The One Christ: St. Augustine's Theology of Deification
General Index
Genesis: Ambrose's preaching on, 7–8; the One, 24, 28; God's bestowals on, 7, 11; triads in, 8–10. See also being(s) eyes: deified, 123–24, 128. See also
Augustine's commentary on, xix, 3–33, 42, 54, 58, 61, 76, 189. See also Index of Scripture gifts: of Christ, 120; of God, 26–27, 31, deification; purification
106–7, 110, 168–69, 206. See also Holy Spirit, gifts of glorification, 33, 120, 136, 236 glue: as metaphor for Holy Spirit, 144, faith, 122–23, 179; purification by, 139, 186; sacraments of, 173, 216, 218 Fall of Adam and Eve: as disobedience, 56, 57; reversing effects of, 52, 98, 99, 114; Satan's role, 34, 66–69, 70– 71, 235; as turning away from God, 33, 68–77, 234–35. See also sinners and sins, original falsehood. See lying family, Christian concept of, 111, 177, 145–46, 149–50, 165, 173 Gnosticism, 6–7, 89 God: becoming human, 91–92, 94, 102, 128, 226; Christ's unity with, 193, 194; creation's union with, xi, xix, 1–3, 8–10, 13–14, 19–22, 94, 100, 123, 136–37, 198; as creator, 6, 10–11, 12n41, 27–31, 109–10, 133–34, 179–80, 184; deifying activity of, 89–91, 94–97; free will of, 2, 69, 176; friendship of, 150–51; generosity of, 12, 15, 28, 31–32, 108–9; gifts of, 26–27, 31, 106–7, 110, 168–69, 206; goodness of, 3, 4, 6–7, 27–31, 64, 65, 109–10, 143, 179, 235; grace of, 132, 154, 224; humanity's unity with, xiii–xiv, 13, 46, 145–46, 177, 185, 218–19, 224; imitation of, 67–68, 69, 125–26, 128, 144–45; indwelling of, 152, 153–59; jealousy not found in, 3, 4, 29; joy of, 11, 27, 29, 182; love of, 13–14, 30, 43–46, 72, 109–10, 112, 121–22, 167, 169–70; mercy of, 112, 193; mortality assumed by, 90, 91– 92, 106; omnipotence of, 4, 15–16, 64, 68, 143; otherness of, xiv, 5, 15; participation in, 68–69, 71–72, 128, 140, 224, 233, 235; perfection of, 39, 91, 97; power of, 22, 29, 46, 61, 96– 97, 100, 113, 120, 134, 191; sanctifying work of, 91, 187, 190; submission to, 68, 241n10; substance of, 4–5, 15–16, 60, 94, 108, 131, 141–44, 165, 215; true, 95–96, 97; truth of, 71, 193; turning away from, 33, 66–77; wisdom of, 21, 46, 121–22, 141, 142–43, 198–99; worship of, 45, 66, 68, 96, 157–58. See also Christ Jesus; 189, 208–9 Father: creation role, 8, 10–11, 12, 14; God as, 5–6, 110–11, 112, 125–26, 133–34, 156, 213–14; Holy Spirit proceeding from, 139–40, 144; Son as perfect image of, xix, 14–15, 35–36, 39, 41–42, 47, 49, 50–51, 53; Son's unity with, 4, 19, 31–32, 111–12, 141–42, 146–48, 156, 183, 201, 225; Word's turn toward, 1–2, 20–22, 24, 25–26, 27, 234. See also consubstantiality; God; Son of God; Trinity Faustus, 86n19 Ferguson, Everett, 54n48 filiation: humanity's share in, 71, 128, 152, 156; Son's, 31–32, 89, 110–11, 201, 231. See also adoption; children of God; Son of God flame: as image of Holy Spirit, 138, 139 Florensky, Pavel, 239 Florentius, 104n54 Folliet, Georges, 83 forgiveness, xvn10, 180, 237–38 Form, 26, 51; Word's bestowal of, 10, 12, 24 formability, 16–19, 21, 27, 29 freedom, xiii, 2, 83, 105, 163, 180, 238 friendship: Christian concept of, 150–51, 208 generosity: divine, 5, 12, 15, 28, 31–32, 108–9
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Gregory of Nazianzus, 63 Gregory of Nyssa, 42 Grillmeier, Aloys, 198–99
God (cont.) divinity; Father; great exchange; Holy Spirit; imago Dei; Son of God; theosis; Trinity; Word of God Godhead, 5n7, 43, 115; humanity's unity
Hadot, Pierre, 23 hamartiology, 235 Hanby, Michael, 26–27 happiness: human, 154, 155; prelapsarwith, 131, 151, 177; relationships within, 137, 141–44 godliness, 70–71, 73, 152, 221; human, ian, 59, 62, 66; true, 30, 31, 155, 219. See also beatitude; joy Harnack, Adolph, 227 Harrison, Carol, 48, 165n71 healing, 101–2, 237; through sacra-
34–35, 106, 226; salvation as, xiii, xvn10 gods, becoming, 120–26; through Christ's incarnation, xii–xiii, 88, 91–92, 135, 210–11, 213; through divine adoption, 95–97, 103–12; Holy Spirit's role, 135–37, 157, 160–61; language of, xvi, 96, 102–3, 127, 129, 134; longing to, 55, 57, 235; Satan's temptation, 34–35, 66–69, 70–71, 78, 235. See also adoption; children of God; deification; grace, becoming gods through goodness, 28, 48, 59n66; of creation, ments, 223–24, 228–29 heaven, xx, 19, 20, 54n48, 110, 122. See also eternity; Jerusalem heaven of heaven, 18, 181–85, 188 Hecates, 124–25 heresies, 136n5, 166, 216. See also specific heresies Hilary, 127, 129 Hill, Edmund, 94n35, 144 holiness: Christian, 206–7; Holy Spirit
15–16, 25; evil as absence of, 64, 65. See also God, goodness of; virtues grace, 56, 152, 176, 190, 197–98, 233; as, 113n75, 137, 143–44, 146–47, 159– 65, 168, 173–74; in Old Testament, 185–91. See also sanctification; spirituality Holy Spirit, 107, 135–74, 230, 231; Bibli-
Augustine's concept of, xiiin5, 161–62; becoming gods through, 67, 95–97, 103, 105–6, 107–10, 112, 121, 189; of Christ, 89, 109, 161–64, 185, 198, 200; God's, 132, 154, 156, 224; Holy Spirit's bestowal of, 145, 186, 235; humanity and divinity united through, 155, 242; nature distinguished from, 156, 240, 241; through sacraments, 215, 216; salvation through, 240, 241, 242 great exchange, 112–20; God's descent cal images of, 137–39; as charity, xi, 137, 143–44, 146, 150; creation role, 12–14, 53; deification through, 157, 161, 174; as friendship of God, 150–51; functions of, 133, 134, 137, 145–46, 173–74; gifts of, 138, 144–45, 146, 159–60, 168–69, 171, 186, 221; as holiness, 113n75, 137, 143–44, 146–47, 159–65, 168, 173–74; indwelling of, 135–37, 152, 153–59, 161, 168, 235, 242; as love, 31–32, 136–37, 158–59, 164, 165–72, 168, 173–74; as Order, 8; as Permanence, 10, 13; salvation work of, 140–41; substance of, 143–44, 156–57, 165; transformation through, xv, 235; Trinitarian roles, 139–40, 143–44, 146–47. See also consubstantiality; Pentecost; unity hope, 90, 91, 171 into humanity, xiin3, 78, 88–89, 91–94, 102, 128–29, 205, 226, 235, 240; Holy Spirit's role, 31–32; Son of God's agency, 67, 176–77, 242. See also Christ Jesus, divinity and humanity united in; incarnation Greek fathers: on deification, xiii–xiv; on grace, xiiin5; on Holy Spirit, 140; on likeness, 54; on theosis, xviii. See also Eastern fathers as continuation of, xii, 167, 176, 191–95, 215, 236; deification through, 62, 88, 89–103, 231–32; ethical implications, 120–26; participation in, 47, 199–200, 204–5, 207, 239. See also great exchange; Word of God innocence, 99n44, 132 intellect, 23, 45, 147. See also reason Irenaeus, xiin3, 41, 42, 53–54, 98; humanity: creation of, 42–43, 61; deification of, xi–xx, 89–103, 107, 172, 212; dignity of, 117–18, 231; divinization of, 33, 81, 111, 129–30; ecclesial pilgrimage of, 179–80, 185–91; fallen, 30, 33, 66–69, 74–76, 97–99, 107; godliness of, 34–35, 106, 226; happiness of, 154, 155; Holy Spirit's indwelling in, 135–37, 152, 153–59, 161, 168, 235, 242; love for God, 46–47, 122; perfections of, 24, 90, 182, 212; postlapsarian, 114–15, 116; Trinitarian image of, 49–50, 60, 62, 73; Word's unity with, 194, 206, 211. See also body; Christ Jesus, divinity and humanity united in; creation; God, humanity's unity with; great exchange; imago Dei; intellect; mind; restoration; soul humility: Christian, 122, 214, 241n10; Aduersus Haereses, 12n36 Israel, 156, 187, 190
Januarius: Augustine's letter to, 217–18 Jerusalem, 61, 190, 222 Jewish people, 117, 185–91 John, Gospel of, 11, 85 John the Baptist, 154 John Chrysostom, 41–42; Commentary on . . . Colossians, 42n16 Johnson, Alan, xvn10 joy, 167, 208; of God, 11, 27, 29, 182; of God, 71, 120n94; of humanity, 101–2, 162–63; of Son, 115–16, 226 prelapsarian, 57–58. See also beatitude; happiness Julian of Eclanum, 222 justice, 48, 73, 97, 125, 186, 237 justification, 108, 111–12, 227, 237–38, identity: theology of, 93, 99, 117n85, 146, 148, 158, 172, 208, 210–11 idolatry, 93, 95 imago Dei, 34–78; Adam and Eve
240 Justin Martyr, 15, 185n13 as, 56–63, 78; Augustine's understanding of, 54, 77–78; doctrine of participation and, 47, 51–52; human beings as, 23, 30–31, 36–41, 46, 49–51, 146, 234–35; image-model relationship, 15, 37, 39–41, 47, 52, 55, 70; imitation of, 47–49, 52–53; longing for, 67–69; loss of, 33, 66; in scripture, 49–50; sin's effects on, 68–77; Son as perfect, xix, 14, 15, 35–36, 39, 49, 50–51, 53; Trinity as, 41–45. See also deification; God imitation, 47–48, 77, 234; of God, Keating, Daniel, xviiin15, 113n75, 140 Kelly, J. N. D., 227 Kenney, John Peter, 183 knowledge, 44–45, 48, 59, 124, 163
La Bonnardière, Anne-Marie, 169 Ladner, Gerhart B., 24–25 Laetus: Augustine's letter to, 208–9 Lancel, Serge, 10, 84, 85, 86n20 Latin fathers: on deified eyes, 124; on likeness, 38n8; Neoplatonist, 53; on salvation, xiii; uses of deificare, 87, 107, 129. See also Western fathers Lawless, George, 85 Lewis, Charlton, 16n50 Lienhard, Joseph T., 145 life, xx, 52, 90–91; Christian, 1, 88–89, 67–68, 69, 125–26, 128, 144–45; of the Son, 46, 53, 226, 242 immortality, 90–91, 106; Adam, 56–57, 76; Christ, 114, 118–19. See also eternity immutability, 13, 29, 160, 184 incarnation, 79–134, 197–203; church
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Messiah, 123, 186, 187–88 mind, 9n24, 70; cognition, 44, 124; life (cont.)
97, 107, 122, 129, 237; deified, 103, 128–29, 134 light, 69, 142, 180; Manichaean prin-
God's presence in, 60, 62–63, 154; transformation, 23, 174; triad of, 43–45. See also intellect; memory miracles, 122–23 monasticism, xiv, 85 monism, 60 monotheism, 96, 125–26, 127 mortality: Christ's participation in, 114, ciple of, 64; metaphor of, xiin4, 21–22, 46–47 likeness, 36–39, 41, 45, 46, 49–50, 72; divine, 53–54, 62, 69–70, 74, 110. See also imago Dei Logos. See Word of God Loofs, Friedrich, 227 Lossky, Vladimir, 55n52 Lot-Borodine, Myrrha, xiii–iv, 80–81, 115, 118–19; God's assumption of, 90, 91–92, 106; postlapsarian, 56, 66, 71, 76–77. See also death Mosher, David, 36n5 mutability, 33, 48, 145, 161, 174, 181
236 Louth, Andrew, 50, 241, 242 love, 53, 147, 179–80, 206, 225, 230; nature(s), 10, 212; grace distinguished divine, 165–72; Holy Spirit as, 12–13, 31–32, 136–37, 139–40, 158–59, 164, 165–74; of man for God, 45–46, 122; of self, 74–75; of Trinity, 11, 168, 169; true, 209–10. See also charity; God, love of Luther, Martin, 240 lying, 65n5, 104–5, 106. See also truth from, 156, 240, 241. See also divinity; humanity Nebridius: Augustine's letter to, 8–10, 12, 82–83, 84 Nellas, Panayiotis, 42 Neoplatonism, 23, 53, 85; of Augustine, 9n28, 16, 124, 133, 232, 237; spirituality and, 161–62, 163. See also Plato; Platonism Noah, 146n25, 187, 193 non-being, 19, 24, 40, 48, 74 nothingness, 48–49, 56; creation out
Macedonians, 166 Mallard, William, 232 Manichaeism, 57, 100; Augustine's arguments against, 13n44, 16, 28, 32, 63–66, 83, 86n19; uses of deificare, 87, 129 Markus, Robert A., 38n8, 54 martyrs, 121, 187, 188, 222n89 matter, 15, 17, 59n66, 217 Maurists, 90n26, 116n83 Mausbach, Joseph, xiii, xv, 236, 238 Mayer, Cornelius, 170 McGrath, Alister, 111 Measure: Father as, 8 Meconi, David V., 49n36, 51n42, of, 11, 15–27, 75, 181 Nous, 59 Novatian, 148n29, 166 Number: Son as, 8 nuptial imagery, 11, 143, 162, 192, 202–3, 211 obedience, 53, 56, 67. See also disobedience O'Donnell, James, 9n28, 13–14, 181 Old Testament: patriarchs and prophets, 146n25, 185–91, 193, 211; sacraments in, 217 omnipotence, 4, 15–16, 64, 68, 143 One, the, 23, 24. See also being(s); 115n79, 146n25, 240n8 mediation, divine, 213–15, 225, 232–33, 235 medicinal imagery, 101–2, 152, 192 memory, 43–45, 46. See also mind Meneses, López de, 112 mercy, 112, 193
Neoplatonism order, 59n66, 65; in creation, xiv, xviii– xix, 8, 13, 14, 29, 30 xviiin15, 6–7, 84; Christianity distinguished from, 115–16; light metaphor, 21–22. See also Neoplatonism Plotinus, 20n63, 124; on being godlike, Origen, 42, 54n47 Osborn, Eric, 98 otherness, xiv, 5, 15, 35, 158, 234
23–24, 107n63; on imago Dei, 41, 59; treatise against Gnosticism, 6–7 pneumatology, 137–41, 151–52 Porphyry, 6, 20n63, 124–26; Sententiae, paganism, 120n94, 124–25, 191, 213; deification concept, 82–85, 94–97, 126, 127 participation: Augustine's doctrine
83 Possidius, 89n25 power: of Christ, 113, 128, 191; of Holy of, xv, xvii, xviiin15, 47, 51–52, 65, 66–67; in Christ's incarnation, 47, 199–200, 204–5, 207, 239; downward, 115–16, 128; in God, 68–69, 71–72, 140, 224, 233, 235; in Holy Spirit, 230; language of, 102, 128; in the Trinity, 152, 184; upward, 116. See also divinity, human participation in Pasch, the. See Easter; Pentecost past, hyperbolic, 92, 104, 211 patience, 121, 122, 128 patristic thought, 185, 198; on deifica-
Spirit, 231. See also God, power of praise: of Christ, 124–25, 236; church as body of, 33, 183–84, 185, 189, 231; communal, 27–31, 136, 207–10. See also church; earth, Christ's presence on; worship prayer, 53, 100, 125–26, 207–10, 224 presence, divine, 32, 137, 152, 154–55, 200–201, 227, 228 pride, 67, 68, 71, 75, 83, 116 priesthood, 207, 219 Principe, Walter, 45 Principle: Father as, 10; first, 16n50 procession, 4, 139–40, 144 prolepsis, 60–61, 187 prophecy: gift of, 166 Psyche, 59 Puchniak, Robert, xvin13 purification, 97, 125, 139, 160; through tion, 80–81, 89, 93. See also African fathers; Eastern fathers; Greek fathers; Latin fathers; Western fathers Paul, apostle, xii, 20, 42, 161, 166, 171, 186; on becoming gods, 89, 103, 111; on the church, 204, 215; on creation, 7, 8, 61; on human beings as divine temple, 153, 155, 158; proclaiming Christ, 98, 227–28 peace, 30, 143, 144–45, 221, 241n10 Pelagians: Augustine against, xviiin15, Christ, 213–14, 215; deified eyes and, 123–24, 128
193, 222, 223, 235, 242 Pelagius, 130, 131–32, 134, 189, 223 Pentecost, 135–37, 139, 164, 218, 220–21 perfection(s), xviiin15, 69, 99, 120, 172,
Quasten, Johannes, 197
Ranson, Patric, 1, 236 Ratzinger, Joseph, 170 reason, 40, 73, 185n13. See also intellect Rebecca (wife of Isaac), 186 recapitulation, 89–103, 113, 128 reconciliation, xiiin5, 221, 237–38 redemption, 165, 235, 237, 239; Christ's
182; of the church, 182, 193, 210–11; of creation, 26, 29, 40, 191; deification as, 92, 113; divine, 39, 91, 97; human, 68, 90, 182, 212; Pelagius on, 130, 131–32, 134; prelapsarian, 55–63. See also Father, Son as perfect image of Permanence: Holy Spirit as, 10, 13 perversion, 48–49, 65, 67, 69 Peter, apostle, 130 Plato, 51–52; Timaeus, 3, 6–7 Platonism, 47, 58, 160; of Augustine, mission of, 81, 128, 196, 222 Remus, 187 renewal, 72, 79, 107, 223–24, 235, 238,
242. See also transformation resemblance: relationship of, 39, 55
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scripture(s), 86n19, 129; christological restoration of humanity: through interpretation of, 195–96; gods as term in, 96, 111, 127, 134; images of deification in, 87–88, 103 self, 68, 84, 184, 223; assertion of, 66– Christ's incarnation, 73, 78, 113, 115; deification as, 37n6, 52, 98, 99, 100n45; divine adoption as, 104, 105 resurrection, xx, 107, 239 revelation, 3, 55n52 Rist, John, 120n94, 165 Rusch, William G., 238 Russell, Norman, xviiin15, 93, 105, 131, 69; love of, 74–75; as prayer, 125–26 similitude. See likeness sinners and sins: Augustine's understanding of, xiii, 33, 34, 70n92, 73, 78; church not immune from, 181, 187, 188, 192–94; dehumanizing effects, 105n58, 180; healing of, 152, 153–54, 237; justification of, 111–12; original, xv, 57, 63–66, 95, 189, 222– 23, 235; perversion of, 69–70; Peter's teachings on, 130–31; prelapsarian freedom from, 56, 61–62, 66–67; redemption from, 222n89, 223, 242; sanctification of, xx, 160, 174; sickness caused by, 101–2; transformation of, 120, 171. See also Fall of Adam and Eve Smith, James K. A., 25n76 Son of God, 11, 100, 108–9, 200; Adam
133, 219–20, 221 sacraments, xvin13, 133, 166, 192; as agents of unity, 175–76; Christ's presence in, 232–33; economy of, 216–31. See also baptism; Eucharist sacrifice: Christ's, 225, 226; Eucharistic, 216, 224; Porphyry on, 126; true, 188, 219 saints, 186, 193, 200–201, 225, 230. See also sanctification salvation, xvn10, xix, 1, 120, 136, 219; through Christ, 97, 98, 192; church's role, 178, 184, 202–3; deification's role, xv–xvi, 79–80, 88–89, 108, 234–37; divine adoption and, 103– 12; economy of, xix, 46, 138, 139, 140, 146, 173, 204, 227–28; grace's role, 240, 241, 242; great exchange and, 112–20; history of, 216–17; Holy Spirit's role, 140–41; Trinity's role, 3, 160, 164. See also elevation; soteriology sanctification, xvin13, xx; becoming as image of, 41–42, 51, 62; becoming human, xi–xx, 67, 94, 169, 191–92, 235, 242; as Beginning, 6, 12; deification role of, 88, 141, 151, 231; enfleshment of, 35, 99, 128, 173–75, 197, 214, 231–32, 236; eternally begotten, 4, 50–51; Holy Spirit proceeding from, 139–40, 144; humility of, 115–16, 226; imitation of, 46, 47, 53, 226, 242; light as metaphor, 22, 142; love of, 144, 166; mission of, 77–78, 139–40; substance of, 142–43, 144, 165, 200; turn toward the Father, 19, 25–27, 183; unifying role of, xix–xx, 210, 212–14; as wisdom of the Father, 141, 142–43, 198–99. See also Christ Jesus; consubstantiality; Father; incarnation; Word of God Son of Man, 104, 200, 206 sons of God. See adoption; children gods as, 95–97; through Christ, xvii, 202–3, 204–6, 207, 215–16; Christian, 198, 213, 241n10, 242; in the church, 231–32; of creatures, 146–47; God's bestowal of, 91, 187, 190, 233; Holy Spirit as, 113n75, 153, 157–58, 159–65; in Old Testament, 185–91. See also elevation; holiness; saints Satan: temptation by, 34–35, 66–69, 70–71, 78, 235 Saul (New Testament). See Paul, apostle Saul (Old Testament), 166 schisms, 166, 214, 216, 232. See also of God soteriology, xiii, 239; Holy Spirit's place in, xv–xvi, 134, 149; reconciliation specific schismatic doctrines