Index
Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Adams, Abigail, 171, 255n7 Adams, John, 89, 171, 228, 255n7 Adirondack Mountains, 124 Adler, Felix, 147, 251n9 Advertisements: in India, 135–36ni, 250n50; in American industriousness, 219–20, 223–24, 229,
234, 236, 238 American Marathi Mission, 10, 133, 253n6 American pluralism, 8, 10 American Ramabai Association, 29 American reform: reform movement, 9, 24; the United States, 120, 135ni Africa, 38, 63, 65, 138, 157, 211 African Americans, 26, 37, 40, 43n2, 44n8; enfranreformers, 34; women reformers, 23–24
American widows, 167, 188 American Woman Suffrage Association, 199, chisement of, 8–9, 77. See also Blacks; Negroes
Agarkar, G. G., 13, 165, 253–54n16 Age of Consent controversy, 246n10 Agency of women: Indian, 13–14, 18; American,
261n60 American women: achievements of, 37; alleged intellectual inferiority of, 172, 183, 186; economic dependence, 213–14nv; emancipation of, 41, 168,
175; employment, 35, 178–87, 213niv; legal disabilities of, 171, 188–89; men's inferior treatment of, 169–72; oppression of, 168, 199, 203; political disabilities of, 167, 171, 211; social disabilities of,
167; status of, 36, 41, 100, 119; subjection of, 41, 181; suffering of, 202–203 American women and education: 35, 100, 102, 139,
25–26, 37 Agriculture, 9, 36, 215–16, 218, 228–32, 237. See also Farms and farmers, American Alaska, 224, 229, 262n11 Allegheny City, 223 Allegheny Mountains, 27, 124, 129 American Anti-Slavery Society, 170–71 American cities, growth of, 9, 36, 221–23, 237
American civic amenities, 35, 97 American Civil War, 8, 91–92, 115, 190–91, 193, 232
American critique of Indian society, 16, 39 American egalitarianism, 6, 34–37, 114; an Indian's
142–46, 167, 172–82, 189–90, 193, 197–98, 212–13ni, 213niv; medical education, 3, 182–84; opposition to women's higher education, 172–74, 176; professional education, 174; women managers of education, 144, 177–78 American women and rights: legal rights, 35, 188– questioning of, 16 American family life, 12, 35, 100–104, 108, 118–19.
See also American homes; Indian families American fashions: men's, 113; women's, 35, 109–
89, 199; political rights, 9, 171, 181–82, 190, 196, 199–200, 208, 210–11; right to preach, 169–71; right to vote, 9, 171, 189 American women's associations and organiza113; women's, and killing of birds, 26, 112, 134
(see also Cruelty to animals, birds) American homes, 16, 25, 101, 108 (see also Ameritions, 9, 35, 189–95, 197, 200, 204, 206–207, 214nvi
American women's clubs, 35, 42, 195–202 American women's movement, 9; and Chriscan family life); housekeeping, 107–108; houses,
35, 98–99, 105–107, 109, 126, 220, 222; housewives, 35, 105–108, 178, 213–14nv; housework, 99–
100, 106–108; lodgings and lodgers, 106–108, 121 American independence: achievement of, 6, 130– tianity, 24 American women's occupations, 9, 186; doctors, 3, 60, 182–84, 209; doctors working in India, 3, 43n3; journalists, 181–82, 194; lawyers,
184–85; nurses, 191, 193; preachers, 185–86, 194; stenographers, 186; teachers, 25, 142–43, 178–
80, 184 Amerigo (Vespucci), 63–64 Angell, George T., 26–27, 133, 250n48 31, 219; struggle for, 35, 73–75, 155, 232; war of, 75,
140, 232 American Indians, 8, 26, 35–37. See also Red Indians American industries, 9, 36, 38, 40, 215, 219–20,
224, 227, 232–37
Anglican Church, 19, 21, 156. See also Church of Brahmins, 17, 123, 136niv, 221; dominance and England Anglicans, 18–19, 21, 156; Anglican response to hegemony of, 11–12, 157; monopoly of traditional education of, 13, 253n5; oppression of lower castes by, 11–12 Brahmo Samaj, 11, 17, 19, 59 Brazil, 112 British colonial rule: in America, 34, 73–75, 232–
Ramabai, 21 Anglo-Saxons, 9, 113, 119 Animal slaughter, 37, 131–32, 136niv, 233. See also
Cruelty to animals Anthony, Susan B., 9, 25 Anti-colonialism: American, 6; Indian, 33; of 33; British rule in India and Christianity, 33; in India, 6, 10, 13, 19, 21, 31, 33–34, 36, 38, 141
British Parliament. See English Parliament Brooklyn, 222 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 176, 256n21
Bryn Mawr College, 175, 177 Buddha and Buddhism, 16, 111, 135, 136niv Buffalo, N.Y., 225 Burma, 15, 70, 87 Burton, Antoinette, 5, 21–22, 38 Ramabai, 6–7, 19, 31, 33, 36–38 Arkansas River, 27, 173; as a symbol of overcoming obstacles, 173, 175
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 143, 147, 251n4 Arya Mahila Samaj, 18, 242n13 Arya Samaj, 11 Athavale, Parvatibai, 16–17 Atlantic Ocean, 55–58, 65, 93, 139, 224–25
Auburn, N.Y., 26–27 Audubon Societies, 113, 247n15 Australia, 38, 45n15, 138, 199, 211 Austria, 151, 163 Calcutta, 10, 16–17, 98, 122, 149, 220 California, 8, 15, 27, 98, 216, 234 Cambridge, Mass., 173, 177 Cambridge University, 177, 213niii Canada, 129, 199, 224 Cape May, 122 Carlisle Indian School, 115 Carlisle, Pa., 27 Carnegie, Andrew, 36, 46n25, 225, 241n2(1)
Caste: discrimination compared with slavery of Baltimore, 27, 225 Bancroft, Jane M., 180, 257n29 Beale, Dorothea, 20–22 Beethoven, 187, 259n46 Beggars: in India, 160–63; in the United States,
160–63 Bengal, 14, 16, 33, 59–60, 159 Bergh, Henry, 133, 250n47 Besant, Annie, 33 Bhabha, Homi, 37 Bhandarkar, R. G., 13 Bible, 30, 139, 155, 158; translation (Ramabai), 30,
Africans, 12, 44n8, 96, 118; distinctions, 96, 221; and hereditary occupations, 221, 224; hierarchy,
11, 36; inequality, 11; movement for equality, 11; Ramabai's belief in equality, 30, 37 Castes: high, 3, 23–24, 26; lower, 11–12, 17; upper,
11–12, 17, 22, 37, 40, 157. See also Brahmins; Shudras A Century of Dishonor (Jackson), 116, 248n23
Ceylon, 15, 211 Chambers, William, 175–76 Chatterjee, Partha, 14 Chautauqua, 122, 205 Cheltenham (Britain), 22, 55 Cheltenham Ladies' College, 3, 19–20, 27, 55
Chesborough Seminary, 29 Chicago, 9, 16, 27, 122–23, 146–47, 183, 185, 192, 32. See also Gospel Black Canyon, 27 Blacks, 8, 115, 118, 157, 230. See also African Americans; Negroes
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 183, 258–59nn39–40 Blackwell, Emily, 183, 259n39 Bloomer, Amelia, 246n13. See also Dress reform
Bluestockings Club, 190, 260n50 Board of Charities, 160 Bodley, Rachel, 3, 22, 24–26, 28–29, 36, 55, 60–61,
241n1(2) Bombay City, 4, 8, 10–11, 17, 19, 25, 28, 31, 33, 53– 208, 222, 225, 233 Child marriage, 12, 16–17, 31, 100; abolition of, 13
Child widows, 26, 100 Chile, 236 China and Chinese people, 138–39, 211, 233; cus54, 98, 133, 149, 159, 220 Bombay Presidency, 10, 18, 20 Boston, 9, 15–16, 22, 25, 27, 29, 74, 123, 126, 128,
146–47, 172–73, 180, 183, 197–99, 225 Boston Port Bill, 74 Boston Tea Party, 74 Bradwell, Myra, 185, 259n44 tom of foot-binding, 111, 246n10; immigrants and immigration, 9, 77, 117–18, 248n25 (see also
Immigrants); travelers to the United States, 34, 46n23; women, 111, 187 276 Index
Chinese Exclusion Act, 248n25 Christ, 19, 102, 159, 169, 185, 203 Christian Commission, 191, 193 Christian denominations, 40, 131, 141, 154–56, 159, to Ramabai's, 7, 13, 19, 28; Christian response to Ramabai's, 19 Cooking and dining: in India, 12, 107–108; in the United States: 101, 106–108. See also Meat eating
Corbin, Hannah Lee, 171, 254–55n7 Cornell University, 101–102, 141, 143, 175, 177, 180
Cruelty to animals: birds, 26, 112, 134; in India, 166, 170–71, 186, 194; denominational differences, 206; nondenominational Christianity of Ramabai, 21, 29, 40. See also speci¤c denominations
Christianity, 5, 19, 21, 26, 28, 39–40, 70, 159, 169, 133; in the United States, 35, 132–34, 136nv. See also Animal slaughter; Fishing, as a cruel sport
Crusades, 62, 203, 214nvii 185–86, 198, 214nvii; and status of women, 39, 169–70 Christians, 62, 139, 155, 158–59, 166ni, 169–70, 194;
Da Gama, Vasco, 8, 65, 243n5 Dall, Caroline Healy, 23–24 Delaware River, 58 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 34 Democratic Party, 8, 91 Denmark, 199 Denver, Colo., 27 Deshmukh, G. H., 13 Diaspora, 10, 37–38, 45n20; diasporic consciousIndian Christians, 11, 30
Christmas, 130, 204 Church and state, separation of, 35, 40 Church of England, 21, 154–55. See also Anglican
Church Cincinnati, 184 Citizens and citizenship, 6, 35, 77, 83, 89–90, 93–94ni, 101, 103, 115–17, 131, 140–41, 165, 189,
219, 228 Class distinctions, 80, 138–39; in Britain, 6, 20, 36, ness, 7 (see also Migratory consciousness)
Diwali, 130, 250n44 Dongre (Ramabai's father), 17 Dress reform, 112, 246n13. See also Bloomer,
95, 114; in India, 16, 95; relative absence of, in the United States, 35, 76, 78, 96–97, 221; in the United States, 96, 206 Cleveland, Grover, 148, 252n13 Cleveland, Ohio, 223 Cobbe, Frances Power, 20 Coeducation, 143–44, 174–76, 184 Cole, Rebecca, 43n2 Collective effort: absent in India, 11, 39; by Amelia Drinking: in India, 162, 166; in the United States,
99, 113–14, 162, 166, 168, 196, 202–205, 210–11. See also Liquor and its harmful effects Duluth, Minn., 223, 225 Dutch: immigrants, 149; settlers in America, 72
American women, 189–95, 205; by Americans, 11, 219, 224 Colonial rule. See British colonial rule
Colonial subjects, 21, 38. See also Ramabai, Easter, 130 Eastern American States, 188, 237 Eastern Hemisphere, 69 East/West dichotomy, 14, 16–17, 246n10 Education Commission. See Hunter Commission
Pandita, as a colonial subject Colorado, 98, 173, 210, 237 Columbia River, 225 Columbia University, 141, 176–77, 196 Columbus, Christopher, 8, 14, 62–67; and discovon Education
Education, importance of, 138–39, 141, 145, 152, 238 Egypt and Egyptians, 87, 138 Empire, 5, 10, 20–22 England and English people: law, 77, 188; settlers ery of America, 8, 35, 58, 62–64, 72, 75
Commerce. See Trade and commerce in the in America, 35, 72–73; women, 184, 211; women as cultural imperialists in, 21; government and oppression of American colonies, 73–74 women's dress in, 110. See also British colonial rule English East India Company, 10, 74, 159 English language: as imposed on India, 31, 149–
United States Communication routes in the United States, 36, 224–26. See also Transportation and communications
Community of St. Mary the Virgin (CSMV), 18– 19, 22–23 Confucius and Confucianism, 111, 138 Congregationalists, 171 Connecticut, 98 Conversion to Christianity, 28–29, 67; by 50; and national unity in the United States, 149
English Parliament, 73–74, 86–87, 201–202 English people, 20, 109, 117, 138, 144, 169; superstitiousness of, 56
Episcopalians, 166ni Ramabai, 3, 18–20; Hindu/Indian response Index 277
Equality, 37, 93 Equity Club, 185 Ethnic discrimination, in the United States, 35
European: educational institutions in, 176, 179; Germany, 9, 123, 140, 142, 145–46, 163, 193
Ghose, Indira, 5 Gilbertsville, N.Y., 101, 245n7 Gladstone, William, 20, 92 Glover, Susanne, 20 Gokhale, G. K., 14 Gold rush, 8, 237 Gospel, 10, 24, 208. See also Bible Grand Canyon, 27 Grant, Ulysses, 77, 88, 104, 221 Great Plains, 128, 132, 231 Greece and Greeks, 79, 169; language, 30, 101–102, immigrants, 56, 114; people, 62–63, 67–68, 70–
72, 109, 117, 138–39; settlers in America, 161, 229; women's dress, 110–12 Evangelization, 10, 16, 101, 157–59, 186, 195, 198,
206, 208; by Ramabai, 30–32; by women, 194–95 Factories, in the United States, 221–23, 233–36
Farms and farmers: American, 98–102, 187, 215–17, 224, 228–30, 232 (see also Agriculture); American farmers and literacy, 215–16, 228; Indian farmers and illiteracy, 215; tenant farmers in Britain, 99 Farmington, Conn., 129 Feminism, 3, 7, 19, 26; in Britain, 20–21, 34; in 178, 213niv Grewal, Inderpal, 5 Gulf of Mexico, 218, 224–25 Hale, E. E., 23 Hampton Normal and Industrial Institute, 115,
India, 30, 40–41, 45n18; of Ramabai, 5, 7, 13, 16, 22, 27–28, 30–33, 35–37, 40–41; and reclaiming women's writings, 7, 44n6; in the United States,
6, 9, 23, 25, 40; of Western women, 5; and women's history, 43–44n6 Finland and Finnish people, 169, 193, 199
Fisher, Michael, 46n20 Fishing, as a cruel sport, 134–35 Fletcher, Alice, 116, 248n24 Flower Mission, 165 Forbes, Geraldine, 18, 21, 44n6 Fourth of July, 75, 130 France, 9, 34, 63, 110, 180, 193, 199 Franklin, Benjamin, 14, 75, 77, 189, 226
Freedom, in the United States: political, 37, 79, 143–44, 147 Hartford, Conn., 27, 129 Harvard Annex (Radcliffe College), 175, 177,
256n23 Harvard College/University, 16, 141, 173, 177 Hawaii, 143, 211 Hegemony: American, 7, 38; hegemonic West divided by imperialism, 5; Western, 5 Hellas and Hellenese people, 79, 109, 138. See also
Greece and Greeks Herschel, Caroline, 179–80, 187, 260n47 Herschel, William, 187, 260n47 Heyrick, Elizabeth, 115, 247n20 The High-Caste Hindu Woman (Ramabai), 12, 15,
20, 22, 25, 28, 39, 45n14 Hillsboro, Ohio, 203, 205 Himalayas, 57, 129 Hindi language, 31, 149–50, 252n15; and India's
93, 103, 114, 163; religious, 21, 35, 141, 154–56; social and political freedom for women, 167,
170, 193; of thought and expression, 91 Freeman, Alice, 177–78, 256–57n24 French: immigrants, 131, 149; people, 169; settlers national unity, 149–50 Hindu doctrine, 30, 37, 41 Hindu women and womanhood, 3–4, 24, 55, 59– in America, 72 Froebel, Friedrich, 145–46, 251n6. See also Kinder60. See also Indian womanhood; Indian women
Hinduism, 19, 28, 40, 253n10 Hindus, 11, 62, 166ni Home Missions, 159 Hong Kong, 28 Hudson River, 187, 222 Humane concerns, 9, 26. See also Bergh, Henry; gartens Fuller, Lucia Bierce, 32 Ganges, 123, 225, 249n34 Gar¤eld, James, 90, 100, 221 Garrison, William Lloyd, 115, 171, 247n19
Gaze, 4, 6, 38–39, 41 Gender: disparities and discrimination in India, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)
Hunt, Helen, 116, 248n23 Hunter Commission on Education, 18, 59, 242n12 Hunter, W. W., 59, 242n13 Hybridity, 7, 37 11, 16; and social reform in India, 12 Gender equality: Indian efforts for, 11, 30; in the United States, 102, 119 German immigrants, 8, 114, 117–18, 131 278 Index
Illinois, 98, 132, 192 Immigrants, 8–9, 55–56, 114, 163, 207. See also Japan and Japanese people, 28, 112, 211, 233; immigrants, 117; women, 112
Jayawardena, Kumari, 26, 32–33, 45n18 Jefferson, Thomas, 75, 77, 88, 90, 228 Jersey City, N.J., 222 "Jim Crow," 8
John, Mary, 40 Johns Hopkins University, 176, 180 Joshee, Anandibai, 3, 7, 15, 17, 23–24, 27, 31, 55, 59– speci¤c immigrant nationalities Imperialism, 4–6, 8, 10, 21–22, 35; and complicity of British women, 21–22 Indian families, 12–13, 17, 119; sex segregation in, 12
Indian National Congress, 31, 149–50, 252n14 Indian reform: discourse, 13–14, 17, 246n10; movement, 11–12, 14, 41; narrative, 31; political, 13–14,
31, 33; reformers, 7, 32, 59; and upper caste bias of reform movement, 17 Indian social reform, 12–14, 16–18, 21, 25, 28, 31,
61, 183 Joshee, Gopalrao, 15–17, 55, 59 104; gender-related, 12; as a male domain, 32; patriarchal bias of social reform, 16 Indian struggle: for freedom, 33; for political
Kalidasa, 127, 249n39 Kanitkar, Kashibai, 13, 41 Kansas, 78, 188, 199, 210 Kansas City, 223 Karve, D. K., 16, 45n17 Kedgaon, 29 Kentucky, 200 Kindergartens, 28–29, 35, 38, 145–46, 164, 180, 207
Kindness to animals: in India, 39, 133, 136–37nv; rights, 13–14, 33 Indian widows, 3–4, 29, 44n10; education of, 20,
22–23, 26, 28; immolation of, 14; marginalization of, 12, 28; oppression of, 4, 10, 12–13, 32, 39; remarriage of, 12–13, 33. See also Child widows
Indian womanhood: icons of, 7; oppressed, 10, 24, 32, 39; progressive, 7 Indian women, 25; and agency, see Agency of in the United States, 133–34, 209 Kingdom, 76, 86, 168. See also Monarchy; Republic
Kosambi, Dharmanand, 16–17 women, Indian; discursive marginalization of, 14; as doctors, 3, 13, 59, 242n13; and education, 10, 12–13, 17–18, 22, 28, 30, 33, 59; emancipation of, 14, 17, 32, 61; empowerment of, 30; and medical education, 3, 15, 18, 29, 55, 59–60; and motherhood, 10, 18, 33; oppression of, 15, 22, 31–
32, 39, 100, 136–37nv; subjection of, 100; and temperance, 211–12 Indiana, 129 Indianapolis, 27, 129, 223 Indianness, 4, 19 India's fabled riches, 8, 62–63 Ingham University, 175 International Council of Women, 25, 27, 36,
Lake Bluff, 122 Lake Erie, 225, 238ni Lake Huron, 225, 238ni Lake Michigan, 122, 225, 239ni Lake Ontario, 225, 238ni Lake Superior, 225, 239ni Lalita, K., 44n6 Latin, 100, 102 Leavitt, Mary Clement, 211, 262n73 Lee, Hannah. See Corbin, Hannah Lee Lee, Richard Henry, 254–55n7 Lee, Robert, 171, 254n7 Lee, Robert E., 255n7 Lekoy, N.Y., 27 The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita
199, 202, 261n66 International sisterhood, constraints to, 21–22, 26 International solidarity: of oppressed people,
Ramabai, 19, 27 Lewis, Dio, 203–205 Lewis, Reina, 38 Liberty, 6, 36, 76, 93; Goddess of, 76, 93, 131;
11–12 (see also Phule, Jotirao); by Ramabai, 40; of women, 35 Iowa, 27, 77, 98, 132, 188, 210 Ireland, 140 Irish: immigrants, 8, 106, 114, 117, 131; people, 33
Italy and Italians, 62–64, 169, 193; immigrants, Statue of, 93 Liberty Bell, 30 Libraries, in the United States: private, 100, 152;
114, 117, 131, 149 public, 99, 152, 201, 215, 218 Lincoln, Abraham, 77, 90, 100, 190, 221 Linguistic unity: of India, 31, 149–50 (see also
Jackson, Andrew, 88 Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 183, 258n37 Jamaica Plains, Mass., 27 Hindi language); of the United States, 8, 31, 149
Liquor and its harmful effects, 91, 113–14, 117, Index 279
156–57, 160, 162, 202–204, 207–208, 210–12, 227.
See also Drinking Livermore, Mary A., 25, 192, 260–61n54 Liverpool, 35, 55 London, 22, 112, 180, 235 Louisville, Ky., 27, 200 Luther, Martin, 139 Lytton, Lord, 148, 252n12 Missionaries: American, 10, 15, 159; American missionary support of British rule in India, 10;
American women as, 25, 31–32, 194–96, 206; British women as, 21; European, 10; and imperialism, 21; wives of, 15, 195
Missionary activity, 10–11, 15–16, 25; critique of Indian society, 15, 32; by Ramabai, 24, 30 (see also Evangelization, by Ramabai; Proselytization, by Ramabai)
Mississippi River, 187, 225 Missouri, 132 Missouri River, 210, 225 Mitchell, Maria, 179, 257n27 Mohammedans, 62–63, 166ni, 214nvii. See also
Machines and mechanical advances, 9, 106, 218, 220–21, 229–31, 233–35 Madison, James, 88 Madras, 59–60, 149–50, 159, 220 Mahabharata, 167, 254n1 Maharashtra and Maharashtrians, 10–11, 13–17,
Muslims Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 246n10 Monarchy, 35–36, 80, 86, 96, 110, 141, 154. See also
39–41, 122; response to American society, 14–17, 34, 53 Maine, 188, 210 Mani, Lata, 14 Manorama (Ramabai's daughter), ii, 18–19, 22,
Kingdom; Republic Monroe, James, 88 Montreal, 129 "Morals for Women" (Ramabai), 18, 22, 39. See
26, 29–30, 45n15, 48, 55 Manning, Adelaide, 20 Mans¤eld, Arabella, 184, 259n42 Manufactures: in Britain, 227, 232–33, 235; in also Stri Dharma Niti Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell, 24 More, Hannah, 172, 255n12 Mormons, 156, 208 Moses, 169, 188 Mott, Lucretia, 115, 170, 190, 247n21 Mount Holyoke College, 29 Mount Meru, 125, 249n36 Mueller, Max, 20 Mukti Mission, 29–30, 48, 49 Mukti Prayer Bell, 30 Multiculturalism, 37 Municipalities: in India, 96; in the United States, the United States, 218, 222, 227, 232–35, 237
Manusmriti, 224, 262n10 Marathi language and literature, 10, 12–14, 31, 33– 34, 39, 43, 53, 149; and Ramabai's enrichment of vocabulary, 42; and Ramabai's prose style, 39–
40, 42; and Ramabai's writings, 18, 30, 46n21 Martineau, Harriet, 34, 167, 171, 186, 254n3
Massachusetts, 10, 74, 98, 132–33, 139–40, 146, 155, 171–72, 179, 186, 189 Meat eating: in India, 136niv; in the United
States, 35, 107–108, 113, 131–32, 231. See also Animal slaughter; Cruelty to animals Medhavi (Ramabai's husband), 18 Melting pot, 8 Mendelssohn, Fanny, 259–60n46 Mendelssohn, Felix, 259–60n46 Methodists, 157, 166ni, 170–71 Mexico, 64, 69, 224 Michigan, 234 Michigan University, 141, 143, 175–77, 179–80, 185
Migratory consciousness, 17, 38. See also Dias90–91, 96–97, 199, 210, 220 Muslims, 11. See also Mohammedans Nashville, Tenn., 27, 200–202 National Congress. See Indian National Congress
National Convention for Woman's Rights, 190, 198–99, 247n21, 260n51. See also Seneca Falls
Convention National Education Association, 27, 146 National Grange, 228 National Social Conference (India), 31 National Woman Suffrage Association, 9, 199, pora, diasporic consciousness Mill, John Stuart, 36 Milwaukee, Wis., 223 Mines and mining: in Britain, 38, 236; in 261n60 Nationalism, in India, 7, 13–15, 19, 26, 31–33, 41; as a male project, 13, 33, 41. See also Ramabai,
Pandita, nationalism of Nebraska, 27, 98, 132, 210 Negroes, 12, 77, 83, 106, 114–15, 118, 147, 163, 168, the United States, 36, 38, 233, 235–237 Minneapolis, Minn., 184, 223 Minnesota, 223, 234 280 Index
171, 175, 190, 207. See also African Americans; Blacks Nevada, 237 New Century Club, 196–97 New England, 9, 40, 73, 140, 148 New England Hospital for Women and Children,
75, 106, 113, 120–21, 123, 126, 128–29, 131, 134, 142, 146–48, 182–83, 192, 197, 225 Philadelphia County Medical Society, 60, 182,
243n18 Philanthropy and philanthropists, 36, 100–101, 168, 170–71, 180, 193–94, 196–97, 206, 209, 237–38
Phillips, Wendell, 115, 171, 247–48n22 Phule, Jotirao, 11–13; and international solidarity
15, 183, 259n40 New England Woman's Club, 196–97, 261n58 New Jersey, 98, 122, 188 New Orleans, 225 New Woman: American, 28; Indian, 18 New York City, 9, 27, 74, 102, 123, 126–28, 133, 147, with oppressed people, 11–12 Phule, Savitribai, 12 Pittsburgh, 106, 237 Polish immigrants, 149 Poona, 11, 15, 17–18, 28–29, 33, 53, 59, 149, 220
Poorhouses, 162 Popes, 64–65, 141 Portland, Oreg., 28, 225 Portugal, 63, 65 Portuguese: conquistadors, 35, 65, 72; immi151, 159, 164, 170, 192, 196, 222–23, 225
New York In¤rmary, 183, 258–59n39 New York State, 27, 98, 124, 132, 172, 175, 178, 180,
188, 199 New York University, 196 Newspapers: in India, 135–36ni, 150; managed by women, 181–82, 194–95, 199; in the United
States, 120, 123, 135ni, 147–51, 158, 161, 181–82, 199, 207, 215–16, 220 Newton, R. Heber, 126, 249n37 Niagara Falls, 27, 122 Nightingale, Florence, 193, 261n55 Northern American States, 8, 83, 117, 184, 190–93, grants, 149 Prarthana Samaj, 11, 13, 17, 19 Pratt, Mary Louise, 5 Presbyterians, 166ni, 204 Press Act, 148, 252n12 Princeton College/University, 141 Prisons and prisoners: American women as pris200, 230; women's progress in, 40 Norway, 193 oners of men, 167–68, 189, 199; in India, 165;
Indian women as prisoners of men, 12, 41; in the United States, 164–65, 208 Prohibition Party, 91 Proselytization, 15–16, 39; by Ramabai, 30, 41. See
Oberlin College, 141, 143, 171–72, 175, 255n9 O'Hanlon, Rosalind, 44n6 Ohio, 9, 132, 171–72, 203, 223 Ohio River, 225 Oklahoma, 210 Oregon, 234 Orientalism, 4–6, 10, 15, 21, 24, 32, 38
Other/Othering, 4–6, 34, 38–40 Oxford, 20, 22 also Evangelization Protestants, 9, 154–55 Public opinion, as a feature of democracy, 78–79,
86–87, 95, 156 Public works, 215–19, 223 Public-spiritedness, 95–96, 215 Punjab, 149–50 Puranas, 17, 33, 62, 70, 125, 158, 167, 243n2, 254n1
Puranikas, 158, 253n4 Puritans, 73, 139, 148, 155 Paci¤c Ocean, 15, 93, 224 Panchayat, 78, 244n6 Paris, 110, 112 Parker, Francis Wayland, 147, 238, 251–52n10
Patriarchy: in Britain, 21; in India, 7, 12, 16, 18– Quakers, 20, 60, 155, 170–71, 243n17 Quincy, Mass., 147 19, 33; patriarchal hostility to Ramabai, 13, 30,
40–42 Patriotism: in India, 13 (see also Nationalism, in Race, 5, 8, 10 Racism and racial discrimination: in Britain, 21;
India); in the United States, 100, 104, 130 Peabody, Elizabeth, 25, 37, 146–47, 180, 251n7
Penn, William, 144 Pennsylvania, 98, 124, 236 People's Party, 9 Philadelphia, 3, 7, 9, 15, 22, 25, 27, 35, 55, 58–60, 74– in the United States, 8–9, 15, 23–24, 35, 114–15,
117–18 Railroads: in Europe, 226, 239nii; in India, 8, 226, 263n15; in the United States, 9, 118, 120, 124, 127–
29, 132, 208, 217, 222–26, 239nii. See also Transportation and communications Index 281
Rakhmabai, 13 Ramabai Association, 22–25, 27–29, 128, 249n41 Ramabai Circles, 23, 29, 126 Ramabai, Pandita, ii, 47, 48; admiration of, for Rocky Mountains, 225; as a symbol of insurmountable obstacles, 173–75
Roman Catholics, 56, 64, 67, 131, 139, 141, 154– 55, 186 Roman law, 188 Romans, 64, 79, 109, 138, 186 Russia and Russians, 148, 169, 180; immigrants, the United States, 22, 53, 167; alienation and marginalization of, 30, 32, 41, 45n18; American response to, 4, 9, 22–24; anti-colonialism of, 5, 7,
22, 31, 33, 36–38; anti-imperialism of, 5–6; Brahmin origins, mindset, and mystique of, 3–4, 17,
24, 31–32, 37, 39–40; Brahmanic lifestyle of, 17; as a champion of Indian women, 4, 18; as a champion of Indian women's education, 3,
17–18, 22, 33; as a champion of and worker for education of Indian widows, 4, 20, 22, 29; as a Christian, 4, 6, 24, 37, 39–40; as a Christian critic of Christianity, 40; and Christian theology, 19, 21; as a Christian wedge into Hindu society, 21, 25; Christianizing agenda of, 31–32; as a colonial subject, 4–5, 20, 36 (see also Colonial subjects); conversion to Christianity by, see Conversion to Christianity, by Ramabai; critique of American society by, 4,
9, 34, 37, 39–40, 53–54; critique of British society by, 4–6, 35, 38; critique of Hindu doctrine and society by, 30, 37, 39–41; critique of Indian society by, 4, 6, 32, 37–40; critique of Indian women's oppression by, 15, 39; as culturally
Hindu, 37, 39; egalitarianism of, 30, 37; English education of, 4, 19–20, 24, 39–40; as a Hindu critic of Hinduism, 40; Hinduness of, 4, 24;
Indian identity of, 6; internationalism of, 7, 31, 40; multicultural persona of, 4; nationalism of,
6–7, 30–33, 37–38, 40–41, 54 (see also Nationalism, in India); as a public speaker, 3–4, 17; Sanskrit education of, 3–4, 20, 31, 39–40; Sanskritized worldview of, 37, 39; as a social leader, 14,
41; as a social reformer, 39; as a social thinker, 4; spiritual quest of, 19; travelogue writing by, 5,
33, 46n21; vegetarian diet of, 24, 39, 246n5; as a widow, 3, 18, 24, 32; writings of, 5, 7, 28, 30, 32,
39, 42, 43n5 Ramayana, 167, 254n1 Ramona (Hunt), 116, 248n23 Ramusack, Barbara, 21, 44n6 Ranade, M. G., 13 Ranade, Ramabai, 13, 45n17 Reconstruction, 8 Red Indians, 35–37, 40, 63–64, 66–73, 92, 115–18,
117, 131 Sacramento River, 225 Said, Edward, 5 St. Louis, Mo., 146–47, 184 St. Paul (Apostle), 169, 171 St. Paul, Minn., 129, 223 Salt Lake, 238–39ni San Francisco, 23, 25, 27–28, 146, 184, 222
San Joaquin River, 225 Sangari, Kumkum, 44n6 Sanitary Commission, 191–93 Sanskrit: education, 16–17, 20, 40; language and literature, 31, 33, 37; as a monopoly of Brahmin men, 17 Saraswati, 17, 37, 127, 168, 177, 179; as a title awarded to Ramabai, 17 Saratoga, 27, 122–24, 249n33 Sarkar, Sumit, 14 Sarkar, Tanika, 44n6 Scandinavian immigrants, 117, 131, 149 Scotland, 99, 140, 175 Self, 5–7, 40 Self-government: absence of in India, 78–79; in the United States, 35, 37, 78, 103–104, 104nii
Self-reliance: Ramabai's advocacy of, 30, 37, 103; in the United States, 101, 103, 219, 224
Self-rule, in the United States, 219, 224 Sen, Keshub Chunder, 59 Seneca Falls Convention, 9, 198–99, 247n21,
260n51. See also National Convention for Woman's Rights Sengupta, Padmini, 43n4 Shakespeare, William, 127 Sharada Sadan, 13, 16, 25, 28–31, 54 Shastras, 158, 253n5 Shaw, Mrs. Quincy, 25, 45n16, 180, 257–58n31
Shudras, 11–12, 157. See also Untouchability Sinha, Mrinalini, 44n6 Sister Geraldine, 21–23 Sister Nivedita, 33 Skating, 109, 129, 135, 136niii Slave trade, 92, 114, 157, 163 Slavery: abolition of, 8–9, 16, 115, 168, 171; of 144, 147, 227. See also American Indians
Religious denominations in India, 166ni Republic, 35–36, 76–79, 82, 86–87, 140–41, 148, 218,
237. See also Kingdom; Monarchy Republican Party, 8, 91 Africans, 12, 26, 41, 83, 91–92, 114–15, 147, 163,
168, 170–71, 190, 230; of American Indians, 66– 282 Index
67; American women's subjection as, 167–68, 171, 199 Sleighs, 129, 249n40 Smith College, 175, 177 Smith, Sidney, 172, 255n13 Smith, Sidonie, 41 Smoking: in India, 160–61, 166; in the United
Toledo, Ohio, 225 Toronto, 27 Trade and commerce in the United States, 215, 218, 222–27, 232–34; domestic trade, 225–26, 231; exports, 227, 231–35; imports, 216, 227, 230–31
Transportation and communications: in India, 219; in the United States, 9, 36, 215, 217, 219–20,
223–26. See also Railroads Travelogues, 4, 7, 14, 33–34, 36, 38, 95; and OrienStates, 99, 113–14, 166, 185, 202. See also Tobacco and its harmful effects Society in America (Martineau), 34, 167 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals talism, 5–6; and Western hegemony, 38; as a Western and male genre, 5; by women, 5, 34
Trinitarians, 166ni Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of (SPCA), 26–27, 132–34, 250n47–48 Sommerville, Mary, 176, 256n21 Sorosis Club, 195–96, 261n56 Southern American States, 8–9, 83, 118, 140, 176, the Republic (Carnegie), 36 Troy Female Seminary, 175 Tubman, Harriet, 26 Turks, 62–63 190, 200, 207, 230; women's backwardness in,
40, 200 Spain, 63, 65–67, 214nvii; King Ferdinand of, 63, 66–67; Queen Isabella of, 63, 65–66 Spanish: conquistadors, 35, 65–68, 72; immiUnitarians, 23, 166ni, 171
United States Congress, 75, 81–85, 88–90, 92, 140, grants, 149 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 32 Stamp Act, 73–74, 232 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 9, 25, 190, 260n51
Star-Spangled Banner, 36, 92–93, 130–31, 201, 201–202 United States Constitution, 82–83 United States House of Representatives and Representatives, 81–82, 84–87, 89–92
United States Senate and Senators, 81–82, 85–87, 245n17 Stone, Lucy, 9, 25 Stowell, Louisa Reed, 180, 257n30 Stri Dharma Niti (Ramabai), 18. See also "Morals
89, 92, 210 United States Supreme Court, 82–84, 86, 90, 185 United Stateschi Lokasthiti ani Pravasavritta
(USLP), 50; admiration for and valorization of the United States in, 6–7, 37–38, 41, 53, 167; advocacy of the United States as a model for India in, 6–7, 34; authorial positions in, 7, 37,
39–40; as a classic of Marathi literature, 46n28; female readers of, 41; major themes in: 6, 11, 14,
27, 33; male readers of, 7, 41; Marathi readers of, 7, 15, 35, 38–42 Universalists, 171 Untouchability, 102, 109, 245n10 for Women"
Sturge, Joseph, 170 Sturge, Matilda, 20 Subaltern, 32 Sunday schools, 23, 159, 207, 209 Susquehanna River, 124, 129 Telang, K. T., 13 Temperance, 9, 40, 160, 168, 181, 194, 196, 205–12.
See also Willard, Frances E.; Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Tennessee, 200 A Testimony of Our Inexhaustible Treasures
Vaid, Sudesh, 44n6 Vassar College, 175, 177, 179 Vassar, Matthew, 175, 238, 256n18 Vedas, 158, 253n5 Villages and villagers: in India, 98, 102, 109; in (Ramabai), 30 Thanksgiving, 125, 130–31 Tharu, Susie, 44n6 Theosophy, 33, 102 Thompson, Eliza J., 204–205, 261n67 Thompson, Elizabeth Rowell, 180, 258n32 Tilak, B. G., 13, 32, 253–54n16 Tobacco and its harmful effects, 69, 114, 160–62, the United States, 9, 35, 78, 96, 98–100, 102–103,
105–106, 125, 129–30, 152, 217, 228 Virginia, 73, 140, 155, 171 Viswanathan, Gauri, 19, 45n18 Vivekanand, Swami, 16, 33 Vocational training: in Ramabai's school, 28; in 202–203, 207, 231. See also Smoking Tobogganing, 129, 136niii Tocqueville, Alexis de, 34 the United States, 147, 175, 198, 208 Vote and voting, 77–78, 90–91, 189, 211 Voyage to England (Ramabai), 18, 33, 45n13, 46n21
Index 283
Wantage, 18–19, 22–23. See also Community of Woman in the Pulpit (Willard), 36 Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU),
St. Mary the Virgin (CSMV) Washington, D.C., 25, 27, 81–82, 84, 89–90, 93, 103, 9, 22, 24, 27, 36–37, 40, 45n15, 181, 189, 200–202,
205–12, 214nviii. See also Willard, Frances E.
Woman's Congress, 197 Woman's Crusade, 202–205 Woman's Educational and Industrial Union, 198
Woman's Exchange, 198 Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania 199, 202, 215–18 Washington, George, 14, 36, 75, 77, 88–89, 92–93,
100, 130, 228 Washington Territory, 28, 234 Watson, Julia, 41 Wellesley College, 175, 177–78 Welter, Barbara, 24 West Indies, 63–64, 66–67, 75ni, 112 Western: American States, 9, 106, 188, 230; Hemi- (WMCP), 3, 15, 22, 43n1, 55, 59–60, 182; Indian connections of, 3, 43n3; international linkages of, 3, 43n2; as a pioneer institution, 3, 60, 182
Women and religion: feminization of Amerisphere, 58, 65; nations and people, 117, 138; scholars and scientists, 168, 180
Western women: and education, 172; doctors in can religion, 24; in India, 17, 158; in the United
States, 24, 158, 160, 170–71, 194 Women's history: Indian, 43–44n6; internaIndia, 3; travelers to India, 5, 109
Whites, 8–10, 26, 33, 37, 66–68, 71–72, 114–15, 118, tional, 3 Women's seclusion: in Britain, 193; in India, 12,
145, 175 Whitney, Eli, 231 Widows and widowhood. See American widows; 32; in the United States, 203 Women's status, as an indicator of civilization,
Indian widows Willard, Emma, 172, 175, 178, 255n14 Willard, Frances E., 9, 22–25, 36, 40, 45n15, 112,
168–69 Working Woman's Guild, 197 World Anti-Slavery Convention, 170, 254n5 Wyoming, 78, 189, 199 190, 201, 211–12, 246–47n14. See also Woman's
Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Wisconsin, 223, 234 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 172, 255n11 Woman and Temperance (Willard), 36 Young Women's Christian Association, 198
Zenana, 25, 165, 254n18 284 Index
MEERA KOSAMBI is former Professor and Director, Research Centre for Women's Studies, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai. A sociologist trained in India, Sweden, and the United States, she has taught, conducted research, and lectured in several countries, and has published widely in the ¤elds of urban studies and women's studies. She is editor of Pandita Ramabai through Her Own Words: Selected Works and Intersections: Socio-Cultural Trends in Maharashtra, and author of several books including Bombay in Transition:
The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1880–1980.