Revelation

Revelation

Revelation

John, the apostle

AUDIENCE:

Seven churches in Asia and all believers everywhere

PURPOSE:

To reveal the full identity of Christ and to give warning and hope to believers.

In this challenging book, John recounts his vivid vision of the last things, a vision full of symbolic numbers, apocalyptic images, dramatic actions, and vivid colors. While the church has debated the precise meaning of these elements for centuries, there is no doubt about the main message: The promised future victory over suffering enables Christians to endure agonizing persecution in the present through the power of the Holy Spirit. Regardless of one’s interpretation of the details, Revelation is full of sustaining hope in the midst of suffering, enabling believers to trust in a God who has not abandoned them. In the end, God will restore Creation to its intended state and dwell in a city with ever-open gates where the redeemed live intimately with God forever.

SUFFERING AND DISABILITY THEMES

    Suffering is unavoidable for faithful Christians. This concluding book of Scripture, written to believers experiencing persecution, is intensely realistic about the fact that Christians will experience suffering—there is no escapism in Revelation. The crucified and resurrected Lamb (Jesus Christ) rules the universe and will preserve the people of God through suffering.

    Reality is more than our daily physical experiences. John’s vision gives us a powerful view of what is happening and will happen in the heavenly realm. The invisible realities that impact and shape our lives tell us that Satan is real. But he has already been defeated—the terrors of demons, dragons, and the Beast are only shadowy parodies of the power and majesty of the true God. Because of Christ, suffering has spiritual significance, and saints (all people who believe) have a role to play in the cosmic plan of God.

    God will triumph over suffering. In fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies about redemption, we are given a picture of judgment that fully and finally enacts justice: God wipes away all tears and ushers us into a purified, personal relationship with himself. This victory is intended to ground our hope and sustain us through suffering in the power of the Holy Spirit.

Prologue

1This is a revelation from Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show his servants the events that must soon take place. He sent an angel to present this revelation to his servant John, who faithfully reported everything he saw. This is his report of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ.

3God blesses the one who reads the words of this prophecy to the church, and he blesses all who listen to its message and obey what it says, for the time is near.

John’s Greeting to the Seven Churches

4This letter is from John to the seven churches in the province of Asia.

Grace and peace to you from the one who is, who always was, and who is still to come; from the sevenfold Spirit before his throne; 5and from Jesus Christ. He is the faithful witness to these things, the first to rise from the dead, and the ruler of all the kings of the world.

All glory to him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by shedding his blood for us. 6He has made us a Kingdom of priests for God his Father. All glory and power to him forever and ever! Amen.

    7Look! He comes with the clouds of heaven.

       And everyone will see him—

       even those who pierced him.

   And all the nations of the world

       will mourn for him.

   Yes! Amen!

8“I am the Alpha and the Omega—the beginning and the end,” says the Lord God. “I am the one who is, who always was, and who is still to come—the Almighty One.”

Vision of the Son of Man

9I, John, am your brother and your partner in suffering and in God’s Kingdom and in the patient endurance to which Jesus calls us. I was exiled to the island of Patmos for preaching the word of God and for my testimony about Jesus. 10It was the Lord’s Day, and I was worshiping in the Spirit. Suddenly, I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet blast. 11It said, “Write in a book everything you see, and send it to the seven churches in the cities of Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.”

12When I turned to see who was speaking to me, I saw seven gold lampstands. 13And standing in the middle of the lampstands was someone like the Son of Man. He was wearing a long robe with a gold sash across his chest. 14His head and his hair were white like wool, as white as snow. And his eyes were like flames of fire. 15His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace, and his voice thundered like mighty ocean waves. He held seven stars in his right hand, and a sharp two-edged sword came from his mouth. And his face was like the sun in all its brilliance.

17When I saw him, I fell at his feet as if I were dead. But he laid his right hand on me and said, “Don’t be afraid! I am the First and the Last. 18I am the living one. I died, but look—I am alive forever and ever! And I hold the keys of death and the grave.

19“Write down what you have seen—both the things that are now happening and the things that will happen. This is the meaning of the mystery of the seven stars you saw in my right hand and the seven gold lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.

The Message to the Church in Ephesus

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Ephesus. This is the message from the one who holds the seven stars in his right hand, the one who walks among the seven gold lampstands:

2“I know all the things you do. I have seen your hard work and your patient endurance. I know you don’t tolerate evil people. You have examined the claims of those who say they are apostles but are not. You have discovered they are liars. 3You have patiently suffered for me without quitting.

4“But I have this complaint against you. You don’t love me or each other as you did at first! 5Look how far you have fallen! Turn back to me and do the works you did at first. If you don’t repent, I will come and remove your lampstand from its place among the churches. 6But this is in your favor: You hate the evil deeds of the Nicolaitans, just as I do.

7“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches. To everyone who is victorious I will give fruit from the tree of life in the paradise of God.

The Message to the Church in Smyrna

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Smyrna. This is the message from the one who is the First and the Last, who was dead but is now alive:

9“I know about your suffering and your poverty—but you are rich! I know the blasphemy of those opposing you. They say they are Jews, but they are not, because their synagogue belongs to Satan. 10Don’t be afraid of what you are about to suffer. The devil will throw some of you into prison to test you. You will suffer for ten days. But if you remain faithful even when facing death, I will give you the crown of life.

11“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches. Whoever is victorious will not be harmed by the second death.

The Message to the Church in Pergamum

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Pergamum. This is the message from the one with the sharp two-edged sword:

13“I know that you live in the city where Satan has his throne, yet you have remained loyal to me. You refused to deny me even when Antipas, my faithful witness, was martyred among you there in Satan’s city.

14“But I have a few complaints against you. You tolerate some among you whose teaching is like that of Balaam, who showed Balak how to trip up the people of Israel. He taught them to sin by eating food offered to idols and by committing sexual sin. 15In a similar way, you have some Nicolaitans among you who follow the same teaching. 16Repent of your sin, or I will come to you suddenly and fight against them with the sword of my mouth.

17“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches. To everyone who is victorious I will give some of the manna that has been hidden away in heaven. And I will give to each one a white stone, and on the stone will be engraved a new name that no one understands except the one who receives it.

The Message to the Church in Thyatira

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Thyatira. This is the message from the Son of God, whose eyes are like flames of fire, whose feet are like polished bronze:

19“I know all the things you do. I have seen your love, your faith, your service, and your patient endurance. And I can see your constant improvement in all these things.

20“But I have this complaint against you. You are permitting that woman—that Jezebel who calls herself a prophet—to lead my servants astray. She teaches them to commit sexual sin and to eat food offered to idols. 21I gave her time to repent, but she does not want to turn away from her immorality.

22“Therefore, I will throw her on a bed of suffering, and those who commit adultery with her will suffer greatly unless they repent and turn away from her evil deeds. 23I will strike her children dead. Then all the churches will know that I am the one who searches out the thoughts and intentions of every person. And I will give to each of you whatever you deserve.

24“But I also have a message for the rest of you in Thyatira who have not followed this false teaching (‘deeper truths,’ as they call them—depths of Satan, actually). I will ask nothing more of you 25except that you hold tightly to what you have until I come. 26To all who are victorious, who obey me to the very end,

       To them I will give authority over all the nations.

      27They will rule the nations with an iron rod

          and smash them like clay pots.

28They will have the same authority I received from my Father, and I will also give them the morning star!

29“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches.

The Message to the Church in Sardis

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Sardis. This is the message from the one who has the sevenfold Spirit of God and the seven stars:

“I know all the things you do, and that you have a reputation for being alive—but you are dead. 2Wake up! Strengthen what little remains, for even what is left is almost dead. I find that your actions do not meet the requirements of my God. 3Go back to what you heard and believed at first; hold to it firmly. Repent and turn to me again. If you don’t wake up, I will come to you suddenly, as unexpected as a thief.

4“Yet there are some in the church in Sardis who have not soiled their clothes with evil. They will walk with me in white, for they are worthy. 5All who are victorious will be clothed in white. I will never erase their names from the Book of Life, but I will announce before my Father and his angels that they are mine.

6“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches.

The Message to the Church in Philadelphia

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Philadelphia.

   This is the message from the one who is holy and true,

       the one who has the key of David.

   What he opens, no one can close;

       and what he closes, no one can open:

8“I know all the things you do, and I have opened a door for you that no one can close. You have little strength, yet you obeyed my word and did not deny me. 9Look, I will force those who belong to Satan’s synagogue—those liars who say they are Jews but are not—to come and bow down at your feet. They will acknowledge that you are the ones I love.

10“Because you have obeyed my command to persevere, I will protect you from the great time of testing that will come upon the whole world to test those who belong to this world. 11I am coming soon. Hold on to what you have, so that no one will take away your crown. 12All who are victorious will become pillars in the Temple of my God, and they will never have to leave it. And I will write on them the name of my God, and they will be citizens in the city of my God—the new Jerusalem that comes down from heaven from my God. And I will also write on them my new name.

13“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches.

The Message to the Church in Laodicea

“Write this letter to the angel of the church in Laodicea. This is the message from the one who is the Amen—the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God’s new creation:

15“I know all the things you do, that you are neither hot nor cold. I wish that you were one or the other! 16But since you are like lukewarm water, neither hot nor cold, I will spit you out of my mouth! 17You say, ‘I am rich. I have everything I want. I don’t need a thing!’ And you don’t realize that you are wretched and miserable and poor and blind and naked. 18So I advise you to buy gold from me—gold that has been purified by fire. Then you will be rich. Also buy white garments from me so you will not be shamed by your nakedness, and ointment for your eyes so you will be able to see. 19I correct and discipline everyone I love. So be diligent and turn from your indifference.

20“Look! I stand at the door and knock. If you hear my voice and open the door, I will come in, and we will share a meal together as friends. 21Those who are victorious will sit with me on my throne, just as I was victorious and sat with my Father on his throne.

22“Anyone with ears to hear must listen to the Spirit and understand what he is saying to the churches.”

Worship in Heaven

1Then as I looked, I saw a door standing open in heaven, and the same voice I had heard before spoke to me like a trumpet blast. The voice said, “Come up here, and I will show you what must happen after this.” 2And instantly I was in the Spirit, and I saw a throne in heaven and someone sitting on it. 3The one sitting on the throne was as brilliant as gemstones—like jasper and carnelian. And the glow of an emerald circled his throne like a rainbow. 4Twenty-four thrones surrounded him, and twenty-four elders sat on them. They were all clothed in white and had gold crowns on their heads. 5From the throne came flashes of lightning and the rumble of thunder. And in front of the throne were seven torches with burning flames. This is the sevenfold Spirit of God. 6In front of the throne was a shiny sea of glass, sparkling like crystal.

In the center and around the throne were four living beings, each covered with eyes, front and back. 7The first of these living beings was like a lion; the second was like an ox; the third had a human face; and the fourth was like an eagle in flight. 8Each of these living beings had six wings, and their wings were covered all over with eyes, inside and out. Day after day and night after night they keep on saying,

   “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty—

       the one who always was, who is, and who is still to come.”

9Whenever the living beings give glory and honor and thanks to the one sitting on the throne (the one who lives forever and ever), 10the twenty-four elders fall down and worship the one sitting on the throne (the one who lives forever and ever). And they lay their crowns before the throne and say,

   11“You are worthy, O Lord our God,

       to receive glory and honor and power.

   For you created all things,

       and they exist because you created what you pleased.”

The Lamb Opens the Scroll

1Then I saw a scroll in the right hand of the one who was sitting on the throne. There was writing on the inside and the outside of the scroll, and it was sealed with seven seals. 2And I saw a strong angel, who shouted with a loud voice: “Who is worthy to break the seals on this scroll and open it?” 3But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll and read it.

4Then I began to weep bitterly because no one was found worthy to open the scroll and read it. 5But one of the twenty-four elders said to me, “Stop weeping! Look, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the heir to David’s throne, has won the victory. He is worthy to open the scroll and its seven seals.”

6Then I saw a Lamb that looked as if it had been slaughtered, but it was now standing between the throne and the four living beings and among the twenty-four elders. He had seven horns and seven eyes, which represent the sevenfold Spirit of God that is sent out into every part of the earth. 7He stepped forward and took the scroll from the right hand of the one sitting on the throne. 8And when he took the scroll, the four living beings and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harp, and they held gold bowls filled with incense, which are the prayers of God’s people. 9And they sang a new song with these words:

   “You are worthy to take the scroll

       and break its seals and open it.

   For you were slaughtered, and your blood has ransomed people for God

       from every tribe and language and people and nation.

   10And you have caused them to become

       a Kingdom of priests for our God.

       And they will reign on the earth.”

11Then I looked again, and I heard the voices of thousands and millions of angels around the throne and of the living beings and the elders. 12And they sang in a mighty chorus:

   “Worthy is the Lamb who was slaughtered—

       to receive power and riches

   and wisdom and strength

       and honor and glory and blessing.”

13And then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and in the sea. They sang:

   “Blessing and honor and glory and power

       belong to the one sitting on the throne

       and to the Lamb forever and ever.”

14And the four living beings said, “Amen!” And the twenty-four elders fell down and worshiped the Lamb.

The Lamb Breaks the First Six Seals

1As I watched, the Lamb broke the first of the seven seals on the scroll. Then I heard one of the four living beings say with a voice like thunder, “Come!” 2I looked up and saw a white horse standing there. Its rider carried a bow, and a crown was placed on his head. He rode out to win many battles and gain the victory.

3When the Lamb broke the second seal, I heard the second living being say, “Come!” 4Then another horse appeared, a red one. Its rider was given a mighty sword and the authority to take peace from the earth. And there was war and slaughter everywhere.

5When the Lamb broke the third seal, I heard the third living being say, “Come!” I looked up and saw a black horse, and its rider was holding a pair of scales in his hand. 6And I heard a voice from among the four living beings say, “A loaf of wheat bread or three loaves of barley will cost a day’s pay. And don’t waste the olive oil and wine.”

7When the Lamb broke the fourth seal, I heard the fourth living being say, “Come!” 8I looked up and saw a horse whose color was pale green. Its rider was named Death, and his companion was the Grave. These two were given authority over one-fourth of the earth, to kill with the sword and famine and disease and wild animals.

When the Lamb broke the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of all who had been martyred for the word of God and for being faithful in their testimony. 10They shouted to the Lord and said, “O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before you judge the people who belong to this world and avenge our blood for what they have done to us?” 11Then a white robe was given to each of them. And they were told to rest a little longer until the full number of their brothers and sisters—their fellow servants of Jesus who were to be martyred—had joined them.

12I watched as the Lamb broke the sixth seal, and there was a great earthquake. The sun became as dark as black cloth, and the moon became as red as blood. 13Then the stars of the sky fell to the earth like green figs falling from a tree shaken by a strong wind. 14The sky was rolled up like a scroll, and all of the mountains and islands were moved from their places.

15Then everyone—the kings of the earth, the rulers, the generals, the wealthy, the powerful, and every slave and free person—all hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains. 16And they cried to the mountains and the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb. 17For the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to survive?”

God’s People Will Be Preserved

1Then I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back the four winds so they did not blow on the earth or the sea, or even on any tree. 2And I saw another angel coming up from the east, carrying the seal of the living God. And he shouted to those four angels, who had been given power to harm land and sea, 3“Wait! Don’t harm the land or the sea or the trees until we have placed the seal of God on the foreheads of his servants.”

4And I heard how many were marked with the seal of God—144,000 were sealed from all the tribes of Israel:

5from Judah

12,000

from Reuben

12,000

from Gad

12,000

6from Asher

12,000

from Naphtali

12,000

from Manasseh

12,000

7from Simeon

12,000

from Levi

12,000

from Issachar

12,000

8from Zebulun

12,000

from Joseph

12,000

from Benjamin

12,000

Praise from the Great Crowd

9After this I saw a vast crowd, too great to count, from every nation and tribe and people and language, standing in front of the throne and before the Lamb. They were clothed in white robes and held palm branches in their hands. 10And they were shouting with a great roar,

   “Salvation comes from our God who sits on the throne

       and from the Lamb!”

11And all the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living beings. And they fell before the throne with their faces to the ground and worshiped God. 12They sang,

   “Amen! Blessing and glory and wisdom

       and thanksgiving and honor

   and power and strength belong to our God

       forever and ever! Amen.”

13Then one of the twenty-four elders asked me, “Who are these who are clothed in white? Where did they come from?”

14And I said to him, “Sir, you are the one who knows.”

Then he said to me, “These are the ones who died in the great tribulation. They have washed their robes in the blood of the Lamb and made them white.

   15“That is why they stand in front of God’s throne

       and serve him day and night in his Temple.

   And he who sits on the throne

       will give them shelter.

   16They will never again be hungry or thirsty;

       they will never be scorched by the heat of the sun.

   For the Lamb on the throne

       will be their Shepherd.

   He will lead them to springs of life-giving water.

       And God will wipe every tear from their eyes.”

The Lamb Breaks the Seventh Seal

1When the Lamb broke the seventh seal on the scroll, there was silence throughout heaven for about half an hour. 2I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and they were given seven trumpets.

Then another angel with a gold incense burner came and stood at the altar. And a great amount of incense was given to him to mix with the prayers of God’s people as an offering on the gold altar before the throne. 4The smoke of the incense, mixed with the prayers of God’s holy people, ascended up to God from the altar where the angel had poured them out. 5Then the angel filled the incense burner with fire from the altar and threw it down upon the earth; and thunder crashed, lightning flashed, and there was a terrible earthquake.

The First Four Trumpets

6Then the seven angels with the seven trumpets prepared to blow their mighty blasts.

7The first angel blew his trumpet, and hail and fire mixed with blood were thrown down on the earth. One-third of the earth was set on fire, one-third of the trees were burned, and all the green grass was burned.

8Then the second angel blew his trumpet, and a great mountain of fire was thrown into the sea. One-third of the water in the sea became blood, 9one-third of all things living in the sea died, and one-third of all the ships on the sea were destroyed.

10Then the third angel blew his trumpet, and a great star fell from the sky, burning like a torch. It fell on one-third of the rivers and on the springs of water. 11The name of the star was Bitterness. It made one-third of the water bitter, and many people died from drinking the bitter water.

12Then the fourth angel blew his trumpet, and one-third of the sun was struck, and one-third of the moon, and one-third of the stars, and they became dark. And one-third of the day was dark, and also one-third of the night.

13Then I looked, and I heard a single eagle crying loudly as it flew through the air, “Terror, terror, terror to all who belong to this world because of what will happen when the last three angels blow their trumpets.”

The Fifth Trumpet Brings the First Terror

1Then the fifth angel blew his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen to earth from the sky, and he was given the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit. 2When he opened it, smoke poured out as though from a huge furnace, and the sunlight and air turned dark from the smoke.

3Then locusts came from the smoke and descended on the earth, and they were given power to sting like scorpions. 4They were told not to harm the grass or plants or trees, but only the people who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads. 5They were told not to kill them but to torture them for five months with pain like the pain of a scorpion sting. 6In those days people will seek death but will not find it. They will long to die, but death will flee from them!

7The locusts looked like horses prepared for battle. They had what looked like gold crowns on their heads, and their faces looked like human faces. 8They had hair like women’s hair and teeth like the teeth of a lion. 9They wore armor made of iron, and their wings roared like an army of chariots rushing into battle. 10They had tails that stung like scorpions, and for five months they had the power to torment people. 11Their king is the angel from the bottomless pit; his name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek, Apollyon—the Destroyer.

12The first terror is past, but look, two more terrors are coming!

The Sixth Trumpet Brings the Second Terror

13Then the sixth angel blew his trumpet, and I heard a voice speaking from the four horns of the gold altar that stands in the presence of God. 14And the voice said to the sixth angel who held the trumpet, “Release the four angels who are bound at the great Euphrates River.” 15Then the four angels who had been prepared for this hour and day and month and year were turned loose to kill one-third of all the people on earth. 16I heard the size of their army, which was 200 million mounted troops.

17And in my vision, I saw the horses and the riders sitting on them. The riders wore armor that was fiery red and dark blue and yellow. The horses had heads like lions, and fire and smoke and burning sulfur billowed from their mouths. 18One-third of all the people on earth were killed by these three plagues—by the fire and smoke and burning sulfur that came from the mouths of the horses. 19Their power was in their mouths and in their tails. For their tails had heads like snakes, with the power to injure people.

But the people who did not die in these plagues still refused to repent of their evil deeds and turn to God. They continued to worship demons and idols made of gold, silver, bronze, stone, and wood—idols that can neither see nor hear nor walk! 21And they did not repent of their murders or their witchcraft or their sexual immorality or their thefts.

The Angel and the Small Scroll

1Then I saw another mighty angel coming down from heaven, surrounded by a cloud, with a rainbow over his head. His face shone like the sun, and his feet were like pillars of fire. 2And in his hand was a small scroll that had been opened. He stood with his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land. 3And he gave a great shout like the roar of a lion. And when he shouted, the seven thunders answered.

When the seven thunders spoke, I was about to write. But I heard a voice from heaven saying, “Keep secret what the seven thunders said, and do not write it down.”

5Then the angel I saw standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand toward heaven. 6He swore an oath in the name of the one who lives forever and ever, who created the heavens and everything in them, the earth and everything in it, and the sea and everything in it. He said, “There will be no more delay. 7When the seventh angel blows his trumpet, God’s mysterious plan will be fulfilled. It will happen just as he announced it to his servants the prophets.”

8Then the voice from heaven spoke to me again: “Go and take the open scroll from the hand of the angel who is standing on the sea and on the land.”

So I went to the angel and told him to give me the small scroll. “Yes, take it and eat it,” he said. “It will be sweet as honey in your mouth, but it will turn sour in your stomach!” 10So I took the small scroll from the hand of the angel, and I ate it! It was sweet in my mouth, but when I swallowed it, it turned sour in my stomach.

11Then I was told, “You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, languages, and kings.”

The Two Witnesses

1Then I was given a measuring stick, and I was told, “Go and measure the Temple of God and the altar, and count the number of worshipers. 2But do not measure the outer courtyard, for it has been turned over to the nations. They will trample the holy city for 42 months. 3And I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will be clothed in burlap and will prophesy during those 1,260 days.”

4These two prophets are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of all the earth. 5If anyone tries to harm them, fire flashes from their mouths and consumes their enemies. This is how anyone who tries to harm them must die. 6They have power to shut the sky so that no rain will fall for as long as they prophesy. And they have the power to turn the rivers and oceans into blood, and to strike the earth with every kind of plague as often as they wish.

7When they complete their testimony, the beast that comes up out of the bottomless pit will declare war against them, and he will conquer them and kill them. 8And their bodies will lie in the main street of Jerusalem, the city that is figuratively called “Sodom” and “Egypt,” the city where their Lord was crucified. 9And for three and a half days, all peoples, tribes, languages, and nations will stare at their bodies. No one will be allowed to bury them. 10All the people who belong to this world will gloat over them and give presents to each other to celebrate the death of the two prophets who had tormented them.

11But after three and a half days, God breathed life into them, and they stood up! Terror struck all who were staring at them. 12Then a loud voice from heaven called to the two prophets, “Come up here!” And they rose to heaven in a cloud as their enemies watched.

13At the same time there was a terrible earthquake that destroyed a tenth of the city. Seven thousand people died in that earthquake, and everyone else was terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven.

14The second terror is past, but look, the third terror is coming quickly.

The Seventh Trumpet Brings the Third Terror

15Then the seventh angel blew his trumpet, and there were loud voices shouting in heaven:

   “The world has now become the Kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ,

       and he will reign forever and ever.”

The twenty-four elders sitting on their thrones before God fell with their faces to the ground and worshiped him. 17And they said,

   “We give thanks to you, Lord God, the Almighty,

       the one who is and who always was,

   for now you have assumed your great power

       and have begun to reign.

   18The nations were filled with wrath,

       but now the time of your wrath has come.

   It is time to judge the dead

       and reward your servants the prophets,

       as well as your holy people,

   and all who fear your name,

       from the least to the greatest.

   It is time to destroy

       all who have caused destruction on the earth.”

19Then, in heaven, the Temple of God was opened and the Ark of his covenant could be seen inside the Temple. Lightning flashed, thunder crashed and roared, and there was an earthquake and a terrible hailstorm.

The Woman and the Dragon

1Then I witnessed in heaven an event of great significance. I saw a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon beneath her feet, and a crown of twelve stars on her head. 2She was pregnant, and she cried out because of her labor pains and the agony of giving birth.

3Then I witnessed in heaven another significant event. I saw a large red dragon with seven heads and ten horns, with seven crowns on his heads. 4His tail swept away one-third of the stars in the sky, and he threw them to the earth. He stood in front of the woman as she was about to give birth, ready to devour her baby as soon as it was born.

5She gave birth to a son who was to rule all nations with an iron rod. And her child was snatched away from the dragon and was caught up to God and to his throne. 6And the woman fled into the wilderness, where God had prepared a place to care for her for 1,260 days.

7Then there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon and his angels. 8And the dragon lost the battle, and he and his angels were forced out of heaven. 9This great dragon—the ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, the one deceiving the whole world—was thrown down to the earth with all his angels.

10Then I heard a loud voice shouting across the heavens,

   “It has come at last—

       salvation and power

   and the Kingdom of our God,

       and the authority of his Christ.

   For the accuser of our brothers and sisters

       has been thrown down to earth—

   the one who accuses them

       before our God day and night.

   11And they have defeated him by the blood of the Lamb

       and by their testimony.

   And they did not love their lives so much

       that they were afraid to die.

   12Therefore, rejoice, O heavens!

       And you who live in the heavens, rejoice!

   But terror will come on the earth and the sea,

       for the devil has come down to you in great anger,

       knowing that he has little time.”

When the dragon realized that he had been thrown down to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child. 14But she was given two wings like those of a great eagle so she could fly to the place prepared for her in the wilderness. There she would be cared for and protected from the dragon for a time, times, and half a time.

15Then the dragon tried to drown the woman with a flood of water that flowed from his mouth. 16But the earth helped her by opening its mouth and swallowing the river that gushed out from the mouth of the dragon. 17And the dragon was angry at the woman and declared war against the rest of her children—all who keep God’s commandments and maintain their testimony for Jesus.

18Then the dragon took his stand on the shore beside the sea.

The Beast out of the Sea

1Then I saw a beast rising up out of the sea. It had seven heads and ten horns, with ten crowns on its horns. And written on each head were names that blasphemed God. 2This beast looked like a leopard, but it had the feet of a bear and the mouth of a lion! And the dragon gave the beast his own power and throne and great authority.

3I saw that one of the heads of the beast seemed wounded beyond recovery—but the fatal wound was healed! The whole world marveled at this miracle and gave allegiance to the beast. 4They worshiped the dragon for giving the beast such power, and they also worshiped the beast. “Who is as great as the beast?” they exclaimed. “Who is able to fight against him?”

5Then the beast was allowed to speak great blasphemies against God. And he was given authority to do whatever he wanted for forty-two months. 6And he spoke terrible words of blasphemy against God, slandering his name and his dwelling—that is, those who dwell in heaven. 7And the beast was allowed to wage war against God’s holy people and to conquer them. And he was given authority to rule over every tribe and people and language and nation. 8And all the people who belong to this world worshiped the beast. They are the ones whose names were not written in the Book of Life that belongs to the Lamb who was slaughtered before the world was made.

    9Anyone with ears to hear

       should listen and understand.

   10Anyone who is destined for prison

       will be taken to prison.

   Anyone destined to die by the sword

       will die by the sword.

This means that God’s holy people must endure persecution patiently and remain faithful.

The Beast out of the Earth

11Then I saw another beast come up out of the earth. He had two horns like those of a lamb, but he spoke with the voice of a dragon. 12He exercised all the authority of the first beast. And he required all the earth and its people to worship the first beast, whose fatal wound had been healed. 13He did astounding miracles, even making fire flash down to earth from the sky while everyone was watching. 14And with all the miracles he was allowed to perform on behalf of the first beast, he deceived all the people who belong to this world. He ordered the people to make a great statue of the first beast, who was fatally wounded and then came back to life. 15He was then permitted to give life to this statue so that it could speak. Then the statue of the beast commanded that anyone refusing to worship it must die.

16He required everyone—small and great, rich and poor, free and slave—to be given a mark on the right hand or on the forehead. 17And no one could buy or sell anything without that mark, which was either the name of the beast or the number representing his name. 18Wisdom is needed here. Let the one with understanding solve the meaning of the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man. His number is 666.

The Lamb and the 144,000

1Then I saw the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with him were 144,000 who had his name and his Father’s name written on their foreheads. 2And I heard a sound from heaven like the roar of mighty ocean waves or the rolling of loud thunder. It was like the sound of many harpists playing together.

3This great choir sang a wonderful new song in front of the throne of God and before the four living beings and the twenty-four elders. No one could learn this song except the 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth. 4They have kept themselves as pure as virgins, following the Lamb wherever he goes. They have been purchased from among the people on the earth as a special offering to God and to the Lamb. 5They have told no lies; they are without blame.

The Three Angels

6And I saw another angel flying through the sky, carrying the eternal Good News to proclaim to the people who belong to this world—to every nation, tribe, language, and people. 7“Fear God,” he shouted. “Give glory to him. For the time has come when he will sit as judge. Worship him who made the heavens, the earth, the sea, and all the springs of water.”

8Then another angel followed him through the sky, shouting, “Babylon is fallen—that great city is fallen—because she made all the nations of the world drink the wine of her passionate immorality.”

9Then a third angel followed them, shouting, “Anyone who worships the beast and his statue or who accepts his mark on the forehead or on the hand 10must drink the wine of God’s anger. It has been poured full strength into God’s cup of wrath. And they will be tormented with fire and burning sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and the Lamb. 11The smoke of their torment will rise forever and ever, and they will have no relief day or night, for they have worshiped the beast and his statue and have accepted the mark of his name.”

This means that God’s holy people must endure persecution patiently, obeying his commands and maintaining their faith in Jesus.

13And I heard a voice from heaven saying, “Write this down: Blessed are those who die in the Lord from now on. Yes, says the Spirit, they are blessed indeed, for they will rest from their hard work; for their good deeds follow them!”

The Harvest of the Earth

14Then I saw a white cloud, and seated on the cloud was someone like the Son of Man. He had a gold crown on his head and a sharp sickle in his hand.

15Then another angel came from the Temple and shouted to the one sitting on the cloud, “Swing the sickle, for the time of harvest has come; the crop on earth is ripe.” 16So the one sitting on the cloud swung his sickle over the earth, and the whole earth was harvested.

17After that, another angel came from the Temple in heaven, and he also had a sharp sickle. 18Then another angel, who had power to destroy with fire, came from the altar. He shouted to the angel with the sharp sickle, “Swing your sickle now to gather the clusters of grapes from the vines of the earth, for they are ripe for judgment.” 19So the angel swung his sickle over the earth and loaded the grapes into the great winepress of God’s wrath. 20The grapes were trampled in the winepress outside the city, and blood flowed from the winepress in a stream about 180 miles long and as high as a horse’s bridle.

The Song of Moses and of the Lamb

1Then I saw in heaven another marvelous event of great significance. Seven angels were holding the seven last plagues, which would bring God’s wrath to completion. 2I saw before me what seemed to be a glass sea mixed with fire. And on it stood all the people who had been victorious over the beast and his statue and the number representing his name. They were all holding harps that God had given them. 3And they were singing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb:

   “Great and marvelous are your works,

       O Lord God, the Almighty.

   Just and true are your ways,

       O King of the nations.

    4Who will not fear you, Lord,

       and glorify your name?

       For you alone are holy.

   All nations will come and worship before you,

       for your righteous deeds have been revealed.”

The Seven Bowls of the Seven Plagues

5Then I looked and saw that the Temple in heaven, God’s Tabernacle, was thrown wide open. 6The seven angels who were holding the seven plagues came out of the Temple. They were clothed in spotless white linen with gold sashes across their chests. 7Then one of the four living beings handed each of the seven angels a gold bowl filled with the wrath of God, who lives forever and ever. 8The Temple was filled with smoke from God’s glory and power. No one could enter the Temple until the seven angels had completed pouring out the seven plagues.

1Then I heard a mighty voice from the Temple say to the seven angels, “Go your ways and pour out on the earth the seven bowls containing God’s wrath.”

2So the first angel left the Temple and poured out his bowl on the earth, and horrible, malignant sores broke out on everyone who had the mark of the beast and who worshiped his statue.

3Then the second angel poured out his bowl on the sea, and it became like the blood of a corpse. And everything in the sea died.

4Then the third angel poured out his bowl on the rivers and springs, and they became blood. 5And I heard the angel who had authority over all water saying,

   “You are just, O Holy One, who is and who always was,

       because you have sent these judgments.

    6Since they shed the blood

       of your holy people and your prophets,

   you have given them blood to drink.

       It is their just reward.”

7And I heard a voice from the altar, saying,

   “Yes, O Lord God, the Almighty,

       your judgments are true and just.”

8Then the fourth angel poured out his bowl on the sun, causing it to scorch everyone with its fire. 9Everyone was burned by this blast of heat, and they cursed the name of God, who had control over all these plagues. They did not repent of their sins and turn to God and give him glory.

10Then the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and his kingdom was plunged into darkness. His subjects ground their teeth in anguish, 11and they cursed the God of heaven for their pains and sores. But they did not repent of their evil deeds and turn to God.

12Then the sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great Euphrates River, and it dried up so that the kings from the east could march their armies toward the west without hindrance. 13And I saw three evil spirits that looked like frogs leap from the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet. 14They are demonic spirits who work miracles and go out to all the rulers of the world to gather them for battle against the Lord on that great judgment day of God the Almighty.

15“Look, I will come as unexpectedly as a thief! Blessed are all who are watching for me, who keep their clothing ready so they will not have to walk around naked and ashamed.”

16And the demonic spirits gathered all the rulers and their armies to a place with the Hebrew name Armageddon.

17Then the seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air. And a mighty shout came from the throne in the Temple, saying, “It is finished!” 18Then the thunder crashed and rolled, and lightning flashed. And a great earthquake struck—the worst since people were placed on the earth. 19The great city of Babylon split into three sections, and the cities of many nations fell into heaps of rubble. So God remembered all of Babylon’s sins, and he made her drink the cup that was filled with the wine of his fierce wrath. 20And every island disappeared, and all the mountains were leveled. 21There was a terrible hailstorm, and hailstones weighing as much as seventy-five pounds fell from the sky onto the people below. They cursed God because of the terrible plague of the hailstorm.

The Great Prostitute

1One of the seven angels who had poured out the seven bowls came over and spoke to me. “Come with me,” he said, “and I will show you the judgment that is going to come on the great prostitute, who rules over many waters. 2The kings of the world have committed adultery with her, and the people who belong to this world have been made drunk by the wine of her immorality.”

3So the angel took me in the Spirit into the wilderness. There I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that had seven heads and ten horns, and blasphemies against God were written all over it. 4The woman wore purple and scarlet clothing and beautiful jewelry made of gold and precious gems and pearls. In her hand she held a gold goblet full of obscenities and the impurities of her immorality. 5A mysterious name was written on her forehead: “Babylon the Great, Mother of All Prostitutes and Obscenities in the World.” 6I could see that she was drunk—drunk with the blood of God’s holy people who were witnesses for Jesus. I stared at her in complete amazement.

7“Why are you so amazed?” the angel asked. “I will tell you the mystery of this woman and of the beast with seven heads and ten horns on which she sits. 8The beast you saw was once alive but isn’t now. And yet he will soon come up out of the bottomless pit and go to eternal destruction. And the people who belong to this world, whose names were not written in the Book of Life before the world was made, will be amazed at the reappearance of this beast who had died.

9“This calls for a mind with understanding: The seven heads of the beast represent the seven hills where the woman rules. They also represent seven kings. 10Five kings have already fallen, the sixth now reigns, and the seventh is yet to come, but his reign will be brief.

11“The scarlet beast that was, but is no longer, is the eighth king. He is like the other seven, and he, too, is headed for destruction. 12The ten horns of the beast are ten kings who have not yet risen to power. They will be appointed to their kingdoms for one brief moment to reign with the beast. 13They will all agree to give him their power and authority. 14Together they will go to war against the Lamb, but the Lamb will defeat them because he is Lord of all lords and King of all kings. And his called and chosen and faithful ones will be with him.”

15Then the angel said to me, “The waters where the prostitute is ruling represent masses of people of every nation and language. 16The scarlet beast and his ten horns all hate the prostitute. They will strip her naked, eat her flesh, and burn her remains with fire. For God has put a plan into their minds, a plan that will carry out his purposes. They will agree to give their authority to the scarlet beast, and so the words of God will be fulfilled. 18And this woman you saw in your vision represents the great city that rules over the kings of the world.”

The Fall of Babylon

1After all this I saw another angel come down from heaven with great authority, and the earth grew bright with his splendor. 2He gave a mighty shout:

   “Babylon is fallen—that great city is fallen!

       She has become a home for demons.

   She is a hideout for every foul spirit,

       a hideout for every foul vulture

       and every foul and dreadful animal.

    3For all the nations have fallen

       because of the wine of her passionate immorality.

   The kings of the world

       have committed adultery with her.

   Because of her desires for extravagant luxury,

       the merchants of the world have grown rich.”

4Then I heard another voice calling from heaven,

   “Come away from her, my people.

       Do not take part in her sins,

       or you will be punished with her.

    5For her sins are piled as high as heaven,

       and God remembers her evil deeds.

    6Do to her as she has done to others.

       Double her penalty for all her evil deeds.

   She brewed a cup of terror for others,

       so brew twice as much for her.

    7She glorified herself and lived in luxury,

       so match it now with torment and sorrow.

   She boasted in her heart,

       ‘I am queen on my throne.

   I am no helpless widow,

       and I have no reason to mourn.’

    8Therefore, these plagues will overtake her in a single day—

       death and mourning and famine.

   She will be completely consumed by fire,

       for the Lord God who judges her is mighty.”

9And the kings of the world who committed adultery with her and enjoyed her great luxury will mourn for her as they see the smoke rising from her charred remains. 10They will stand at a distance, terrified by her great torment. They will cry out,

   “How terrible, how terrible for you,

       O Babylon, you great city!

   In a single moment

       God’s judgment came on you.”

11The merchants of the world will weep and mourn for her, for there is no one left to buy their goods. 12She bought great quantities of gold, silver, jewels, and pearls; fine linen, purple, silk, and scarlet cloth; things made of fragrant thyine wood, ivory goods, and objects made of expensive wood; and bronze, iron, and marble. 13She also bought cinnamon, spice, incense, myrrh, frankincense, wine, olive oil, fine flour, wheat, cattle, sheep, horses, wagons, and bodies—that is, human slaves.

   14“The fancy things you loved so much

       are gone,” they cry.

   “All your luxuries and splendor

       are gone forever,

       never to be yours again.”

15The merchants who became wealthy by selling her these things will stand at a distance, terrified by her great torment. They will weep and cry out,

   16“How terrible, how terrible for that great city!

       She was clothed in finest purple and scarlet linens,

       decked out with gold and precious stones and pearls!

   17In a single moment

       all the wealth of the city is gone!”

And all the captains of the merchant ships and their passengers and sailors and crews will stand at a distance. 18They will cry out as they watch the smoke ascend, and they will say, “Where is there another city as great as this?” 19And they will weep and throw dust on their heads to show their grief. And they will cry out,

   “How terrible, how terrible for that great city!

       The shipowners became wealthy

       by transporting her great wealth on the seas.

   In a single moment it is all gone.”

   20Rejoice over her fate, O heaven

       and people of God and apostles and prophets!

   For at last God has judged her

       for your sakes.

21Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder the size of a huge millstone. He threw it into the ocean and shouted,

   “Just like this, the great city Babylon

       will be thrown down with violence

       and will never be found again.

   22The sound of harps, singers, flutes, and trumpets

       will never be heard in you again.

   No craftsmen and no trades

       will ever be found in you again.

   The sound of the mill

       will never be heard in you again.

   23The light of a lamp

       will never shine in you again.

   The happy voices of brides and grooms

       will never be heard in you again.

   For your merchants were the greatest in the world,

       and you deceived the nations with your sorceries.

   24In your streets flowed the blood of the prophets and of God’s holy people

       and the blood of people slaughtered all over the world.”

Songs of Victory in Heaven

1After this, I heard what sounded like a vast crowd in heaven shouting,

   “Praise the LORD!

       Salvation and glory and power belong to our God.

    2His judgments are true and just.

       He has punished the great prostitute

   who corrupted the earth with her immorality.

       He has avenged the murder of his servants.”

3And again their voices rang out:

   “Praise the LORD!

       The smoke from that city ascends forever and ever!”

4Then the twenty-four elders and the four living beings fell down and worshiped God, who was sitting on the throne. They cried out, “Amen! Praise the LORD!”

5And from the throne came a voice that said,

   “Praise our God,

       all his servants,

   all who fear him,

       from the least to the greatest.”

6Then I heard again what sounded like the shout of a vast crowd or the roar of mighty ocean waves or the crash of loud thunder:

   “Praise the LORD!

       For the Lord our God, the Almighty, reigns.

    7Let us be glad and rejoice,

       and let us give honor to him.

   For the time has come for the wedding feast of the Lamb,

       and his bride has prepared herself.

    8She has been given the finest of pure white linen to wear.”

       For the fine linen represents the good deeds of God’s holy people.

9And the angel said to me, “Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the wedding feast of the Lamb.” And he added, “These are true words that come from God.”

Then I fell down at his feet to worship him, but he said, “No, don’t worship me. I am a servant of God, just like you and your brothers and sisters who testify about their faith in Jesus. Worship only God. For the essence of prophecy is to give a clear witness for Jesus.”

The Rider on the White Horse

11Then I saw heaven opened, and a white horse was standing there. Its rider was named Faithful and True, for he judges fairly and wages a righteous war. 12His eyes were like flames of fire, and on his head were many crowns. A name was written on him that no one understood except himself. 13He wore a robe dipped in blood, and his title was the Word of God. 14The armies of heaven, dressed in the finest of pure white linen, followed him on white horses. 15From his mouth came a sharp sword to strike down the nations. He will rule them with an iron rod. He will release the fierce wrath of God, the Almighty, like juice flowing from a winepress. 16On his robe at his thigh was written this title: King of all kings and Lord of all lords.

17Then I saw an angel standing in the sun, shouting to the vultures flying high in the sky: “Come! Gather together for the great banquet God has prepared. 18Come and eat the flesh of kings, generals, and strong warriors; of horses and their riders; and of all humanity, both free and slave, small and great.”

19Then I saw the beast and the kings of the world and their armies gathered together to fight against the one sitting on the horse and his army. 20And the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who did mighty miracles on behalf of the beast—miracles that deceived all who had accepted the mark of the beast and who worshiped his statue. Both the beast and his false prophet were thrown alive into the fiery lake of burning sulfur. 21Their entire army was killed by the sharp sword that came from the mouth of the one riding the white horse. And the vultures all gorged themselves on the dead bodies.

The Thousand Years

1Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven with the key to the bottomless pit and a heavy chain in his hand. 2He seized the dragon—that old serpent, who is the devil, Satan—and bound him in chains for a thousand years. 3The angel threw him into the bottomless pit, which he then shut and locked so Satan could not deceive the nations anymore until the thousand years were finished. Afterward he must be released for a little while.

4Then I saw thrones, and the people sitting on them had been given the authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony about Jesus and for proclaiming the word of God. They had not worshiped the beast or his statue, nor accepted his mark on their foreheads or their hands. They all came to life again, and they reigned with Christ for a thousand years.

5This is the first resurrection. (The rest of the dead did not come back to life until the thousand years had ended.) 6Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. For them the second death holds no power, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him a thousand years.

The Defeat of Satan

7When the thousand years come to an end, Satan will be let out of his prison. 8He will go out to deceive the nations—called Gog and Magog—in every corner of the earth. He will gather them together for battle—a mighty army, as numberless as sand along the seashore. 9And I saw them as they went up on the broad plain of the earth and surrounded God’s people and the beloved city. But fire from heaven came down on the attacking armies and consumed them.

10Then the devil, who had deceived them, was thrown into the fiery lake of burning sulfur, joining the beast and the false prophet. There they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.

The Final Judgment

11And I saw a great white throne and the one sitting on it. The earth and sky fled from his presence, but they found no place to hide. 12I saw the dead, both great and small, standing before God’s throne. And the books were opened, including the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to what they had done, as recorded in the books. 13The sea gave up its dead, and death and the grave gave up their dead. And all were judged according to their deeds. 14Then death and the grave were thrown into the lake of fire. This lake of fire is the second death. 15And anyone whose name was not found recorded in the Book of Life was thrown into the lake of fire.

The New Jerusalem

Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the old heaven and the old earth had disappeared. And the sea was also gone. 2And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven like a bride beautifully dressed for her husband.

3I heard a loud shout from the throne, saying, “Look, God’s home is now among his people! He will live with them, and they will be his people. God himself will be with them. 4He will wipe every tear from their eyes, and there will be no more death or sorrow or crying or pain. All these things are gone forever.”

5And the one sitting on the throne said, “Look, I am making everything new!” And then he said to me, “Write this down, for what I tell you is trustworthy and true.” 6And he also said, “It is finished! I am the Alpha and the Omega—the Beginning and the End. To all who are thirsty I will give freely from the springs of the water of life. 7All who are victorious will inherit all these blessings, and I will be their God, and they will be my children.

8“But cowards, unbelievers, the corrupt, murderers, the immoral, those who practice witchcraft, idol worshipers, and all liars—their fate is in the fiery lake of burning sulfur. This is the second death.”

9Then one of the seven angels who held the seven bowls containing the seven last plagues came and said to me, “Come with me! I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.”

10So he took me in the Spirit to a great, high mountain, and he showed me the holy city, Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God. 11It shone with the glory of God and sparkled like a precious stone—like jasper as clear as crystal. 12The city wall was broad and high, with twelve gates guarded by twelve angels. And the names of the twelve tribes of Israel were written on the gates. 13There were three gates on each side—east, north, south, and west. 14The wall of the city had twelve foundation stones, and on them were written the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.

15The angel who talked to me held in his hand a gold measuring stick to measure the city, its gates, and its wall. 16When he measured it, he found it was a square, as wide as it was long. In fact, its length and width and height were each 1,400 miles. 17Then he measured the walls and found them to be 216 feet thick (according to the human standard used by the angel).

18The wall was made of jasper, and the city was pure gold, as clear as glass. 19The wall of the city was built on foundation stones inlaid with twelve precious stones: the first was jasper, the second sapphire, the third agate, the fourth emerald, 20the fifth onyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, the twelfth amethyst.

21The twelve gates were made of pearls—each gate from a single pearl! And the main street was pure gold, as clear as glass.

I saw no temple in the city, for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. 23And the city has no need of sun or moon, for the glory of God illuminates the city, and the Lamb is its light. 24The nations will walk in its light, and the kings of the world will enter the city in all their glory. 25Its gates will never be closed at the end of day because there is no night there. 26And all the nations will bring their glory and honor into the city. 27Nothing evil will be allowed to enter, nor anyone who practices shameful idolatry and dishonesty—but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life.

Then the angel showed me a river with the water of life, clear as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb. 2It flowed down the center of the main street. On each side of the river grew a tree of life, bearing twelve crops of fruit, with a fresh crop each month. The leaves were used for medicine to heal the nations.

3No longer will there be a curse upon anything. For the throne of God and of the Lamb will be there, and his servants will worship him. 4And they will see his face, and his name will be written on their foreheads. 5And there will be no night there—no need for lamps or sun—for the Lord God will shine on them. And they will reign forever and ever.

6Then the angel said to me, “Everything you have heard and seen is trustworthy and true. The Lord God, who inspires his prophets, has sent his angel to tell his servants what will happen soon.”

Jesus Is Coming

7“Look, I am coming soon! Blessed are those who obey the words of prophecy written in this book.”

8I, John, am the one who heard and saw all these things. And when I heard and saw them, I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who showed them to me. 9But he said, “No, don’t worship me. I am a servant of God, just like you and your brothers the prophets, as well as all who obey what is written in this book. Worship only God!”

10Then he instructed me, “Do not seal up the prophetic words in this book, for the time is near. 11Let the one who is doing harm continue to do harm; let the one who is vile continue to be vile; let the one who is righteous continue to live righteously; let the one who is holy continue to be holy.”

12“Look, I am coming soon, bringing my reward with me to repay all people according to their deeds. 13I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End.”

14Blessed are those who wash their robes. They will be permitted to enter through the gates of the city and eat the fruit from the tree of life. 15Outside the city are the dogs—the sorcerers, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idol worshipers, and all who love to live a lie.

16“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this message for the churches. I am both the source of David and the heir to his throne. I am the bright morning star.”

17The Spirit and the bride say, “Come.” Let anyone who hears this say, “Come.” Let anyone who is thirsty come. Let anyone who desires drink freely from the water of life. 18And I solemnly declare to everyone who hears the words of prophecy written in this book: If anyone adds anything to what is written here, God will add to that person the plagues described in this book. 19And if anyone removes any of the words from this book of prophecy, God will remove that person’s share in the tree of life and in the holy city that are described in this book.

20He who is the faithful witness to all these things says, “Yes, I am coming soon!”

Amen! Come, Lord Jesus!

21May the grace of the Lord Jesus be with God’s holy people.

Genesis Text Notes

* Or In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth, . . . Or When God began to create the heavens and the earth, . . .

* Or man; Hebrew reads adam.

* As in Syriac version; Hebrew reads all the earth.

* Or the man; Hebrew reads ha-adam.

* Or ceased; also in .

* Or mist.

* Or Adam, and so throughout the chapter.

* Or took a part of the man’s side.

* Or Adam, and so throughout the chapter.

* Or bruise; also in .

* Or And though you will have desire for your husband, / he will rule over you.

* Eve sounds like a Hebrew term that means “to give life.”

* Or the man; Hebrew reads ha-adam.

* Or the man; also in .

* Or I have acquired. Cain sounds like a Hebrew term that can mean “produce” or “acquire.”

* As in Samaritan Pentateuch, Greek and Syriac versions, and Latin Vulgate; Masoretic Text lacks “Let’s go out into the fields.”

* Or My sin.

* Nod means “wandering.”

* Or the ancestor of, and so throughout the verse.

* Seth probably means “granted”; the name may also mean “appointed.”

* Or man; Hebrew reads adam; similarly in .

* Or the ancestor of; also in , , , , , .

* Or the birth of this ancestor of; also in , , , , , .

* Noah sounds like a Hebrew term that can mean “relief” or “comfort.”

* Hebrew daughters of men; also in .

* Greek version reads will not remain in.

* Traditionally rendered an ark.

* Or gopher wood.

* Hebrew 300 cubits [138 meters] long, 50 cubits [23 meters] wide, and 30 cubits [13.8 meters] high.

* Hebrew an opening of 1 cubit [46 centimeters].

* Hebrew of each clean animal; similarly in .

* Hebrew 15 cubits [6.9 meters].

* Hebrew on the seventeenth day of the seventh month; see .

* Hebrew On the first day of the tenth month; see and note on .

* Hebrew On the first day of the first month; see .

* Hebrew The twenty-seventh day of the second month arrived; see note on .

* Hebrew every clean animal and every clean bird.

* Or man; Hebrew reads ha-adam.

* Hebrew May he live in the tents of Shem.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Dodanim.

* Hebrew a great hunter before the LORD; also in .

* Hebrew Shinar.

* Or From that land Assyria went out.

* Hebrew Casluhites, from whom the Philistines came, and Caphtorites. Compare ; .

* Hebrew ancestor of Heth.

* Or Shem, whose older brother was Japheth.

* Greek version reads Arphaxad was the father of Cainan, Cainan was the father of Shelah. Compare .

* Hebrew Shinar.

* Or Babylon. Babel sounds like a Hebrew term that means “confusion.”

* Or the ancestor of; also in , , , , , , .

* Or the birth of this ancestor of; also in , , , , , , .

* Greek version reads 12When Arphaxad was 135 years old, he became the father of Cainan. 13After the birth of Cainan, Arphaxad lived another 430 years and had other sons and daughters, and then he died. When Cainan was 130 years old, he became the father of Shelah. After the birth of Shelah, Cainan lived another 330 years and had other sons and daughters, and then he died. Compare .

* Some ancient versions read 145 years; compare and .

* Hebrew seed.

* Hebrew seed; also in .

* Hebrew Shinar; also in .

* Hebrew Salt Sea.

* Hebrew Siddim Valley (see ); also in .

* Hebrew El-Elyon; also in , , .

* Hebrew the river of Egypt, referring either to an eastern branch of the Nile River or to the Brook of Egypt in the Sinai (see ).

* Hebrew El-roi.

* Abram means “exalted father”; Abraham sounds like a Hebrew term that means “father of many.”

* Hebrew seed; also in , , , , .

* Sarai and Sarah both mean “princess”; the change in spelling may reflect the difference in dialect between Ur and Canaan.

* Isaac means “he laughs.”

* Hebrew 3 seahs, about half a bushel or 22 liters.

* Hebrew men; also in , .

* Moab sounds like a Hebrew term that means “from father.”

* Ben-ammi means “son of my kinsman.”

* Hebrew 1,000 [shekels] of silver, about 25 pounds or 11.4 kilograms in weight.

* The name Isaac means “he laughs.”

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew lacks of her son, Isaac.

* Hebrew a bowshot.

* Hebrew El-Olam.

* Hebrew seed; also in , .

* Hebrew 400 shekels, about 10 pounds or 4.6 kilograms in weight; also in .

* Hebrew seed; also in .

* Hebrew a gold nose-ring weighing a beka [0.2 ounces or 6 grams] and two gold bracelets weighing 10 [shekels] [4 ounces or 114 grams].

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Esau sounds like a Hebrew term that means “hair.”

* Jacob sounds like the Hebrew words for “heel” and “deceiver.”

* Hebrew seed; also in , .

* Jacob sounds like the Hebrew words for “heel” and “deceiver.”

* Hebrew El-Shaddai.

* Hebrew seed; also in , .

* Or Leah had dull eyes, or Leah had soft eyes. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Reuben means “Look, a son!” It also sounds like the Hebrew for “He has seen my misery.”

* Simeon probably means “one who hears.”

* Levi sounds like a Hebrew term that means “being attached” or “feeling affection for.”

* Judah is related to the Hebrew term for “praise.”

* Hebrew bear children on my knees.

* Dan means “he judged” or “he vindicated.”

* Naphtali means “my struggle.”

* Gad means “good fortune.”

* Asher means “happy.”

* Issachar sounds like a Hebrew term that means “reward.”

* Zebulun probably means “honor.”

* Joseph means “may he add.”

* Or I have learned by divination that.

* As in Greek version and an Aramaic Targum; Hebrew reads the God of Bethel.

* Hebrew the river.

* Or and the Fear of Isaac.

* Or the Fear of his father, Isaac.

* Verse 31:55 is numbered 32:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 32:1-32 are numbered 32:2-33 in Hebrew text.

* Mahanaim means “two camps.”

* Jacob sounds like the Hebrew words for “heel” and “deceiver.” Israel means “God fights.”

* Hebrew Penuel, a variant spelling of Peniel.

* Hebrew 100 kesitahs; the value or weight of the kesitah is no longer known.

* El-Elohe-Israel means “God, the God of Israel.”

* Hebrew a disgraceful thing in Israel.

* Jacob sounds like the Hebrew words for “heel” and “deceiver.” Israel means “God fights.”

* Hebrew Israel; also in . The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.

* Hebrew Dishan, a variant spelling of Dishon; compare , .

* Or before an Israelite king ruled over them.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts, Samaritan Pentateuch, and Syriac version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Hadar.

* Hebrew Israel; also in . See note on .

* Traditionally rendered a coat of many colors. The exact meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew cover his blood.

* Hebrew 20 [shekels], about 8 ounces or 228 grams in weight.

* Hebrew go down to Sheol.

* Hebrew the Medanites. The relationship between the Midianites and Medanites is unclear; compare . See also .

* Perez means “breaking out.”

* Zerah means “scarlet” or “brightness.”

* Hebrew He lifted up the head of.

* Zaphenath-paneah probably means “God speaks and lives.”

* Greek version reads of Heliopolis; also in .

* Manasseh sounds like a Hebrew term that means “causing to forget.”

* Ephraim sounds like a Hebrew term that means “fruitful.”

* Hebrew Israel’s. See note on .

* Hebrew to Sheol.

* Hebrew Israel; also in . See note on .

* Hebrew El-Shaddai.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew lacks this phrase.

* Hebrew to Sheol; also in .

* Or and to save you with an extraordinary rescue. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew a father.

* Hebrew Israel; also in . See note on .

* Hebrew 300 [shekels], about 7.5 pounds or 3.4 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew Israel; also in , . See note on .

* Hebrew I am El.

* As in Syriac version and Samaritan Pentateuch (see also ); Hebrew reads Puvah.

* As in some Greek manuscripts and Samaritan Pentateuch (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Iob.

* As in Greek version and Samaritan Pentateuch (see also ); Hebrew reads Ziphion.

* Greek version reads of Heliopolis.

* Greek version reads nine sons, probably including Joseph’s grandsons through Ephraim and Manasseh (see ).

* Greek version reads seventy-five; see note on .

* As in Greek version and Samaritan Pentateuch; Hebrew reads he moved them all into the towns.

* Hebrew Israel; also in . See note on .

* Greek version reads and Israel bowed in worship as he leaned on his staff. Compare .

* Hebrew Israel; also in , , , , , . See note on .

* Hebrew El-Shaddai.

* Hebrew seed; also in .

* Hebrew Paddan, referring to Paddan-aram; compare .

* Or an extra ridge of land. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew from between his feet.

* Or until tribute is brought to him and the peoples obey; traditionally rendered until Shiloh comes.

* Or sheepfolds, or hearths.

* Or Joseph is a fruitful tree, / a fruitful tree beside a spring. / His branches reach over the wall. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or of the ancient mountains.

* Hebrew Israel. See note on .

* Abel-mizraim means “mourning of the Egyptians.”

* Hebrew who were born on Joseph’s knees.

Exodus Text Notes

* Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version read seventy-five; see notes on .

* Or will take the country.

* Hebrew look upon the two stones; perhaps the reference is to a birthstool.

* Moses sounds like a Hebrew term that means “to lift out.”

* Gershom sounds like a Hebrew term that means “a foreigner there.”

* Or and acknowledged his obligation to help them.

* Moses’ father-in-law went by two names, Jethro and Reuel.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Greek version reads your fathers.

* Or I WILL BE WHAT I WILL BE.

* Yahweh (also in ) is a transliteration of the proper name YHWH that is sometimes rendered “Jehovah”; in this translation it is usually rendered “the LORD” (note the use of small capitals).

* As in Greek and Latin versions; Hebrew reads will not let you go, not by a mighty hand.

* Or with leprosy. The Hebrew word used here can describe various skin diseases.

* The Hebrew word for “feet” may refer here to the male sex organ.

* Yahweh is a transliteration of the proper name YHWH that is sometimes rendered “Jehovah”; in this translation it is usually rendered “the LORD” (note the use of small capitals).

* El-Shaddai, which means “God Almighty,” is the name for God used in ; ; ; ; .

* Hebrew I have uncircumcised lips; also in .

* Hebrew tannin, which elsewhere refers to a sea monster. Greek version translates it “dragon.”

* Hebrew heavy.

* Verses 8:1-4 are numbered 7:26-29 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 8:5-32 are numbered 8:1-28 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew made his heart heavy; also in .

* As in Greek and Latin versions; Hebrew reads I will set redemption between.

* Hebrew heavy.

* Hebrew on your heart.

* Greek version reads to display my power in you; compare .

* Hebrew made his heart heavy.

* Hebrew have made his heart and his officials’ hearts heavy.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew Bind up your loins.

* Or fighting men; Hebrew reads men on foot.

* Samaritan Pentateuch reads in Canaan and Egypt; Greek version reads in Egypt and Canaan.

* Hebrew On this day in the month of Abib. This first month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of March and April.

* Or Let it remind you always to keep the instructions of the LORD on the tip of your tongue, because with a strong hand, the LORD rescued you from Egypt.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Greek version reads left Egypt in the fifth generation.

* Hebrew after them.

* As in Greek version, Samaritan Pentateuch, and Syriac version; Hebrew reads He removed.

* Yahweh is a transliteration of the proper name YHWH that is sometimes rendered “Jehovah”; in this translation it is usually rendered “the LORD” (note the use of small capitals).

* Hebrew sea of reeds; also in .

* The geographical name Sin is related to Sinai and should not be confused with the English word sin.

* The Exodus had occurred on the fifteenth day of the first month (see ).

* Hebrew 1 omer [2.2 liters]; also in , .

* Hebrew measured it with an omer.

* Hebrew 2 omers [4.4 liters].

* Manna means “What is it?” See .

* Hebrew He placed it in front of the Testimony; see note on .

* Hebrew An omer is one-tenth of an ephah.

* The geographical name Sin is related to Sinai and should not be confused with the English word sin.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Or Hands have been lifted up to the LORD’s throne, and now.

* Gershom sounds like a Hebrew term that means “a foreigner there.”

* Eliezer means “God is my helper.”

* Hebrew In the third month after the Israelites left Egypt, on the very day, i.e., two lunar months to the day after leaving Egypt. Compare .

* Or up to the mountain.

* Hebrew all these words.

* Hebrew for thousands of those.

* Or before the judges.

* Greek version reads Anyone who speaks disrespectfully of. Compare ; .

* Or so she has a miscarriage; Hebrew reads so her children come out.

* Or bull, or cow; also in .

* Hebrew 30 shekels of silver, about 12 ounces or 342 grams in weight.

* Verse 22:1 is numbered 21:37 in Hebrew text.

* Or bull, or cow; also in , , .

* Verses 22:2-31 are numbered 22:1-30 in Hebrew text.

* Or before the judges.

* Or before the judges, and the person whom the judges declare.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Hebrew appointed time in the month of Abib. This first month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of March and April.

* Or Festival of Weeks. This was later called the Festival of Pentecost (see ). It is celebrated today as Shavuot (or Shabuoth).

* Or Festival of Ingathering. This was later called the Festival of Shelters or Festival of Tabernacles (see ). It is celebrated today as Sukkot (or Succoth).

* As in Greek and Latin versions; Hebrew reads he.

* Often rendered the hornet. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew from the sea of reeds to the sea of the Philistines.

* Hebrew from the wilderness to the river.

* Hebrew 2.5 cubits [115 centimeters] long, 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] wide, and 1.5 cubits high.

* Hebrew Place inside the Ark the Testimony; similarly in . The Hebrew word for “testimony” refers to the terms of the LORD’s covenant with Israel as written on stone tablets, and also to the covenant itself.

* Hebrew 2.5 cubits [115 centimeters] long and 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] wide.

* Or Ark of the Testimony.

* Hebrew 2 cubits [92 centimeters] long, 1 cubit [46 centimeters] wide, and 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] high.

* Hebrew a border of a handbreadth [8 centimeters].

* Hebrew 1 talent [34 kilograms].

* Hebrew 28 cubits [12.9 meters] long and 4 cubits [1.8 meters] wide.

* Hebrew 30 cubits [13.8 meters] long and 4 cubits [1.8 meters] wide.

* Hebrew Double over the sixth sheet at the front.

* Hebrew The half sheet that is left over.

* Hebrew 1 cubit [46 centimeters].

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters] high and 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] wide.

* Or Ark of the Testimony; also in .

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters] wide, 5 cubits long, a square, and 3 cubits [1.4 meters] high.

* Hebrew 100 cubits [46 meters]; also in .

* Hebrew 50 cubits [23 meters]; also in .

* Hebrew 15 cubits [6.9 meters]; also in .

* Hebrew 20 cubits [9.2 meters].

* Hebrew 100 cubits [46 meters] long and 50 by 50 [23 meters] wide and 5 cubits [2.3 meters] high.

* Hebrew in the Tent of Meeting, outside the inner curtain that is in front of the Testimony. See note on .

* Hebrew a chestpiece for decision.

* Hebrew 1 span [23 centimeters].

* The identification of some of these gemstones is uncertain.

* Hebrew the chestpiece for decision; also in . See .

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , , .

* Or their atonement.

* Or to make atonement.

* Or by making atonement for it; similarly in .

* Hebrew 1/10 [of an ephah] [2.2 liters] of choice flour . . . 1/4 of a hin [1 liter] of pure oil . . . 1/4 of a hin of wine.

* Hebrew 1 cubit [46 centimeters] long and 1 cubit wide, a square, and 2 cubits [92 centimeters] high.

* Or Ark of the Testimony; also in .

* Hebrew that covers the Testimony; see note on .

* Or make atonement for; also in .

* Or 0.2 ounces [6 grams].

* Or to make atonement for your lives; similarly in .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , , .

* Hebrew 500 [shekels] [5.7 kilograms] of pure myrrh, 250 [shekels] [2.9 kilograms] of fragrant cinnamon, 250 [shekels] of fragrant calamus.

* Hebrew 500 [shekels] [5.7 kilograms] of cassia.

* Hebrew 1 hin [3.8 liters] of olive oil.

* Hebrew in front of the Testimony; see note on .

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew the Ark of the Testimony.

* Hebrew the two tablets of the Testimony; see note on .

* Hebrew Israel. The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.

* Hebrew the two tablets of the Testimony; see note on .

* Or out of control, and they mocked anyone who opposed them. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in Greek and Latin versions; Hebrew reads Today ordain yourselves.

* Or to make atonement.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* This “Tent of Meeting” is different from the Tabernacle described in chapters  and .

* Yahweh is a transliteration of the proper name YHWH that is sometimes rendered “Jehovah”; in this translation it is usually rendered “the LORD” (note the use of small capitals).

* Yahweh is a transliteration of the proper name YHWH that is sometimes rendered “Jehovah”; in this translation it is usually rendered “the LORD” (note the use of small capitals).

* See note on .

* Hebrew for thousands.

* Hebrew appointed time in the month of Abib. This first month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of March and April.

* As in Greek version; the meaning of the Hebrew word is uncertain.

* Hebrew Festival of Weeks; compare . This was later called the Festival of Pentecost. It is celebrated today as Shavuot (or Shabuoth).

* Or Festival of Ingathering. This was later called the Festival of Shelters or Festival of Tabernacles (see ). It is celebrated today as Sukkot (or Succoth).

* Hebrew he.

* Hebrew the ten words.

* Hebrew the two tablets of the Testimony; see note on .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew he; also in , , . See .

* Hebrew 28 cubits [12.9 meters] long and 4 cubits [1.8 meters] wide.

* Hebrew 30 cubits [13.8 meters] long and 4 cubits [1.8 meters] wide.

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters] high and 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] wide.

* Hebrew 2.5 cubits [115 centimeters] long, 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] wide, and 1.5 cubits high.

* Hebrew 2.5 cubits [115 centimeters] long and 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] wide.

* Hebrew he; also in , .

* Hebrew 2 cubits [92 centimeters] long, 1 cubit [46 centimeters] wide, and 1.5 cubits [69 centimeters] high.

* Hebrew a border of a handbreadth [8 centimeters].

* Hebrew 1 talent [34 kilograms].

* Hebrew 1 cubit [46 centimeters] long and 1 cubit wide, a square, and 2 cubits [92 centimeters] high.

* Hebrew he; also in , .

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters] wide, 5 cubits long, a square, and 3 cubits [1.4 meters] high.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Hebrew 100 cubits [46 meters]; also in .

* Hebrew 50 cubits [23 meters]; also in .

* Hebrew 15 cubits [6.9 meters]; also in .

* Hebrew 20 cubits [9.2 meters] long and 5 cubits [2.3 meters] high.

* Hebrew the Tabernacle, the Tabernacle of the Testimony.

* Hebrew 29 talents and 730 shekels [994 kilograms]. Each shekel weighed about 0.4 ounces or 11 grams.

* Hebrew 100 talents and 1,775 shekels [3,420 kilograms].

* Or 0.2 ounces [6 grams].

* Hebrew 100 talents [3,400 kilograms] of silver, 1 talent [34 kilograms] for each base.

* Hebrew 1,775 [shekels] [20.2 kilograms].

* Hebrew 70 talents and 2,400 shekels [2,407 kilograms].

* Hebrew He; also in , .

* Hebrew 1 span [23 centimeters].

* The identification of some of these gemstones is uncertain.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew the Tabernacle, the Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Or Ark of the Testimony.

* Hebrew the Tabernacle, the Tent of Meeting; also in , .

* Hebrew the first day of the first month. This day of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in March or April.

* Or Ark of the Testimony; also in , .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , , , , .

* Hebrew He placed the Testimony; see note on .

Leviticus Text Notes

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , .

* Or it.

* Or to make atonement for you.

* Or the crop and its contents. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , .

* Hebrew the anointed priest; also in , .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , .

* Or will make atonement for the people; similarly in , , .

* Or will make atonement for you for your sin; similarly in , , , .

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters].

* Each shekel was about 0.4 ounces or 11 grams in weight.

* Verses 6:1-7 are numbered 5:20-26 in Hebrew text.

* Or will make atonement for you before the LORD.

* Verses 6:8-30 are numbered 6:1-23 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , .

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters].

* The meaning of this Hebrew term is uncertain.

* Hebrew the anointed priest.

* Or an offering to make atonement.

* Or to make atonement.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , , .

* Or by making atonement for it; or that offerings for purification might be made on it.

* Or to make atonement for you.

* Or cow; also in , .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Or to make atonement for them.

* Or by uncovering your heads.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Or to make atonement for the people before the LORD.

* The identification of some of the animals, birds, and insects in this chapter is uncertain.

* Or coney, or rock badger.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Or to make atonement for her; also in .

* Traditionally rendered leprosy. The Hebrew word used throughout this passage is used to describe various skin diseases.

* Or one of his descendants.

* Or and uncover their heads.

* Traditionally rendered leprosy. The Hebrew term used throughout this passage is the same term used for the various skin diseases described in .

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Traditionally rendered leprosy; see note on .

* Or juniper; also in , , .

* Hebrew 3/10 of an ephah [6.6 liters].

* Hebrew 1 log [0.3 liters]; also in .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Or will make atonement for; similarly in , , , , , .

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters].

* Traditionally rendered leprosy; see note on .

* Traditionally rendered leprosy; see note on .

* Traditionally rendered leprosy; see note on .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Or will make atonement for; also in .

* Hebrew until evening; also in .

* Or to make atonement for himself and his family; similarly in , , , .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , .

* Or wilderness, it will make atonement for the people.

* Hebrew that is above the Testimony. The Hebrew word for “testimony” refers to the terms of the LORD’s covenant with Israel as written on stone tablets, which were kept in the Ark, and also to the covenant itself.

* Or make atonement for; similarly in , , , , .

* Hebrew On the tenth day of the seventh month. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in September or October.

* Or must fast; also in .

* Or atonement will be made for you, to purify you.

* Or atonement.

* Or cow.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , , .

* Hebrew will be guilty of blood.

* Or goat demons.

* Or to make atonement for you.

* Or do not marry.

* Or it.

* Hebrew Do not act as a merchant toward your own people.

* Hebrew for your brother.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Or make atonement for him.

* Hebrew consider it uncircumcised.

* Hebrew Use an honest ephah [a dry measure] and an honest hin [a liquid measure].

* Greek version reads Anyone who speaks disrespectfully of. Compare ; .

* Or never uncover his head.

* Traditionally rendered leprosy; see note on .

* Or it.

* Or cow.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late March, April, or early May.

* Hebrew 2/10 of an ephah [4.4 liters]; also in .

* Hebrew 1/4 of a hin [1 liter].

* This celebration, called the Festival of Harvest or the Festival of Weeks, was later called the Festival of Pentecost (see ). It is celebrated today as Shavuot (or Shabuoth).

* Hebrew On the first day of the seventh month. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in September or October. This festival is celebrated today as Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year.

* Hebrew on the tenth day of the seventh month; see and the note there. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in September or October. It is celebrated today as Yom Kippur.

* Or to fast; similarly in , .

* Or when atonement is made for you before.

* Or Festival of Booths, or Festival of Tabernacles. This was earlier called the Festival of the Final Harvest or Festival of Ingathering (see ). It is celebrated today as Sukkot (or Succoth).

* Hebrew on the fifteenth day of the seventh month; see and the note there.

* Hebrew on the fifteenth day of the seventh month.

* Or gather fruit from majestic trees.

* Hebrew the seventh month.

* Hebrew in the Tent of Meeting, outside the inner curtain of the Testimony; see note on .

* Hebrew 2/10 of an ephah [4.4 liters].

* Hebrew the Name; also in .

* Hebrew on the tenth day of the seventh month, on the Day of Atonement; see and the note there.

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung.

* Or 20 ounces [570 grams].

* Or 12 ounces [342 grams].

* Or A boy . . . 8 ounces [228 grams] of silver; a girl . . . 4 ounces [114 grams].

* Or A boy . . . 2 ounces [57 grams] of silver; a girl . . . 1.2 ounces [34 grams].

* Or A man . . . 6 ounces [171 grams] of silver; a woman . . . 4 ounces [114 grams].

* Hebrew 50 shekels [20 ounces or 570 grams] of silver for a homer [220 liters] of barley seed.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in , .

* Each shekel was about 0.4 ounces [11 grams] in weight.

Numbers Text Notes

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in April or May.

* Hebrew on the first day of the second month; see .

* In the Hebrew text, this sentence (This is the number of men twenty years old or older who were able to go to war, as their names were listed in the records of their clans and families) is repeated in , , , , , , , , , , .

* Hebrew Israel’s. The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.

* Or Tabernacle of the Testimony; also in .

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in .

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts, Samaritan Pentateuch, and Latin Vulgate (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read son of Reuel.

* Hebrew around the Tent of Meeting, doing service at the Tabernacle.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Some Greek manuscripts read 8,300; see total in .

* Hebrew toward the sunrise, in front of the Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew 5 shekels [2 ounces or 57 grams].

* Hebrew 1,365 [shekels] of silver [34 pounds or 15.5 kilograms].

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

* Or Ark of the Testimony.

* Traditionally rendered leprosy. The Hebrew word used here describes various skin diseases.

* Or bring a ram for atonement, which will make atonement for them.

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters].

* Hebrew when he causes your thigh to waste away.

* Hebrew and your thigh to waste away.

* Hebrew and her thigh will waste away.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in , .

* Or make atonement for them.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in .

* Hebrew silver platter weighing 130 [shekels] [1.5 kilograms] and a silver basin weighing 70 shekels [800 grams]; also in , , , , , , , , , , , .

* Hebrew 10 [shekels] [114 grams]; also in , , , , , , , , , , , .

* Hebrew 2,400 [shekels] [27.6 kilograms].

* Hebrew 120 [shekels] [1.4 kilograms].

* Or Ark of the Testimony.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , .

* Or to make atonement for the Levites.

* Or make atonement for.

* Or then made atonement for them to purify them.

* The first month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of March and April.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late March, April, or early May.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late April, May, or early June.

* Hebrew covered the Tabernacle, the Tent of the Testimony.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late April, May, or early June.

* Or Tabernacle of the Testimony.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew the tent; also in .

* Or there were quail about 3 feet [2 cubits or 92 centimeters] deep on the ground.

* Hebrew 10 homers [2.2 kiloliters].

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew the tent; also in .

* Or with a skin disease. The Hebrew word used here can describe various skin diseases.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Hebrew nephilim.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters].

* Hebrew 1/4 of a hin [1 liter]; also in .

* Hebrew 2/10 of an ephah [4.4 liters].

* Hebrew 1/3 of a hin [1.3 liters]; also in .

* Hebrew 3/10 of an ephah [6.6 liters].

* Hebrew 1/2 of a hin [2 liters]; also in .

* Or will make atonement for the whole community of Israel.

* Or to make atonement for.

* Greek version reads God has visited and knows those who are his. Compare .

* Hebrew Are you trying to put out the eyes of these men?

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in , , , .

* Hebrew into Sheol; also in .

* Verses 16:36-50 are numbered 17:1-15 in Hebrew text.

* Or to make atonement for them.

* Or and made atonement for.

* Verses 17:1-13 are numbered 17:16-28 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew in the Tent of Meeting before the Testimony. The Hebrew word for “testimony” refers to the terms of the LORD’s covenant with Israel as written on stone tablets, which were kept in the Ark, and also to the covenant itself.

* Or Tabernacle of the Testimony; also in .

* Hebrew before the Testimony; see note on .

* Or Tabernacle of the Testimony.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; also in , , , , .

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Hebrew 5 shekels [2 ounces or 57 grams] of silver.

* Hebrew a covenant of salt.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Or juniper.

* The first month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of March and April. The number of years since leaving Egypt is not specified.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in .

* Hormah means “destruction.”

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Beer means “well.”

* Or overlooks Jeshimon.

* Or because the terrain of the Ammonite frontier was rugged; Hebrew reads because the boundary of the Ammonites was strong.

* Or until fire spread to Medeba. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or who was at Pethor in the land of the Amavites.

* Hebrew the river.

* Hebrew set out with the money of divination in their hand.

* Or overlooking Jeshimon.

* Or like a majestic valley.

* As in Samaritan Pentateuch; the meaning of the Hebrew word is uncertain.

* Hebrew Asshur; also in .

* Hebrew Kittim.

* Hebrew Shittim.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads some of the men began having.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Or he made atonement for the people of Israel.

* The initial phrase in verse 26:1 is numbered 25:19 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Israel’s; see note on .

* As in Syriac version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Nemuelite . . . Nemuel.

* As in parallel texts at and ; Hebrew reads Zerahite . . . Zerah.

* As in Samaritan Pentateuch and Greek and Syriac versions (see also ); Hebrew reads Arod.

* As in Samaritan Pentateuch, Greek and Syriac versions, and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew reads The Punite clan, named after its ancestor Puvah.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts, Samaritan Pentateuch, Greek and Syriac versions, and Latin Vulgate; most Hebrew manuscripts read Shephupham.

* As in Samaritan Pentateuch, some Greek manuscripts, and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew lacks named after their ancestor Ard.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* Or the mountains of Abarim.

* Hebrew waters of Meribath-kadesh.

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters]; also in , , .

* Hebrew 1/4 of a hin [1 liter]; also in .

* Hebrew 2/10 of an ephah [4.4 liters]; also in , , .

* Hebrew 3/10 of an ephah [6.6 liters]; also in , .

* Hebrew 1/2 of a hin [2 liters].

* Hebrew 1/3 of a hin [1.3 liters].

* Hebrew 1/4 of a hin [1 liter].

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late March, April, or early May.

* Or to make atonement for yourselves; also in .

* Hebrew Festival of Weeks. This was later called the Festival of Pentecost (see ). It is celebrated today as Shavuot (or Shabuoth).

* Hebrew the first day of the seventh month. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in September or October. This festival is celebrated today as Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year.

* Hebrew 3/10 of an ephah [6.6 liters]; also in , .

* Hebrew 2/10 of an ephah [4.4 liters]; also in , .

* Hebrew 1/10 of an ephah [2.2 liters]; also in , .

* Or to make atonement for yourselves.

* Hebrew On the tenth day of the seventh month; see and the note there. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in September or October. It is celebrated today as Yom Kippur.

* Hebrew On the fifteenth day of the seventh month; see , and the notes there. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late September, October, or early November.

* Or Festival of Booths, or Festival of Tabernacles. This was earlier called the Festival of the Final Harvest or Festival of Ingathering (see ). It is celebrated today as Sukkot (or Succoth).

* Verse 29:40 is numbered 30:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 30:1-16 are numbered 30:2-17 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands, and the commanders of hundreds; also in , , .

* Or will make atonement for our lives before the LORD.

* Hebrew 16,750 shekels [191 kilograms].

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting.

* As in Samaritan Pentateuch and Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Sebam.

* Hebrew Havvoth-jair.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late March, April, or early May.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts, Samaritan Pentateuch, and Latin Vulgate (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read left from in front of Hahiroth.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Hebrew sea of reeds; also in .

* The geographical name Sin is related to Sinai and should not be confused with the English word sin.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in July or August.

* As in ; Hebrew reads Iyim, another name for Iye-abarim.

* Or the mountains of Abarim; also in .

* Hebrew as far as Abel-shittim.

* Hebrew Salt Sea; also in .

* Or the ascent of Akrabbim.

* Hebrew the sea; also in , .

* Hebrew Sea of Kinnereth.

* Hebrew 1,000 cubits [460 meters].

* Hebrew 2,000 cubits [920 meters].

* Or can make atonement for murder.

Deuteronomy Text Notes

* Hebrew the Arabah; also in .

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai; also in , .

* Hebrew In the fortieth year, on the first day of the eleventh month. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in January or February.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew from Caphtor.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in .

* Hebrew 9 cubits [4.1 meters] long and 4 cubits [1.8 meters] wide.

* Hebrew Havvoth-jair.

* Hebrew from Kinnereth to the Sea of the Arabah, the Salt Sea.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai; also in .

* Hebrew the ten words.

* Or voice of a god.

* As in Syriac version (see also ); Hebrew reads Mount Sion.

* Hebrew took the Arabah on the east side of the Jordan as far as the sea of the Arabah.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Hebrew for thousands of those.

* Or The LORD our God is one LORD; or The LORD our God, the LORD is one; or The LORD is our God, the LORD is one.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in .

* Often rendered the hornet. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Taberah means “place of burning.” See .

* Massah means “place of testing.” See .

* Kibroth-hattaavah means “graves of gluttony.” See .

* Hebrew the ten words.

* Or set out from Beeroth of Bene-jaakan.

* Hebrew circumcise the foreskin of your hearts.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew to the western sea.

* Hebrew the Arabah.

* Verse 12:32 is numbered 13:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 13:1-18 are numbered 13:2-19 in Hebrew text.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; similarly in .

* The identification of some of the animals and birds listed in this chapter is uncertain.

* Or coney, or rock badger.

* Or If a Hebrew man or woman is sold to you.

* Hebrew Observe the month of Abib, and keep the Passover unto the LORD your God. Abib, the first month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar, usually occurs within the months of March and April.

* Hebrew Festival of Weeks; also in . This was later called the Festival of Pentecost (see ). It is celebrated today as Shavuot (or Shabuoth).

* Or Festival of Booths, or Festival of Tabernacles; also in . This was earlier called the Festival of the Final Harvest or Festival of Ingathering (see ). It is celebrated today as Sukkot (or Succoth).

* Or never make your son or daughter pass through the fire.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Or Keep the roads in good repair.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Or impaled on a pole; similarly in .

* Greek version reads for everyone who is hung on a tree. Compare .

* Hebrew don’t hide yourself; similarly in .

* Hebrew 100 [shekels] of silver, about 2.5 pounds or 1.1 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 50 [shekels] of silver, about 1.25 pounds or 570 grams in weight.

* Verse 22:30 is numbered 23:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 23:1-25 are numbered 23:2-26 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew a dog.

* Traditionally rendered leprosy. The Hebrew word used here can describe various skin diseases.

* Verse 29:1 is numbered 28:69 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Verses 29:2-29 are numbered 29:1-28 in Hebrew text.

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung.

* Hebrew of the heavens.

* Hebrew circumcise your heart.

* Or He.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version; Masoretic Text reads Moses went and spoke.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in .

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls, which read the number of the sons of God, and Greek version, which reads the number of the angels of God; Masoretic Text reads the number of the sons of Israel.

* Hebrew as the pupil of his eye.

* Hebrew Jeshurun, a term of endearment for Israel.

* Hebrew of Sheol.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain. Greek version reads our enemies are fools.

* Or will take revenge for.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version; Masoretic Text lacks the first two lines. Compare .

* As in Greek version; Hebrew text lacks this sentence. Compare .

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version; Masoretic Text reads his servants.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version; Masoretic Text lacks this line.

* Hebrew Hoshea, a variant name for Joshua.

* Hebrew the mountains of Abarim.

* Hebrew waters of Meribath-kadesh.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads upon them.

* Or came from myriads of holy ones, from the south, from his mountain slopes. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Indeed, lover of the peoples.

* Hebrew of Jacob. The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.

* Hebrew in Jeshurun, a term of endearment for Israel.

* Hebrew lacks Moses said this about the tribe of Reuben.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew lacks the Levites.

* Hebrew lacks and Issachar.

* Hebrew of Jeshurun, a term of endearment for Israel.

* Hebrew the western sea.

* Hebrew He buried him; Samaritan Pentateuch and some Greek manuscripts read They buried him.

Joshua Text Notes

* Hebrew the Great Sea.

* Hebrew Shittim.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Hebrew Shittim.

* Hebrew about 2,000 cubits [920 meters].

* Hebrew the sea of the Arabah, the Salt Sea.

* Hebrew Ark of the Testimony.

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late March, April, or early May.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew along the sea.

* Or circumcise the Israelites a second time.

* Gibeath-haaraloth means “hill of foreskins.”

* Gilgal sounds like the Hebrew word galal, meaning “to roll.”

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late March, April, or early May.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; similarly in , .

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; similarly in , , , .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Zabdi. Also in , .

* Or as far as Shebarim.

* Hebrew Shinar.

* Hebrew 200 shekels of silver, about 5 pounds or 2.3 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 50 shekels, about 20 ounces or 570 grams in weight.

* Hebrew valley of Achor.

* Hebrew the Arabah.

* Some manuscripts lack or Bethel.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Ai means “ruin.”

* ; .

* Hebrew onto the stones.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Hebrew the Great Sea.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in , , , , .

* Or The Book of the Upright.

* Or did not set for about a whole day.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Hebrew in the Arabah south of Kinnereth.

* Hebrew the Shephelah; also in .

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in , , .

* Hebrew the Shephelah, the Arabah.

* Hebrew the Arabah; also in , .

* Hebrew from the Sea of Kinnereth to the Sea of the Arabah, which is the Salt Sea.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Hebrew Naphath-dor, a variant spelling of Naphoth-dor.

* Greek version reads Goyim in Galilee.

* Hebrew in front of.

* Hebrew Li-debir, apparently a variant spelling of Lo-debar (compare ; ; ).

* Hebrew Sea of Kinnereth.

* Hebrew the Salt Sea; also in .

* Hebrew Akrabbim.

* Hebrew the sea; also in .

* Hebrew your.

* Or the spring at Me-nephtoah.

* Hebrew the Great Sea; also in .

* Some Greek manuscripts read he urged her.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* As in Greek version (also see ); Hebrew reads From Bethel to Luz.

* Hebrew the sea; also in , .

* Hebrew the sea; also in .

* Hebrew Beth-shean, a variant spelling of Beth-shan; also in .

* The meaning of the Hebrew here is uncertain.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Or From there it went to Mozah. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or the spring at Me-nephtoah.

* Hebrew overlooking the Arabah, or overlooking Beth-arabah.

* Hebrew Salt Sea.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Kiriath.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Ebron.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Hebrew and Judah at the Jordan River.

* Or had trouble holding on to their land.

* Hebrew Leshem, a variant spelling of Laish.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Hebrew Jahzah, a variant spelling of Jahaz.

* Or to the circle of stones; similarly in .

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Some manuscripts lack this word.

* Hebrew the Great Sea.

* Hebrew the river; also in , , .

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Often rendered the hornet. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew 100 kesitahs; the value or weight of the kesitah is no longer known.

Judges Text Notes

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Greek version and Latin Vulgate read he urged her.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Hormah means “destruction.”

* Hebrew Beth-shean, a variant spelling of Beth-shan.

* Hebrew Akrabbim.

* Hebrew They will be in your sides; compare .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Timnath-heres, a variant spelling of Timnath-serah.

* Aram-naharaim means “Aram of the two rivers,” thought to have been located between the Euphrates and Balih Rivers in northwestern Mesopotamia.

* Hebrew gomed, the length of which is uncertain.

* Or and it came out behind.

* Or and went out through the porch; the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or father-in-law.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Syriac version, which read searchings of heart; Masoretic Text reads resolve of heart.

* Hebrew an ephah [20 quarts or 22 liters].

* Hebrew may leave Mount Gilead. The identity of Mount Gilead is uncertain in this context. It is perhaps used here as another name for Mount Gilboa.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads he bowed.

* Hebrew at the beginning of the second watch.

* Hebrew Penuel, a variant spelling of Peniel; also in , .

* Hebrew 1,700 [shekels] [19.4 kilograms].

* Hebrew Jerub-baal; see .

* Hebrew Jerub-baal’s (see ); also in , .

* Hebrew Jerub-baal (see ); also in , , , .

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Who is Shechem?

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads And he said.

* Or in secret; Hebrew reads in Tormah; compare .

* Or the center of the land.

* Hebrew Elon-meonenim.

* Hebrew El-berith, another name for Baal-berith; compare .

* Hebrew Havvoth-jair.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew any unclean thing; also in , .

* Hebrew they.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads seventh.

* Hebrew Ramath-lehi.

* Hebrew En-hakkore.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew lacks Word soon spread.

* Hebrew 1,100 [shekels], about 28 pounds or 12.5 kilograms in weight.

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew lacks I would become as weak as anyone else. / So while he slept, Delilah wove the seven braids of his hair into the fabric. 14Then she tightened it with the loom shuttle.

* Or she began to torment him. Greek version reads He began to grow weak.

* Hebrew 1,100 [shekels], about 28 pounds or 12.5 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 10 [shekels] of silver, about 4 ounces or 114 grams in weight.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Mahaneh-dan means “the camp of Dan.”

* As in an ancient Hebrew tradition, some Greek manuscripts, and Latin Vulgate; Masoretic Text reads son of Manasseh.

* Or she was unfaithful to him.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads When she brought him to.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads now I’m going to the Tabernacle of the LORD.

* Greek version adds for she was dead.

* Hebrew 10 men from every hundred, 100 men from every thousand, and 1,000 men from every 10,000.

* Hebrew Geba, in this case a variant spelling of Gibeah; also in .

* As in Greek and Syriac versions and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads hiding in the open space.

* Or battle, for the people from the nearby towns also came out and killed them.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

Ruth Text Notes

* Naomi means “pleasant”; Mara means “bitter.”

* Or has testified against me.

* Hebrew it was about an ephah [20 quarts or 22 liters].

* Hebrew to the living and to the dead.

* Hebrew Ruth the Moabite.

* Hebrew six measures, an unknown quantity.

* Most Hebrew manuscripts read he; many Hebrew manuscripts, Syriac version, and Latin Vulgate read she.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Salma.

1 Samuel Text Notes

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads in Ramathaim-zophim; compare .

* Or And because he loved Hannah, he would give her a choice portion. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew the house of the LORD; also in .

* Hebrew the Temple of the LORD.

* Some manuscripts add He will drink neither wine nor intoxicants.

* Samuel sounds like the Hebrew term for “asked of God” or “heard by God.”

* Some manuscripts add I will offer him as a Nazirite for all time.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version; Masoretic Text reads may the LORD keep his promise.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls, Greek and Syriac versions; Masoretic Text reads three bulls.

* Hebrew and an ephah [20 quarts or 22 liters].

* Hebrew he.

* Hebrew has exalted my horn.

* Hebrew to Sheol.

* Hebrew he exalts the horn.

* Hebrew He wore a linen ephod.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version; Masoretic Text reads this one he requested of the LORD.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting. Some manuscripts lack this entire sentence.

* Or the judges.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads Did I reveal myself.

* Hebrew your father.

* Hebrew an ephod.

* Hebrew that your house and your father’s house.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version, which read die by the sword; Masoretic Text reads die like mortals.

* Hebrew the Temple of the LORD.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads his sons have made themselves contemptible.

* Hebrew the house of the LORD.

* In print editions of the NLT, this sentence is set at the end of 3:21.

* Or he.

* Or A god has.

* Greek version and Latin Vulgate read tumors; and rats appeared in their land, and death and destruction were throughout the city.

* Or he.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version; most Hebrew manuscripts read great meadow or Abel-haggedolah.

* As in a few Hebrew manuscripts; most Hebrew manuscripts read 70 men, 50,000 men. Perhaps the text should be understood to read the LORD killed 70 men and 50 oxen.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads Shen.

* Hebrew commanders of thousands and commanders of fifties.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads young men.

* Hebrew 1/4 shekel of silver, about 0.1 ounces or 3 grams in weight.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads and talked with him there.

* Greek version reads over Israel. And you will rule over the LORD’s people and save them from their enemies around them. This will be the sign to you that the LORD has appointed you to be leader over his special possession.

* Hebrew Gibeath-haelohim.

* Hebrew said, “Who is their father?”

* This paragraph, which is not included in the Masoretic Text, is found in Dead Sea Scroll 4QSama.

* As in Dead Sea Scroll 4QSama and Greek version; Masoretic Text lacks About a month later.

* Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version read 70,000.

* Hebrew When Jacob was. The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.

* Hebrew Jerub-baal, another name for Gideon; see .

* Greek and Syriac versions read Barak.

* Greek and Syriac versions read Samson.

* As in a few Greek manuscripts; the number is missing in the Hebrew.

* Hebrew reigned . . . and two; the number is incomplete in the Hebrew. Compare .

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads 30,000.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Samuel then left Gilgal and went to Gibeah in the land of Benjamin.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads or plowshares.

* Hebrew 1 pim [8 grams].

* Hebrew 1/3 [of a shekel] [4 grams].

* Or around the rock of Rimmon; compare , ; .

* Hebrew half a yoke; a “yoke” was the amount of land plowed by a pair of yoked oxen in one day.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads they went and there.

* As in some Greek manuscripts; Hebrew reads “Bring the Ark of God.” For at that time the Ark of God was with the Israelites.

* Hebrew Withdraw your hand.

* Or his eyes brightened; similarly in .

* Greek version adds If the fault is with me or my son Jonathan, respond with Urim; but if the men of Israel are at fault, respond with Thummim.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads he acted wickedly.

* Hebrew Ishvi, a variant name for Ishbosheth; also known as Esh-baal.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering; also in , , , , , .

* Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version read Agag arrived hesitantly, for he thought, “Surely this is the bitterness of death.”

* Hebrew Shammah, a variant spelling of Shimea; compare ; .

* Or an evil spirit; also in , , .

* Hebrew 6 cubits and 1 span [which totals about 9.75 feet or 3 meters]; Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version read 4 cubits and 1 span [which totals about 6.75 feet or 2 meters].

* Hebrew 5,000 shekels [57 kilograms].

* Hebrew 600 shekels [6.8 kilograms].

* Hebrew Shammah, a variant spelling of Shimea; compare ; .

* Hebrew ephah [20 quarts or 22 liters].

* Hebrew and take their pledge.

* As in some Greek manuscripts; Hebrew reads a valley.

* The type of instrument represented by the word cymbals is uncertain.

* Or an evil spirit.

* Or But.

* Or evil spirit.

* Hebrew teraphim; also in .

* Hebrew with the house of David.

* Hebrew the stone Ezel. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads with Jonathan standing.

* Hebrew You son of a perverse and rebellious woman.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads near the south edge.

* This sentence is numbered 21:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 21:1-15 are numbered 21:2-16 in Hebrew text.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds?

* Some manuscripts lack the first sentence of 23:11.

* Hebrew Sela-hammahlekoth.

* Verse 23:29 is numbered 24:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 24:1-22 are numbered 24:2-23 in Hebrew text.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Paran.

* Hebrew 5 seahs [36.5 liters].

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads May God strike and kill the enemies of David.

* The name Nabal means “fool.”

* Hebrew his heart failed him.

* Hebrew by Urim.

* Or gods.

* Greek version reads Carmel.

2 Samuel Text Notes

* Or The Book of the Upright.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Ishbosheth is another name for Esh-baal.

* Hebrew Helkath-hazzurim.

* Hebrew the Arabah.

* Or continued on through the Bithron. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in parallel text at (see also Greek version, which reads Daluia, and possible support by Dead Sea Scrolls); Hebrew reads Kileab.

* Ishbosheth is another name for Esh-baal.

* Hebrew the foreskins.

* As in ; Hebrew reads Paltiel, a variant spelling of Palti.

* Or or a contagious skin disease. The Hebrew word used here can describe various skin diseases.

* Or who is effeminate; Hebrew reads who handles a spindle.

* Ishbosheth is another name for Esh-baal.

* Mephibosheth is another name for Merib-baal.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads So they went into the house pretending to fetch wheat, but they stabbed him in the stomach. Then Recab and Baanah escaped.

* Hebrew the Arabah.

* Or For some time.

* Or Those ‘lame’ and ‘blind’ Jebusites hate me.

* Or with scaling hooks. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* The meaning of this saying is uncertain.

* Hebrew the millo. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or aspen, or balsam; also in . The exact identification of this tree is uncertain.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Geba.

* Hebrew Baale of Judah, another name for Kiriath-jearim; compare .

* Or the Ark of God where the Name is proclaimed—the name of the LORD of Heaven’s Armies.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and some Greek manuscripts; Masoretic Text reads 4and they brought it from Abinadab’s house, which was on a hill, with the Ark of God.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version (see also ); Masoretic Text reads before the LORD with all manner of cypress wood.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls; Masoretic Text reads because of his irreverence.

* Hebrew a linen ephod.

* Or a portion of meat. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew a house of cedar.

* As in Greek version and some Hebrew manuscripts; Masoretic Text reads before you.

* Or This is your instruction for all humanity, O Sovereign LORD.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads You made a name for yourself and awesome miracles for your land in the sight of your people, whom you redeemed from Egypt, the nations and their gods.

* Hebrew by conquering Metheg-ammah, a name that means “the bridle,” possibly referring to the size of the town or the tribute money taken from it. Compare .

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version (see also ); Masoretic Text reads captured 1,700 charioteers.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Betah.

* As in a few Hebrew manuscripts and Greek and Syriac versions (see also ; ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Aram.

* As in a few Hebrew manuscripts and Greek and Syriac versions (see also ; ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Arameans.

* Hebrew of the Kerethites and Pelethites.

* Hebrew David’s sons were priests; compare parallel text at .

* Mephibosheth is another name for Merib-baal.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads your master’s grandson.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads my table.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads the king.

* Hebrew the river.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads charioteers.

* Hebrew At the turn of the year. The first day of the year in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in March or April.

* Hebrew and wash your feet, an expression that may also have a connotation of ritualistic washing.

* Or at Succoth.

* Hebrew son of Jerub-besheth. Jerub-besheth is a variation on the name Jerub-baal, which is another name for Gideon; see .

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls; Masoretic Text reads the enemies of the LORD.

* Hebrew anointed himself.

* Hebrew he; an alternate Hebrew reading and some Hebrew manuscripts read she.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads because of the LORD.

* Or the royal city.

* Or captured the city of water.

* Or from the head of Milcom (as in Greek version). Milcom, also called Molech, was the god of the Ammonites.

* Hebrew 1 talent [34 kilograms].

* Hebrew He also brought out the people [of Rabbah] and put them under.

* Hebrew and he made them pass through the brick kilns.

* Hebrew Shimeah (also in ), a variant spelling of Shimea; compare .

* Or a couple of cakes; also in , .

* Or a robe with sleeves, or an ornamented robe. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version add But he did not punish his son Amnon, because he loved him, for he was his firstborn.

* As in Greek and Latin versions (compare also Dead Sea Scrolls); the Hebrew text lacks this sentence.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew lacks this sentence.

* Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version read And the spirit of the king.

* Or no longer felt a need to go out after Absalom.

* Hebrew don’t anoint yourself with oil.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts and Greek and Syriac versions; Masoretic Text reads spoke to.

* Or the property; or the people.

* Hebrew 200 shekels [2.3 kilograms] by the royal standard.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads forty years.

* As in some Greek manuscripts; Hebrew lacks in Hebron.

* Hebrew the Kerethites and Pelethites.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads and may unfailing love and faithfulness go with you.

* Or Abiathar went up.

* Hebrew and his dwelling place.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Are you a seer? or Do you see?

* Hebrew lacks and Abiathar; compare .

* Hebrew at the crossing points of the wilderness.

* Mephibosheth is another name for Merib-baal.

* Hebrew this Benjaminite.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads see my iniquity.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads when they reached their destination.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads like the return of all is the man whom you seek.

* Hebrew at the crossing points of the wilderness.

* Hebrew Ithra, a variant spelling of Jether.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads an Israelite.

* Hebrew appointed commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds.

* As in two Hebrew manuscripts and some Greek and Latin manuscripts; most Hebrew manuscripts read Now there are 10,000 like us.

* Hebrew his head.

* Hebrew 10 [shekels] of silver, about 4 ounces or 114 grams in weight.

* Hebrew 1,000 [shekels] of silver, about 25 pounds or 11.4 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew from Cush; similarly in , , .

* Verse 18:33 is numbered 19:1 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 19:1-43 are numbered 19:2-44 in Hebrew text.

* Or David; Hebrew reads he.

* Hebrew in the house of Joseph.

* Or my prosecutor.

* Mephibosheth is another name for Merib-baal.

* As in Greek, Syriac, and Latin versions; Hebrew reads I will saddle a donkey for myself.

* Hebrew So Joab’s men.

* Hebrew the Kerethites and Pelethites; also in .

* Hebrew As he stepped forward, it fell out.

* As in Greek and Latin versions; Hebrew reads All the Berites.

* Hebrew a town that is a mother in Israel.

* As in Greek version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Adoram.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads at Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of the LORD.

* Mephibosheth is another name for Merib-baal.

* As in a few Hebrew and Greek manuscripts and Syriac version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Michal.

* Or a descendant of the Rapha; also in , , .

* Hebrew 300 [shekels] [3.4 kilograms].

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads son of Jaare-oregim.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads killed Goliath of Gath.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads a Midianite.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Shimei, a variant spelling of Shimea.

* Hebrew Sheol.

* Hebrew a cherub.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); other Hebrew manuscripts read appearing.

* Or and lightning bolts.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls; Masoretic Text reads your answering.

* As in Dead Sea Scrolls (see also ); Masoretic Text reads I crushed and trampled them.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads come girding themselves.

* Or the favorite subject of the songs of Israel; or the favorite of the Strong One of Israel.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Josheb-basshebeth the Tahkemonite.

* As in Greek and Latin versions (see also ); the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain, though it might be rendered the Three. It was Adino the Eznite who killed 800 men at one time.

* Hebrew he.

* Hebrew Shall I drink the blood of these men?

* As in a few Hebrew manuscripts and Syriac version; most Hebrew manuscripts read the Three.

* As in Syriac version; Hebrew reads the Three.

* Or son of Jehoiada, son of Ish-hai.

* Hebrew two of Ariel.

* As in parallel text at (see also ); Hebrew reads from Palti.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Mebunnai.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Heleb.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Ittai.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Hiddai.

* Or from the ravines of Gaash.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Jonathan, Shammah; some Greek manuscripts read Jonathan son of Shammah.

* As in Greek version (see also and ); Hebrew reads Joab the commander.

* Greek version reads to Gilead and to Kadesh in the land of the Hittites.

* Or they went to the Negev of Judah.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads seven.

* Hebrew for the designated time.

* Hebrew 50 shekels of silver, about 20 ounces or 570 grams in weight.

1 Kings Text Notes

* Or to the Serpent’s Stone; Greek version supports reading Zoheleth as a proper name.

* Hebrew the Kerethites and Pelethites; also in .

* Or He murdered them during a time of peace as revenge for deaths they had caused in time of war.

* As in some Greek and Old Latin manuscripts; Hebrew reads with the blood of war.

* Hebrew don’t let his white head go down to Sheol in peace.

* Hebrew how to bring his white head down to Sheol in blood.

* Hebrew will return his blood on his own head.

* Hebrew Naphath-dor, a variant spelling of Naphoth-dor.

* Hebrew Beth-shean, a variant spelling of Beth-shan; also in .

* Hebrew Jair son of Manasseh; compare .

* Greek version reads of Gad; compare .

* As in some Greek manuscripts; Hebrew lacks of Judah. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Verses 4:21-34 are numbered 5:1-14 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew the river; also in .

* Hebrew 30 cors [6.6 kiloliters] of choice flour and 60 cors [13.2 kiloliters] of meal.

* Or and fattened geese.

* Hebrew each family lived under its own grapevine and under its own fig tree.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads 40,000.

* Or 12,000 charioteers.

* Verses 5:1-18 are numbered 5:15-32 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Hebrew 20,000 cors [4,400 kiloliters].

* As in Greek version, which reads 20,000 baths [420 kiloliters] (see also ); Hebrew reads 20 cors, about 1,000 gallons or 4.4 kiloliters in volume.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also , ); Hebrew reads 3,300.

* Hebrew It was in the month of Ziv, which is the second month. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of April and May.

* Hebrew 60 cubits [27.6 meters] long, 20 cubits [9.2 meters] wide, and 30 cubits [13.8 meters] high.

* Hebrew 20 cubits [9.2 meters]; also in , .

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters].

* Hebrew the bottom floor being 5 cubits [2.3 meters] wide, the second floor 6 cubits [2.8 meters] wide, and the top floor 7 cubits [3.2 meters] wide.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads middle floor.

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters].

* Hebrew 40 cubits [18.4 meters].

* Or overlaid the altar with cedar. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or to draw curtains across. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or pine; Hebrew reads oil tree; also in , .

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters]; also in , .

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters].

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew was laid in the month of Ziv. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of April and May.

* Hebrew by the month of Bul, which is the eighth month. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of October and November.

* Hebrew 100 cubits [46 meters] long, 50 cubits [23 meters] wide, and 30 cubits [13.8 meters] high.

* Or 45 rafters, or 45 beams, or 45 pillars. The architectural details in can be interpreted in many different ways.

* Greek version reads windows.

* Hebrew 50 cubits [23 meters] long and 30 cubits [13.8 meters] wide.

* As in Syriac version and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads from floor to floor.

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters] . . . 8 cubits [3.7 meters].

* Hebrew Hiram (also in , ); compare . This is not the same person mentioned in .

* Hebrew 18 cubits [8.3 meters] tall and 12 cubits [5.5 meters] in circumference.

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters].

* Hebrew 4 cubits [1.8 meters]; also in .

* Jakin probably means “he establishes”; Boaz probably means “in him is strength.”

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters] across. . . . 5 cubits [2.3 meters] deep and 30 cubits [13.8 meters] in circumference.

* Or 20 gourds per meter; Hebrew reads 10 per cubit.

* Hebrew 12 oxen; compare , which specifies bronze oxen.

* Hebrew a handbreadth [8 centimeters].

* Hebrew 2,000 baths [42 kiloliters].

* Hebrew 4 cubits [1.8 meters] long, 4 cubits wide, and 3 cubits [1.4 meters] high.

* Hebrew a cubit [46 centimeters].

* Hebrew 11/2 cubits [69 centimeters]; also in .

* Hebrew half a cubit wide [23 centimeters].

* Hebrew 40 baths [840 liters].

* Hebrew at the festival in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month. The Festival of Shelters began on the fifteenth day of the seventh month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day occurred in late September, October, or early November.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; i.e., the tent mentioned in and .

* Hebrew at Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Some Greek texts add the line Is this not written in the Book of Jashar?

* Hebrew the festival; see note on .

* Hebrew seven days and seven days, fourteen days; compare parallel text at .

* Hebrew On the eighth day, probably referring to the day following the seven-day Festival of Shelters; compare parallel text at .

* Or For Hiram had paid.

* Hebrew 120 talents [4,000 kilograms].

* Hebrew the millo; also in . The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* An alternate reading in the Masoretic Text reads Tadmor.

* Or and charioteers.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* As in Greek version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Eloth, a variant spelling of Elath.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* Hebrew 420 talents [14 metric tons].

* Or which was due to the name of the LORD. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew your words.

* Greek and Syriac versions and Latin Vulgate read your wives.

* Hebrew 120 talents [4,000 kilograms].

* Hebrew almug wood; also in .

* Hebrew 666 talents [23 metric tons].

* Hebrew 600 [shekels] of gold [6.8 kilograms].

* Hebrew 3 minas [1.8 kilograms].

* Or and baboons.

* Or charioteers; also in .

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Possibly Muzur, a district near Cilicia; also in .

* Hebrew Kue, probably another name for Cilicia.

* Hebrew 600 [shekels] of silver, about 15 pounds or 6.8 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 150 [shekels], about 3.8 pounds or 1.7 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew Milcom, a variant spelling of Molech; also in .

* Hebrew On the mountain east of Jerusalem.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads weaned him.

* Hebrew the millo. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in Greek, Syriac, and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads For they have.

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew reads he lived in Egypt.

* As in some Greek manuscripts and Syriac version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Adoram.

* Hebrew Penuel, a variant spelling of Peniel.

* Hebrew to them.

* This day of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in late October or early November, exactly one month after the annual Festival of Shelters in Judah (see ).

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads son.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads They had seen.

* Hebrew the river.

* Also known as Abijah.

* Also known as Abijah.

* Hebrew Abishalom (also in ), a variant spelling of Absalom; compare .

* As in a few Hebrew and Greek manuscripts; most Hebrew manuscripts read between Rehoboam and Jeroboam.

* Or The queen mother; Hebrew reads His mother (also in ); compare .

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads There is a treaty.

* Hebrew for 2 talents [68 kilograms] of silver.

* An ancient Hebrew scribal tradition reads He killed his oldest son when he laid its foundations, and he killed his youngest son when he set up its gates.

* Hebrew who eat at Jezebel’s table.

* Or is busy somewhere else, or is engaged in business.

* Hebrew each of the tribes of the sons of Jacob to whom the LORD had said, “Your name will be Israel.”

* Hebrew 2 seahs [14.6 liters] of seed.

* Verse 18:34 in the Hebrew text begins here.

* Hebrew and Israel. The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.

* Hebrew He bound up his loins.

* Hebrew to Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Hebrew descendant of Nimshi; compare , .

* Or in Succoth; also in .

* Hebrew at the turn of the year; similarly in . The first day of the year in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in March or April.

* Hebrew 1 talent [34 kilograms].

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Hebrew Elijah the Tishbite; also in .

* As in Greek version; Hebrew lacks So now the LORD says.

* As in several Hebrew manuscripts, Syriac, and Latin Vulgate (see also , ); most Hebrew manuscripts read at the city wall.

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung.

* Hebrew These people have no master.

* Hebrew Turn your hand.

* Or his blood, and the prostitutes bathed [in it]; or his blood, and they washed his armor.

* Verses 22:43b-53 are numbered 22:44-54 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew fleet of ships of Tarshish.

2 Kings Text Notes

* Or He was wearing clothing made of hair.

* Hebrew Jehoram, a variant spelling of Joram.

* Or or make the land unproductive; Hebrew reads or barrenness.

* Hebrew Jehoram, a variant spelling of Joram; also in .

* Hebrew He used to pour water on the hands of Elijah.

* Hebrew What is there in common between you and me?

* Hebrew the hand.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or So Israel’s anger was great. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Bind up your loins.

* Or from a contagious skin disease. The Hebrew word used here and throughout this passage can describe various skin diseases.

* Hebrew 10 talents [340 kilograms] of silver, 6,000 [shekels] [68 kilograms] of gold.

* Hebrew My father.

* Hebrew 1 talent [34 kilograms].

* Hebrew take 2 talents [150 pounds or 68 kilograms].

* Hebrew the Ophel.

* Hebrew sold for 80 [shekels] [2 pounds or 0.9 kilograms] of silver, and 1/4 of a cab [0.3 liters] of dove’s dung sold for 5 [shekels] [2 ounces or 57 grams]. Dove’s dung may be a variety of wild vegetable.

* Hebrew he.

* Hebrew 1 seah [7.3 liters] of choice flour will cost 1 shekel [0.4 ounces or 11 grams]; also in , .

* Hebrew 2 seahs [14.6 liters] of barley grain will cost 1 shekel [0.4 ounces or 11 grams]; also in , .

* Or with a contagious skin disease. The Hebrew word used here and throughout this passage can describe various skin diseases.

* Possibly and the people of Muzur, a district near Cilicia.

* Hebrew He stared at him.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew a dog.

* Hebrew Joram, a variant spelling of Jehoram; also in , .

* Greek version reads Seir.

* Or he went out and escaped. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Ramah, a variant spelling of Ramoth.

* Hebrew Bind up your loins.

* Hebrew Jehoram, a variant spelling of Joram; also in , , , , .

* Hebrew turned his hands.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew lacks So they shot Ahaziah.

* See , where Zimri killed his master, King Elah.

* As in some Greek manuscripts and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew reads of Jezreel.

* Or and they left their bodies lying there; or and they threw them out into the outermost court.

* Hebrew city.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads sacred pillars.

* Hebrew Joram, a variant spelling of Jehoram.

* Or a copy of the covenant.

* Or Bring her out from between the ranks; or Take her out of the Temple precincts. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Verse 11:21 is numbered 12:1 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Jehoash, a variant spelling of Joash.

* Verses 12:1-21 are numbered 12:2-22 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Jehoash, a variant spelling of Joash; also in , , , , .

* As in Greek and Syriac versions; Hebrew reads Jozabad.

* Hebrew Joash, a variant spelling of Jehoash; also in , , , , .

* Hebrew Joash, a variant spelling of Jehoash; also in , , .

* .

* Hebrew Come, let us look one another in the face.

* Hebrew 400 cubits [180 meters].

* Hebrew Azariah, a variant spelling of Uzziah.

* Hebrew the sea of the Arabah.

* Or to Yaudi. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in some Greek manuscripts; Hebrew lacks he was buried in Samaria.

* Hebrew Azariah, a variant spelling of Uzziah; also in , , , , , .

* Or with a contagious skin disease. The Hebrew word used here and throughout this passage can describe various skin diseases.

* Or at Ibleam.

* As in some Greek manuscripts; Hebrew reads Tiphsah.

* Hebrew Pul, another name for Tiglath-pileser.

* Hebrew 1,000 talents [34 metric tons].

* Hebrew 50 shekels [20 ounces or 570 grams].

* Or even making his son pass through the fire.

* As in Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads Rezin king of Aram.

* As in Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads Aram.

* As in Greek version, Latin Vulgate, and an alternate reading of the Masoretic Text; the other alternate reads Arameans.

* Hebrew your son.

* Hebrew the great altar.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or by asking the king of Egypt at Sais.

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung.

* Or They even made their sons and daughters pass through the fire.

* Hebrew he; compare .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Abi, a variant spelling of Abijah.

* Nehushtan sounds like the Hebrew terms that mean “snake,” “bronze,” and “unclean thing.”

* The fourteenth year of Hezekiah’s reign was 701 B.C.

* Hebrew 300 talents [10 metric tons] of silver and 30 talents [1 metric ton] of gold.

* Or the rabshakeh; also in , , , , .

* Or bleached.

* Hebrew in the dialect of Judah; also in .

* Or the rabshakeh; also in .

* Hebrew I will put a spirit in him.

* Hebrew of Cush.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions, Latin Vulgate, and an alternate reading of the Masoretic Text (see also ); the other alternate reads the LORD.

* Hebrew When they.

* As in Greek version and an alternate reading of the Masoretic Text (see also ); the other alternate reading lacks his sons.

* As in Greek version and an alternate reading in the Masoretic Text; the other alternate reads the middle of the city.

* Or The shadow on the sundial has gone forward ten steps; do you want it to go backward ten steps?

* Hebrew the steps.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek and Syriac versions (see also ); Masoretic Text reads Berodach-baladan.

* Hebrew watercourse.

* Or also made his son pass through the fire.

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung; also in .

* Hebrew the same plumb line I used for Samaria and the same plumb bob.

* Or the Second Quarter, a newer section of Jerusalem. Hebrew reads the Mishneh.

* Hebrew this place; also in , .

* Hebrew did not come up to.

* Or to make a son or daughter pass through the fire.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or He quickly removed them.

* Hebrew Milcom, a variant spelling of Molech.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew lacks when Jeroboam stood beside the altar at the festival. Then Josiah turned and looked up at the tomb of the man of God.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew lacks the LORD.

* The Hebrew term (literally round things) probably alludes to dung.

* Or Josiah went out to meet him.

* Hebrew he.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew 100 talents [3,400 kilograms] of silver and 1 talent [34 kilograms] of gold.

* Or Chaldean.

* Or He cut apart.

* Hebrew his.

* Hebrew on the tenth day of the tenth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. A number of events in 2 Kings can be cross-checked with dates in surviving Babylonian records and related accurately to our modern calendar. This day was January 15, 588 B.C.

* Hebrew By the ninth day of the [fourth] month [in the eleventh year of Zedekiah’s reign] (compare ; and the notes there). This day was July 18, 586 B.C.; also see note on .

* Or the Chaldeans; also in , , .

* As in Greek version (see also ; ); Hebrew lacks escaped.

* Hebrew the Arabah.

* Or Chaldean; also in , .

* Hebrew On the seventh day of the fifth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was August 14, 586 B.C.; also see note on .

* Or destroyed the houses of all the important people.

* Hebrew 18 cubits [8.3 meters].

* As in parallel texts at , , and , all of which read 5 cubits [2.3 meters]; Hebrew reads 3 cubits, which is 4.5 feet or 1.4 meters.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Jaazaniah, a variant spelling of Jezaniah.

* Hebrew in the seventh month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This month occurred within the months of October and November 586 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew He raised the head of.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek and Syriac versions (see also ); Masoretic Text lacks released him.

* Hebrew on the twenty-seventh day of the twelfth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was April 2, 561 B.C.; also see note on .

1 Chronicles Text Notes

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew lacks The sons of Noah were.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Diphath.

* Or Egypt; also in .

* Hebrew Casluhites, from whom the Philistines came, Caphtorites. See ; .

* Hebrew ancestor of Heth.

* As in one Hebrew manuscript and some Greek manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts lack The descendants of Aram were.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads and Meshech.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Syriac version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Ebal.

* Some Greek manuscripts read Arphaxad, Cainan, Shelah. See notes on ; .

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts and a few Greek manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Zephi.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Kenaz, Timna, and Amalek.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads and Homam.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts and a few Greek manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Alian.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Shephi.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts and some Greek manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Hamran.

* As in many Hebrew and Greek manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Jaakan.

* Hebrew Dishon; compare and parallel text at .

* Or before an Israelite king ruled over them.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts, some Greek manuscripts, Syriac version, and Latin Vulgate (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Pai.

* As in an alternate reading of the Masoretic Text (see also ); the other alternate reads Aliah.

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts, some Greek manuscripts, and Syriac version (see also ); Hebrew reads Dara.

* Hebrew Achar; compare . Achar means “disaster.”

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Hebrew Kelubai, a variant spelling of Caleb; compare .

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Salma.

* Or Caleb had a daughter named Jerioth from his wife, Azubah. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Ephrath, a variant spelling of Ephrathah; compare and .

* Or captured Havvoth-jair.

* Or the founder of; also in , , .

* Or who founded Hebron. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or the founder of Beth-recab.

* As in Syriac version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Shimea.

* Hebrew Bathshua, a variant spelling of Bathsheba.

* As in some Hebrew and Greek manuscripts (see also and ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Elishama.

* Hebrew Eliphelet; compare parallel text at .

* Hebrew Joram, a variant spelling of Jehoram.

* Hebrew Azariah, a variant spelling of Uzziah.

* Hebrew Shallum, another name for Jehoahaz.

* Hebrew The sons of Jehoiakim were his son Jeconiah [a variant spelling of Jehoiachin] and his son Zedekiah.

* Hebrew Jeconiah, a variant spelling of Jehoiachin.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads father of. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or the founder of; also in , , , , , and perhaps other instances where the text reads the father of.

* As in an alternate reading in the Masoretic Text (see also Latin Vulgate); the other alternate and the Greek version read Zohar.

* Jabez sounds like a Hebrew word meaning “distress” or “pain.”

* As in some Greek manuscripts and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew lacks and Meonothai.

* Or Joab, the father of Ge-harashim.

* Or Jether’s wife became; Hebrew reads She became.

* As in Syriac version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Nemuel.

* As in parallel texts at and ; Hebrew reads Zerah.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Baal.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Gedor.

* The Hebrew term used here refers to the complete consecration of things or people to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* Or and from Judah came a prince.

* Hebrew Tilgath-pilneser, a variant spelling of Tiglath-pileser; also in .

* Hebrew His.

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads and Epher.

* Verses 6:1-15 are numbered 5:27-41 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew the house.

* Verses 6:16-81 are numbered 6:1-66 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Gershom, a variant spelling of Gershon (see ); also in , , , , .

* Hebrew Ebiasaph, a variant spelling of Abiasaph (also in ); compare parallel text at .

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew lacks and Samuel.

* As in some Greek manuscripts and the Syriac version (see also and ); Hebrew lacks Joel.

* Hebrew the Tabernacle, the Tent of Meeting.

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* Hebrew lacks from the clan of Gershon; see .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads were given the cities of refuge: Hebron, and the following towns, each with its pasturelands.

* As in parallel text at ; Masoretic Text reads Hilez; other manuscripts read Hilen.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Ashan.

* As in Syriac version (see also ); Hebrew lacks Juttah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew lacks Gibeon.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew text reads were given the cities of refuge: Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and the following towns, each with its pasturelands.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew lacks Jokneam, Kartah.

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Rimmono.

* Hebrew Jahzah, a variant spelling of Jahaz.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Jahziel, a variant spelling of Jahzeel.

* As in some Hebrew and Greek manuscripts (see also ; ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Shallum.

* Or Makir took a wife from. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Beriah sounds like a Hebrew term meaning “tragedy” or “misfortune.”

* Hebrew Beth-shean, a variant spelling of Beth-shan.

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* Or The sons of Shomer, his brother, were.

* Possibly another name for Hotham; compare .

* Possibly another name for Jether; compare .

* Possibly Gera the father of Ehud; compare .

* Or Gera, that is Heglam, was the father of Uzza and Ahihud.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew lacks Jeiel.

* Or the founder of.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew lacks Ner.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Zeker, a variant spelling of Zechariah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Shimeah, a variant spelling of Shimeam.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Tarea, a variant spelling of Tahrea.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Jehoaddah, a variant spelling of Jadah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Raphah, a variant spelling of Rephaiah.

* Hebrew Ebiasaph, a variant spelling of Abiasaph; compare .

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting.

* Or the founder of.

* As in Syriac version and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew lacks and Ahaz.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Jarah.

* Or For some time.

* Hebrew the millo. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads leader of the Thirty, or leader of the captains.

* As in parallel text at (see also ); Hebrew reads Dodo, a variant spelling of Dodai.

* Hebrew they.

* Hebrew Shall I drink the lifeblood of these men?

* As in Syriac version; Hebrew reads the Three; also in .

* Or two sons of Ariel.

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters].

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Shammoth from Haror.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Ilai.

* Or from the ravines of Gaash.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Abiel.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Baharum.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads sons of Hashem.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads son of Sacar.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Naarai.

* Or the Mezobaite.

* Verses 12:4b-40 are numbered 12:5-41 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands and of hundreds.

* Or the Ark of God, where the Name is proclaimed—the name.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Kidon.

* Hebrew Beeliada, a variant spelling of Eliada; compare and parallel text at .

* Or aspen, or balsam; also in . The exact identification of this tree is uncertain.

* Hebrew Gershom, a variant spelling of Gershon.

* As in several Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version (see also parallel lists in ; ); Masoretic Text reads Zechariah ben Jaaziel.

* Hebrew adds according to Alamoth, which is probably a musical term. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew adds according to the Sheminith, which is probably a musical term. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew chosen as gatekeepers for; also in .

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands.

* Hebrew a linen ephod.

* Or a portion of meat. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or to accompany the sacred music; or to accompany singing to God.

* Hebrew a house of cedar.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew lacks several army garrisons.

* Hebrew reads Tibhath, a variant spelling of Tebah; compare parallel text at .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Tou; also in .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Hadoram, a variant spelling of Joram.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts, Syriac version, and Latin Vulgate (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Abimelech.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Shavsha.

* Hebrew of the Kerethites and Pelethites.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew lacks Hanun.

* Hebrew 1,000 talents [34,000 kilograms].

* Hebrew the river.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Shophach; also in .

* Hebrew At the turn of the year. The first day of the year in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in March or April.

* Or from the head of Milcom (as in Greek version and Latin Vulgate). Milcom, also called Molech, was the god of the Ammonites.

* Hebrew 1 talent [34 kilograms].

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads and cut them with saws, iron picks, and saws.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Sippai.

* Hebrew descendant of the Rephaites; also in , .

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Ornan, another name for Araunah; also in .

* Hebrew 600 shekels of gold, about 15 pounds or 6.8 kilograms in weight.

* Solomon sounds like and is probably derived from the Hebrew word for “peace.”

* Hebrew 100,000 talents [3,400 metric tons] of gold, 1,000,000 talents [34,000 metric tons] of silver.

* Hebrew Ladan (also in , ), a variant spelling of Libni; compare .

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew reads Zina.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting and the sanctuary.

* Hebrew Shubael (also in ), a variant spelling of Shebuel; compare and .

* Hebrew Shelomoth (also in ), a variant spelling of Shelomith; compare .

* Hebrew From the descendants of Jeriah; compare .

* As in one Hebrew manuscript and some Greek manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts lack Shimei.

* Hebrew Shebuel, a variant spelling of Shubael; compare .

* As in Greek version; Hebrew lacks and twelve of his sons and relatives.

* Hebrew Izri, a variant spelling of Zeri; compare .

* Hebrew Jesarelah, a variant spelling of Asarelah; compare .

* Hebrew Azarel, a variant spelling of Uzziel; compare .

* Hebrew Jeremoth, a variant spelling of Jerimoth; compare .

* Hebrew Joshbekasha, a variant spelling of Joshbekashah; compare .

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Asaph.

* Hebrew Shelemiah, a variant spelling of Meshelemiah; compare .

* Or the gate of Shalleketh on the upper road (also in ). The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or the colonnade. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Ladan, a variant spelling of Libni; compare .

* Hebrew Jehieli (also in ), a variant spelling of Jehiel; compare .

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands and of hundreds.

* Hebrew Shelomith, a variant spelling of Shelomoth.

* Or were given outside work; or were given work away from the Temple area.

* Hebrew Jerijah, a variant spelling of Jeriah; compare .

* Hebrew commanders of thousands and of hundreds.

* Hebrew Shamhuth, a variant spelling of Shammah; compare and .

* Hebrew Heldai, a variant spelling of Heled; compare and .

* Or never finished it, and yet.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds.

* Or the plans of the spirit that was with him.

* Hebrew for the gold cherub chariot.

* Or was written under the direction of the LORD.

* Hebrew 3,000 talents [102 metric tons] of gold.

* Hebrew 7,000 talents [238 metric tons] of silver.

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds.

* Hebrew 5,000 talents [170 metric tons] of gold.

* Hebrew 10,000 darics [a Persian coin] of gold, about 185 pounds or 84 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 10,000 talents [340 metric tons] of silver.

* Hebrew 18,000 talents [612 metric tons] of bronze.

* Hebrew 100,000 talents [3,400 metric tons] of iron.

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

2 Chronicles Text Notes

* Hebrew the commanders of thousands and of hundreds.

* Hebrew Tent of Meeting; also in , .

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate, and some Hebrew manuscripts; Masoretic Text reads he placed.

* Hebrew to consult him.

* Hebrew to go out and come in before this people.

* Or charioteers; also in .

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Possibly Muzur, a district near Cilicia; also in .

* Hebrew Kue, probably another name for Cilicia.

* Hebrew 600 [shekels] of silver, about 15 pounds or 6.8 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 150 [shekels], about 3.8 pounds or 1.7 kilograms in weight.

* Verse 2:1 is numbered 1:18 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 2:2-18 are numbered 2:1-17 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew Huram, a variant spelling of Hiram; also in .

* Or juniper; Hebrew reads algum, perhaps a variant spelling of almug; compare and parallel text at .

* Hebrew 20,000 cors [4,400 kiloliters] of crushed wheat, 20,000 cors of barley.

* Hebrew 20,000 baths [420 kiloliters] of wine, and 20,000 baths of olive oil.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Hebrew reads Ornan, a variant spelling of Araunah; compare .

* Hebrew on the second [day] of the second month. This day of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in April or May.

* The “old standard of measurement” was a cubit equal to 18 inches [46 centimeters]. The new standard was a cubit of approximately 21 inches [53 centimeters].

* Hebrew 60 cubits [27.6 meters] long and 20 cubits [9.2 meters] wide.

* Hebrew 20 cubits [9.2 meters]; also in , , .

* As in some Greek and Syriac manuscripts, which read 20 cubits [9.2 meters]; Hebrew reads 120 [cubits], which is 180 feet or 55 meters.

* Hebrew 600 talents [20.4 metric tons].

* Hebrew 50 shekels [570 grams].

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters]; also in , , .

* As in Syriac version (see also ; ; ), which reads 18 cubits [8.3 meters]; Hebrew reads 35 cubits, which is 52.5 feet or 16.5 meters.

* Hebrew He made chains in the inner sanctuary. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Jakin probably means “he establishes”; Boaz probably means “in him is strength.”

* Or Huram-abi; Hebrew reads He.

* Hebrew 20 cubits [9.2 meters] long, 20 cubits wide, and 10 cubits [4.6 meters] high.

* Hebrew 10 cubits [4.6 meters] across . . . 5 cubits [2.3 meters] deep and 30 cubits [13.8 meters] in circumference.

* Or 20 oxen per meter; Hebrew reads 10 per cubit.

* Hebrew a handbreadth [8 centimeters].

* Hebrew 3,000 baths [63 kiloliters].

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Zeredah.

* Hebrew at the festival that is in the seventh month. The Festival of Shelters began on the fifteenth day of the seventh month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day occurred in late September, October, or early November.

* Hebrew the Tent of Meeting; i.e., the tent mentioned in and .

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version (see also ); Masoretic Text reads from the Ark.

* Hebrew Horeb, another name for Sinai.

* Hebrew 5 cubits [2.3 meters] long, 5 cubits wide, and 3 cubits [1.4 meters] high.

* Hebrew the festival (also in ); see note on .

* Hebrew Then on the twenty-third day of the seventh month. This day of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in October or early November.

* Hebrew Huram, a variant spelling of Hiram; also in .

* Or and charioteers.

* Or Festival of Weeks.

* As in Greek version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Eloth, a variant spelling of Elath.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads the sea.

* Hebrew 450 talents [15.3 metric tons].

* As in Greek and Syriac versions (see also ); Hebrew reads and the ascent.

* Hebrew your words.

* Hebrew 120 talents [4,000 kilograms].

* Hebrew algum wood (also in ); perhaps a variant spelling of almug. Compare parallel text at .

* Or gateways. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew 666 talents [23 metric tons].

* Hebrew 600 [shekels] of hammered gold [6.8 kilograms].

* Hebrew 300 [shekels] of gold [3.4 kilograms].

* Hebrew Huram, a variant spelling of Hiram.

* Or and baboons.

* Or 12,000 charioteers.

* Hebrew the river.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Possibly Muzur, a district near Cilicia.

* As in Greek version and many Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); Masoretic Text reads I will lay.

* As in Syriac version, Latin Vulgate, and many Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); Masoretic Text lacks realized.

* Hebrew Hadoram, a variant spelling of Adoniram; compare ; ; .

* Or charioteers, or horsemen.

* Hebrew and Cushites.

* As in most Greek manuscripts and Syriac version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Micaiah, a variant spelling of Maacah.

* Hebrew a covenant of salt.

* Verse 14:1 is numbered 13:23 in Hebrew text.

* Verses 14:2-15 are numbered 14:1-14 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew a Cushite.

* Or an army of thousands and thousands; Hebrew reads an army of a thousand thousands.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads valley of Zephathah near Mareshah.

* Hebrew Cushites; also in .

* As in Syriac version and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Hebrew reads from Oded the prophet.

* Hebrew in the third month. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of May and June.

* Hebrew his mother.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads There is a treaty.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Abel-maim, another name for Abel-beth-maacah.

* Hebrew Cushites.

* Or and horsemen?

* Some Hebrew manuscripts read the example of his father, David.

* Hebrew His heart was courageous in.

* Hebrew These people have no master.

* Hebrew Turn your hand.

* As in Greek version; the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew repeats Ammonites.

* As in one Hebrew manuscript; most Hebrew manuscripts and ancient versions read Aram.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Or sword of judgment; or sword, judgment.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Latin Vulgate; most Hebrew manuscripts read corpses.

* Hebrew valley of Beracah.

* Or who made him do what was wicked.

* Hebrew fleet of ships that could go to Tarshish.

* Hebrew never set sail for Tarshish.

* Masoretic Text reads of Israel; also in . The author of Chronicles sees Judah as representative of the true Israel. (Some Hebrew manuscripts, Greek and Syriac versions, and Latin Vulgate read of Judah.)

* Or he went out and escaped. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew the Cushites.

* Hebrew Jehoahaz, a variant spelling of Ahaziah; compare .

* Or marauding bands of Arabs.

* As in some Greek manuscripts and Syriac version (see also ); Hebrew reads forty-two.

* Hebrew Jehoram, a variant spelling of Joram; also in , .

* As in two Hebrew manuscripts and Latin Vulgate (see also ); Masoretic Text reads the archers.

* Hebrew Ramah, a variant spelling of Ramoth.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts, Greek and Syriac versions, and Latin Vulgate (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Azariah.

* Hebrew descendant of Nimshi; compare , .

* As in Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads and sons of the brothers of Ahaziah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew lacks Ahaziah’s sister and reads Jehoshabeath [a variant spelling of Jehosheba].

* Or a copy of the covenant.

* Or Bring her out from between the ranks; or Take her out of the Temple precincts. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew Tent of the Testimony.

* Hebrew At the turn of the year. The first day of the year in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in March or April.

* As in Greek version and Latin Vulgate; Hebrew reads sons.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Zabad.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Shimrith, a variant spelling of Shomer.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Jehoaddan, a variant spelling of Jehoaddin.

* .

* Hebrew commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds.

* Hebrew 100 talents [3,400 kilograms].

* Hebrew Joash, a variant spelling of Jehoash; also in , , , .

* Hebrew Come, let us look one another in the face.

* Hebrew 400 cubits [180 meters].

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and other ancient versions (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read the city of Judah.

* As in Greek version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Eloth, a variant spelling of Elath.

* As in Syriac and Greek versions; Hebrew reads who instructed him in divine visions.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Gur-baal.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Ammonites. Compare .

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Or to shoot arrows and hurl large stones.

* Or a contagious skin disease. The Hebrew word used here and throughout this passage can describe various skin diseases.

* Hebrew 100 talents [3,400 kilograms].

* Hebrew 10,000 cors [2,200 kiloliters] of wheat, and 10,000 cors of barley.

* Or even making his sons pass through the fire.

* Hebrew Ephraim, referring to the northern kingdom of Israel.

* Hebrew the Shephelah.

* Masoretic Text reads of Israel; also in , . The author of Chronicles sees Judah as representative of the true Israel. (Some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version read of Judah.)

* Hebrew Tilgath-pilneser, a variant spelling of Tiglath-pileser.

* Hebrew on the first day of the first month. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in March or early April, 715 B.C.

* Hebrew in the second month. Passover was normally observed in the first month (of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar).

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* Hebrew in the second month. The second month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of April and May.

* Hebrew On the fourteenth day of the second month. Passover normally began on the fourteenth day of the first month (see ).

* Or sang to the LORD with all their strength.

* Hebrew in the third month . . . until the seventh month. The third month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of May and June; the seventh month usually occurs within September and October.

* Hebrew the millo. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew in the dialect of Judah.

* Or also made his sons pass through the fire.

* Or The Record of Hozai.

* As in Syriac version; Hebrew reads in their temples, or in their ruins. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Abdon son of Micah.

* Or the Second Quarter, a newer section of Jerusalem. Hebrew reads the Mishneh.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads son of Tokhath, son of Hasrah.

* Hebrew this place; also in , .

* This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar was April 5, 622 B.C.

* Or Josiah went out to meet him.

* Hebrew Joahaz, a variant spelling of Jehoahaz; also in .

* Hebrew 100 talents [3,400 kilograms] of silver and 1 talent [34 kilograms] of gold.

* Or temple.

* As in one Hebrew manuscript, some Greek manuscripts, and Syriac version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read eight.

* Hebrew At the turn of the year. The first day of this year in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar was April 13, 597 B.C.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads brother, or relative.

* Or Chaldeans.

* Or destroyed all the valuable articles from the Temple.

* The first year of Cyrus’s reign over Babylon was 538 B.C.

* See ; .

Ezra Text Notes

* The first year of Cyrus’s reign over Babylon was 538 B.C.

* See ; .

* Hebrew Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah.

* The meaning of this Hebrew word is uncertain.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Azmaveth.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Greek version (see also ); Hebrew reads Kiriath-arim.

* Or of the other Elam.

* As in an alternate reading of the Masoretic Text (see also ); the other alternate reads Shamlai.

* Hebrew 61,000 darics of gold, about 1,100 pounds or 500 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 5,000 minas [3,000 kilograms].

* Hebrew In the seventh month. The year is not specified, so it may have been during Cyrus’s first year (538 B.C.) or second year (537 B.C.). The seventh month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of September/October 538 B.C. and October/November 537 B.C.

* Hebrew Jozadak, a variant spelling of Jehozadak; also in .

* Hebrew On the first day of the seventh month. This day in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred in September or October. The Festival of Shelters began on the fifteenth day of the seventh month.

* Hebrew the sea.

* Hebrew in the second month. This month in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of April and May 536 B.C.

* Hebrew sons of Judah (i.e., bene Yehudah). Bene might also be read here as the proper name Binnui; Yehudah is probably another name for Hodaviah. Compare ; ; 1 Esdras 5:58.

* Darius reigned 521–486 B.C.

* Hebrew Ahasuerus, another name for Xerxes. He reigned 486–465 B.C.

* Artaxerxes reigned 465–424 B.C.

* The original text of 4:8–6:18 is in Aramaic.

* Aramaic Osnappar, another name for Ashurbanipal.

* Aramaic the province beyond the river; also in , , , .

* Aramaic Since we eat the salt of the palace.

* The second year of Darius’s reign was 520 B.C. The narrative started in is resumed at verse 24.

* Aramaic Jozadak, a variant spelling of Jehozadak.

* Aramaic the province beyond the river; also in .

* As in one Hebrew manuscript and Greek and Syriac versions; Masoretic Text reads Then we told them.

* Aramaic Nebuchadnezzar the Chaldean.

* King Cyrus of Persia is here identified as the king of Babylon because Persia had conquered the Babylonian Empire.

* Aramaic Its height will be 60 cubits [27.6 meters], and its width will be 60 cubits. It is commonly held that this verse should be emended to read: “Its height will be 30 cubits [45 feet or 13.8 meters], its length will be 60 cubits [90 feet or 27.6 meters], and its width will be 20 cubits [30 feet or 9.2 meters]”; compare . The emendation regarding the width is supported by the Syriac version.

* Aramaic the province beyond the river; also in , , .

* Aramaic a dunghill.

* Aramaic on the third day of the month Adar, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. A number of events in Ezra can be cross-checked with dates in surviving Persian records and related accurately to our modern calendar. This day was March 12, 515 B.C.

* Hebrew On the fourteenth day of the first month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was April 21, 515 B.C.; also see note on .

* King Darius of Persia is here identified as the king of Assyria because Persia had conquered the Babylonian Empire, which included the earlier Assyrian Empire.

* Artaxerxes reigned 465–424 B.C.

* Or descendant; see .

* Or descendant; see .

* Or the first priest.

* Hebrew in the fifth month. This month in the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of August and September 458 B.C.

* Hebrew on the first day of the first month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was April 8, 458 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew on the first day of the fifth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was August 4, 458 B.C.; also see note on .

* The original text of 7:12-26 is in Aramaic.

* Aramaic the province beyond the river; also in .

* Aramaic 100 talents [3,400 kilograms].

* Aramaic 100 cors [22 kiloliters].

* Aramaic 100 baths [2.1 kiloliters] of wine, 100 baths of olive oil.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also 1 Esdras 8:32); Hebrew lacks Zattu.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also 1 Esdras 8:36); Hebrew lacks Bani.

* Or who were the last of his family.

* As in Greek and Syriac versions and an alternate reading of the Masoretic Text; the other alternate reads Zabbud.

* Israel is the name that God gave to Jacob.

* Or charioteers.

* Hebrew 650 talents [22 metric tons].

* Hebrew 100 talents [3,400 kilograms]; also in .

* Hebrew 1,000 darics, about 19 pounds or 8.6 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew on the twelfth day of the first month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was April 19, 458 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew the province beyond the river.

* As in parallel text at 1 Esdras 9:2; Hebrew reads He went.

* Hebrew on the twentieth day of the ninth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was December 19, 458 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew On the first day of the tenth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was December 29, 458 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew By the first day of the first month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was March 27, 457 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew Jozadak, a variant spelling of Jehozadak.

* As in parallel text at 1 Esdras 9:26; Hebrew reads Malkijah.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads Jaasu, 38Bani, Binnui.

* Or and they sent them away with their children. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

Nehemiah Text Notes

* Hebrew In the month of Kislev of the twentieth year. A number of dates in the book of Nehemiah can be cross-checked with dates in surviving Persian records and related accurately to our modern calendar. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of November and December 446 B.C. The twentieth year probably refers to the reign of King Artaxerxes I; compare ; .

* Hebrew of the heavens.

* Hebrew today in the sight of this man.

* Hebrew In the month of Nisan. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of April and May 445 B.C.

* Hebrew the province beyond the river; also in .

* Or charioteers.

* Or Serpent’s Well.

* Hebrew the valley.

* Or The Mishneh Gate, or The Jeshanah Gate.

* Hebrew the province beyond the river.

* Or They fortified Jerusalem up to the Broad Wall.

* Hebrew 1,000 cubits [460 meters].

* As in Syriac version; Hebrew reads Shallun.

* Hebrew pool of Shelah, another name for the pool of Siloam.

* As in a few Hebrew manuscripts, some Greek manuscripts, and Syriac version (see also ; ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Bavvai.

* Verses 4:1-6 are numbered 3:33-38 in Hebrew text.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or for they have thrown insults in the face of.

* Verses 4:7-23 are numbered 4:1-17 in Hebrew text.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Or Each carried his weapon in his right hand. Hebrew reads Each his weapon the water. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* That is, 445–433 B.C.

* Hebrew 40 shekels [1 pound or 456 grams].

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads at Kephirim.

* Hebrew Gashmu, a variant spelling of Geshem.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads But now to strengthen my hands.

* Hebrew on the twenty-fifth day of the month Elul, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was October 2, 445 B.C.; also see note on .

* Or Keep the gates of Jerusalem closed until the sun is hot.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Azariah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Raamiah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Mispereth.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Nehum.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Binnui.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Hariph.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Gibeon.

* Or of the other Nebo.

* Or of the other Elam.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Hodevah.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Sia.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Nephushesim.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Bazlith.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Sotai, Sophereth, Perida.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Jaala.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Amon.

* As in parallel text at ; Hebrew reads Addon.

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts lack this verse. Verses are numbered 7:68-72 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew 1,000 darics of gold, about 19 pounds or 8.6 kilograms in weight.

* Hebrew 20,000 darics of gold, about 375 pounds or 170 kilograms in weight; also in .

* Hebrew 2,200 minas [1,300 kilograms].

* Hebrew 2,000 minas [1,200 kilograms].

* Hebrew In the seventh month. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of October and November 445 B.C.

* In print editions of the NLT, the preceding sentence fragment is included at the beginning of 8:1

* In print editions of the NLT, the second half of 7:73 (“In October, . . .”) is set at the beginning of chapter 8.

* Hebrew on the first day of the seventh month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was October 8, 445 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew he.

* Hebrew On the second day, of the seventh month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was October 9, 445 B.C.; also see notes on and .

* Hebrew in the seventh month. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar usually occurs within the months of September and October. See .

* Or pine; Hebrew reads oil tree.

* Hebrew Jeshua, a variant spelling of Joshua.

* Hebrew On the twenty-fourth day of that same month, the seventh month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was October 31, 445 B.C.; also see notes on and .

* Hebrew for a quarter of a day.

* Hebrew sea of reeds.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads in their rebellion.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Verse 9:38 is numbered 10:1 in Hebrew text.

* Or In spite of all this.

* Verses 10:1-39 are numbered 10:2-40 in Hebrew text.

* Hebrew tax of 1/3 of a shekel [4 grams].

* Hebrew son of the Shilonite.

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads their.

* Or and Ge-harashim.

* Hebrew Rehum; compare ; ; .

* As in some Hebrew manuscripts and Latin Vulgate (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Ginnethoi.

* Hebrew Mijamin, Maadiah; compare .

* Hebrew Jonathan; compare .

* As in Greek version (see also ; ); Hebrew reads Malluchi.

* As in many Hebrew manuscripts, some Greek manuscripts, and Syriac version (see also ); most Hebrew manuscripts read Shebaniah.

* As in some Greek manuscripts (see also ); Hebrew reads Meraioth.

* Hebrew lacks the name of this family leader.

* Hebrew Sallai; compare .

* Darius the Persian is probably Darius II, who reigned 423–404 B.C., or possibly Darius III, who reigned 336–331 B.C.

* Hebrew descendant; compare .

* Hebrew son of (i.e., ben), which should probably be read here as the proper name Binnui; compare and the note there.

* Hebrew Jozadak, a variant spelling of Jehozadak.

* Hebrew to the right.

* Hebrew to the left.

* Or the Mishneh Gate, or the Jeshanah Gate.

* See .

* King Artaxerxes of Persia is here identified as the king of Babylon because Persia had conquered the Babylonian Empire. The thirty-second year of Artaxerxes was 433 B.C.

* Hebrew on the day before the Sabbath.

Esther Text Notes

* Hebrew Ahasuerus, another name for Xerxes; also throughout the book of Esther. Xerxes reigned 486–465 B.C.

* Hebrew to Cush.

* Or and should speak in the language of his own people.

* Hebrew He.

* Hebrew Jeconiah, a variant spelling of Jehoiachin.

* Or to another part of the harem.

* Hebrew in the tenth month, the month of Tebeth. A number of dates in the book of Esther can be cross-checked with dates in surviving Persian records and related accurately to our modern calendar. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of December 479 B.C. and January 478 B.C.

* The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.

* Hebrew and Mordecai was sitting in the gate of the king.

* Hebrew Bigthan; compare .

* Hebrew in the first month, the month of Nisan. This month of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurred within the months of April and May 474 B.C.; also see note on .

* As in , which reads the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar; Hebrew reads in the twelfth month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. The date selected was March 7, 473 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew 10,000 talents, about 375 tons or 340 metric tons in weight.

* Hebrew On the thirteenth day of the first month, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was April 17, 474 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. The date selected was March 7, 473 B.C.; also see note on .

* As in Greek version; Hebrew reads they.

* Hebrew 50 cubits [23 meters].

* Hebrew 50 cubits [23 meters].

* Hebrew on the twenty-third day of the third month, the month of Sivan, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was June 25, 474 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew to Cush.

* Hebrew the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. The date selected was March 7, 473 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was March 7, 473 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew the fourteenth day of the month of Adar, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar. This day was March 8, 473 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew on the thirteenth day of the month of Adar, and on the fourteenth day they rested. These days were March 7 and 8, 473 B.C.; also see note on .

* Hebrew killed their enemies on the thirteenth day and the fourteenth day, and then rested on the fifteenth day, of the Hebrew month of Adar.

* Hebrew on the fourteenth day of the month of Adar. This day of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar occurs in February or March.

* Hebrew on the fourteenth and fifteenth days of Adar, of the ancient Hebrew lunar calendar.

Job Text Notes

* Hebrew the sons of God.