Chapter Six: Beyond The Scientific Horizon
CHAPTER SIX: BEYOND THE SCIENTIFIC HORIZON
1. Thomas H. Huxley, Darwiniana (London: Macmillan, 1893), 248–52, with quote from 252.
2. See Thomas H. Huxley, Collected Essays, vol. 4 (London: Macmillan, 1895), 139–63.
3. Charles Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, ed. Francis Darwin, 3rd ed., 3 vols. (London: John Murray, 1887), 2:200.
4. For what follows, see José Ortega y Gasset, History as a System and Other Essays toward a Philosophy of History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962), 13–15.
5. Richard Dawkins, A Devil’s Chaplain: Selected Writings (London: Weiden-field & Nicolson, 2003), 37.
6. Charles A. Coulson, Science and Christian Belief (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958), 75.
7. Richard Swinburne, The Existence of God (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 71.
8. On this further, see John Polkinghorne, One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
9. Albert Einstein, “Physics and Reality,” Journal of the Franklin Institute 221 (1936): 349–89, with quote from 351.
10. Stephen Jay Gould, “Impeaching a Self-Appointed Judge,” Scientific American 267, no. 1 (1992): 118–21.
11. For a good popular account and debunking of most of these myths, see Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Galileo Goes to Jail: And Other Myths about Science and Religion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
12. M. R. Bennett and P. M. S. Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 372–76.
13. See, e.g., Maurice Bloch, “A Well-Disposed Social Anthropologist’s Problem with Memes,” in Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science, ed. Robert Aunger (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 189–203; Scott Atran, “The Trouble with Memes: Inference versus Imitation in Cultural Creation,” Human Nature 12 (2001): 351–81; Francisco J. Gil-White, “Common Misunderstandings of Memes (and Genes): The Promise and the Limits of the Genetic Analogy to Cultural Transmission Processes,” in Perspectives on Imitation: From Neuroscience to Social Science, ed. Susan Hurley and Nick Chater (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), 317–38.
14. Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (London: Bantam, 2006), 196.
15. For a detailed analysis of the difficulties, see Liane Gabora, “Ideas Are Not Replicators but Minds Are,” Biology and Philosophy 19 (2004): 127–13.
16. See the Web site, http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/.
17. Bruce Edmonds, “The Revealed Poverty of the Gene-Meme Analogy—Why Memetics Per Se Has Failed to Produce Substantive Results,” online, January 2005, http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/2005/vol9/edmonds_b.html.