tops 30 days, the maximum length of a calculated lunar month, an additional 13th lunar month is deemed to be inserted within the calendar year. This additional intercalated lunation is called an ''embolism'' and a year with 13 lunations is ''embolismic''. embolismic year: A year in which there are 13 lunar months, due to the insertion of the embolism (q.v.). Contrasts with common year (q.v.). epact: Generally, the age of the Moon on any given day. Speci¢cally, and in the context of Dionysius Exiguus' 19-year cycle, ''epact'' refers to the age of the Moon on 22 March. In 84-year cycles, and in the tables of Victorius, the epact is the age of the Moon on 1 January.

''full'' lunar month: A synodic lunar month or lunation is slightly more than 29ˆ~˜ days. However, in order to harmonize solar and lunar cycles

(see ''luni-solar cycle'' and ''luni-solar calendar'' below) a normalized lunar month expressed as a number of whole solar calendar days must be adopted. Medieval computists consequently adopted the

THE RECKONING OF TIME

¢ction that lunations are alternately 29 and 30 days long. 29-day lunations are ''hollow'', and 30-day lunations ''full''. Full and hollow lunations alternate throughout the year, January's being full, February's hollow, etc. All embolisms (q.v.) are full. hendecas: The ¢nal 11 years of the 19-year cycle, where the pattern of common and embolismic years (q.v.) is CCECCECCECE. See also

''ogdoas''.

''hollow'' lunar month: see ''full'' lunar month. leap of the Moon: see ''saltus lunae''. lunation: The period between one new Moon and the next, now calculated as approximately 29.5306 days. Also known as ''synodic lunar month''. Computists consider a lunation to ''belong'' to the solar month in which it ends, i.e. the lunation of January is the lunation which ends within the calendar month of January. luni-solar calendar: A lunar calendar adjusted to maintain the relationship of lunar months to solar seasons, by the insertion of embolisms

(q.v.). luni-solar cycle: A whole number of solar years into which a whole number of lunar months can be divided, so that the lunar phases fall on the same solar calendar dates after the end of the cyclic period.

Nisan: A month in the Jewish lunar calendar, corresponding to the ¢rst lunation of spring. Bede identi¢es Nisan with April. ogdoas: The ¢rst 8 years of the 19-year cycle, where the pattern of common and embolismic years (q.v.) is CCECCECE. See also

''hendecas''.

Quartodecimans: Early Christian communities in Syria and Asia Minor who celebrated Easter on the fourteenth day of the ¢rst lunation of spring, i.e. at the same time as the Jewish Passover.

Paschal cycle: A luni-solar cycle (q.v.) modi¢ed to permit repeated projection of the dates of Easter into the future, normally by the incorporation of a third cycle to accommodate the shifting date of Sunday in the Julian calendar (see ''concurrent'').

Paschal table: A table projecting the dates of Easter for a discrete number of years into the future. A Paschal table may or may not be based on a Paschal cycle. regular: Bede uses the term ''regular'' to denote a number of computistical ¢gures, but the most important and commonly used are the solar and lunar regulars. The solar regular is a number assigned to each month which represents the interval between the weekday of 24

APPENDIX FIVE

March (the concurrent: q.v.) and the weekday of the ¢rst day of the month in question. Solar regular plus annual concurrent yields the weekday of the ¢rst day of the month in the year in question. The lunar regular is the age of the Moon on the ¢rst day of the month in year 1 of the 19-year cycle. The lunar regular, when added to the annual epact (q.v.), will yield the age of the Moon on the ¢rst of the month in that year. saltus lunae: All luni-solar cycles gradually accumulate an additional calculated lunar day, due to the fact that the average lunation is slightly longer than the notional month of 29ˆ~˜ days. To bring the lunar count back into phase with reality, the calculated age of the Moon must ''jump over'' a day. This is called the saltus lunae. In the 19-year cycle used by Bede, there is one saltus in each cycle, and it occurs in the ¢nal year of the cycle. year: The tropical or solar year is the period of time required for the Earth to orbit the Sun, or in medieval terms, the time required for the Sun to complete its journey through the zodiac. The modern length of the tropical year is 365.2422 days. A lunar year is 12 or 13 lunations, depending on whether the year is common (q.v.) or embolismic (q.v.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE: LITERATURE ON COMPUTUS

The most recent and accessible survey of computus is Arno Borst's essay ''Computus: Zeit und Zahl im Mittelalter'', Deutsches Archiv 44

(1988):1^82 [9], and its expanded version, Computus: Zeit und Zahl in der Geschichte Europas (Stuttgart: Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, 1990);

Eng. trans. The Ordering of Time (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). This book furnishes useful orientation, but contains numerous errors and is somewhat super¢cially conceived: see the review by Bruce

Eastwood in Speculum 71 (1996):692^693. Supplementing Borst are the following: Olaf Pedersen, ''The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church'', in The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, 1582^

1982,ed.G.V.Coyne,M.A.HoskinandO.Pedersen(VaticanCity:Ponti- ¢cia Academia Scientiarum; Specola Vaticana, 1983):17 sqq.; Alfred

Cordoliani, ''Comput, chronologie, calendriers'', in L'Histoire et ses me¤ thodes, ed. Charles Samaran (Paris: Gallimard, 1961):37^51 (very brief); A.N. Ze¤ linsky, ''Le calendrier chre¤ tien avant la re¤ forme gre¤ gorienne'', Studi medievali ser. 3, 23 (1982):529^597; and Faith Wallis,

''Images of Order in the Medieval Computus'', in ACTA XIV: Ideas of Order in the Middle Ages, edited by Warren Ginsberg (Binghamton:

State University of New York Press, 1990):45^67, and ''The Church, the World, and the Time'', in Normes et pouvoirs a' la ¢n du moyen a" ge, edited by Marie-Claude Deprez-Masson, Inedita et rara 7 (Montreal: Ceres,

1990):15^29. More specialized literature on the history of computus before and during the time of Bede is cited below in the Select Bibliography. I am presently preparing two publications designed to provide a broad synthesis of the literature and history of computus: the ¢rst is a volume entitled Computus: Manuscripts, Texts and Tables for the series

Typologie des sources du Moyen Age occidental; the second is a cultural and intellectual history of computus, tentatively entitled A Diagram of Time. For an overview of the secondary literature on computus in English, see Wallis, ''Chronology and Systems of Dating'', in Medieval

Latin Studies: An Introduction and Bibliographic Guide, edited by

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GeorgeRiggandFrankA.C.Mantello(Washington:CatholicUniversity of America Press,Washington D.C.,1996):383^387.

There is a formidable body of technical literature on the history of calendar construction. Most pertinent to the medieval computus are:

F.K. Ginzel, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, 3 vols. (Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1906^1914): esp. vol. 3, ch. 14, ''Die Zeitrechnung des Mittelalters''; Franz Ru« hl,

ChronologiedesMittelaltersundderNeuzeit (Berlin: Reuter & Reichard, 1897); Bartholomew MacCarthy's introduction to his edition of the Annals of Ulster, vol. 4 (Dublin: His Majesty's Stationery O⁄ce, 1901);

W.E. van Wijk, Le Nombre d'or. E¤ tude de chronologie technique suivi du texte de la Massa compoti d'Alexandre de Villedieu (La Haye: Martinus

Nijho¡, 1936); and Ve¤ nance Grumel, La Chronologie, Traite¤ des e¤ tudes byzantines 1 (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1968). Grumel's bibliography is a very well organized guide to the older technical literature. A useful modern summary of the mathematics involved in the medieval computus is furnished by Werner Bergmann, ''Easter and the Calendar. The Mathematics of Determining a Formula for the Easter

Festival to [sic] Medieval Computing,'' Journal for General Philosophy of Science 22 (1991):15^41.

2. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography excludes works already cited in the Abbreviations list in the front of this volume, and items cited only once in the notes.

PRIMARY SOURCES

[(Spurious) Acts of the Synod of Caesarea]. Acta synodi Caesareae. Ed.

Krusch, Studien II, 303^310, and from a di¡erent recension by A.

Wilmart, ''Un nouveau texte du faux concil de Ce¤ sare¤ e sur le comput pascal'', in his Analecta reginensia, Studi e testi 59. Vatican

City: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, 1933. Pp. 19^27.

Aldhelm, Opera. Ed. R. Ehwald. MGH AA 13 (1913). Trans. Michael Lapidge and Michael Herren, Aldhelm: The Prose Works. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer and Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Little¢eld,

1979.

Ambrose, De Noe et Arca. Ed. C. Schenkl. CSEL 32.1 (1897).

Hexaemeron 4.4. Ed. C. Shenkl. CSEL 32.1 (1897).

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Ps.-Anatolius, De ratione paschali. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 316^327.

Arnobius, In Psalmos. Ed. Klaus.-D. Daur. CCSL 25 (1990).

Augustine, Adnotationes in Iob. Ed. I. Zycha. CSEL 28.2 (1895).

Contra Faustum. Ed. J. Zycha. CSEL 25.1 (1891).

De consensu Evangelistarum. Ed. F Weihrich. CSEL 43 (1904).

De doctrina christiana. Ed. Joseph Martin. CCSL 32 (1961).

De Genesi ad litteram. Ed. I. Zycha. CSEL 28.1 (1894).

De sermone Domini in monte. Ed. A. Munzenbecker. CCSL 35 (1967).

DeTrinitate.Ed.W.J.Mountain and F.Glorie.CCSL 50 (1978).2 vols.

Enarrationes in Psalmos. Ed. E. Dekkers and J. Fraipont. CCSL 39 (1961). 3 vols.

Epistolae. Ed.W. Goldbacher.CSEL 34 (1898), 44 (1904), 57 (1911), 67 (1911).

Quaestiones evangeliorum. PL 35.1321^1364.

Quaestiones in Heptateuchum. Ed. J. Fraipont. CCSL 33 (1958).

Ps.-Augustine, De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae. PL 35.2149^2200.

Ausonius, Eclogae. Ed. Sextus Prete. Leipzig: Teubner, 1978.

Basil, Hexaemeron. Trans. Eustathius. PL 53.965^966.

Bede, Explanatio Apocalypsis. PL 93.129^206.

Historia abbatum. Ed. C. Plummer, Baedae opera historica. Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1896. Vol. 2, pp. 364^387.

InEpistolasVIICatholicas. Ed.David Hurst.CCSL 121 (1983).Trans.

David Hurst, Bede the Venerable. Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles. Cistercian Studies 82. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1985.

In Lucam. Ed. D. Hurst. CCSL 120 (1960).

In Regum librum XXX quaestiones. Ed. D. Hurst. CCSL 119 (1962).

''Bobbio computus''. Liber de computo. PL 129.1273^1372.

[Bonifatius Primicerius]. Ed. Bruno Krusch, ''Ein Bericht der pa« pstlichen Kanzlei an Papst Johannes I. von 526 und die Oxforder HS

Digby 63 von 814'', in Papstum und Kaisertum. Forschungen zur politischen Geschichte und Geisteskultur des Mittelalters Paul Kehr zum 65. Geburtstag dargebracht. Ed. Albert Brackmann. Munich:

Verlag der Mu« nchner Drucke, 1926. Pp. 48^58.

Capitularia regum francorum. Ed. A. Boretius. MGH Leges (Quarto), 2 (1883).

''Carthaginian computus of 455''. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 279^297.

Cassian, De incarnatione Domini contra Nestorium. Ed. M. Petschenig.

CCSL 17 (1886).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cassiodorus, Computus paschalis. Ed. Paul Lehmann, ''Cassiodorusstudien II: Die Datierung der Institutiones und der Computus paschalis'', Philologus 71 (1912):278^299 (text is on 297^299).

Chronicon Paschale 284^628 AD. Trans. Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby. Translated Texts for Historians 7. Liverpool: Liverpool

University Press, 1989.

Chronograph of AD 354. Ed. Theodore Mommsen. MGH AA 9:13^148.

Ps.-Clement, Recognitiones. Trans. Ru¢nus. PG 1.1157^1454.

''Cologne Prologue''. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 227^235.

Columbanus, Epistolae. Ed. W. Gundlach. MGH Ep. 3 (1892). Ed. and trans. G.S.M. Walker, Sancti Columbani Opera (Dublin, 1970).

Constantius, Vita Germani. Ed. W. Levison. MGH Script. rerum merov.

7 (1920).

Cummian's Letter 'De controversia paschali' and the 'De ratione conputandi'. Ed. and trans. M. Walsh & D. O¤ Cro¤ in|¤n. Studies and Texts

86. Toronto: Ponti¢cal Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988.

Ps.-Cyprian, De pascha computus. Ed. Wilhelm Hartel. CSEL 3.3

(1871):248^271. Trans. George Ogg. The Pseudo-Cyprianic De pascha computus. London: S.P.C.K., 1955.

Ps.-Cyril, Prologus Cyrilli. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 337^343.

De causis quibus nomina acceperunt duodecim signa. Ed. Jones, BOD 665^667.

De computo dialogus. PL 90.647^652.

De divisionibus temporum. PL 90.653^664.

Dionysius Exiguus, Argumenta titulorum paschalium. Ed. Krusch, Studien II, 75^81; J.W. Jan, PL 67.453 sq.; Joan Go¤ mes Pallare' s,

''Hacia una nueva edicio¤ n de los 'Argumenta titulorum paschalium' de Dionisio el Exiguo'', Hispania sacra 46 (1994):13^31.

Ep. ad Bonifacium et Bonum. Ed. Krusch, Studien II, 82^86.

Ep. ad Petronium. Ed. Krusch, Studien II, 63^68.

Einhard, Vita Caroli. Ed. Louis Halphen. 3rd ed. Paris: Les belles lettres, 1947.

Eusebius, De vita Constantini. Ed. I.A. Heikel, Eusebius Werke 1.

Leipzig: Hinrich'sche Buchhandlung, 1902. Pp. 3^148.

Historia ecclesiastica. See Ru¢nus of Aquileia, below.

Eutropius, Breviarium ab Urbe condita. Ed. C. Santini. Leipzig: Teubner, 1979. Trans. H.C.S. Bird. Translated Texts for Historians 14. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993.

Gennadius, De uiris illustribus. Ed. W. Herdin. Leipzig: Teubner, 1879.

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Gildas, De excidio et conquestu Britanniae. Ed.T. Mommsen. MGH AA 13 (1898):25^85.

Gregory, Dialogi. Ed. A. de Vogu« e¤ . Sources chre¤ tiennes 251. Paris: Cerf, 1978.

Moralia in Job. Ed. M. Adriaen. CCSL 143A (1979). 3 vols.

Registrum. Ed. P. Ewald and L.M. Hartman. MGH Ep. 1 (1887).

Hegesippus, Hegesippi qui dicitur libri quinque. Ed. V. Ussani. CSEL 66 (1932).

Ps.-Hippocrates, Ad Antigonum regem. Ed. E. Liechtenhan, J. Kollesch and D. Nickel, Marcelli de medicamentis liber. Corpus medicorum latinorum 5. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1968.

Historia abbatum auctore anonymo. Ed. C. Plummer, Baedae opera historica (see above). Vol. 2, pp. 388^404.

Isidore of Seville, Chronica maiora. Ed. T. Mommsen. MGH AA 11 (1894).

Ps.-Isidore of Seville, Liber de ordine creaturarum: Un ano¤ nimo irlande¤ s del siglo VII. Ed. Manuel C. Diaz y Diaz. Santiago de Compostela:

Universidad de Santiago, 1972.

Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum. PL 23.211^338.

Apologia aduersus libros Ru¢ni. PL 23.397^492.

Chronicon. Ed. Rudolf Helm, Eusebius Werke 7.1. Griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller 24. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1913.

De viris illustribus. Ed. W. Herding. Leipzig: Teubner, 1879.

Epistolae. Ed. I. Hilberg. CSEL 54^56 (1996). 4 vols.

Hebraicae quaestiones in Geneseos. Ed. P. de Lagarde. CCSL 72 (1959).

In Danielem. Ed. F. Glorie. CCSL (1964).

In Evangelium Matthaei. Ed. D. Hurst and M. Adriaen. CCSL 77 (1959).

In Ezechielem. Ed. F. Glorie. CCSL 75 (1964).

In Isaiam. Ed. M. Adriaen. CCSL 73 (1963).

In Zachariam. Ed. M. Adraien. CCSL 76A (1970).

Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum. Ed. P. de Lagarde.

CCSL 72 (1959).

Josephus, Antiquitates [Books 1^6]. Ed. Franz Blatt,The Latin Josephus.

Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1958.

Antiquitates, [versio latina]. Cologne: ex aedibus Eucharii Cervicorni, 1534.

Contra Apionem. Ed. C. Boysen. CSEL 37 (1898).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Liber ponti¢calis. Ed. L. Duschesne. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1955.

Macrobius, Saturnalia. Ed. J. Willis. Leipzig: Teubner, 1970.

Mansi, J.D., Sacrorum conciliorum amplissima collectio. Paris: Hubert Welter, 1901.

Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon. Ed. T. Mommsen. MGH AA 11 (1894):37^108. Trans. Brian Croke, Byzantina Australiensia 7.

Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies. 1995.

Marius Aventicensis, Chronica. Ed. Th. Mommsen. MGH AA 11 (1892):255^239.

Martin of Braga, Opera omnia. Ed.Claude W. Barlow. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950.

''Merovingian Computus of 727''. Ed. Krusch, Studien II, 53^57.

Orosius, Historiarum adversos paganos libri quinque. Ed. C. Zangemeister. CSEL 5 (1882).

Paschasinus of Lilybaeum, Epistola ad Leonem papam. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 247^250.

Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii. Ed. M. Pellegrino. Verba seniorum n.s. 1.

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Philippus Presbyter, Commentarii in librum Iob. PL 26.619^802.

[Pliny]. Ed. Karl Ru« ck. Auszu« ge aus der Naturgeschichte des C. Plinius Secundus in einem astronomisch-komputistischen Sammelwerke des achten Jahrhunderts. Programm des Ko« niglichen LudwigsGymnasiums fu« r das Studienjahr 1887^88. Munich: F. Straub,1888.

Poetae latini minores. Ed. P. Baehrens. Leipzig: Teubner, 1883.

Polemius Silvius, Laterculus. Ed. Theodore Mommsen, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 1, 2nd ed. Berlin: Georg Remer, 1893. Pp. 335^

357.

Possidius, Vita Augustini. Ed. M. Pellegrino. Verba seniorum 4. Alba:

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Priscian, De ¢guris numerorum. Ed. Heinrich Keil. Grammatici latini.

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Prosper of Aquitaine, Epitoma chronicorum. Ed. Th. Mommsen. MGH

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Proterius, Epistola ad Leonem. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 269^278.

Riese, A. (ed.). Anthologia latina. Leipzig: Teubner, 1870.

Romana computatio. Ed. Jones, BOD 671^672.

Ru¢nus of Aquileia, trans. of Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica. Ed. Th.

Mommsen, Eusebius Werke 2.1^2. Griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller 9.1^2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1903^1908.

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium. Ed. Th. Mommsen. Berlin:

Weidemann, 1895.

Theophilus of Alexandria, Prologus Theophili. Ed. Krusch, Studien I, 220^226.

Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris. Ed. K. Lang. Leipzig: Teubner, 1869.

Trans N.P. Milner. Translated Texts for Historians 16. 2nd ed.

Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.

Vergil, Aeneid. Ed. R.A.B. Mynors. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.

Eclogues. Ed. Wendell Clausen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

Georgics. Ed. R.A.B. Mynors. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

Victor of Capua, De pascha. Ed. J.B. Pitra. Spicilegium Solesmense.

Paris: Firmin Didot, 1852. Vol. 1, pp. 296^301.

Victorius of Aquitaine, Calculus. Ed. G. Friedlein, Zeitschrift fu« r Mathematik und Physik 7 (1871):42^97.

Prologus ad Hilarium archidiaconum. Ed. Krusch, Studien II, 17^26.

Vindicianus, Epistola ad Pentadium. Ed. V. Rose. Theodori Prisciani Euporiston libri III. Leipzig: Teubner, 1894. Pp. 485^492. de Winterfeld, P., ''Rhythmi computistici''. MGH Poetae 4.1 (1899).

Pp. 667^702.

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MacCarthy, Bartholomew (ed.), Annals of Ulster, vol. 4. Dublin: His Majesty's Stationery O⁄ce, 1901.

McCarthy, Daniel, ''The Chronological Apparatus of the Annals of Ulster AD 431^1131'', Peritia 8 (1994):46^97.

''EasterPrinciplesand aFifth-Century LunarCycle Usedinthe British Isles'', Journal ofthe History of Astronomy 24 (1993):204^224.

''The Origin of the Latercus Paschal Cycle of the Insular Celtic Churches'', Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 28 (1994):25^49.

McClure, Judith, ''Bede and the Life of St Ceolfrid'', Peritia 3 (1984):71^ 84.

McCluskey, Stephen C., Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Meaney, A.L., ''Bede and Anglo-Saxon Paganism'', Parergon n.s. 3

(1985):1^29.

Menninger, Karl, Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. Trans. Paul Broneer. Cambridge, Mass.:

M.I.T. Press, 1969.

Miller, Molly, ''The Chronological Structure of the Sixth Age in the Rawlinson Fragment of the 'Irish World Chronicle''', Celtica 22

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Moreton, Jennifer, ''Doubts about the Calendar. Bede and the Eclipse of 664'', Isis 89 (1998):50^65.

Neugebauer, O., ''On the Computus paschalis of 'Cassiodorus''', Centaurus 25 (1982):292^302.

North, J.D., ''Monasticism and the First Mechanical Clocks'', in The Study of Time. Proceedings of the Second Conference of the International Society for the Study of Time, 1973. New York: Springer,

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O'Connell, D.J., ''Easter Cycles in the Early Irish Church'', Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 66 (1936):67^106.

O¤ Cro¤ in|¤n, D., ''The Irish Provenance of Bede's Computus'', Peritia 2 (1983):238^242.

THE RECKONING OF TIME

O¤ Cro¤ in|¤n, D. and McCarthy, D., ''The 'Lost' Irish 84-year Easter Table Rediscovered'', Peritia 6^7 (1987^88):227^242.

Petau, Denis [Dionysius Petavus], De doctrina temporum. Paris: Sebastien Cramoisy, 1727.

Petersohn, Ju« rgen, ''Neue Bedafragmente in Northumbrischer Unziale Saec. VIII'', Scriptorium 20 (1966):215^247 and Pl. 17^18.

''Die Bu« ckeburger Fragments von Bedas De temporum ratione'', Deutsches Archiv fu« r Erforschung des Mittelalters 22 (1966):587^

597. di Pilla, Alessandra, ''Cosmologia e uso delle fonte nel De natura rerum di Beda'', Romanobarbarica 11 (1991):128^147.

Poole, R.L., Studies in Chronology and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934.

Ray, Roger, ''Bede, the Exegete, as Historian'', in Famulus Christi (see above), 125^140.

''Bede's vera lex historiae'', Speculum 55 (1980):1^21.

Richard, Marcel, ''Comput et chronologie chez saint Hippolyte [part 1]'', Me¤ langes de sciences religieuses 7 (1950):237^268; [part 2], Me¤ langes de sciences religieuses 8 (1951):19^50.

''Le comput pascal par octae¤ te¤ ris'', Muse¤ on 87 (1974):307^339.

Ru« hl, Franz, Chronologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Berlin:

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Saints, Scholars and Heroes. Ed. Margot King and Wesley Stevens.

Collegeville,Minn.: Hill Monastic Manuscript Library,1979. 2 vols.

Samuel, Alan E., Greek and Roman Chronology. Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft I,17.

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Santosuosso, Alma Colk, ''Music in Bede's De temporum ratione: An 11th-Century Addition to MS London, British Library, Cotton

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Schaller, Dieter, ''Der verleumdete David: zum Schlusskapitel von Bedas Epistola ad Pleguinam'', in Literatur und Sprache im europa« ischen Mittelalter: Festschrift fu« r Karl Langosch. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1973. Pp. 39^43.

Schneiders, Marc, ''Zur Datierung und Herkunft des Karlsruher Beda (Aug. CLXVII)'', Scriptorium 43 (1989):247^252.

Schwartz, Eduard, Christliche und ju« dische Ostertafeln. Abhandlungen der ko« niglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Go« ttingen, phil.-hist. Kl. n.f. 8,6 (1905).

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THE RECKONING OF TIME

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INDEX OF SOURCES

All references are to the chapter of The Reckoning of Time, unless otherwise indicated. References to chapter 66 are further subdivided by annus mundi

(in brackets).

1. Bible 11.24

66 (1878) 11.26

66 (1948) 12.4

66 (2023) 13.15

66 (2023) 16.16

66 (2034) 21.5

66 (2048) 25.16^17 66 (2034) 25.26

66 (2108) 46.11

66 (2453) Genesis 1.1^2

1.1^4

1.4

1.5

1.14

2, 6 2.1^2

2.2

3.8

3.19

4.26

66 (235) 5.3

66 (130) 5.3^5 Pleg. 11

5.6

66 (235) 5.9

66 (325) 5.12

66 (395) 5.15

66 (460) 5.18^19 66 (622) 5.21

66 (687) 5.22

66 (687) 5.25

66 (874) 5.28^30 66 (1056) 5.31

66 (1656) 8.4

66 (1656) 11.10

66 (1658) 11.12

66 (1693) 11.14

66 (1723) 11.16

66 (1757) 11.18

66 (1787) 11.20

66 (1819) 11.22

66 (1849) Exodus 6.18^20 66 (2453) 12.1^3, 17^19

12.3

12.11

12.11^12

12.12

12.16

12.18

43, 63 12.18^19

12.26

12.40^41 66 (2453) 19.10^11

19.18

20 sqq.

66 (2493) 20.9^11

23.11^12

25.10

Leviticus 23.5^7

23.32

25.1^7

THE RECKONING OF TIME

25.3

25.8^31

25.10

II Kings

66 (3064) 8.17

66 (3064) 8.18

66 (3034) 8.20

66 (3064) 8.24^25 66 (3065) 10.15

66 (3065) 12.1

66 (3111) 13.3

66 (3031) 13.20

66 (3140) 13.22

66 (3140) 14.2

66 (3140) 15.1^2 66 (3192) 15.33

66 (3208) 15.35

66 (3208) 16.2

66 (3224) 16.5^9 66 (3224) 18.9

66 (3253) 21.19

66 (3310) 22.1

66 (3341) 23.36

66 (3352) 24.8

66 (3352) 24.10^12 66 (3352) 25.1

66 (3352) 25.2^12 66 (3363) 25.26

66 (3363) 25.27^28 66 (3389) Numbers 9.10

9.10^11

14.34

66 (2493) 28.11

Deuteronomy 13.3

Pleg. 15

16.1

Joshua 4.19

66 (2519) Judges 3.8

66 (2559) 3.15^30 66 (2639) 4.2

66 (2697) 4.23^24 66 (2697) 6.3, 14 66 (2719) 10.1^2 66 (2745) 10.3^5 66 (2767)

66 (2773) 11.26

66 (2773) 12.8^9 66 (2780) 12.11

66 (2790) 12.14

66 (2798) 13.1

66 (2798) I Chronicles 15.21

II Chronicles I Kings 12.2

66 (2987) 13.17^18 66 (2990) 16.4

66 (3031) 16.13

66 (3031) 22.10^11 66 (3071) 22.12

66 (3071) 24.21

66 (3111) 29.1

66 (3253) 33.11^13 66 (3308) 33.24

66 (3310) 6.31

66 (2979) 10.1

66 (2979) 12.20

66 (2979) 15.2

66 (2990) 16.24

66 (3031) 16.34

66 (3031) 17.1

66 (3056) 19.16

66 (3056)

66 (3056)

INDEX OF SOURCES

34.1

66 (3341)

66 (3341) 36.9

66 (3352) 36.20^22 66 (3389) Ecclesiastes 1.5

1.6

10.11

Pleg. 17

Ezra Song of Solomon 4.6^16 66 (3423) 4.24

66 (3423) 6.5

66 (3468) 6.15

66 (3468) 7.9

66 (3529) 10.10^11 66 (3529) 2.16^17

5.2

Ecclesiasticus 27.11

43.7

43.8

Nehemiah Isaiah 1.11^2.1

4.17^18

11.10

14.13^15

30.26

32, 70 61.7

Job 9.9

22.14

26.7

38.32

Jeremiah 25.1 sqq.

66 (3341) 25.9

66 (3389) 25.11^12 66 (3363, 3389) 29.10

66 (3389) Psalms 3.7

Pleg. 15

19.5 (18.6)

19.6 (18.7)

34.1 (33.2)

45.7 (44.8)

46.10 (45.11)

50.3 (49.3)

59.10 (58.11)

72.5 (71.5)

84.4 (83.5)

84.7 (83.8)

84.10 (83.11)

115 (113).16

119 (118).164

132 (131).11

66 (2890) Ezekiel 40.1 sqq.

66 (3377) Daniel 3.19 sqq.

7.25

8.8 sqq.

66 (3629) 9.1^2 66 (3389) 9.24

9.25

9.26

9.27

12.7

12.12

THE RECKONING OF TIME

3.23

3.36

66 (1693) 10.1, 17

12.35^36

12.35^37 Pleg. 15

17.23

Pleg. 16

17.24

Pleg. 16

21.6

23.43

24.13

66 (4175) 24.39

66 (4536) Zechariah 1.12

66 (3468) 7.5

66 (3468) Malachi 4.6

I Esdras 2.13

66 (3423) I Maccabees 1.7

66 (3629) John 1.9

1.29

1.32

2.20

66 (3468) 3.30

8.25

11.9

12.1

13.1

14.6

16.28

18.28

19.14

19.34

20.27

21.12^13

Matthew 1.1^18 Pleg. 2

3.16

5.8

5.16

5.17

5.26

7.6

12.38^40

20.1^16 Pleg. 14

24.2

24.29

24.36

67, Pleg. 14

24.48

25.10

28.1

5, 71 Mark Acts of the Apostles 1.10

13.2

13.32

Pleg. 14

13.35

14.12

16.1

1.7

Pleg. 14

1.8

3.2

66 (3208) 8.1

66 (3984) 11.28

66 (4007) 12.23

66 (3966, 3993) Luke Romans 2.52

3.22

8.11

INDEX OF SOURCES

I Corinthians Jude

66 (622) 5.8

6.16^17

15.10

15.42^43

15.51^52

15.52

Apocalypse 1.10

2.3

11.2

11.3

47, 69 11.7

12.6, 14

13.1^2

13.5

21.1

21.5

Galatians 3.16^17 66 (2453) Ephesians 4.24

Philippians 2. Classical, patristic and medieval authors 1.8

Pleg. 1

Colossians (Spurious) Acts of the Synod of Caesarea 3.9

66 (Prologue, 4146)

3^4

I Thessalonians 4.15^16

Acts of the Council of Chalcedon II Timothy

66 (4290) 2.4

Ps.-Alcuin, De saltu lunae Hebrews

Ambrose I Peter De Noe et arca 3.21^22 66 (1656) 17.60

II Peter Explanatio super psalmos 3.5^7

3.5^12 Pleg. 2

3.10

3.13

38.1.2

Hexaemeron 1.6.20

1.9.33

3.4.18

I John 2.18

Pleg. 14

THE RECKONING OF TIME

4.3.11

4.4

4.5.23

4.5.24

4.7

4.7.29

4.8.32

6.2.8

16.9

16.10

66 (1948) 16.43

66 (Prologue) 18.36

66 (3548) 18.45

66 (3548) 20.13

20.24

20.26

21.5.1

22.30

Anatolius, De ratione paschali (''Insular forgery'' version, ed.

Krusch, Studien I, 316^327).

Wic. 11

(as quoted by Ru¢nus in his trans. of Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica 7.32)

14, 30, 42,Wic.1, 2, 4, 5, 6 De consensu evangelistarum 3.13.41

De doctrina christiana 3.35.50^51

De Genesi ad litteram 1.10

3.2

5.23

6.10

Arnobius, In psalmos

66 (1757) Augustine De Genesi contra Manichaeos Adnotationes in Iob 1.23.35^41 66 (Prologue)

De sermone Domini in monte Contra Faustum 1.11.30

12.14.15

66 (1656) 18.5

De Trinitate 1.3.25^28 Pref.

4.4

De civitate Dei 3.15

11.30

15.10

Pleg. 7

15.11

66 (874) 15.11

Pleg. 7

15.12

37, Pleg. 11

15.13

66 (1656), Pleg. 10

15.17

66 (687) 15.19

66 (687) 15.23

66 (622) Enarrationes in Psalmos 6.1.15^26 Pleg. 15

6.1^2

10.3

6, 25

101 (II).13

Epistolae

25, 64 55.5

INDEX OF SOURCES

55.6^7

55.7

25, 27 55.8

55.30

Pleg. 13

197.6

Pleg. 14

199.10

199.13.52^54

199.18

199.19^20

199.52^54

Cassian, De incarnatione Domini contra Nestorium 6.23

Cassiodorus, Expositio Psalmorum 1.2

Ps.-Clement, Recognitiones 1.32

6.7

8.45

Cologne Prologue Quaestiones Evangeliorum 61, Pleg. 14

1.7

2.14

Ps.-Columbanus, De saltu lunae

Quaestiones in Heptateuchum

Constantius, Vita Germani

66 (4410) 14^16 66 (4410) 17^18 66 (4410) 35, 42 66 (4410) 44^46 66 (4410) Ausonius, Eclogae

Basil of Caesarea, Hexaemeron 4.2

6.5

6.8

6.10^11

Cyril of Alexandria, Epistola 43, Wic. 1

Ps.-Cyril of Alexandria, Prologus Cyrilli ''Bobbio computus''

40^44

De causis quibus nomina acceperunt duodecim signa 16, 17 Carthaginian computus of 455 De computo dialogus

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Ps.-Eligius, Homeliae De concordia solis et lunae (Paris, BN lat. 1615, fol. 183r)

Eucherius of Lyon, Instructionum ad Salonium libri duo De divisionibus temporum

3^6

2.7

Eusebius Demonstratio evangeliorum 8.2

De ratione embolismorum Historia ecclesiastica: see Ru¢nus of Aquileia

Eutropius, Breviarium ab Urbe condita Dionysius Exiguus 1.1

66 (3224) 1.8

66 (3423) 6.17

66 (3903) 6.19

66 (3925) 6.21

66 (3925) 7.3

66 (3960) 7.12

66 (3993) 7.19

66 (4031) 7.21

66 (4033) 8.1

66 (4050) 8.2

66 (4069) 8.5

66 (4069) 8.15

66 (4145) 9.15

66 (4229) 10.2

66 (4290) 10.4

66 (4290) 10.8

66 (4290) Argumenta titulorum paschalium

47, 52

47, 54

47, 58

47, 58

Epistola ad Bonifacium et Bonum 42, 45, 56 Epistola ad Petronium 11, 16, 30, 38, 47, Wic. 10

Codex canonum ecclesiasticarum (''Regulae ecclesiasticae sanctorum apostolorum'') Gennadius, De viris illustribus

66 (4377)

66 (4377)

66 (4377) Ps.-Dionysius Exiguus, Argumenta

INDEX OF SOURCES

Idelfonsus, Sermones 88 66 (4427) 89 66 (4427) 90 66 (4229)

Isidore of Seville Gildas, De excidio et conquestu Brittaniae Chronica maiora

66 (Prologue)

66 (130)

66 (235)

66 (622)

66 (1787)

66 (1819)

66 (1849)

66 (1878)

66 (3993)

66 (4362)

66 (4362)

66 (4362)

66 (4377)

66 (4362)

66 (4403)

66 (4403)

66 (4427)

66 (4472)

66 (4480) 398^399 66 (4518)

66 (4518)

66 (4529)

66 (4565)

66 (4258) 13^14 66 (4349) 15^86 66 (4377) 19^22 66 (4403)

66 (4410) 25^26 66 (4444) Gregory the Great Dialogi 3.2.3

66 (4480) 3.31

66 (4557) Homeliae in Evangelium 1.1.6

Moralia in Iob 14.56.74

66 (4536) Registrum 5.57a 66 (4557) De natura rerum Hegesippus 1.2

1.5

2.1

3.4

8, 11, 12 4.1

4.2

4.2^4

4.7

6.2

6.4

6.7

1.36.2

66 (3966) 1.37.6

66 (3966) 1.42.1

66 (3966) 1.42.2

66 (3966) 2.3.2

66 (3952) 2.3.4

66 (3983) 2.5.6

66 (3993) Ps.-Hippocrates, Ad Antigonum regem 8^9

THE RECKONING OF TIME

7.5

10.1

10.2^4

10.4

11.2^3

17.3

18.6

19.1

21.1

27.2

38.3

40.1

5.34

5.35

5.36

5.36.3

5.38^39 Pleg. 4

6.17

9.2.133

13.2.3

13.6

14.6.4

16.4.6

16.10.7

Versus in bibliotheca 7.1^2 Pleg. 11

Ps.-Isidore, De ordine creaturarum 9.4

Jerome Etymologiae Adversus Jovinianum 1.3

3.25

3.43^49

3.44

3.59

3.66

3.71.29

4.5.3

4.7.11

5.27.3

5.29.1

2, 3 5.29.2

5.30.4

5.31

5.31.1

5.31.4^14

5.32.3^11

5.33.1

5.33.2

5.33.3

5.33.4

5.33.11

1.26

66 (4049) Apologia adversus libros Ru¢ni 2.25

Pref.

Chronicon 20a.1^6 66 (2048) 20a.17^18 66 (2048) 23b.15^25 66 (2453) 27b.10^15 66 (2108) 32b.22^23 66 (2238) 33a.4

66 (2238) 33b.18^20 66 (2238) 46a.1^3 66 (2519) 46a.1^6 66 (2493) 46a.4^8 66 (2519) 47a.7^9 66 (2559) 52b.18^19 66 (2639) 53a.6^8 66 (2697) 55a.5^6, 10 66 (2719)

INDEX OF SOURCES

55a.21^23 66 (2719) 55b.3

66 (2697) 55b.5^6 66 (2719) 57a.7^8 66 (2722) 57b.6^7 66 (2722) 57b.14^17 66 (2745) 57b.19^20 66 (2745) 58a.17

66 (2767) 59a.22^23 66 (2773) 59b.1^3 66 (2767) 59b.24^25 66 (2780) 60a.2^4 66 (2773) 60a.17^20 66 (2790) 60a.18

66 (2798) 61a.5^6 66 (2798) 61b.2^10 66 (2798) 62a.12

66 (2818) 62b.1^8 66 (2818) 62b.9^12 66 (2818) 62b.14^15 66 (2818) 62b.19^20 66 (2818) 63a.13^14 66 (2848) 63a.14^17 66 (2848) 63b.17^19 66 (2848) 64a.15^26 66 (2848) 64b.10^12 66 (2848) 64b.9^13 66 (2848) 66b.1^2 66 (2870) 66b.9^11 66 (2890) 67a.17^19 66 (2930) 67b.13^15 66 (2930) 69a.22^23 66 (2979) 69b.13^14 66 (2930) 69b.19^23 66 (2930) 70a.1^6 66 (2979) 70b.1^5 66 (2979) 70b.14^15 66 (2979) 72a.5

66 (2987) 72a.18^20 66 (2987) 72b.18^19 66 (2987) 72b.24^26 66 (2987) 73a.8

66 (2990) 73a.15

66 (3031) 74b.7^8 66 (3031) 75a.26

66 (3056) 75b.21^23 66 (3056) 76b.21^24 66 (3056) 77a.23

66 (3064) 77b.10^11 66 (3056) 78a.9

66 (3065) 78a.14^16 66 (3065) 78a.24

66 (3111) 79b.22^80b.5

66 (3111) 81a.6

66 (3140) 81b.1^7 66 (3140) 82a.1^3 66 (3192) 82a.25^26 66 (3192) 82b.19^24 66 (3192) 83a.7^10 66 (3192) 83a.11^12 66 (3192) 83a.13^15 66 (3192) 83b.10^11 66 (3192) 83b.21^23 66 (3192) 84b.20^21 66 (3192) 85b.24^25 66 (3192) 86a.7^8 66 (3208) 86a.25

66 (3224) 86b.2^3 66 (3192) 87a.25

66 (3224) 87b.1^2 66 (3208) 88a.5^6 66 (3224) 88a.7^8 66 (3224) 88a.11^12 66 (3224) 89a.12^13 66 (3253) 91a.5^8 66 (3253) 91a.11^12 66 (3308) 91b.9^10 66 (3253) 93a.25^26 66 (3308) 94a.16^17 66 (3308) 95a.3

66 (3310) 95a.4^6 66 (3310) 95b.4

66 (3310) 96a.5^6 66 (3341) 96a.24

66 (3341)

THE RECKONING OF TIME

97a.9^13 66 (3341) 97a.15^16 66 (3341) 97b.14^15 66 (3341) 98a.1^4 66 (3341) 98a.4

66 (3352) 98a.11^16 66 (3352) 98a.26^99a.1

66 (3363) 99a.3^4 66 (3352) 99a.11^14 66 (3342) 100a.20^102a.12

66 (3389) 101a.7^8 66 (3377) 101a.10^14 66 (3377) 102a.18^20 66 (3423) 102a.19^20 66 (3423) 102a.22

66 (3423) 104a.5^8 66 (3423) 104a.11

66 (3431) 104a.12^15 66 (3431) 104a.16^18 66 (3432) 104a.21^22 66 (3432) 104a.23^24 66 (3432, 3468) 104a.25^26 66 (3468) 104b.12^13 66 (3432) 105b.5^22 66 (3468) 106.13^15 66 (3468) 106.19

66 (3468) 106.20^26 66 (3469) 108.23

66 (3488) 108.25

66 (3488) 110.2

66 (3488) 110.6

66 (3488) 110.12

66 (3489) 110.15^16 66 (3489) 110.18^21 66 (3529) 112.24^113.3

66 (3529) 113.7^13 66 (3529) 114.8^10 66 (3529) 115.13

66 (3529) 115.15^16 66 (3529) 115.18

66 (3529) 115.19^20 66 (3548) 116.5^6 66 (3548) 116.23^117.2

66 (3588) 117.1^8 66 (3588) 117.23^26 66 (3588) 118.12^13 66 (3588) 118.16^18 66 (3588) 118.24^26 66 (3599) 120.17^18 66 (3588) 120.19^21 66 (3614) 121.18^21 66 (3614) 121.26^122.1

66 (3614) 122.2

66 (3614) 122.5^7 66 (3614) 122.17^18 66 (3618) 122.19^20 66 (3618) 123.1^3 66 (3618) 123.2^3 66 (3624) 123.4^10 66 (3624) 123.16^20 66 (3624) 123.25^26 66 (3624) 123.26^27 66 (3624) 124.1^3 66 (3624) 124.13^15 66 (3629) 124.25^26 66 (3629) 125.1^5 66 (3669) 125.6^8 66 (3669) 125.17^19 66 (3669) 125.20^21 66 (3669) 126.16^18 66 (3669) 126.16^20 66 (3669) 126.24^25 66 (3669) 127.8^10 66 (3669) 127.16^18 66 (3669) 128.15^19 66 (3669) 128.21^24 66 (3669) 129.7^9 66 (3707) 129.10^11 66 (3707) 129.15^23 66 (3707) 130.18

66 (3707) 131.22^24 66 (3707) 132.10^13 66 (3733) 133.16^22 66 (3733) 134.9^12 66 (3750)

INDEX OF SOURCES

135.4^5 66 (3750) 135.8^11 66 (3750) 135.14^16 66 (3774) 137.7^9 66 (3774) 138.18^19 66 (3809) 139.1^6 66 (3809) 139.4^5 66 (3809) 139.22^23 66 (3809) 140.3^12 66 (3809) 141.3^8 66 (3809) 141.10^11 66 (3809) 141.23^25 66 (3809) 142.5^8 66 (3809) 144.3^5 66 (3838) 144.6^8 66 (3838) 144.13^15 66 (3838) 145.18

66 (3838) 146.17^21 66 (3838) 146.24^147.4

66 (3838) 147.7^9 66 (3855) 148.1^3 66 (3855) 148.5^10 66 (3855) 148.11^14 66 (3855) 149.6^8 66 (3865) 149.9^11 66 (3865) 150.4

66 (3865) 150.14^18 66 (3873) 151.3

66 (3873) 151.23^24 66 (3903) 152.8^10 66 (3903) 152.11^14 66 (3903) 153.1^3 66 (3903) 153.13^23 66 (3903) 154.7^8 66 (3903) 154.21

66 (3903) 155.19

66 (3903) 155.21

66 (3925) 156.1^4 66 (3925) 156.5

66 (3910) 156.20^21 66 (3925) 157.3

66 (3910) 157.18^20 66 (3966) 160.1^9 66 (3966) 162.12^15 66 (3966) 162.21^22 66 (3966) 163.1^3 66 (3966) 163.7^9 66 (3966) 169.9^10 66 (3952) 170.1^3 66 (3952) 170.6^7 66 (3952) 170.9^10 66 (3952) 170.10^12 66 (3952) 171.11^16 66 (3979) 171.17

66 (3979) 173.4^5 66 (3979) 173.9

66 (3979) 173.18^174.5

66 (3981) 174.7^11 66 (3981) 174.14 sqq.

66 (3984) 175.24^26 66 (3984) 176.21^23 66 (3984) 177.11^13 66 (3993) 177.14^15 66 (3993) 177.16^17 66 (3993) 177.17

66 (3993) 179.1^2 66 (4007) 179.7^9 66 (4007) 179.12^13 66 (4007) 179.16^17 66 (3993) 179.17^19 66 (3993) 179.20^22 66 (4007) 181.24^25 66 (4021) 182.4

66 (4021) 182.24

66 (4021) 182.15^183.1

66 (4021) 183.23

66 (4021) 185.6^10 66 (4021) 185.11^15 66 (4021) 186.20^21 66 (4031) 186.22^25 66 (4031) 187.1^26 66 (4031) 188.9^10 66 (4031) 189.2^3 66 (4033) 189.14^16 66 (4033)

THE RECKONING OF TIME

189.24^26 66 (4049) 191.8

66 (4069) 192.1^4 66 (4049) 192.16^18 66 (4049) 192.25^26 66 (4050) 193.3^8 66 (4050) 193.18^19 66 (4069) 194.19^22 66 (4069) 194.24^26 66 (4069) 195.21^23 66 (4069) 195.26

66 (4069) 196.12^26 66 (4069) 197.9^12 66 (4090) 197.21^22 66 (4090) 200.18^19 66 (4069) 201.10^12 66 (4090) 201.15^17 66 (4069) 202.1^3 66 (4113) 203.13^18 66 (4113) 203.25

66 (4090) 204.7^9 66 (4132) 204.10^12 66 (4132) 205.5^6 66 (4132) 205.9^10 66 (4132) 205.13

66 (4132) 206.1^3 66 (4132) 206.4^6 66 (4132) 207.18^19 66 (4132) 208.20^21 66 (4145) 209.16^18 66 (4145) 210.4^5 66 (4146) 210.9^10 66 (4146) 210.16^19 66 (4146) 210.20^21 66 (4163) 211.1^4 66 (4163) 211.5^8 66 (4163) 212.7^9 66 (4163) 212.23^25 66 (4170) 213.4^5 66 (4170) 213.8^10 66 (4170) 213.23^24 66 (4171) 214.5^6 66 (4171) 214.8^9 66 (4175) 214.20^24 66 (4175) 215.1^2 66 (4188) 215.22

66 (4188) 215.25^26 66 (4188) 216.8^9 66 (4191) 216.18^19 66 (4197) 217.9^13 66 (4204) 218.7^8 66 (4205) 218.11^13 66 (4205) 218.16^18 66 (4205) 218.21^23 66 (4207) 220.1^2 66 (4222) 220.9^11 66 (4222) 220.12^14 66 (4222) 221.22^23 66 (4224) 221.26^222.3

66 (4224) 222.8^9 66 (4229) 223.7, 9^10 66 (4229) 223.12

66 (4230) 223.13^14 66 (4230) 223.16

66 (4236) 223.20^22 66 (4236) 223.21^22 66 (4230) 223.23^24 66 (4236) 223.25^26 66 (4230) 224.19^20 66 (4238) 225.7^8 66 (4258) 225.13^14 66 (4258) 225.18^23 66 (4258) 225.26^226.3

66 (4258) 227.2^3 66 (4258) 228.5^6 66 (4258) 228.12^14 66 (4258) 228.18^19 66 (4259) 228.20^21 66 (4258, 4259) 228.26^229.1

66 (4290) 229.1^3 66 (4290) 229.6

66 (4290) 231.22^25 66 (4290) 234.13^15 66 (4314) 234.24^25 66 (4314)

INDEX OF SOURCES

234.26^235.4

66 (4314) 236.1^4 66 (4314) 240.5^6 66 (4314) 240.15^16 66 (4314) 240.11^14 66 (4314) 240.26^241.2

66 (4314) 241.17^19 66 (4314) 242.10^11 66 (4316) 242.11^12 66 (4316) 243.16^17 66 (4317) 243.21^24 66 (4317) 244.7^8 66 (4328) 244.14^15 66 (4328) 245.4^5 66 (4328) 245.6^7 66 (4328) 245.13

66 (4328) 245.24^25 66 (4328) 247.16^18 66 (4328) 247.23^26 66 (4317, 4332) 248.3^4 66 (4332) 248.23^25 66 (4332) Hebraicae quaestiones in Geneseos 5.25

66 (874) 5.25^27 Pleg. 7

10.23

66 (1658) In Amos 2.4.7.8^9

In Danielem 2.5.2

66 (3389) 2.7.5

66 (3488) 2.8.5b^9a 66 (3629) 3.9.24

3.9.24

66 (3529, 3548) 3.11.2

66 (3468) 3.11.3, 4a 66 (3629) 3.11.5b 66 (3707) 3.11.7^9 66 (3733) 3.11.14b 66 (3774) 4.12.12

De viris illustribus In Evangelium Matthaei

66 (4021)

66 (4021)

66 (4069)

66 (4146)

66 (4188, 4207)

44, 66 (4175)

66 (4204, 4222)

66 (4222)

66 (4224)

66 (4236)

66 (4230)

66 (4238)

66 (4258) 2.13

4.27.45

In Ezechielem 1.1

In Isaiam 3.6.9, 10 Pleg. 8

6.14.13^14

In libros Paralipomenon praefatio Pleg. 9

Epistolae

119.5

121.10

In Zachariam 3.12.11^14 66 (3341)

THE RECKONING OF TIME

34.13

66 (4290) 34.16

66 (4290) 34.21^24 66 (4290) 34.26

66 (4290) 34.28

66 (4290) 34.30

66 (4290) 34.32

66 (4290)

66 (4328)

66 (4362) 44.6

66 (4377) 46.3

66 (4403) 53.10^11 66 (4472) 54.5

66 (4472) 55.6

66 (4480) 61.8

66 (4529) 62.3

66 (4529)

66 (4529) 63.3

66 (4529) 64^65 66 (4536) 66.3

66 (4557) 68.1

66 (4565)

66 (4565) 76.1

66 (4622) 76.1^2 66 (4594) 76.3

66 (4593, 4622) 76.6

66 (4594) 76.8

66 (4622) 78.1

66 (4622) 78.2^3 66 (4622) 78.4

66 (4622) 79.3

66 (4639) 81.3^4 66 (4639) 81.6

66 (4639) 81.12

66 (4639) 81.14^15 66 (4639) 82.2

66 (4639) 84.3

66 (4649) 86.6^8 66 (4649) 86.10

66 (4652) 86.15

66 (4659) 87.2

66 (4659) 88.1

66 (4659) Liber interpretationis hebraicum nominum 66 (130, 235) Josephus Antiquitates 1.3.9

2.15.1

66 (3431) 3.10.5

5.1.29

66 (2519) 6.13

66 (2870) 6 ¢n.

66 (2890) 10.13

66 (3389) 17.9

66 (3952) 17.17^19 66 (3952) Contra Apionem 1.38^39 66 (2483), Pleg. 8

1.42

Pleg. 8

Julian of Toledo, Excerpta

Leo the Great (Pope), Epistolae

Liber ponti¢calis

66 (4069)

66 (4113) 14.2

66 (4132)

66 (4146) 18.2

66 (4188) 19, 20 66 (4191) 21, 22 66 (4205) 22.4

66 (4207) 24^25 66 (4222)

66 (4229)

66 (4238) 30.2

66 (4258) 34.4

66 (4290) 34.9

66 (4290)

INDEX OF SOURCES

88.3

66 (4659) 88.4

66 (4665) 90.6

66 (4665) 90.8

66 (4667) 90.10

66 (4667) 90.11

66 (4670) 91.4

66 (4670) 91.5

66 (4671) 91.6

66 (4671)

66 (4338)

66 (4338)

66 (4338)

66 (4349)

66 (4377)

66 (4403)

66 (4403)

66 (4403)

66 (4403)

66 (4403) 453.1^2 66 (4410) 454.2

66 (4410)

66 (4427) 476.2

66 (4444) 481.1^482.2

66 (4444) 484.2^4 66 (4444) 487^489 66 (4444)

66 (4518)

66 (4518) Lucian, Revelatio sancti Stephani 66 (4377) Lucretius, De rerum natura 1.629

Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.3.2^4

1.12^15

1.12.4

1.12.14

1.12.16^37

1.12.38

1.12.39

1.13.1^3

1.13.3

1.13.5^11

1.13.8^10 9, 46 1.13.13^16

1.13.14

1.13.15

1.13.19

1.14.3

1.14.5

1.14.6

1.15.1

11, 16 1.15.5^6

1.15.9^13

1.15.16^17

Marius Aventicensis, Chronica a. 525, 526 66 (4480) a. 569

66 (4536) Martin of Braga, Tractatus paschalis

Merovingian computus of 727

7, 11 Orosius, Adversus paganos 2.8.2

66 (3431) 2.9.1^2 66 (3488) 2.10

66 (3488) 2.19.13

66 (3588) 3.13.2

66 (4290) 3.19

66 (3629) 6.22.1

66 (3952) 6.22.5

66 (3952) 7.3.1

66 (3952) 7.5.8

66 (3993) 7.6.9^10 66 (4007) Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon

66 (4338)

THE RECKONING OF TIME

7.6.15

66 (4007) 7.6.17

66 (4007) 7.7.10

66 (4021) 7.13.2

66 (4090) 7.13.4^5 66 (4090) 7.14.2

66 (4113) 7.15.2

66 (4132) 7.16.1

66 (4145) 7.16.2

66 (4145) 7.16.5^6 66 (4146) 7.17.4

66 (4163) 7.17.6^7 66 (4163) 7.18.3

66 (4171) 7.18.6

66 (4188) 7.18.7

66 (4188) 7.19.2

66 (4191) 7.20.2

66 (4204) 7.22.4

66 (4222) 7.22.5

66 (4222) 7.23

66 (4224) 7.23.6

66 (4229) 7.24.2

66 (4236) 7.25.13

66 (4258) 7.25.14

66 (4258) 7.25.16

66 (4258) 7.28.27

66 (4290) 7.28.28

66 (4290) 7.32.1

66 (4328) 7.33.1

66 (4332) 7.33.10^11 66 (4332) 7.34.5

66 (4338) 7.34.9

66 (4338) 7.34.9^10 66 (4338) 7.34.10

66 (4349) 7.35.1

66 (4349) 7.40.1

66 (4377) Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii 14^15 66 (4348) Philippus Presbyter, Commentarii in librum Iob

4, 29 Pliny, Historia naturalis 2.6.32^40

2.6.44

2.6.44^45

2.7.47^2.8.50

2.7.48

2.8.51

2.10.56^57

2.13.63^64

2.13.66^67

2.16.66

2.17

2.17.81

16, 30 2.19.83

2.47.122^125

2.48.128

2.64.160

2.65.161

2.68.171^172

2.71.178

2.71.177^179

2.74.182^77.187

2.79.188

2.97.215^216

4.16.104

31, 34 6.21.58

6.39.211^220 33, 37 6.39.214

7.48.155

18.281

37.67.181

Paschasinus of Lilybaeum, Epistola ad Leonem papam

66 (4403)

9, 11 2^3

Polemius Silvius, Laterculus 11, 14

INDEX OF SOURCES

7.1

66 (4207) 7.10.1

66 (4222) 7.27.2

66 (4224) 7.28

66 (4222) 7.32

16, 17 7.32.14

7.32.15

7.32.16^17

7.32.17

Wic. 1

8.13.6

66 (4258) 9.6.2^3 66 (4258) 11.1

66 (4317) 11.15

66 (4338) 11.26, 27 66 (4316) 11.28

66 (4316) Possidius, Vita sancti Augustini 28.4

66 (4403) 29.1

66 (4403) Priscian, De ¢guris numerorum 10^11

15^16

Prosper of Aquitaine, Epitoma chronicorum

Pleg. 2

66 (4163)

66 (4259)

66 (4328)

66 (4338)

66 (4349)

66 (4377)

66 (4377)

66 (4403)

66 (4403) Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium 22.9

31, 34 Theophilus of Alexandria, Prologus Theophili Proterius, Epistola ad Leonem 2^3

43, 59

6, 35, Wic. 1

Romana computatio Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris

4.35.6

4.40^41

4.42

Ru¢nus of Aquileia, trans. of Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica 1.5.2

66 (3952) 1.7.13

66 (3966) 1.8.5

66 (3952) 1.9.1

66 (3952) 2.1.8

66 (3984) 2.23.16^18 66 (4021) 4.14

66 (4113), Pleg. 2

6.11.1^2 66 (4170) 6.22.1

66 (4175) 6.31.1

66 (4197) 6.31.2

66 (4197) 6.41.1

66 (4205) Vergil Aeneid 1.374

2.250^251

8.97

Georgics 1.231^232 16, Wic. 6

1.233^234

1.235^236

1.237^238

THE RECKONING OF TIME

2.316 sqq.

2.480

Cursus paschalis (Prologus ad Hilarium archidiaconum)

50, 51

Victor of Capua, De pascha 17, 50, 51, 64, Wic.

3, 8 Vindicianus Afer, Epistola ad Pentadium Victorius of Aquitaine

Calculus Virgilius Maro, Epitoma

6, 29

GENERAL INDEX

Note: All references are to page number.

Alba: 171

Alban (martyr): 211

Albinus: 198

Albinus, Clodius (emperor): 204

Alboin (king of the Lombards): 226

Alba Silvius: 172

Alchymus: 191

Aldhelm: lviii, lxi, lxii Alethis: 171

Alexander (bp. of Jerusalem): 204, 207 Alexander (high priest): see Janaeus ''Aachen encyclopaedia of 809'': xci^ xcii Aaron (martyr): 211

Abbo of Fleury: xciv Abdon: 170

Abel: 159

Abgar: 205

Abijah: 173

Abimelech: 169

Abraham: 25, 165, 275 Acephalite heresy: 229^232 Achilleus (usurper): 211

Adam: 159

Aefric: xcvii Aegialius: 165

Aegyptus Silvius: 173

Aelle (king of Northumbria): 226

Aeneas: 170

Aeneas Silvius: 171

Aethelberht (king of Kent): 226

Aethelfrith(kingofNorthumbria):226

Aethelthryth, St: 232

Aetius: 220, 222 Africa: 220, 223, 224, 232 Agamemnon: 170

Agatho (pope): 231 ages of man: 157^159, 407 (St) Agnes, basilica of (Rome): 213

Agrippa (son of Herod Agrippa): 197

Agrippa Silvius: 174

Ahab: 173^174 Ahasuerus: 182, 186 Ahaz: 176

Alans: 216, 218, 220 Alaric: 218

Alexander Alexander (pope): 200

Alexander (son of Herod the Great):

Alexander Severus (emperor): 205

Alexander the Great: 187

Alexandra (wife of Janaeus Alexander): 192

Alexandria: 187, 193; lighthouse of:

alphabet, Athenian: 186

Amaziah: 175

Ambrose, St: lxxxii, lxxxiii^lxxxiv, 216, 217 Ambrosius Aurelianus: 223

Amon: 177

Amulius Silvius: 176

Ananias, Azarias and Misael: 179

Anastasius, St: 227^228 Anastasius I (emperor): 223^224 Anastasius II (emperor): 235, 236 Anatolius of Laodicea: xlvii, 209^210 (ps.)-Anatolius of Laodicea, Liber Anatolii: lvi^lix, lxxii, lxxv

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Anchiale: 175

Ancus Marcius: 178

Andrew, St: 214

Andromachus: 187

Andronicus: 172

Angles: 221, 226; see also Saxons annus mundi: lxviii^lxxi, 359 sqq.

Antarctic circle: 98

Antenor: 171

Antherus (pope): 206

Anthony, St: 214, 224^225 Antichrist: 241^243, 369^370 Antigonus: 188

Antioch: 188, 197 Antiochus: 189, 190 Antiochus Epiphanes: 190

Antipater (son of Herod of Ascalon):

Aristobolus (high priest): 185, 191 Aristobolus (Peripatetic philosopher):

Aristobolus (son of Herod the Great):

Aristobolus (son of Janaeus Alexander): 192

Arius (heresiarch): 213

Arius (king of the Lacedaemonians):

Argives: 166

Aristides: 201

Aristotle: 186

Arpachshad: 162, 163 Arses: 186

Artabanus: 184

Artaxerxes I: see Ahasuerus Artaxerxes II ''Long Hands'': 184

Artaxerxes III Ochus: 186

Asa: 173

Ascanius: 171

Asclepiodotus: 211

Assyrians: 165, 175 Athalaric: 224

Athaliah: 174

Athanasius: xlvii, 213^214, 215 Athenodorus: 206

Athens: 192, 210 Attica: 170

Attila: 221, 222 Augustine of Canterbury: 226

Augustine of Hippo, St: xxi^xxii, 192, 194 Antipater (son of Herod the Great):

194, 195 antipodes: 98^99, 318^319 Antoninus Pius (emperor): 202

Antony, Mark: 194

Apamia: 188

Ape: 166

Apollinaris (bp. of Hieropolis): 203

Apollinaris (bp. of Laodicea): 215

(Holy) Apostles, church of (Constantinople): 215

Appian Way: 188 aqueduct, Claudian: 188

Aquileia: 233^234 Aratea: xcii Aratus latinus: xc-xci Arbaces the Mede: 175

Arcadius (emperor): 217, 218 Archelaus: 195

Archelaus (bishop): 210

Arctic circle: 97^98 Aremulus Silvius: 175

Arian heresy: 213^214, 216^217, 220 Aripert (king of the Lombards): 234 lxxxiv, 219, 220, 237, 356^357 Augustus (emperor): 194

Aurelian (emperor): 209

Ausonius: lxxxiii Auxentius (bp. of Milan): 216

Aventinus Silvius: 175

Avitus: 219

Azariah I (king of Judah): 174

Azariah II (king of Judah): 175

GENERAL INDEX

(structure and content) lxiii^ lxxi; (as text-book) xvii, xxx sqq.

Belisarius: 224

Belshazzar: 181

Belus: 165

Benedict, St: 224

Benedict Biscop: xxix Ben-Haddad: 173

Berenice (wife of Aristobolus, son of Babylas (martyr): 207

Babylon (city in Egypt): 182

Babylonian Captivity: 178^182, 183 Bachylus (of Asia, bp.): 204

Barak: 168

Barnabas (apostle): 223

Basil, St: lxxxii, lxxxiv Bede: interest in architecture: 366 and astrology: 268^269, 275 attitude to chiliasm: xxx^xxxi chronology of World Ages: xxx^ Herod the Great): 194

Beroea: 188

Bleda: 221

Boethius: xcii Boniface, St: lxxxvi Boniface I (pope): 219

Boniface III (pope): 227

Bonifatius primicerius: liii Brennus: 186

Britain: 193, 198, 199, 204, 211, 217, xxxi, 353 sqq. education: xxviii^xxx knowledge of Greek: 82 n. 252 attitude towards Irish: lxxviii^lxxix in£uence of Irish on: xxiii^xxvi, lxxii^lxxviii, lxxxv and Isidore of Seville: lxxx^lxxxii life and works: xv^xvi as scientist: lxiv^lxvii, 264^266, 300 literary style: c as teacher: xxx, xxxi^xxxiii, 276^ 219, 220^222, 223, 226, 228, 230, 233 Brutus: 184

''Byrhtferth glosses'': xciv^xcv 277, 290^291, 304^306, 335^

Works:

Cain: 159

Cainan: 163 calendar, Julian: xviii^xix, Appendix Ecclesiastical History: lxvii^lxxi Letter to Plegwin: xxx^xxxi, lxxi, 1.

Caligula (emperor): 197

Callinicus (bp. of Constantinople): 234

Cambyses II (king of Persia): 182, 183, lxxix, 253^254, 367^369 The Nature of Things: lxiv^lxvii, xcv^xcvi On Times: lxiv^lxvi Reckoning of Time (Detemporum

Campania: 234

Capitol (of Rome): 177, 178 Capys Silvius: 173

Caracalla (emperor): 204

Caranus: 176

Carausius: 211

Carcedon of Tyre: 172

Carinus: 210

Carnus: 171

Carpentus Silvius: 173 ratione): (adaptations) xcvii; (editions) xcvii^xcix; (excerpts) xcvii^xcviii; (fortunes and in£uence) lxxxv sqq.; (glosses) xciii^xcvi (see also ''Byrhtferth glosses'', Laon-Metz glosses); (manuscripts) lxxxv^xcii; (as science) xvii, xxvi^xxviii; (sources) lxxii^lxxxv;

THE RECKONING OF TIME

computus: xvi sqq., xxxiv sqq.

Carthage: 172, 220, 224, 232; see also Punic War Carus (emperor): 210

Cassian, John: lxxxiv Cassiodorus: liii Cassius: 194

Cecrops: 170

Celestine (pope): 220

Celsus: 207

''Celtic'' Paschal controversy: lv sqq., in Carolingian and postCarolingian Europe: lxxxviii^ xcii, xcvi^xcvii and doctrina christiana: xxi sqq.; manuscripts: xxii, lxxxix^xc as science: xviii sqq., xcv^xcvi, 266 in Bede's world-chronicle: 366

See also calendar, Julian; ''Celtic''

Paschal controversy; concurrents; Easter, reckoning of; epacts; Paschal cycles and tables; saltus lunae concurrents: 136^139, 296^297, 342^ lxxviii^lxxix Ceolfrith: xxix, 236 Cerdo: 202

Chalcedonian Tome: 222

Chalcidius: xcii chiliasm: see eschatology and Bede:

(St) Constance, church of (Rome): 213

Constantia (sister of Constantine I): attitude to chiliasm chronicle: see historiography Chronicon Paschale: lxx chronology: 3^4, 156^159, 180^181, 212^213 Constans I (emperor): 213

Constans II (emperor): 230

Constantine (pope): 234, 235 Constantine I (emperor): 212^213 Constantine II (emperor): 213

Constantine III (emperor): 229

Constantine IV (emperor): 231

Constantinople: 213, 214, 223, 231^ 253^254, 336^338, 353 sqq.

Chushan-rishathaim: 168

Cicero: 191

Circus (of Rome): 178

Claudius I (emperor): 197

Claudius II (emperor): 209

Claudius Caecus, Appius: 188

Clement (priest, of Alexandria): 204

(ps.)-Clement of Alexandria: lxxxiv Cleopatra: 193, 194 climate: 96^99 Code of Justinian: 225

Codex Amiatinus: 236

Colman (abb. of Lindisfarne): lix Cologne Prologue: lxxix Colosseum (of Rome): 199

Colossus (of Rome): 199, 203 Columbanus: lvi Commodus (emperor, son of Marcus 232, 236 Constantius I Chlorus (emperor): 211

Constantius II (emperor): 213

Corinth: 171

Cornelius (pope): 207, 208 cosmology: lxiv^lxvii Creation: 20^28, 158^159, 271^272, 273^275 Crescens the Cynic: 202

Cross (of Jesus Christ): 227, 233 cryptography: 11^13, 262^263 Cummian: lvi, lviii, lix, lxii Cuthbert: 233

Cyprian of Carthage: 208

(ps.)-Cyprian of Carthage, St: xxxvii, Aurelius): 203

Commodus, Lucius Aurelius (brother

of Marcus Aurelius): 202

GENERAL INDEX

Cypros of Arabia: 194

Cyrene: 168, 176, 190 (ps.)-Cyril of Alexandria: xlviii^xlix, 202, 203, 210, 272^275, 347^

date of historic Easter: 126, 336^ lix^lxi, lxxv Cyrus (bp. of Constantinople): 234, 338, 347^348 and Passover: 149^151, 349^351 symbolism: 151^155, 351^352 See also computus, ''Celtic'' Paschal

Cyrus (king of Persia): 180^182 Cyrus of Alexandria (heresiarch): 229, controversy, Paschal cycles and tables eclipses: 29^30, 78^80, 230, 306, 332 ecumenical councils: 231^232, 235 Edessa: 188

Edom: 174

Edwin (king of Northumbria): 228

Egbert: 235

Eglon: 168

Egypt: 164, 165, 195 Ehud: 168

Elagabalus (emperor): 205

Eleazar: 188, 189 elements: 100, 319 Eleutherius (pope): 203

Eli: 171

Elijah: 173, 174 Elisha: 173, 174, 175 Elisians: 176

Elon: 170

Ely: 232 embolisms: xli^xliii, xlvi, 67, 295, 334^

Damascus: 176

Damasus (pope): 215, 216 Daniel (prophet): 36^39, 179, 181, 188, 279^280 Darius I (king of Persia): 182, 183 Darius II Nothus (king of Persia): 185

Darius III (king of Persia): 187

Darius (the Mede): 181

David (king of Israel): 172 day: 19^24, 270^273; length of: 89^96 De computo dialogus: xxiii^xxvi, lxv, lxvi, lxxiii De divisionibus temporum: lxxiii De ratione conputandi: lxvi, lxxiii Deborah: 168

Decius (emperor): 207

Demosthenes: 186

Diadumenian: 205

Dido: 172

Diocletian (emperor): 210

Dionysius (bp. of Alexandria): xxxvi,

embolismic year: see year Emesa: 221

Emmaeus: 205

English: see Angles, Saxons Enoch: 160, 161 Enosh: 160 epacts (lunar): liv^lv, 130^132, 135^ xxxvii, 207 Dionysius (bp. of Corinth): 203

Dionysius Exiguus: liii^lv, lxxv, lxxvii, 225.See also Paschal cycles and tables: of Dionysius Exiguus Dioscorus (bp. of Alexandria): 222

Domitian: 199

Dosis: 194

Drepanum: 213

136, 137^139, 274^275 epacts (solar): see concurrents Ephesus: 172 equator: 96^97 equinox, spring: xviii^xix, xxxix, 24^ Earth: sphericity of: 91^93 Easter: xviii^xxi, xxxiv sqq., 145^155,

THE RECKONING OF TIME

28, 56, 86^89, 145^146, 313^ 314, 340^341, Letter to Wichthed, passim. equinoxes: 86^89, 96^97, 313^314 Esau: 166 eschatology: lxxi, 239^249, 358^375, Galerius (emperor): 211, 212 Galla Placidia: 220, 222 Gallienus: 208

Gallus (emperor): 207

Gamaliel: 218

Gaul and the Gauls: 186, 193, 210, 217, Letter to Plegwin, passim.

Eudoxia (empress): 221

Eudoxius (Arian bishop): 215

Eurystheus: 171

Eusebius: lxix, 181, 182, 183, 196, 205,

Gelimer (king of the Vandals): 224

George (bp. of Constantinople): 231

Gerlandus Compotista: 269

Germanus (bp. of Auxerre): 222

Germany and Germans: 193, 199, 203 Gervasius and Protasius, saints: 218

(SS) Gervasius and Protasius, basilica 210, 211, 354^356. See also Paschal cycles and tables: of Eusebius Eutyches: 222, 224 Eutychius (bp. of Constantinople): 225

Eutychius (pope): 209

Evilmerodach: 180

Exodus (of Israelites from Egypt): of (Rome): 218

Gideon: 168^169 Gisulf (duke of Benevento): 234

Gordian (emperor): 206

Goths: 209, 216, 218, 220 Gratian (emperor): 215, 216 Gregory I (pope): 224, 225, 226^227 Gregory II (pope): 235

Gregory the Thaumaturge, St: 206, 166^167 Ezekiel: 179

Ezra: 184^185 Fabian (pope): 207

Fabius: 177 famine: 198, 220 Faunus: 171

(St) Felicitas (oratory and tomb of, in

Habakkuk: 218

Hadrian (deacon): 230

Hadrian (emperor): 201

Haggai: 183

Ham: 164 hand (as computus table): 138^139, Rome): 219

Felix (procurator of Judea): 198

Felix of Ghyllitanus: liv Festus (procurator of Judea): 198

¢nger-reckoning: lxxvi, xcviii, 9^13, 343^346 Hazael: 175

Heber: 163

Hector: 171

Hegesar: 181

Helena (mother of Constantine): 212

Helenopolis: 213

Helenus: 171

Heliogabalus: see Elgabalus Helvia (mother of Cicero): 191 hendecas: xlvi, 124^126, 334^336 Heraclas: 206

138^139, 254^263 Flavia Domitilla: 200

Flood (biblical): 161^162 Florian (emperor): 209

Florus: 198 fractions: 16^18, 270 Frisians: 233

Gabinus: 192

Gaius (pope): 210

GENERAL INDEX

Heracleonas (emperor): 229

Heraclius (emperor): 227

Hercules: 169

Hermas (author of The Shepherd):

Inachus: 166

Incarnation, year of: lv, lxx^lxxi, 126^ 129, 336^338 indictions: 130, 339^340 Innocent I (pope): 218 intervals of time: 14^16 Io: 166

Iona: lxiii, lxxviii Irenaeus (bp. of Lyon): 203

Irish: 217, 219, 220, 228, 235; see also

Herminigild: 226

Herod Agrippa: 194, 196^197 Herod Antipas (the tetrarch): 195, 196,

Herod the Great: 191, 194, 197 Herodias: 197

Herodotus: 184

Herwagen, Johannes: xciv^xcv, xcviii^ Bede: in£uence of Irish, attitudes towards Irish ''Irish'' Paschal controversy: see xcix Hezekiah: 177

Hiel the Bethelite: 173

Hilarius (pope): l^lii, 222 Hilary of Poitiers: 214, 216 Hilderic (king of the Vandals): 224 historiography: lxvii^lxxi Hippocrates: 185

(ps.)-Hippocrates: lxxxiii Hippolytus of Rome: xxxvi^xxxvii, ''Celtic'' Paschal controversy ''Irish forgeries'': lxvi^lxix, lxxv^lxxvi

Isaac: 165^166 Ishmael: 165

Isidore of Seville: liv, lxiv^lxvi, lxxvii, lxxx^lxxxiii, xcii, 353, 357^358 Isis: 166

Israel, kingdom of: 177

Istrus: 178

Italy: 171, 218, 223, 225, 226

Holy Cross of Jerusalem, basilica of Jabin: 168

Jacob: 166

Jaddus: 186^187 Jair: 169

James, St: 196^198 James (bp. of Nisibis): 213

Janaeus Alexander: 192

Janus: 170

Japeth: 164

Jared: 160

Jehoahaz: 178

Jehoiakim: 178^179 Jehoiakin: 179

Jehonadab: 174

Jehoram: 174

Jehoshabeath: 174

Jehoshaphat: 173^174 Jehu: 174

Jephthah: 169

(Rome): 212^213 Honorius (emperor): 218

Honorius (heresiarch): 231

Honorius (pope): lix, 228 hours: 22^23, 73^74, 267, 271 humours: 100^101, 319 Huneric (king of the Vandals): 223

Huns: 216

Hyginus: xc Hyrcanus (son of Janaeus Alexander):

Hyrcanus (son of Simon Maccabeus): see John Hyrcanus Ibzan: 170

Ignatius, St: 200

Ilia: 176

Illyria: 221

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Jeremiah: 180

Jericho: 173, 174 Jeroboam: 172, 173 Jerome, St: lxxxiv, 9, 181, 218, 219, 411 Jerusalem: 179, 182, 184^185, 188, 189, Julian of Toledo: lxxxiii Julian the Apostate (emperor): 214

Julianus, Didius (emperor): 203

Julius (ancestor of Julian clan): 175

Julius (martyr): 211

Julius Africanus: 181, 182, 185, 205,

Jesus, son of Sirach: 189

Jesus Christ: 195, 196 Jews:

206, 354, 360 Julius Caesar: 184, 193 Julius Proculus: 175

Justin I (emperor): 224

Justin II (emperor): 225

Justin Martyr: 202

Justina (empress): 217

Justinian I (emperor): 224^225 Justinian II (emperor): 232^233, 234 Justus (archbp. of Canterbury): 228 expulsion from Rome: 198 rebellion: 198, 199, 201 slaughter: 201

Joash: 174^175 John, St: 200

John (bp. of Porta): 231

John (companion of Augustine of Canterbury): 226

John I (pope): liii, 224 John III (pope): 225

John IV (pope): lxi, 228 John VI (pope): 234

John VII (pope): 234

John Hyrcanus (son of Simon Kenan: 160

Labosordach: 181

Lacedaemonia: 171, 176; see also Sparta Lamech: 161

Laodicea: 188

Laomedontes: 169

Laon-Metz glosses: xciii^xciv, 49 n.

Maccabeus): 191

(St) John Lateran, basilica (Rome):

John the Baptist, St: 175, 214, 221 Jonathan (brother of Judas 148,263n.21,264^265,333,337 Lapiths and Centaurs, battle of: 169

Latinus: 172

Latinus Silvius: 172 latitude: 89^96, 317 (St) Lawrence ''in Damaso'', basilica Maccabeus): 191

Josephus: 167, 181 Joshua (patriarch): 167

Joshua (priest): 183

Josiah: 178

Jotham: 176

Jovian (emperor): 215

Jubilee: 36

Judas Maccabeus: 190^191 Judgement, day of: see eschatology Judith: 182

Julia Mammaea: see Mammaea Julian calendar: see calendar, Julian Julian (deacon, of Jerusalem): 214 of (Rome): 215

(St) Lawrence without the Walls, basilica (Rome): 213, 215 n.

277, 221 Leander (bp. of Seville): 226 leap year: see year Leo I (emperor): 222

Leo II (emperor): 233, 234 Leo III the Isaurian (emperor): 236

Leo I (pope): l, lxxv, lxxvi, 220, 334 Leonidas (father of Origen): 204

GENERAL INDEX

Leuvigild (king of the Visigoths): 226

Licinius (emperor): 212

Lindisfarne: lxxviii, 233 litterae formatae: 262^263 litterae punctatae: 71^73, 299 Liutprand (king of the Lombards):

Buckeburg, Niedersa« chsiche Staatsarchiv Dept.3/1: lxxxvi Cologne, Domund Dio« cezanbibl.

83 (II): xcii Darmstadt, Hessische Landesund Hochschulbibliothek 4264: lxxxvi Geneva, Bibl. de l'Universite¤ 50:

235, 237 Livia: 196

Livias: 196

Lombards: 225, 226 Lucian (priest): 218

Lucian (priest of Antioch, martyr): lxxii, xcii Karlsruhe, Landesbibl. Aug. 167: lxxxvii, xciii, 363 Leiden, Scaliger 28: 363

Madrid, Bibl. nacional 3307: xcii Melk, Stiftsbibliothek 370 G: xciii Munich CLM 210: xcii Munich CLM 18158: xcvi Munich CLM 14725: 363

Mu« nster in Westphalen, 212, 213 Lucina (Roman matron): 208

Lucius (king of Britain): 203

Lucretia: 182

Luke, St: 214 lunar cycle: 139^142, 346 lunation: xix, xli^xlii, 43^45 luni-solar cycle: xix, xli sqq.

Lupus (bp. of Trier): 222

Lydia: 176

Lysias: 195

Staatsarchiv Misc., I.243: lxxxvi Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 309: lxxii^lxxvi Paris, BN lat. 16361: lxxii Paris, BN n.a.lat. 1632: 363

Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana E 26:

Macarius (bp. of Antioch): 231

Maccabees: 190^191 Macedonia: 176, 223 Macedonius: 216

Macrinus (emperor): 205

Macrobius: lxxvii, lxxxiii, xcii Mag Le¤ ne, Synod of: lix Magi brothers: 182, 183 Malachi: 183

Malalas, John: lxx Mammaea: 205^206 Manasseh: 177

Manasses (builder of temple on Mount

Troyes 1071: 364

Vatican City, BAV Pal. lat.1447: 364

Vatican City, BAV Reg. lat.123: xcii Vatican City, BAV Rossiana lat.

264: lxxii Vienna, Nationalbibl. 387: xcii Vienna, Nationalbibl. Supp. 2698: lxxxvii Marcian (emperor): l, lxxvi, 221 Marcion (priest, of Antioch): 209

Marcus Aurelius (emperor): 202

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Gezirim): 186

Manasses (high priest): 189

Manichees: 210 manuscripts:

(emperor): see Elagabalus Mark, St: 197

Mark (bp. of Jerusalem): 201

Mariamne: 194

Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 130: xciv,

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Mars (god): 176

Mars (planet): see planets Martianus Capella: xc, xcii Martin I (pope): 230

Martin the Irishman: xc, xciii, xciv (St) Mary, basilica of (Rome): 128, 221 Mattathias: 190

Matthew, St: 174, 197, 223 Maurice (emperor): 226

Maxentius (emperor): 212

Maximian (emperor): 210^211 Maximin (bp. of Trier): 213

Maximin Daia (emperor): 212

Maximin the Thracian (emperor): 206

Maximus (emperor): 217

Maximus (general): 216

Medes: 175^176 Megiddo: 178

Mehalalel: 160

Melitius: 215

Melitus (bp. of Sardis): 203

Mellitus: 226

Memphis: 166

Methuselah: 161, 162, 410 Micah: 218

Miletus: 168 millenium: see eschatology month: 281 sqq. and leap year: 110^111, 325^326 Paschal: 25^27, 117^119, 122^124, 131^135, 142^155, 346^347 position of: 74^78, 301^306 saltus lunae: 113^115, 326^328 and tides: 82^85, 307^312 and weather: 74^76, 301^303 in relation to zodiac: 54^65, 278^293 moonlight, hours of: 73^74 Moses: 166^167 Mycene: 170

Nahor: 164^165 Naples: 213

Narcissus (bp. of Jerusalem): 204

Narseh (king of Persia): 211

Narses: 225

Nebuchadnezzar: 179, 180 Necho: 178

Nechtanebo: 186

Nehemiah: 185

Nero (emperor): 198^199 Nerva (emperor): 200

Nicaea, Council of: xix, xxxvii^xxxix, 115^119, 212 Nicodemus: 218

Nicopolis: 205 night: 28^31, 275^277 Ninus: 165

Nisan: xxxv^xxxix Noah: 161^162 Notker the Stammerer: lxxxv Noviomagus (Neumagen), Johannes Egyptian: 45, 282^284 English: 53^54, 285^287 Greek: 51^53, 285 Jewish: 42^43, 122^124, 282^283 lunar (synodic): see lunation Roman: 46^51, 122^124, 284 Moon:

Bronchorst von: xciv, xcviii Numa Pompilius: 177 numerals, Greek: 12, 261^263 Numerian: 210

Numitor: 176 age of: 64^68, 69^73, 115^119, 141^ 142, 293^299 anomalies of reckoning: 113^119, 326^332 on Easter Sunday:147^149, 348^349 eclipses: 78^80 in£uence of: 80^82, 306^307 Odoacer: 223 ogdoas: xlvi, 124^126, 335^336 Olympias: 176

Olympic Games: 169

GENERAL INDEX

Omri: 173

Onias I (high priest): 188

Onias II (high priest): 188, 189 Onias III (high priest): 189, 190, 191 Origen: 206, 207, 208, 350 n. 194

Orkney Islands: 198

Orosius: 219

Ostia: 178, 213 Othniel: 168

Paul of Samosata: 209

(St) Paul outside the Walls, basilica of (Rome): 212

Paulinus (bp. of York): 228

Pavia: 237

Peirius (priest, of Alexandria): 210

Pelagianism: 26 n. 39, 221^222, 228 Pelagius (heresiarch): 218

Pelagius (pope): 225

Peleg: 163, 164 Pella: 188

Pentecost: 35

Perpetua and Felicitas, saints: 204 persecution of Christians: 198, 200, Pachomius, St: 118, 331 Palaephatus: 169

Palladius: 220

Pamphilius: 211

Panthaptes: 183

Panthenus (Stoic philosopher): 204

Pantheon (of Rome): 201^227 Paraetonium: 187

Parthian Empire: see Persian Empire.

Paschal candles: 128

Paschal cycles and tables: xx^xxi, xli 202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 223 Persian Empire: 182, 202, 227, 228 Persian Wars: 184

Pertinax (emperor): 203

Peter, St: 197, 198, 208, 215 Peter (bp. of Alexandria): 212

Peter (heresiarch): 231

(St) Peter on the Vatican, basilica of sqq.

Celtic 84-year cycle: lv sqq. of Dionysius Exiguus: liii^liv, 126^ (Rome): 212, 234, 235 (SS.) Peter and Marcellinus, basilica of 129, 155^156, 225, 333^349 84-year cycle: xliv^xlv, xlix^l of Eusebius: 121, 205, 333 Great Paschal Cycle of 532 years:

(Rome): 213

Philip (king of Syria): 192

Philip (son of Herod the Great): 195

Philip (abbot, of Jerusalem): 214

Philip Arideus: 187

Philip the Arabian (emperor): 206^207 (SS.) Philip and James, basilica of 126^129, 155^156, 352^353, Appendix 2 of Hippolytus: xxxvi^xxxvii, 205 19-year cycle: xlvi^xlix, 117^119, 121^126,142,155^156,340^341 octaeteris: xliv, 124^125 of Victorius of Aquitaine: l^liii,117^ (Rome): 225

Philippicus (emperor): 235

Philippus Presbyter: lxxxiv, 17^18, 18 119, 131^135, 222, 328^332 Paschasinus of Lilybaeum: l, lxxv, 220 Passion, chronology of: 126^129, 147, n. 31

Philistines: 170

Phocas (emperor): 227

Phoroneus: 166

Picts: 217, 219, 220, 222 Picus: 171

Pilate: 196, 197 336^338, 347^348 Passover: xviii^xix, xxxiv^xxxvi, 149^ 155, 350^351 Paul, St: 198, 208, 215 Paul (bp. of Constantinople): 229, 231

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Pionius: 202 plague: 202, 221 planets: 33^34 Plato: 185, 196 Pliny the Elder: lxxxi^lxxxiii, xc-xci, 81

Rehoboam: 172

Remus: 176, 177 Resurrection: 16; see also Easter: date of historic Easter Reu: 164

Rezin (king of Syria): 176

Rhea Silvia: 176

Roman Church, primacy of: 227

Roman Supputatio: xliv^lxv Romana computatio: lxxvi, 260^261 Rome:170,175,176^177,178,179^180, n. 251, 201 n. 426

Pliny the Younger: 201

Polemius Silvius: lxxix, 282, 285 Polycarp (bp. of Smyrna): 202

Polycarp of Asia (bp.): 204

Pompey: 192^193 Pontianus (pope): 206

Pontius (deacon, of Carthage): 208

Priam: 169

Probus (emperor): 210

Procas Silvius: 175^176 Proterius (bp. of Alexandria): l, lxxv, 184, 186, 197, 207, 212^213, 218, 226, 236; see also names of individual monuments and church in Rome, e.g.

Colosseum, (St) Lawrence without the Walls Romulus: 175, 176, 177 Ronan: lxxviii

Ptolemy I: 187, 188 Ptolemy II Philadelphus: 188^189 Ptolemy III Evergetes: 189

Ptolemy IV Philopator: 189

Ptolemy V Epiphanes: 190

Ptolemy VI Philometor: 190

Ptolemy VII (Evergetes II): 191

Ptolemy IX Physcon (Soter II): 191, sabbath: 240, 247^248 Sabine women, rape of: 176 saltus lunae: xliii, 28, 67^68, 113^115; in 84-year cycles: xlv n.69, 295^ 296, 326^328; see also Moon: saltus lunae Samaria: 173, 177, 191 Samos: 173

Samson: 170

Samuel: 171

Saracens: 231, 232, 236^237 Sardanapalus: 175

Sardinia: 223, 237 Saturnus: 171

Saul: 171

Saxons: 221; see also Angles Scythians: 164 seasons: 100^103, 319^321 Sebaste: 191, 214 Second Coming: see eschatology selenite stone: 81, 118, 331 Seleucia: 188

Seleucis Nicanor: 187, 188

Ptolemy X Alexander: 192

Ptolemy XI Alexander: 192

Ptolemy XII Dionysius: 192

Ptolemy XIII: 193

Punic War: 186

Pyrrhus (bp. of Constantinople): 229

Pythagoras: 183

Quadratus: 201

Quartodecimans: xxxv^xxxvi, xxxviii n. 55, lxvi, 228 Rabanus Maurus: xci Reccared (king of the Visigoths): 226 regulars, lunar: 295^296 regulars, solar: 296^297

GENERAL INDEX

Semiramis: 165

Septimius Severus (emperor): 203, 204 Septuagint: 3^4, 157^178, 189, 239, Sogdianus: 185

Solinus: lxxxiii Solomon: 172 solstices: 86^89, 96^97, 313^315 Sophia (empress): 225

Sosastros of Cnidos: 188

Speusippus: 186, 187 Sparta: 166; see also Lacedaemonia Spartus: 166 spring equinox: see equinox, spring Stephen, St: 196, 219, 221 Stephen I (pope): 208

Sulla: 192

Sun:

358, 407^412 Serapion (of Alexandria): 214

Serenus Granius: 201

Sergius (heresiarch): 229

Sergius I (pope): 232^233 Serug: 164

Servius: 179^180 Sessorian Palace (Rome): 212^213 Seth: 159

Severinus (pope): lxi Severus (Caesar): 212

Shalmaneser: 177

Shapur I (king of Persia): 208

Sheba, queen of: 172

Shelah: 163

Shem: 162, 163 Shemer: 173

Shishak: 172

Sichardus, Joannes: xcviii Sicily: 220, 231 Sicyon: 171

Silvanus, St (tomb of): 29

Silvius: 171

Simeon (bp. of Jerusalem): 200

Simon (brother of Judas Maccabeus): creation: 24^28 eclipses: 29, 78^80 position in relation to Moon: 77^78 size: 30, 79 in relation to zodiac: 56^58 Sunday: xxx sundial: 89^91, 93^96, 315^317 Sycinians: 165

Symmachus (pope): 223

Symmachus (Roman patrician): 224

Syria: 192

Tabernacle (of Moses): 167

Tacitus (emperor): 209

Tanaus: 164

Tarquin the Proud: 182

Tarquin the Younger: 182

Tarquinius Priscus: 178

Temple (of Egypt): 190

Temple (of Jerusalem): 172, 173, 175,

Simon (son of Onias, son of Simon the Just): 189

Simon the Just: 188

Sirmond manuscript:see Manuscripts:

Oxford, Bodleian Library Bodley 309 Sisera: 168 six (number): 32, 108^109, 356 Sixtus II (pope): 208

Sixtus III (pope): 221

Smerdes: 183

Smyrna: 173

Socrates: 184

176, 178,179, 180^181, 182, 189, 190, 194, 199 Temple (of Mount Gezirim): 186, 190 Terah: 165

Terbellius (king of the Bulgars): 234

Tertullian: 205

Tharsus: 175

Theodora (wife of Constantius Chlorus): 211

THE RECKONING OF TIME

Theodore(archbp.ofCanterbury):230

Theodore (exarch): 230

Theodore (pope): 229

Theodore of Pontus (bp. of Urban I (pope): 206

Unleavened Bread, feast of: 149^151 Uzziah: see Azariah II (king of Judah) Neocaesarea): see Gregory the Thaumaturge, St Theodoret (bp. of Cyrus): 222

Theodoric (son of Triarius, king of the Valens (emperor): 215, 216 Valentinian I (emperor): 215

Valentinian II (emperor): 216, 217 Valentinian III (emperor): 220, 221 Valentinus: 202

Valeria (wife of Galerius): 211

Valerian (emperor): 208

Vandals: 218, 220, 223, 224 Vegetius: lxxxiii Vergil: lxxxiii, 193 vernal equinox: see equinox, spring Vespasian (emperor): 198, 199 Vestina (Roman matron): 218

Victor I (pope): 203

Victor of Capua: lii, lxxix, 135, 225 Victorius of Aquitaine: l^lii, lxxvii, Ostrogoths): 223

Theodoric the Great (king of the Ostrogoths): 223, 224 Theodosius I (emperor): 216^217 Theodosius II (emperor): 218, 219 Theodosius III (emperor): 236

Theophanius (bp. of Antioch): 231

Theophilus (bp. of Alexandria): lxvii^lxviii, lxxvi, 114, 214, 217 Theophilus (bp. of Caesarea): 129, 204 Thessaly: 223

Thonos Concoleros: see Sardanapalus Thrace: 216, 221 Tiber: 174, 236 Tiberias: 196

Tiberius I (emperor): 196

Tiberius II (emperor): 225

Tiberius III (emperor): 233, 234 tides: 82^85, 307^312 Tiglath-Pileser: 176

Timothy (Apostle): 214

Timothy (martyr): 212

Titus (emperor): 199

Tola: 169

Totila (king of the Ostrogoths): 225

Trajan (emperor): 200^201 Trasamund (king of the Vandals): 223 tropics: 96^99 Troy: 169, 170, 171 Trumberht: xxix Tryphon: 191

Tullius Hostilius: 177

Tyberinus Silvius: 173^174 Tyre: 169

132^135, 222, 225; see also Paschal cycles and tables: of Victorius of Aquitaine Vindicianus Afer: lxxxiii Vitalian (pope): 230

Vizoues: 164

Volusian: 207

Vortigern: 221

Walls (Hadrian's and Antonine): 204,

week: 32^41, 277^280 weekday: 68^71 weekdays, cycle of: 342^344 Whitby, ''Synod'' of: lviii^lix, lxi^lxii, lxxviii Wight, Isle of: 199

Wilfred: xxx, lix, lxii^lxiii Willibrord: 233

World-Ages: 39^41, 156^158, 172, 239^240, 246^249, 280, 355 sq., Letter to Plegwin, passim; see

GENERAL INDEX

also chronology, eschatology, historiography solar (tropical): xviii^xix, 103^104, 312 sq.

Xenocrates: 187

Xerxes I (king of Persia): 183, 184 Xerxes II (king of Persia): 185

Zacharias (protospatharius): 232

Zara the Ethiopian: 173

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada): 175

Zechariah (prophet): 183

Zedechiah: 179

Zeno (emperor): 223

Zerubabbel: 183

Zeuxis: 184 zodiac: 15, 27^28, 54^60, 275, 287 sq.; year: 103^105, 321 sq.; embolismic: xix, xliii, xlvi, 14, 103, 114^115, 122^124, 334^335 ''Great Year'': 104 leap year: xviii^xix, xx, xli, 28, 45, see also Moon: in relation to zodiac zones, climatic: 96^99, 318^319 103, 105^111, 137, 323^326 lunar: 103 seasons of: 100^103

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