Chapter Eight: The Deep Structure Of The Universe
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
1. Martin J. Rees, New Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Edward R. Harrison, Cosmology: The Science of the Universe, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
2. Ernan McMullin, “Indifference Principle and Anthropic Principle in Cosmology,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 24 (1993): 359–89.
3. Lee Smolin, The Life of the Cosmos (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 37.
4. For detailed discussions, see Rodney D. Holder, God, the Multiverse, and Everything: Modern Cosmology and the Argument from Design (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004); Alister E. McGrath, A Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and Theology (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009).
5. For philosophical reflection, see Richard Swinburne, “The Argument from the Fine-Tuning of the Universe,” in Physical Cosmology and Philosophy, ed. John Leslie (New York: Macmillan, 1990), 154–73; Robin Collins, “A Scientific Argument for the Existence of God: The Fine-Tuning Design Argument,” in Reason for the Hope Within, ed. Michael J. Murray (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999), 47–75.
6. John Leslie, Universes (London: Routledge, 1989), 63.
7. Paul Davies, “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Science,” in Evidence of Purpose: Scientists Discover the Creator, ed. John Marks Templeton (New York: Continuum, 1994), 44–56, with quote from 46.
8. C. B. Collins and Stephen Hawking, “Why Is the Universe Isotropic?” Astrophysical Journal Letters 180 (1973): 317–34.
9. Brandon Carter, “Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle,” in Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data, ed. M. S. Longair (Boston: Reidel, 1974), 291–98.
10. John Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
11. Jonathan R. Topham, “Biology in the Service of Natural Theology: Darwin, Paley, and the Bridgewater Treatises,” in Biology and Ideology: From Descartes to Dawkins, ed. Denis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 88–113.
12. See, e.g., Paul Davies, The Goldilocks Enigma: Why Is the Universe Just Right for Life? (London: Allen Lane, 2006), 147–71.
13. Martin J. Rees, Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe (London: Phoenix, 2000), 2–4.