CONTENTS

CONTENTS

NATURE AND GRACE: SELECTIONS FROM THE SUMMA THEOLOGICA OF THOMAS AQUINAS TITLE

PUBLISHER

INDEX

NATURE AND GRACE: SELECTIONS FROM THE SUMMA THEOLOGICA OF THOMAS AQUINAS

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PART I. QUESTIONS 1–4; 20–23

QUESTION ONE

WHAT SACRED DOCTRINE IS, AND WHAT IT CONCERNS

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Another Doctrine is Necessary, besides the Philosophical Sciences

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Science

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Single Science

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Practical Science

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Sacred Doctrine is Nobler than other Sciences

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Sacred Doctrine is Wisdom

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether God is the Subject of This Science

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Sacred Doctrine Proceeds by Argument

ARTICLE NINE

Whether Sacred Doctrine should Use Metaphors

ARTICLE TEN

Whether One Passage of Sacred Scripture may have Several Interpretations

QUESTION TWO

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

ARTICLE ONE

Whether it is Self-Evident that God Exists

ARTICLE TWO

Whether God’s Existence can be Demonstrated

ARTICLE THREE

Whether God Exists

QUESTION THREE

OF THE SIMPLE NATURE OF GOD

ARTICLE ONE

Whether God is a Body

ARTICLE TWO

Whether there is Composition of Form and Matter in God

ARTICLE THREE

Whether God is the Same as his Essence, or Nature

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Essence and Existence are the Same in God

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether God Belongs to a Genus

ARTICLE SIX

Whether there is any Accident in God

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether God is Altogether Simple

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether God Enters into the Composition of Other Things

QUESTION FOUR

THE PERFECTION OF GOD

ARTICLE ONE

Whether God is Perfect

ARTICLE TWO

Whether the Perfections of all Things are in God

ARTICLE THREE

Whether any Creature can be Like God

QUESTION TWENTY

THE LOVE OF GOD

ARTICLE ONE

Whether there is Love in God

ARTICLE TWO

Whether God Loves all Things

ARTICLE THREE

Whether God Loves All Things Equally

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether God Always Loves Better Things the More

QUESTION TWENTY-ONE

THE JUSTICE AND MERCY OF GOD

ARTICLE ONE

Whether There Is Justice in God

ARTICLE TWO

Whether God’s Justice is Truth

ARTICLE THREE

Whether there is Mercy in God

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Justice and Mercy are Present in all God’s Works

QUESTION TWENTY-TWO

OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Providence is Appropriately Ascribed to God

ARTICLE TWO

Whether All Things are under Divine Providence

ARTICLE THREE

Whether God Provides for All Things Directly

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Providence Imposes a Necessity on what it Provides

QUESTION TWENTY-THREE

OF PREDESTINATION

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Men are Predestined by God

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Predestination Implies Anything in the Predestined

ARTICLE THREE

Whether God Rejects Any Man

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether the Predestined are Chosen by God

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether the Foreknowledge of Merits is the Cause of Predestination

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Predestination is Certain

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether the Number of the Predestined is Certain

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Predestination can be Furthered by the Prayers of the Devout

OF SIN. PRIMA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 82, 83

QUESTION EIGHTY-TWO

THE ESSENCE OF ORIGINAL SIN

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Original Sin is a Habit

ARTICLE TWO

Whether there are Many Original Sins in One Man

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Original Sin is Desire

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Original Sin is in All Men Equally

QUESTION EIGHTY-FIVE

THE EFFECTS OF SIN

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Sin Diminishes Natural Good

ARTICLE TWO

Whether the Whole Good of Human Nature can be Destroyed by Sin

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Weakness, Ignorance, Malice, and Desire are Rightly Named as the Wounds of Nature Due to Sin

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Privation of Mode, Species, and Order is the Effect of Sin

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Death and Other Defects of the Body are the Effects of Sin

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Death and Other Defects are Natural to Man

TREATISE ON GRACE. PRIMA SECUNDAE QUESTIONS 109—114

QUESTION ONE HUNDRED AND NINE

CONCERNING THE EXTERNAL PRINCIPLE OF HUMAN ACTIONS, THAT IS, THE GRACE OF GOD

ARTICLE ONE

Whether a Man can Know any Truth without Grace

ARTICLE TWO

Whether a Man can Will or do Good without Grace

ARTICLE THREE

Whether a Man can Love God above All Things by His Natural Powers alone, without Grace

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether a Man can fulfil the Commandments of the Law by His Natural Powers, without Grace

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether a Man can Merit Eternal Life, without Grace

ARTICLE SIX

Whether without Grace a Man can Prepare Himself for Grace

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether a Man can rise from Sin without the Help of Grace

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether a Man can avoid Sin, without Grace

ARTICLE NINE

Whether, after receiving Grace, a Man can do Good and avoid Sin, without further help of Grace

ARTICLE TEN

Whether a Man in Grace needs the help of Grace in order to Persevere

QUESTION ONE HUNDRED AND TEN

THE ESSENCE OF GOD’S GRACE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Grace denotes Something in the Soul

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Grace is a Quality of the Soul

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Grace is the same as Virtue

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Grace is in the Soul’s Essence as its Subject, or in One of its Powers

QUESTION ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN

THE DIVISIONS OF GRACE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Grace is appropriately divided into Sanctifying Grace and Free Grace

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Grace is appropriately divided into Operative and Co-operative Grace

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Grace is Appropriately Divided into Prevenient and Subsequent Grace

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Free Grace is Appropriately Divided by the Apostle

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Free Grace is Nobler than Sanctifying Grace

QUESTION ONE HUNDRED AND TWELVE

THE CAUSE OF GRACE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether God is the Sole Cause of Grace

ARTICLE TWO

Whether a Preparation or Disposition for Grace is required on the part of man

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Grace is Bound to be given to One Who Prepares Himself for Grace, or Who does what He can

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Grace is greater in One Man than in Another

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether a Man can know that He has Grace

QUESTION ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEEN

THE EFFECTS OF GRACE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is the Remission of Sins

ARTICLE TWO

Whether an Infusion of Grace is required for the Remission of Guilt, which is the Justification of the Ungodly

ARTICLE THREE

Whether a Movement of the Free Will is required for the Justification of the Ungodly

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether a Movement of Faith is reojuired for the Justification of the Ungodly

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether a Movement of the Free Will against Sin is required for the justification of the ungodly

ARTICLE SIX

Whether the Remission of Sins should be Numbered with the things reequired for the Justification of the Ungodly

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is achieved Instantaneously or Gradually

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether the Infusion of Grace is the First of the Things required for the Justification of the Ungodly, According to the Order of Nature

ARTICLE NINE

Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is the Greatest Work of God

ARTICLE TEN

Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is a Miracle

QUESTION ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN

CONCERNING MERIT, WHICH IS THE EFFECT OF CO-OPERATIVE GRACE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether a Man can Merit Anything from God

ARTICLE TWO

Whether One can Merit Eternal Life without Grace

ARTICLE THREE

Whether a Man in Grace can Merit Eternal Life Condignly

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Grace is the Principle of Merit through Charity more Principally than through Other Virtues

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether a Man can Merit the First Grace for Himself

ARTICLE SIX

Whether a Man can Merit the First Grace for Another

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether a Man can Merit His Restoration after a Lapse

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether a Man can Merit an Increase of Grace or Charity

ARTICLE NINE

Whether a Man can Merit Perseverance

ARTICLE TEN

Whether Temporal Goods can be Merited

TREATISE ON THE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES

I. ON FAITH. SECUNDA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 1–7

QUESTION ONE

THE OBJECT OF FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether the Object of Faith is the First Truth

ARTICLE TWO

Whether the Object of Faith is Something Complex, in the Form of a Proposition

ARTICLE THREE

Whether what is False can be Held in Faith

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether the Object of Faith can be Something Seen

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether the Things of Faith can be Known Scientifically

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Matters of Faith ought to be Divided into Certain Articles

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether the Articles of Faith have Increased with the Passing of Time

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether the Articles of Faith are appropriately Enumerated

ARTICLE NINE

Whether the Articles of Faith are appropriately Set Forth in a Symbol

ARTICLE TEN

Whether it is for the Chief Pontiff to Draw Up the Symbol of the Faith

QUESTION TWO

THE ACT OF FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether to Believe is to Think with Assent

ARTICLE TWO

Whether to Believe God, to Believe that there is a God, and to Believe in God are rightly Distinguished as Acts of Faith

ARTICLE THREE

Whether, for Salvation, it is Necessary to Believe Anything which is Beyond Natural Reason

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether it is Necessary to Believe such Things as can be Proved by Natural Reason

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether a Man is required to Believe Anything Explicitly

ARTICLE SIX

Whether all Men Equally are required to have Explicit Faith

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether Explicit Belief in the Mystery of the Incarnation of Christ is Necessary for the Salvation of Everybody

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Explicit Belief in the Trinity is Necessary for Salvation

ARTICLE NINE

Whether to Believe is Meritorious

ARTICLE TEN

Whether a Reason in Support of the Things of Faith Diminishes the Merit of Faith

QUESTION THREE

THE OUTWARD ACT OF FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Confession is an Act of Faith

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Confession of Faith is Necessary for Salvation

QUESTION FOUR

THE VIRTUE ITSELF OF FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether this is a Satisfactory Definition of Faith: Faith is the Substance of Things Hoped for, the Evidence of Things not Seen

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Faith is in the Intellect as its Subject

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Charity is the Form of Faith

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Unformed Faith can become Formed, or Vice Versa

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Faith is a Virtue

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Faith is a Single Virtue

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether Faith is the First of the Virtues

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Faith is more Certain than Science and the Other Intellectual Virtues

QUESTION FIVE

OF THOSE WHO HAVE FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Angels and Man had Faith in their First State

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Devils Have Faith

ARTICLE THREE

Whether One Who Disbelieves One Article of Faith can Have Unformed Faith in the Other Articles

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Faith can be Greater in One Than in Another

QUESTION SIX

THE CAUSE OF FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Faith is Infused into Man by God

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Unformed Faith is a Gift of God

QUESTION SEVEN

THE EFFECT OF FAITH

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Fear is an Effect of Faith

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Purification of the Heart is an Effect of Faith

II. ON HOPE. SECUNDA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 17—21

QUESTION SEVENTEEN

OF HOPE, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Hope is a Virtue

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Eternal Blessedness is the Proper Object of Hope

ARTICLE THREE

Whether One can Hope for the Eternal Blessedness of Another

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether One may Lawfully Hope in Man

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Hope is a Theological Virtue

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Hope is Distinct from the other Theological Virtues

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether Hope precedes Faith

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Charity is Prior to Hope

QUESTION EIGHTEEN

THE SUBJECT OF HOPE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Hope is in the Will as its Subject

ARTICLE TWO

Whether there is Hope in the Blessed

ARTICLE THREE

Whether there is Hope in the Damned

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether the Hope of Wayfarers is Certain

QUESTION NINETEEN

THE GIFT OF FEAR

ARTICLE ONE

Whether God can be Feared

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Fear is appropriately Divided into Filial, Initial, Servile, and Worldly Fear

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Worldly Fear is always Evil

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Servile Fear is Good

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Servile Fear is substantially the Same as Filial Fear

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Servile Fear Remains when Charity is Present

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether Fear is the Beginning of Wisdom

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Initial Fear Differs Substantially from Filial Fear

ARTICLE NINE

Whether Fear is a Gift of the Holy Spirit

ARTICLE TEN

Whether Fear Diminishes as Charity Increases

ARTICLE ELEVEN

Whether Fear Remains in Heaven

ARTICLE TWELVE

Whether Poverty of Spirit is the Beatitude which Corresponds to the Gift of Fear

QUESTION TWENTY

OF DESPAIR

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Despair is a Sin

ARTICLE TWO

Whether there can be Despair without Unbelief

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Despair is the Greatest of Sins

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Despair Arises from Listlessness

QUESTION TWENTY-ONE

OF PRESUMPTION

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Presumption Relies on God, or on One’s Own Power

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Presumption is a Sin

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Presumption is Opposed to Fear rather than to Hope

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Presumption is Caused by Vainglory

III. ON CHARITY. SECUNDA SECUNDAE. QUESTIONS 23, 27

QUESTION TWENTY-THREE

OF CHARITY, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF

ARTICLE ONE

Whether Charity is Friendship

ARTICLE TWO

Whether Charity is Something Created in the Soul

ARTICLE THREE

Whether Charity is a Virtue

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether Charity is a Specific Virtue

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether Charity is a Single Virtue

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Charity is the Most Excellent of the Virtues

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether there can be any True Virtue without Charity

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether Charity is the Form of the Virtues

QUESTION TWENTY-SEVEN

OF THE PRINCIPAL ACT OF CHARITY, WHICH IS TO LOVE

ARTICLE ONE

Whether to be Loved is More Proper to Charity than to Love

ARTICLE TWO

Whether the Love which is an Act of Charity is the Same as Benevolence

ARTICLE THREE

Whether by Charity God is to be Loved on Account of Himself

ARTICLE FOUR

Whether God can be Loved Immediately in this Life

ARTICLE FIVE

Whether God can be Loved Wholly

ARTICLE SIX

Whether Love to God ought to have a Mode

ARTICLE SEVEN

Whether it is more Meritorious to Love an Enemy than to Love a Friend

ARTICLE EIGHT

Whether it is more Meritorious to Love One’s Neighbour than to Love God

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ILLUSTRATIONS

PUBLISHER II

ENDNOTES

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